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TRAINING CERTIFICATE
ABSTRACT
CADD Centre Training Services is the training arm of the 28 year old CADD
Centre Group, head quartered at Chennai, India. CADD Centre is the apex
training institute where trainees from different institute come to get the required
training for their respective jobs. Here I got information about the software
which is used in civil engineering. AutoCAD, Staad Pro & Autodesk Quantity
Takeoff mainly concerned with the different properties
This report tells about the training centre and knowledge it provides to trainees
about use of softwares in building construction and designing. Also this report
covers some cost estimation for construction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the very outset of this report I would like to extend my sincere and artful obligation
towards Mr. A Ghosh (H.O.D Civil Engg. Deptt.), M.I.T. Moradabad who have helped me in this
endeavor. Without their active guidance, help, cooperation & encouragement I would not have made
headway in the training and this report.
I rejoice in expressing my prodigious gratification Mr. Puneet Chauhan (Director of CADD Centre,
MORADABAD Br.) for providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training at CADD Centre.
Great appreciation goes to Mr. Mohd Faraz (Senior Instructor) who helps us from time to time during
the training of Staad. Pro. And Autodesk Quantity Takeoff. We are thankful to Mr. Aman Gupta for his
support provided to me during the training for constant inspiration, presence and blessings. The
supervision and support that she gave truly help the progression and smoothness of the internship
program. The co-operation is much indeed appreciated. I also extend my sincere appreciation to my
faculty members (Civil Engineering Department), who provided there valuable suggestions and
precious time in accomplishing my project report.
WASEEM AHMAD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter-1.Introduction ...8-10
Chapter-2.Function of Drafting Software.10-12
Chapter-3.Construction of Bituminous Pavement...13-14
Chapter-4.Factors affecting the Pavement design....15-18
Chapter-5.Design of Flexible Pavement.19-24
Chapter-6.Tests done on materials for Flexible Pavement.......................25-28
Chapter-7.Advantages and Disadvantages of Flexible Pavements..29-30
Chapter-8.Results.31-36
Conclusion..37
Bibliography...38
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
SOFTWARE USED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
There are many software available which is used in Civil Engineering. Due to
the Technological Revolution, the numbers of software serving Civil
Engineering needs are increasing manifold. So, to list out all this software's will
be an obtuse thing to do. Here is a list of SOFTWARE which is exorbitantly
used by many Civil Engineers all around the world.
1) AUTOCAD
One of the most popular civil engineering software designs by Autodesk. This is
used for 2D and 3D design, drafting, modeling, architectural and structural
drawing etc.
2) REVIT
3) STAAD PRO
Design any type of structure and share your synchronized model data with
confidence among your entire design team, using STAAD.Pro.
4) SAP 2000
SAP2000 has a wide selection of templates for quickly starting a new model.
SAP2000 includes parametric templates for the following types of structures:
Simple Beams, 3D Trusses, 3D Frames, Storage Vessels, Staircases, Dam
Structures, and Pipes.
5) Microsoft Office
There is no need to explain that how important this software is. It is obvious
that none of the person can start his professional career especially office work
without knowing the importance and usability of Microsoft Office products like
MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint and list goes on. If you want to become a
good Civil Engineer your top most choice for software should be Microsoft
Office.
6) Primavera Project Planner
CHAPTER 2
FUNCTION OF DRAFTING SOFTWARE
AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided
design (CAD) and drafting available since 1982 as a desktop application and
since 2010 as a mobile, web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD
360.Developed and marketed by Autodesk AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982, running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD
programs ran on mainframe computers or mini computers, with each CAD
operator (user) working at a separate terminal. AutoCAD is used across a wide
range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic
designers, and many other professionals. It is supported by 750 training
centers worldwide as of 1994.
As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most
ubiquitous CAD program worldwide.
The main function of drafting software is given below.
Drawing
Editing and
Dimension
Drawing Commands
Drawing commands form the foundation of any CAD program. These
commands allow you to actually create objects on the computer screen. The
most basic drawing command is the Line command. After all, any object is
made up of at least one line. In addition, many CAD programs have commands
to automate the creation of certain objects, such as circles, rectangles,
polygons, ellipse, and spline etc.
Editing Commands
Editing commands allow you to modify drawings. Inquiry commands are
designed to list the database records for selected objects and calculate
distances, areas, and perimeters. Common editing and inquiry commands
9
described in this section include: Erase, Undo, Move, Copy, Mirror, Rotate,
Fillet, Chamfer, Trim, Extend, Array, Scale, List, Distance, and Area.
Dimensioning Commands
One of the advantages of using CAD is automated dimensioning. In almost all
drafting applications, the drawing must be dimensioned to show lengths,
distances, and angles between features on the objects (parts). There are five
basic types of dimensioning commands. These are Linear, Angular, Diameter,
Radius, and Leader.
10
CHAPTER 2
FUNCTION OF MODELING SOFTWARE
Autodesk Revit is building information modeling (BIM) software for architects,
structural engineers, MEP engineers, designers and contractors developed by
Autodesk. Revit is 3D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages
in the building's lifecycle, from concept to construction and later demolition. The
Revit work environment allows users to manipulate whole buildings or
assemblies (in the project environment) or individual 3D shapes (in the family
editor environment). Modeling tools can be used with pre-made solid objects or
imported geometric models. However, Revit is not a NURBS modeler and also
lacks the ability to manipulate an object's individual polygons except on some
specific object types such as roofs, slabs and terrain or in the massing
environment. There are many categories of objects ('families' in Revit
terminology), which divide into three groups:
System Families, such as walls, floors, roofs and ceilings which are built
inside a project
Loadable Families / Components, which are built with primitives
(extrusions, sweeps, etc.) separately from the project and loaded into a
project for use
In-Place Families, which are built in-situ within a project with the same
toolset as loadable components
12
13
14
The purpose of bearing course is to provide smooth riding surface that is dense.
It resist pressure exert by the tiers and take up wear and tear due to traffic.
15
2.5PRIME COAT
It provides bonding between two layers. Unlike tack coat, prime coat penetrates into the layers below,
plugs the void, and forms a water tight surface.
16
CHAPTER-3
5. Application of the binder and stone chipping for second coat: the binder is again
applied to the prepare surface as per requirement.
6. Finishing and opening the road: the surface is checked for the longitudinal profile using
straight edge length.
CHAPTER-4
18
There are different factors which affect the design of the flexible pavement some are Manmade and
some are Natural such as Traffic loads ,improper compaction of the road, error in mixing the
aggregate , improper drainage and natural are like nature of soil etc.
4.2.1 Temperature
The effect of temperature on asphalt pavements is different from that of concrete pavements.
Temperature affects the resilient modulus of asphalt layers, while it induces curling of concrete slab.
In rigid pavements, due to dierence in temperatures of top and bottom of slab, temperature stresses
or frictional stresses are developed. While in exibel pavement, dynamic modulus of asphaltic
concrete varies with temperature. Frost heave causes deferential settlements and pavement roughness.
The most detrimental eect of frost penetration occurs during the spring break up period when the ice
melts and sub grade is a saturated condition.
4.2.2 Rain fall
The precipitation from rain and snow effect the quantity of surface water infilltering into the sub
grade and the depth of ground water table. Poor drainage may bring lack of shear strength, pumping,
loss of support, etc. it also increase the hardness of bitumen which may cause removal of aggregate
from the surface.
20
Improper rolling is also caused failure of pavements ,it is the human error many time constructer to
save money dont compact the pavement properly he only compact the road in middle portion little
bit and leave the sides of the road. Middle portion is compacted by the load of traffic so it reaches to
proper compaction but side remains same so the aggregate comes out from there. We can see this
situation in given figure.
21
CHAPTER-5
Flexible pavements are so named because the total pavement structure deects, or exes, under
loading. A exible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of materials. Each layer
receives loads from the above layer, spreads them out, and passes on these loads to the next layer
below. Thus the stresses will be reduced, which are maximum at the top layer and minimum on the
top of sub grade. In order to take maximum advantage of this property, layers are usually arranged in
the order of descending load bearing capacity with the highest load bearing capacity material (and
most expensive) on the top and the lowest load bearing capacity material (and least expensive) on the
bottom.
5.1DESIGN PROCEDURES
For flexible pavements, structural design is mainly concerned with determining appropriate layer
thickness and composition. The main design factors are stresses due to trac load and temperature
variations. Two methods of exible pavement structural design are common today: Empirical design
and mechanistic empirical design.
5.2EMPHIRICAL DESIGN
An empirical approach is one which is based on the results of experimentation or experience. Some of
them are either based on physical properties or strength parameters of soil sub grade. Example with
soil strength test uses California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. CBR test is widely known and will be
discussed.
We use CBR method on site so we are discussing the CBR method below
22
trac upto only 30 million standard axles (msa). The earlier code is empirical in nature which has
limitations regarding applicability and extrapolation. This guideline follows analytical designs and
developed new set of designs up to 150 msa.
5.6.1 Scope
These guidelines will apply to design of exible pavements for Expressway, National Highways, State
Highways, Major District Roads, and other categories of roads. Flexible pavements are considered to
include the pavements which have bituminous surfacing and granular base and sub-base courses
conforming to IRC/ MOST standards. These guidelines apply to new pavements.
CHAPTER-6
25
CHAPTER-7
27
CHAPTER-8
RESULTS
8.1 Estimation of construction cost
Sub grade compaction done by 8 10 ton roller
(Mechanically consolidation)
For 100 sqm surface
28
Particular
135.00
55.29
:-
8.64
Contingency charge
15.00
:-
213.23
2.13
21.32
236.68
:-
Table.8.1
Rate/10sqm
29
Particulars
Quantity ornos.
(A)THICKNESS :12cm,
compaction
7.5
0.15
cum
1. Stone chips (grit)
20 after
(B)MATERIAL :mm gauge
1. Stone boulder(gauge53-22)
18kg
2. Bituminous 85/25
(0.94 cum)
: bituminous
1kg/5kg
3. Steam coal
2. Screening
stone(gauge12.5)
Lump sum
4. Transportation charge
(0.20 cum)
Labour3. Sand
i.
0.011 mate
1. Mazdoor (belder) for (0.09 cum)
ii.
0.288 mazdoor
brushing
and cleaning
(A) Labour
Rate
Rs. P
Cost
Rs. P
500.00
75.00
60.00
8.00
---
1080.00
28.80
300.00
100.00
250.00
240.00
2.75
69.12
Materials-
450.00
240.00
240.00
250.00
240.00
250.00
160.00
2. Broom
3. Contingency charge
57.00
0.011
Lump sum
1316.00
54.00
148.80
4.95
77.50
2.64
33.12
6.75
40.80
2.75
1.76
97.00
41.04
14.40
6.24
27.50
10.00
6.60
2050.58
20.50
11.40
205.05
2276.13
30.00
0.33
--20.00
Lump sum
--20.00
Add :1548.67
Water charge (1%):15.48
C.P (10%)
:154.86
Total Add
:-
1719.01
Table.8.2
Per Sqm Rate =
2276.13/10
Rs. 227.61/sqm
30
Particulars
Quantity ornos.
Rate
Rs. P
Cost
Rs. P
0.10 cum
500.00
50.00
11kg
1kg/5kg bituminous
60.00
8.00
660.00
17.60
---
80.00
mm gauge
6. Bituminous 85/25
7. Steam coal
8. Transportation charge
sprayer
8. Cost of diesel
Miscellaneous material
4. Wire brush
5. Broom
6. Contingency charge
Lump sum
iii.
iv.
0.006 mate
0.97mazdoor
250.00
240.00
1.50
232.80
iv.
v.
vi.
iii.
iv.
0.005 mason
0.007 sprayer
0.075mazdoor
0.007 mate
0.124mazdoor
0.006bhisti
0.015chowkidar
450.00
240.00
240.00
250.00
240.00
250.00
160.00
2.25
1.68
18.00
1.75
29.76
1.50
2.40
0.006 day
0.006 day
0.007 day
1200.00
2500.00
600.00
7.20
15.00
4.2
0.18 litre
57.00
10.26
0.003
Lump sum
30.00
--Lump sum
--Add :Water charge (1%):C.P (10%)
:-
Total Add
:-
0.09
20.00
20.00
1175.99
11.75
117.59
1305.33
Table.8.3
Per Sqm Rate =
1719.01/10
=171.90
Rs. 171.90/sqm
8.4BITUMINOUS PAINTING OR SURFACE DRESSING SECOND COAT
PER 10 sqm
31
Table.8.4
32
Particular of Items
of work
Wearing coat
length
Breadth
(m)
(m)
Ht. or
Depth
(m)
Quantity
Remark
In two
sides
400
----
2800 sqm
400
----
1600 sqm
1st coat
400
----
1600 sqm
2nd coat
400
----
1600 sqm
Size- 12cm
No.
Surface painting-
Table.8.5
33
Items
Particular of items of
work
Quantity
Unit
No.
Per
Rs. P.
Preparation
grade
Wearing coat
of
Amount
Rs.
P.
sub
2800
Sqm
2.36
/sqm
6608.00
1600
Sqm
227.61
/sqm
364176.00
1st coat
1600
Sqm
171.9
/sqm
275040.00
2nd coat
1600
Sqm
130.53
/sqm
208848.00
Size-12cm
Rate
Surface painting-
Total
854672.0
Say Rs.
855000.00
Table.8.6
CONCLUSION
34
The total cost of construction was 1456000 (as per data given by P.W.D).
Flexible Pavement or pavement made of bitumen has good workability but lot of supervision is required for
construction. They are cheaper then rigid pavement, easy to made and take less time for use then rigid
pavement. These pavements are easy to maintain but still they have less life then rigid pavement.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
35
1.
2.
3.
4.
36