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INTRODUCTION
Address for correspondence: Joseph E. Donnelly, Ed. D., 1301 Sunnyside Ave, Room 100,
Robinson Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 (E-mail: jdonnelly@
ku.edu).
Accepted for publication: April 5, 2005.
0091-6331/3304/169 174
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
Copyright 2005 by the American College of Sports Medicine
169
Figure 1.
Static model of energy balance. (A) Weight gain; (B) weight
loss; (C) weight maintenance. PRO, protein; CHO, carbohydrate; SPA,
spontaneous physical activity; TEF, thermic effect of food; RMR, resting
metabolic rate.
individual may attempt to lose weight with a 500-kcal negative energy balance using a reduced energy diet. However,
diets have been shown to diminish RMR and SPA; therefore,
the intended energy deficit may be less than planned or
absent altogether.
Figure 2.
Dynamic model of energy expenditure. Illustrates the possible changes in the components of energy balance that may occur with an
increase in exercise. SPA, spontaneous physical activity, TEF, thermic effect
of food. RMR, resting metabolic rate.
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Figure 3. Body weight across 16 months between exercisers and controls by gender. (A) Men. (B) Women. EX, exercise; CON, control. Means
with different letters are different within the exercise group, P 0.05.
*Significant differences between exercise and control groups.
Volume 33 Number 4 October 2005
171
2resting metabolic rate, SPA) were not sufficient to diminish the effects of exercise as evidenced by the increase in 24-h
energy expenditure. Thus, in women, compensation through
increases in energy intake is suspect.
Spontaneous Physical Activity
SPA is difficult to measure with accuracy. For example,
Jakicic et al. (8) have reported that 45% of overweight and
obese individuals overestimate the amount of SPA they
achieve when self-report was compared to data from accelerometry. Perhaps the best estimation of SPA is derived from
the estimation of 24-h energy expenditure from DLW combined with measurements of RMR, an estimation of TEF
(i.e., 10% of 24-h energy expenditure), and measurement of
planned exercise. In this fashion, SPA is estimated as the
energy left when these components are subtracted from 24-h
energy expenditure derived from DLW. Washburn et al. (14)
compared SPA obtained from DLW in 45 overweight sedentary men and women and found no significant differences
across 16 months of exercise. When SPA from DLW was
compared to SPA from physical activity questionnaires,
women estimated SPA more accurately compared to men,
and both men and women overestimated SPA with increased
levels of overweight.
Figure 4.
Individual 16-month weight change in exercise groups by
gender. (A) Women. (B) Men.
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Figure 5. Theoretical model of body weight response to supervised exercise. Wt, weight; EX, exercise; RMR, resting metabolic rate; TEF, thermic effect
of food; SPA, spontaneous physical activity.
173
SUMMARY
Exercise is recommended to alter energy balance in conjunction with weight loss programs, although it receives a
secondary role to energy restriction. The diminished role for
exercise may be because of the perception that exercise does
not provide a great enough energy gap to generate a significant amount of weight loss. Surprisingly little information is
available for the ability of exercise to reduce risk of overweight and obesity for men and women consuming ad libitum
diets from randomized controlled trials in which exercise is
supervised, the energy expenditure of exercise is known, and
the interactive components of energy balance are measured.
Compensation for the energy expenditure of exercise is likely
and actual weight loss is generally diminished from the expected amount of weight loss. Differences between men and
women for weight loss in response to exercise may come from
increased energy intake for women and a lower energy expenditure of exercise shown in women compared to men,
although a direct test of this notion is lacking and is warranted. A better understanding of the components of energy
balance likely to show compensation for men and women in
response to exercise will allow for targeting of weight loss
intervention strategies and should result in improved weight
loss outcomes.
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