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Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 1 (118) . 2015

VE MOT SO DANH XNG THI CHUA NGUYEN

(Trao oi vi nha nghien cu inh Van Tuan)

Nguyen Anh Huy*

Tap ch Xa va Nay so 456 ra thang 2 nam 2015, co bai oc lai ch trien tren
quoc bao truyen ngoi cua Nguyen Phuc Chu cua nha nghien cu inh Van Tuan
(VT). oc bai viet ay, toi rat ngac nhien khi thay ch da vao mot vai comment
tren Facebook, tac gia a voi vang a ra nhng nhan nh chu quan, phien dien.
La ngi au tien a ra y kien cua van e can ban, toi thay rat can trao oi
vi tac gia VT mot vai luan iem chnh sau ay.
1. T nhng tien e b hieu ngc
1.1. Nhng nien hieu viet ch Han la (ai) ch khong phai
(Thai)
Nha nghien cu VT viet: ... s sach a tng ghi nhan ve s dung ai
thay thai , chang han nh nien hieu nha inh la Thai Bnh c viet la
ai Bnh trong ong tien uc thi inh, hay nien hieu Thai Hoa i
Le c viet la ai Hoa , nhng that ra trong Han van ch co ch mi c
dung ch e thay, ch ngc lai khong thay ch c dung ch thay cho,
Trung Quoc cung nh Viet Nam thi xa eu theo nguyen tac nh the.
Van e tren, hieu ung la nh the nay: nien hieu
cua inh Tien Hoang thi inh viet la ai Bnh(1) (Hnh 1), chng c duy nhat thi
nay con lai la ong tien cua inh Tien Hoang;
nien hieu cua Le Nhan Tong thi Le viet la
- ai Hoa,(2) rat nhieu chng c nh tien
co (Hnh 2), bi ky, ai Viet s ky toan th...

H1. Tien ai Bnh H2. Tien ai Hoa Do ch - ai ngay xa co hai am oc la

hng bao cua
thong bao: cua
/ai/ va /thai/ (Xem Han Viet t ien cua Thieu
inh Tien Hoang.
Le Nhan Tong.

Chu), nen tuy hnh viet la - ai Bnh,

- ai Hoa, nhng cung co the oc la /Thai Bnh, Thai Hoa/; va chnh v the
ma i sau ghi chep do khong oi chieu ky nguyen goc, lai viet thanh hnh la
- Thai Bnh, - Thai Hoa, va ngay nay, theo o ma hieu nham nien hieu
vua inh, vua Le nguyen goc hnh viet la - Thai Bnh, - Thai Hoa, roi
c da theo o ma tam sao that bon!
Nha nghien cu VT khong nam vng van e, lai hieu ngc la nien hieu cua
vua inh nguyen goc viet hnh la - Thai Bnh, va nien hieu vua Le nguyen
goc viet hnh la - Thai Hoa, nhng ngi thi o viet theo kieu lay ch
- ai thay cho - Thai cho nen tren ong tien mi viet la - ai Bnh,
- ai Hoa! That la trai ngc!
Xin nha nghien cu VT tm th xem co di vat nao thi inh va thi Le viet
nien hieu vua inh la - Thai Bnh, va nien hieu vua Le la - Thai Hoa
* Thanh pho Hue.

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Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 1 (118) . 2015

khong? Toi dam noi chac chan la khong co! Vay th da vao au e noi rang nien
hieu cua vua inh va vua Le viet la - Thai Bnh, - Thai Hoa.
Do vay, rieng ca nhan toi, van chu trng cach oc am hnh ong nhat, ngha
la nien hieu vua inh oc la /ai Bnh/, va nien hieu vua Le oc la /ai Hoa/ e
khoi phai lan lon nh nha nghien cu VT va vap.
1.2. Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen co oc sai?
T cach hieu sai va hieu ngc tren, nha nghien cu VT lai da vao o lam
tien e e cho rang: ...cac s gia Nguyen du la nhng bac tuc Nho, tinh thong ch
Han nhng van co the lam lan mot cach chu quan... Bang chng la an thi chua
Nguyen a c Thng th Bo Hoc Cao Xuan Duc oc la Quoc chu ng but chi
bu , nhng that ra Cao Xuan Duc a oc sai ch chu ma ung ra
la ch te (chua te).
Nha nghien cu VT
cha tm hieu ky a
voi phan, toi xin tha
rang ch trien goc
di ben phai cai an
ang neu ay (Hnh
3) co 3 ch Han khac
nhau co loi viet the
trien gan giong nh
vay: o la ch
H3. An Quoc chu ng but chi
H4. Mot so kieu viet theo (chu, chua) (Hnh 4),
bao tren go, trch t bc Sac t
loi trien cua ch chu ch (te), va ch
Quang c T nam 1747.
(Anh: Vo Vinh Quang). (tong). Cho nen,
a co ngi oc la - Quoc chu ng but chi bao,(3) cung co ngi oc
la - Quoc tong ng but chi bao,(4) va cung co ngi oc la
- Quoc te ng but chi bao(5)!
The nhng, cum t quoc tong, cac sach T nguyen eu khong co va khong
ro ngha! Con cach oc quoc te tuy ung ngha va hay, song khong co mot tai lieu
nao cho thay cac chua Nguyen xng la quoc te, ma ch xng la quoc chu, quoc
chua - hoac quoc vng - !
V du: Quy Dau (1693), nam th 2... thang 3... bay toi en mng... dang
ton hieu la QUOC CHUA [NAH nhan manh]. T ay sac lenh eu xng la QUOC
CHUA.(6)
e chng minh cho loi xng ho quoc chu, quoc vng th co rat nhieu chng
c, toi khong the dan ra het c! Trong gii han bai viet nay, toi ch xin mi oc
gia xem mot so hnh minh hoa ve cach xng quoc chu, quoc vng tren cac ng
th, ng e cua chua:
- Hnh 5: Nam 1703, Minh Vng viet ng sac ban cho Tran nh An ve hu
tren lnh hoa trang, va sau o ng sac nay c Bang Trung hau Nguyen Khoa
Chiem khac len a goi la T cong than bi, chua Bnh Trung (Quang Tr), nay
van con. Tren o cho thay Minh Vng xng la Quoc chu Thien Tung ao nhan
ng sac t....

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 1 (118) . 2015

81

- Hnh 6: Bia chua Thien Mu do chua lam bai ky nam 1715, tren o chua xng
la Quoc chu Nguyen Phuc Chu....
- Hnh 7: Lac khoan tren 2 cau oi do Minh Vng tang chua Quoc An (Hue)
nam 1715, ghi ngi viet la Quoc chu Thien Tung ao nhan ng e.
- Hnh 8: Bc hoanh Lai Vien Kieu Hoi An, nien ai 1719, do Minh Vng
viet, lac khoan ghi: Quoc chu Thien Tung ao nhan e.
- Hnh 9a, 9b: Hai bc ng e cua Vo Vng Nguyen Phuc Khoat, nien ai
1747, lac khoan ghi Quoc vng T Te ao nhan ng e.

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Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 1 (118) . 2015

- ac biet, nam 1915, ngi ta tm thay mot chiec khanh bang a (Hnh 10a,
10b), nien ai Bao Thai ngu nien (1724), co ghi 4 ch chan phng Quoc chu ng th va ong dau - Quoc chu ng but chi bao cua Minh
Vng. Neu cai an nay oc la Quoc te ng but chi bao, ma tren cai khanh co ghi
ro Quoc chu ng th, tc ngi viet la Quoc chu, va ong them dau ng but cua
Quoc te, le nao tren cung mot van ban ma chua lai dung 2 danh xng khac nhau
la ca Quoc chu lan Quoc te?!
(7)

H10a (trai),10b.
Cai khanh
Quoc chu
ng th
co an
Quoc chu
ng but
chi bao,
nam 1724.

Ve hien tng cac ch trien thi chua Nguyen viet khac biet lam ngi oc
nham lan, khi nghien cu ve an chng, Le Quy on cung a cho biet: i gan
ay, ch trien khac mat an khong theo phep tac g het. Nh an cua Tam Sanh,
net ch trien eu cong lech trai ngc....(8)
T cac d lieu va neu cho thay cach oc Quoc chu ng but chi bao nh v
Thng th Bo Hoc Cao Xuan Duc la ung, ch khong he oc sai nh nha nghien
cu VT noi!
2. en nhng ngo nhan ve lch s...
Co s cho biet nam 1709: Mua ong, thang 12, ngay Nham Dan, uc quoc
bao. Sai Lai Bo ong tri la Qua Tue Th coi viec che tao (an khac ch ai Viet
quoc Nguyen chua vnh tran chi bao). Nam ay uc xong, ve sau liet thanh truyen
nhau lay lam quoc bao. en khi Due Tong Hieu nh Hoang e vao Nam, cung
em an ay i theo. Due Tong Hieu nh Hoang e bang th e lai cho The To Cao
Hoang e. Bay gi binh la hn 20 nam, an ay mat roi lai tm thay nhieu lan....(9)
An hnh vuong (xem cac hnh 11a, 11b, 11c), chieu cao ca quai la 6,3cm, canh
10,84cm, day 1,10cm; mat tren cua an khac 2 dong ch Han: Ke bat thap kim, luc

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83

hot, t lang, t tien, tam phan (ngha la: vang 8 tuoi, nang 6 thoi, 4 lang, 4 tien,
3 phan - tc 64,43 lang), ben phai khac 11 ch: Vnh Thnh ngu nien thap nh
nguyet s luc nhat tao (ngha la: lam ngay 6 thang 12 nam Vnh Thnh th 5, tc
nam 1709).
Mat an uc noi 9 ch trien nh a noi tren. Mot ieu ang ban la, ch trien
so 1 goc tren phai la mot d the cua ch - ai gom tren la ch - ai va
di la ch - nh (Hnh 12), nen Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen a viet la An
khac ch ai Viet quoc Nguyen chua vnh tran chi bao!
Nhng ch ai ay lai viet theo loi trien rat giong ch Nam, nen
a co nhieu nha nghien cu oc la an - Nam Viet quoc Nguyen
chua vnh tran chi bao!
Da vao tien e b ngc va phan tch tren, VT a cho rang Quoc S Quan
trieu Nguyen lam lan, oc sai, e hng ng y kien mi nay. Cach oc nay kha
hay, tuy nhien du coi Nam Ha, chung ta cha bao gi thay cac chua Nguyen xng
quoc hieu la Nam Viet ma ch thay xng la ai Viet nh:
- Li ta cuon Hai ngoai ky s cua Thch ai San do chnh tay Minh Vng
viet nam 1696 xng la: - ai Viet quoc vng Nguyen Phuc Chu.(10)
- Hnh 13: Chuong chua Thien Mu uc nam 1710, trong bai minh, chua cung
xng la: - ai Viet quoc chu Nguyen Phuc Chu.
- Bia chua Quoc An nam 1729, chua xng la - ai Viet quoc vng
(Hnh 14), va an - ai Viet quoc vng chi an (Hnh 15), hien van con.
- Hoac cung chnh Le Quy on la ngi ng thi co en chua Thien Mu,
cho biet chua Nguyen Phuc Chu xng la ai Viet quoc vng...(11)
Rieng an truyen quoc - ai Viet quoc Nguyen chua vnh
tran chi bao ngoai tr sau nay c Nguyen Phuc Anh s dung tren van ban, th
trc o, ch xuat hien 2 lan: lan uc nam 1709 va khac tren bia chua Thien Mu
nam 1715.

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Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 1 (118) . 2015

Neu oc an la - Nam Viet, ta se thay chua Nguyen s dung quoc hieu

thay oi lien tuc t ai Viet (1696) roi oi sang Nam Viet (1709), roi en nam
1710 lai oi ngc la ai Viet, roi qua nam 1715 dung lai Nam Viet, va en
nam 1729 oi ngc lai la ai Viet!
Mot v chu at nc nh chua Nguyen Phuc Chu, c nhng ngi ng
thi nh Thch ai San, mot thien s Trung Hoa, luc mi gap lan au a nhan xet:
Trom ngam ong vua ngoai quoc, xuan thu cha may ma phu tnh thong minh,
o lng khoan hoa, dung mao oan chnh...,(12) hoac Le Quy on nhan xet la
... Phuc Chu noi ngoi..., la ngi hieu hoc, ch tot, co tai lc van vo, t hieu la
Thien Tung ao nhan,(13) khong the thieu kien nh va thieu hieu biet en noi
thay oi lui ti quoc hieu nhieu lan mot cach ho o nh the!
Tuy tac gia VT co dan quoc th vua Gia Long gi nha Thanh rang: ... Cac
i trc m mang coi viem bang, moi ngay mot rong... dng quoc hieu la Nam Viet,
truyen noi hn 200 nam..., nhng chung ta nen xet lai thc te th viec Cac i trc
m mang coi viem bang... truyen noi hn 200 nam la ung s that, nhng ieu noi
... dng quoc hieu la Nam Viet, truyen noi hn 200 nam... th ch la mot loi noi
long them e tang ieu mong muon hien tai cua vua Gia Long la thch quoc hieu
Nam Viet, ch s that cac thi chua Nguyen cha bao gi co quoc hieu Nam Viet:
- Thi Nguyen Hoang, dung quoc hieu - Thien Nam quoc(14) e gi
th cho Nhat Ban.
- Thi chua Nguyen Phuc Nguyen en Nguyen Phuc Thai: viet th cho Nhat
Ban, xng la - An Nam quoc.
- Thi cac chua Nguyen Phuc Chu va Nguyen Phuc Thu, xng la ai Viet
quoc vng. Neu quoc hieu la Nam Viet, va Quoc hieu Nam Viet cua chua Nguyen
co le mang tnh noi bo trong phu chua... nh tac gia VT giai thch, vay tai sao li
cau nguyen c mong cua chua c khac tren chuong chua Thien Mu e vang vao
coi bao la thau tri, chua khong dung ch Nam Viet ma lai viet la ai Viet theo
loi chan phng?(15) Va lai, chung ta eu biet quoc hieu ai Viet a co t thi Ly,
va ch toan coi nc Viet, cac chua Nguyen a co y len ngoi quoc vng cua ai
Viet vi vai tro rong ln tren toan coi ai Viet; neu quoc hieu tren cai an oc la
Nam Viet, ha khong phai lam giam oai phong cua v ai Viet quoc vng khi
b mat mot na phan at nc ma ch con mot na la Nam Viet ?!
The nhng, nha nghien cu VT con giai thch them: ... quoc hieu Viet Nam
oi vi Gia Long... khong that thoa tam y cua vua... vao nam 1812, nha Nguyen lai
sa lai quoc hieu thanh ai Viet ma khong can thong bao cho nha Thanh... nhng
ieu nay cang chng to quoc hieu Nam Viet la mot tam huyet cua Gia Long mong
c phuc hoi lai quoc hieu cu cua to tien....
oc li giai thch tren, toi cang lay lam la lung: Theo cach oc an truyen
quoc cua VT th quoc hieu la Nam Viet quoc, neu vua Gia Long mong c phuc
hoi lai quoc hieu cu cua to tien... th phai oi lai la Nam Viet, ch sao vao nam
1812, nha Nguyen lai sa lai quoc hieu thanh AI VIET?!
Nh vay, qua cac c lieu ve quoc hieu ai Viet c cac chua Nguyen s
dung ma toi a dan tren, cho thay cach oc an va quoc hieu tren an la - Nam
Viet nh nha nghien cu VT va nhieu nha nghien cu khac e ngh la khong
the chap nhan c!

NAH

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85

CHU THCH
(1) Xem: Nguyen Anh Huy, Lch s tien te Viet Nam (s truy va lc khao), Nxb Van hoa Van
nghe Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, 2013.
(2) Xem: Yao TaKao, Khao sat ve nien hieu vua Le Nhan Tong: ai Hoa ch khong phai Thai
Hoa, Nghien cu Lch s, so 4, 1996. Hoac: Le Thanh Lan, Ban ve nien hieu th nhat
cua vua Le Nhan Tong, Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Tha Thien Hue (nay la tap ch
Nghien cu va Phat trien), so Xuan Canh Thn, 2000.
(3) An nay xuat hien tren cai khanh thi Minh Vng co nien ai Bao Thai ngu nien c tm
thay lang La Ch, a c R. Orband cong bo trong bai Le khanh de La-Chu, BAVH, so
4/1915. Trong o an trien c v Son Exellence le Ministre de lInstruction Publique tc
Thng th Bo Hoc thi o la ong Cao Xuan Duc a oc nh vay.
(4) Xem: tap san Lieu Quan, so 1, 2014, tr. 61, chu thch so 6.
(5) Nh chnh bai cua VT a dan.
(6) Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen. ai Nam thc luc (To phien dch Vien S hoc dch), tap 1, Nxb
Giao duc, 2004, tr. 107.
(7) Hnh 10b la hnh ve cai khanh luc phat hien nam 1915, Hnh 10a chup nam 2014 luc vao bao
tang xem lai th cai khanh b be mat them mot phan. Xem them: Tran nh Sn, Khanh quy
quoc t Thien Mu, tap san Lieu Quan, so 2, 2014. Va xin xem them bai viet cua Nguyen Anh
Huy: Ve hai cai khanh co Hue, tap ch Hue xa va nay, so 124 (thang 7-8/2014).
(8) Le Quy on, Van ai loai ng, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, 1995, tap 2, tr. 34.
(9) Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen, Sd, tr. 124.
(10) Xem: Thch ai San, Hai ngoai ky s, Vien ai hoc Hue, Uy ban Phien dch S lieu Viet
Nam, 1963.
(11) Le Quy on. Phu bien tap luc (Ban dch cua Vien S hoc), Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi,
1977, tr. 65.
(12) Thch ai San, Sd, tr. 35.
(13) Phu bien tap luc, Sd, tr. 64.
(14) Xem: Vo Vinh Quang, Lc khao van ban An Nam quoc th, tap ch Nghien cu va Phat
trien, so 9 (107). 2013.
(15) Li cau nguyen ay la , ,
. . .
Tam dch: Chu nc ai Viet Nguyen Phuc Chu noi dong Tao ong i th 30, phap danh Hng
Long, uc chuong ln nay nang 3.825 can vao nam Vnh Thnh th 6, ngay Phat an thang 4
nam Canh Dan (1710), e vao chua Thien Mu, cung Tam Bao lau dai, vi y nguyen ma hoa
gio thuan, nc thai bnh dan an c, chung sinh trong phap gii, eu c ven toan tr tue.
TOM TAT
Chiec bao an truyen quoc cua trieu Nguyen uc nam 1709 thi Minh Vng Nguyen Phuc
Chu c s sach goi la ai Viet quoc Nguyen chua vnh tran chi bao. Do cach oc ch Han
khac theo loi ch trien tren an khac nhau, gan ay mot so nha nghien cu nh inh Van Tuan a
e ngh oc lai quoc hieu tren an la Nam Viet quoc.... Tac gia bai viet nay a a ra nhieu chng
c e chng minh cach oc ai Viet quoc... la ung.
ABSTRACT
ABOUT SOME NAMES UNDER THE NGUYEN LORDS
(A discussion with researcher inh Van Tuan)
The royal seal of the Nguyen Dynasty, which was cast in 1709 during the reign of Lord
Nguyen Phuc Chu, reads ai Viet quoc Nguyen chua vnh tran chi bao [Seal of the eternal
government of the Nguyen Lords of the Great kingdom of Viet]. Due to different ways of
interpreting the seal scrip engraved on the seal, some researchers, among whom is inh Van
Tuan, have recently proposed reading Nam Viet quoc Nguyen chua vnh tran chi bao [Seal of
the eternal government of the Nguyen Lords of the kingdom of Nam Viet]. The author has given
a lot of evidence to show that reading ai Viet quoc Nguyen chua vnh tran chi bao is correct.