ABOUT THE AUTHOR An ace who bas partial St x cnventinnal digs en iu enderater 5a eclenering i sel is and dle arch, Are decal enddae ot he Univers of Pens, ‘he dteted the University Macun’s underwater excavations at Cape Gelidonye end Yosh Ade ed dcsvred he lage Mycenaean sit rar Hiss whi ‘bas since ben excavated by a To Curator of the University Museua's zan Section and of its newly farmed dition for andere ech «free cota to ich ‘iblitns os Antiquity, Amecican Joural of Archaeology, American Scholar, Archaeology, and National Gtographic. Ancient People and Plces ARCHAEOLOGY UNDER WATER George F. Bass 62 PHOTOGRAPHS 44 LINE DRAWINGS x EL maps GS) London G3) THAMES AND HUDSON'V'S'A HHL OLNI G1VS YOK GaLHOAMI aa 01 LON 191 aynios 3HL XT | ‘Toust¥s ‘G11 SaQIA¥aS ONIENTEE NUTISEA sr NOILVAVOXS €LITaNO9 WA 49 KIVITEG LYM NI GaUNTEA | 9961 aaustiana sua or NOLLVAVOXa i p96t NOSGAH GRY SANVEL @ UTLVAUAGNA YOI STOOL BHI TA a8 SaLIS BSLVMETANO ONIGNODTE GRY ONTGGVR TA ig SXOVALIV 40 DNIDVATVS FHL A ss SNOILYeaao ONISIVE CNY DNINIVUG AT 4 AgAuns NY HOUVES UTLVAYAGNA UT fe INGWNONIANS ATLVMESOND HL NI ONIAWOM IE . % NOTLOAGOUINT 1 a apvamwd “ SNOTLVHISATTI 40 ISIT SLINFLNOO ‘TAINVG NATO UC UOLICT TVYaNAD ae ser pre sadng wopiyy 5 SHIVES FHL NI LHDTHALYON ANDTOA ST STHLBIBLIOGRAPHY THE PLATES NOTES ON THE PLATES INDEX 168 219 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 1 Diver being got ready for descent Sponge diver inspects cargo of late Roman wreck Fourman recompression chamber Diver jumps into sea with narhile hose Scuba diver bates with rapids Nist of bras and copper Ketles Tnspecting kets found in Horseil Rapids Wooden figure from the sem ofthe Vast Hollow censer fom Lake Amatian Egy censer cover fiom Lake Amatilan View of Lake Amatilan The Voss in dry dock Roman pleasure barge in Lake Nemi The gunboat Cairo Ait view of coffer dam ia Roskilde Kjord, Denmatk Stem of a Viking ship in Roskilde Fjord Ai lift in the cenote at Chichen Itza Gold dise found in the cnate at Chichen Tea Bronze god salvaged neat Cape Aremision Bronze boy alvaged ftom Marathon Baylegedd ‘oounasaypy ap odour ma ons ajnmapry Le spdlnba lypf my syog x sauania posurean peony ye poow munpoue jo adwres © Saryem\ 29 ‘urd pannstooas ap yo ueg 19 ssuow$ey wor yue]d atp Sunonnswos7y 09 3st an uy quryd vopoom ap8ey da Sua 6S yuryd vapoom jo ydesSonoyd mremzpur, sf apy seq we pang; sdury QoS es Arepidry tpim vonazou0s Sumy 9f ‘uonerue9 soyoue woy pues BuRIID SS TY BRA ye yoru 1p Supeavoxs us posn spoyayy 1S seroydure J suogiod Sunenaps 303 prS fos tS gs Hoa. cds epy sex so suoydue Somme 5 yaa eluopypy ade yas paansad oBeuunp poomysnig: Strypiayg 15 spat woy poster fies pasouos jo saser reyodo Sumy oS ‘wooyeg ae pus oreo yerous parazouco Jo serum Sony oF ‘8 UT pugs wyseq JeyPEA pjorreafoo0'e gh pan pue meowrey wpUd of puaiouoa punore Summ Lb apy Borg we dures s100 yuk Supoadserg of sav Ta Jomaep ROU Drepun Susp, ypaus ueuoy uo yp] re Satsn SAIC] pour smpare 2 Surgz0 94, seam ehog nog we Soncels yyy soins 03 Seq yy ae poyy Suylarea soxrcy seroueo fons yenoe Jo are UPW ISeA Frou Surarp qouaysy au], Sopeoeu sp se gouagsyy 2, aredvooiats yo xeqered arp Surmnseayy amaoydue yo sydesSonoyd jo zedoaig pn wo saouSeyy JAY jo suomansesu uonessp Sunyey, {PY BRA wos orem UENO PEITE tpues Suploams serwazopay) saves pura ‘soueisp pue Suueag yo sSurpeas Surpr000y o8an8 yadop penumayiq: soypur urwoy jo won dayy auotppy 2eu ypaundrys wor eqdoareg auoupay seu uuunyo omueS e SuENseapy ® wor, supuainseou asreawapun Supp, soa, {ysOHMY, wo rpNok oxfou Jo 3snq szuOIg suey meow poBeayes repuIq Jo wnq. amuoIg. ‘wophypury rou poSeayes rpnok e jo samy oyedy omquirg 243, % Iv saivaaFIGURES 16 Pipes from the Thames, p. 39 Underwater sites in North America, p. gt Irom trade aes and cs, pg fey conser, 9.44 Efi ener cover, p. 44 Underwater in Central America and the Late Clessc te bow! and late Post-Clasic Bley jp. a7 ‘The Vasa beng raised, p. 6 Pewter powder can, pewter tarkard end wooden tarkard from the Vasa, p. 66 Early ninetenthscntuny bates, p. 68 Pipe bowls from « Forde rier, p. 68 ‘The cenote at Chichen liza, p. 69 South side of the Chichen Itza cenot,p. 79 Gilded copper sandal, ear plag ond bracelet from the Chichen Itza cenote, p. rm Weodn aif from the Desi cen, on Bronze fii of da from Mab, p. 82 Bronze berm fom Mab p. 83 Bronzes from wreck near Beziers, p. 86 lon of wooden piles in the Camber Set, . 95 Cargo of columns reer Metbee, p. 98 Cargo of sacophagi near Mette, p. 99 Method of mecutng relative elevation, Device for meaatng carntare of tinker, p. 104 Plane tle trenguation, p 205 FIGURES 28 y 30 wt 32 B 4 38 36 7 38 8 a 4 6 4 4 Method of measuring relative elevation, p. x07 Early method for mapping of « wreck, p. 108 Photoctower, p. 109 Method of stereophotoraphing, p. 211 Section of the Asherah, p. 124 The Asherah mapping a late Roman wreck, pats Map of wreck made in single dive, pp. 136,139 Scrape and forceps, p. 12 Fitst use of or lift, p. 227 Bronze bracelet and patery bowl, p. 129 Ar lifts used ot Cope Gelidnye, 131 Air lift t Yossi Ads, p. 133 Bronze implements from Cape Gelidony,p. 139 ‘Methods used in fst season at Yassi Ads, p. 145 attery from cabin ares of Byzantine sip p. 148 Conse from cabin of Byzantine ship, p. 149 Mebods used in second season of Yassi Ads, Past Mop of vicile layer of coro at Yassi Ads, 152,153 Rubber casts of tools made from sea concretion moulds, p. 157 Reconstructed seston of Byzantine sip . 159anf Saranp-daop wassid oip 03 tuoma pg plosepy Jo rom anos put anydesScnoyd arp pre neaisnog ureadec jo yoreosea Sunpenbe aden §2qa0q wos} yom sasmpun ut SHO ip feu panoddns sey yprys ‘aars0g 21qdei8005) Teooneny 2p Jo aprur ag pynoys uopuout jo pros emads y “yoog 2¢p et paquaep '9q 01 near xp pum pasm u09q aneq odds stp pjn09: nary jo xeouedagy ysoymn ap Jo soustse PLE LORS soma’ xp ySnonp Mug suosreg anor] “f ayy pur ‘conepunog aR9g woysyy Mtzeg 2p ‘Uonepunog BPP IPY ap ‘donepumoy aourg yeuoneyy ap “harog omydei8002 rooney ap “pre RAEN JO OO ap TBA “g OwreL SW pur sy “uonepENOy Knew] “| sn] wp oxy apg “Sopooegaryy aeauopKA Jo pune > ‘go wnasnpy Sur0D axp ‘uonepunoy poomarper axp ‘wap Tota WEA, IW “Gomog pomdosog BAO ap apnpsur Synuans weap ss Surqrunos ASojooeyaze sap porprsuoo Aue usyat ‘suoneavoxa apy 1eK pure euopyED ‘ep ni0ddns on aySrsot0j atp tpras suosuodg vpredax ag sono we ‘Sojooeyore aesopin jo Sparen axp 2ut paMoys uy oye suonounpory mng 01 xq9p Ap 22uIs Aa uoddns arp OAs ‘nq pur arp 07 Urea] 07 tu paSemoaua i3y “erueapisatiag JO Aysroamay 2p 1 ABoposeqpry Porsse|> Jo wawrzedac] 2p 30 ueMRYD ‘Sunog, “s Aupoy aq par “wnasnyy Aasroaray ap ‘yo soma ourey ymBOry Aq] ‘sq st Hooq & Ys 3 30} Agen 03 aut payqeua oyas asoup yur 02 osTe Yst “y00q axp jo sued Au 305 ayqtsuodar pjpy aq pynoys auou ‘antza acy ] ey Apsnossoxd p wean & amo | “a plory ‘sdoypnegy mqoy ‘uoourppany., ag FL oda ‘uomeng mqoy ‘ARAKpENeG UOT fempry opuows apyrunag sy ‘cossiag PPU ‘UEP Id AMMA a1 “LAO "] PEC “eqepury “y ya TT WORRY pur uma ‘unde yy yesnyy ‘uemdeyy presen ‘hue RAUL “G BaqoY “owsny UYo[ eAAY sBpUY ‘SIT aE Say ‘Sprempy Boy “D ‘semmsnog gpuy “Mewpog ap “y und ‘sreag °D uspg ‘sampuy shypag “a Iq8uqy “T TTY apnppur souasap aprsoxd 20 ‘suonse@8as jaydpy yeu ‘souspe 2af3 01 yBaoue puny ureq aAKy OY BOYZ, “~BIGAS wapET sy fq su 29) poredaid MRojorespre mremapan uo AgdesBongag 2 A Apeai8 popre sem | “4009 xp Sonn Uy -sreda4p uo snou xp pu suonde amy ap uf punoy a9 ak sowen apyp fsyueqp axoars dow soxdxo oy seas | WIP JO [Te 01 pue ‘Suysesp 10 sydesfonoyd yeutSn0 Adon 10 aonpoxdat 0) jiu pomoye axvy stonnunsar pur ajdoad jo mquunu aS] y AIPYS ‘VHAW iq waseap sd yeuy ayp qua “org eaueo[ ssiy q poredaad asa sdeun Arena “ZE pur 97 ‘gS ‘Sr “hr ‘ox ‘x sory 29} Mowe poms mneauapn yo ou20s pur suaesBep ap jo Te amp wey yg “pwmopy spy Aq ose axe o pre somndy ssuondeo apip ut poupar are yoga ‘oF par ‘gr ‘or samy 205 adsoxo ‘sneynze jeardio woy, 10 sqdeiBonoyd oy Saysesp aoalgo arp Jo TE PIP BWOAA § ap yo pers Surapp axp jo tpoq “uel wursng sey Aq Apsow uavesp ara 203 pursed Som ajgenyea ap ynoge stout yon Sure fo se jueseapd ap aur uaar8 seq sxe 30y ‘TA Se Seare Epo apapoUT oy our SunGeanoou> 205 “tospnyy pore soured, jo sig 20g "ppRpA pea ware ap “reacesay T mp aygnow | 8 3 as 0 rue whpD ag Aq poyse asiy svas 1 NaH, aovfangArcheology Under Weter experiments of Cousteau and Edwin Link, Further, chey have supported underwater archaeological projects from the Can adian border to Mexico and Guatemala, and ftom the Pace to the Mediterranean. The encouragement given by Dr Melvin M. Payne, VieePresident of che Society, has been most valuable to me, both in my own research and in waiting this book. ‘Most of all my thanks must go to the ingenfous and selfess members of the staf of the University Museum's excavation at Yassi Ada, whose loyalty to the pursuit of scentife under, water techniques and interpretation has produced so much of value, and to my wife Ann, whose ticles assistance both in America and Turkey has been toy emazkable, GEB. Cuaprer I Introduction 1 RECENT confétences on underwater archaeology suge Axesises hhave been made for a more atractive tie to growing new fel of research, None is completely “Marine” or ‘submarine’ archaeology would limit the work to that done in che sea, while much has been done in rivers, lakes, and wells; ‘hydrcarchaeology* could include the study of ancient sources of water; andthe hybrid ‘aquaeology” is no closer to being an adequate tide, Archaeology under water, ofcourse, should be called simply arcbaalogy. We do not speak of those working on the top of Nimeud Dagh in Turkey 2s mountain archaeologists, nor those at Tikal in Guatemala as jungle archacologiss. They ae all people who are trying to answer questions regarding man's past and they are adaptable in being able to excavate and inte ‘pret ancient buildings, tombs, and even entice ciies with the antifaces which they contain, Is che study ofan ancient ship and its catgo, ot the survey of toppled harbour walls somehow dlifereota That such remains may lie ander water entails the use of diferent tools and techniques in thir study, just asthe sorvey of a large area on land, using arial photographs, magy nic dewctors, and deils, requires 2 procedure other than excavating the stone artifacts and bones in a Palaeolithic cave. The basic aim in all these cases isthe same Is all archaeology, Coviath was a famous’ Greek city whose Life archaeologists have been recreating by uncovering and recording its archi tectual remains, by cataloguing and publishing its potery and sculpture and coins, and by interpreting its inscriptions. Port Royal was a lively city in Jamaica which suddenly disap, peated beneath the waves dusing a violent earthquake on Jone 7, 1692. In the study of its remains, walls and streetsa opompoasuy pag nq fogage omayepe wea gps uous Aprey pu snomaaoa. ope jo 20008 agp woneuSecar arp or dn pass ABojooeypre saredanpun, wun oy] ‘Bexpes 207 AIoo apqrns parpisaos BoM SOE pur sus asp jo ou AI Mary [I “seyp] sprue Aq parepanur wong ancy rip seare ut Aeioodsa ‘jaa aovemn Sst fq panna zuv Auepy owee 1pun 2q 02 IS 01 aney ou Stop rEARTE jetSojeanypme we ing “soyenbypea Sounp soumamos 8 YPM pur] wo sure ap paronUoU 2g POMS Ose app] “Sandan 20} 20 sonrap wreuzo oy sSumnyo se mye ap ur Aqapsodind pzorjd ama 10 “o$pnq pur ‘az0q ‘syn ‘woy seas pue “IAA ‘spa ‘se ont AffenopHoe yj swofqo BYRD "Be BO] SEM. YK pur “Giys F UF BMHOWTe 20 uN ‘uo We poze sein ‘su 9{duiay any 0} sepeyq werpIsqo fon woy “ueta Ag ape Sunplsana dena, “S08 ‘wo Apeare amos seq yma fooisy pue sue “ABojouyso. [jo s8payaouy anbrun ayp sy warp Aq porous -suonearoxa ‘euesopun ypu sey] sour atuos wars Aq UMM w29q sey reqat 0% Arenuoo ‘mavdMsoy ‘smnox apen pue YoHoANsLOD dds 30 fyureur 00st saeas29p woy pour’ 29 01 8papsouy, “pumuaTy 0 suroD wooy pu ‘Krqpomof on STEM uuonroymiey woy, “Furpop 0% spp joor wor Burses soelqas AOD Yay Sjoogpuey AFojoseypre wt porous Asaydwos ayo are sdiys 22 ‘Snorago st ojdoad sumpurems Aue 01 sdiys jo soumuodur 25, ssnou2s ss] uoponnsuoo days mare jo Kpass ap seep us sodud aup yo sere por suof ap Suukpaas ‘Sumpjng oqgad awopoue ue yo wasls oSeursp ayp Apadoxd sreawoxo oy sured yas8 aye aBiun uews yng “suope pIoy oH 0p 34] yor AKA w ys aoqex pe st AZojoaeyore seauapun seqh pre Apacer wSojoaeyore paysinfonsip 2uQ if oq? ‘uonta taag sey asusscou Jo yeap max8 v Ajareannogu “ASOj0 ‘aespme ann jo ppg 3xp apisino asf Sumypouos ‘eneds Sumy -2uuos parpYsues udoq sey f owos Aq ing ‘aessooouun ans ayn ASoqeanypre se ABoqozegare raeanpun yo aouapp Y a “pfopoaryore axp 1 22%Ape pur uonewioys dquo saygo sroods a, ase xp jo 2003 ‘nis patos sop serdhnty 1 avo xp Ansa aged ap ase spe ur ang “ASoqoaeypre on sagas sry Yo Aen 2A ypoorssjond fea gues ap uy pe ‘os fue 0 rans yeomagpas sqq ayo dou ay yep 0S “Bupep uogreorper ur azqende voip fete aly y “spo fg pasa aq ea Aoxp ap 0s post, cand 34 09 aapsxp Sse tpoq tH sonbmagon aq, “won sip ty esmatun ospe are mre pun Sunpzons jo sonbrayoon zip jo fara 0s ‘ppom axp moySnoxp sous pur] o ajgeoqdde oq few uoqmesorpes fq Sunep pur “oanod Suxpuou ‘sued Su ‘aserp ‘SqporqdesBnens Sur8ip o senbrape orem se sof ‘punargpre ut Surzyerods aiGoqoseypre wre 210099, saqp20u sop aed aun ap ‘03015 pu OOK UE S90FG wa voy sede pon ag fear ax yo al sures a 6) cap nuewoduy ou ou se Aq pares ae sonbroqpo Says ro Buzyp areuxo seq, “bs gp uC woe ary Yay suEWox ayduasasouoy {Jo Anaooaxatp pur 20u%> n0-Bnp wean cu go Somses off op rom ‘uowrutoo uy Sunpou axe Aamzo «pzesune ay 30 weoqund pefouou usyanse poe punour weIpe] ‘ruopTe pawpanul wy seas pan 27 foxy asneoog Apso sous 0 340M 0} poyse ayo st “Puno aaey J “Bre pun poyon sry ogi sorexeoxa oop WK AE WRAY ap Jo SuoHEar [Rays ur wonearaxo 20} Sururen ou sf ‘opdurex2 40g ‘tm injnos, urorminy atp yo Suo(So pre akp Uy ConA “Spo 2a pry ur guotruomraa ap ot svzeaeds wiFojonegare ou 10g ‘oonod ro faradynas “Banas sraeaygaze se ypns Ambac Jo soadseatuos u azyepoods faxp 30 ‘sere peosSojouonpp 20 eamyN9 qporgdeie? umm ur azqemads uayo ssidoprgy ape siya odes ae jo Ans Aare on pet sorearoxo 9x9 2509300 UH exp adnoxa suoneanoxa ons atp ume aouaylp fe tp sf -poasend pu pazonr 2q 0 eps agp 0 019 waHg ae ssrB par ‘Trout ‘Kronod yo soolqo pur ‘paddeu vaaq aaey or sang sap, KiepooqoayArcboslogy Under Weer 8 dlse, The picture of sunken treasures being looed by amateur spearSshermen came to mind. Such things did and do exis, Dutihey ae becoming les common, They follow the pattern of land excavation where early eld archacl turous and hardy men, were offen antiguities; education and national antiquities’ laws are begin, ning to preserve sites under water as they have done on land “Tho archaeologist today can blame no one but himself if underwater sites are lef to amateurs, He has Ieamed to drive a jeep, which can be as diffeult and potentially dangerous 28 diving, The aqualung, invented over twenty yeats ago, only offs him 2 new method of getting to his sit. He should remember, however, that it was the amateur, the diver, and not the profesional archaeologist who led the way, found the sites, ploneered ther excavation, and showed the promise of che future. We owe these amateur archasclogits a debt of gratitude inspite of exons they may have made, There ae noted divers, on the other hand, who still write that archaeologists cannot expect to dive well enough to excar vate properly under water. {hope that chis notion was dispelled forever by the work at Yassi Ada in Turkey, where an expedi- tion recently completed nealy six thovsand working dives om vwrecks lying between 109 and 150 fet deep. For the a ship was excavated completly on the seabed, and it was done to the same exacting standards as ae found on land, The expedition was staffed with people who normally would be foand on any archaeological dig: achacologiss and archae- logy students, several with land excavation experience, a clasicst, an at historian atchiteets, drafsmen, and photo- graphers. Many bad never dived before ariving atthe sc. In addition there were a geologist, « medical doctor, and a rechanic, although through one three-month season the neces? sary machinery was well operated and maintained by archaer cology students alone. Ironically, the most advanced methods of making. plans ander water, so essential for any sclntife excavation, were i if profesional divers with years of experience t by those who had just eamed to dive for re- the advances were made only against che advice ionals who claimed that proposed methods were fortunate that those who are simply divers hoping to preserve theit monopoly on underwater work, too often sues the dificultes in working under water. of training to become an archaol and we tain divers at Yassi Ada in little more than a week; naturally the new divers must work for a season under close supervision by an experienced staff member, for one cannot deny that there ate hazacds in diving. The salty measures taken than during the years when of the prof impossible. Ie unwite to generalize, of course, but from more than fy past staf members I have noticed thatthe best excavators were not necessarily the best divers. With one exception, on the other band, none of those members who joined the staff primarily a5 divers had sufficient interest in scienife archae- ‘logy to continue for long their necessary but offen dull asks, It is probably the developmen of mapping and excavating techniques mentioned above which has led to the charge that underwater archaeologists are overly concerned with gimmicks and gadgets, that technique is more important than historical results, Any axchacologist who has excavate both on land and under water, however, will realize the unique problems that rust be overcome under water in order to obtain historical results, Icis mainly the atempt to solve these problems which draws underwater excavators together in conferences on “underwater axchacology’. ‘Another ofrquoted myth is that underwater archaeology is enormously expensive, costing, according to some autho Introductionwogonpeaniy Poss yo faqppads wao hur oy ey fens 01 peg aney | ‘sropmnyy, “suopeangnd ssipo vr Apuanbagy wow poqasp axe ‘yoryes ang ‘snomuine ous atp are yprya ‘sus WRITES ‘Aves jo wossico axp posmed sey SZ, “jghsod se spousd pure soimunes Arr se wor sis Spon sed jo sydurexs se 11 ASojooeypze seaapan yo a8ues apg 2 jo ‘} opro uy foun auras agp IY “Puy Uo punoy aq 01 fy] ou voneunoyce. po seme pupppik ancy wep sors asoip Sunansad A soueodaay sf sieqput of ose adoy | ‘spans apun ABoyooegore pers Sumoys sopiog “mea pan aord way seq yprgse psford posSoposeypre Azan aqn2.9p sod 3 330} popaut 99 pogs eM yo uonsenb arp 01 oy Yoog 2xp ut papajour 39 pps eyO papBop BreEy “oBeayes pre Kzascosp sy 26) Amssoou ay sta 904 ZaeAARPUN IN, ‘ous pure ata at se Apoexa pauses aq feu [durex x9} ‘soegns aip 0 URC poser st gas diys & spoapmas axe Lp pry ur aun agp jo aed fquo Suump rem zopan ag 2p Hs apapur 01 popop osye ey “pu Arp wo prnos aoup ww0Hy ‘coneansod jo ayes amp ur {uo jf ‘SouaRpEP urEN29 YO JP wou Sraem yo dap Aue opuin agp exp aye pe ss 2394 apn[pur oy poploap aney Jos fpreag e ayeur sory Accu ‘wot} apap 0} Sutin se ours aup st surBoq ASojooeypre soem, ‘aapan wpéop gs 1 appop 01 Suxky, sonmbave poansd ‘jp sno sSunq pur ureans mopeus 10 Suds v orur spueg sty tpt sopptar A[prou ay 3 20 eKSoqooeypre sreaumpun ys x ‘puly ysruecy e x0 moqHeY Young & ur daop ase Auo spurns ayy ing “ASojeneqare sorenapim sf exp weDUeLIENpaAY ai Jo aoepns ap oyaq taj 06 sreatoxa Jaap © 3p "waqqoud © pantasrd yoog a ct papripuraq pyo0o sus Teak Semproacy “areas Ypeouag purnoy 20m s2omos wwoHysouRp ‘qua vont aphpsar ot aaey pynoas yor jo yp “eins open 4jo 30 uonsnasuen drys yo Arory x ‘oidurexo xo} ‘oq roxe9 “Zojooeypre reauapan uo yooq & ‘suonnjos pure susygoxd oyans se yous ‘ous jo sd uxaauag UonoUnT ou sf ap ‘sendeyp ap ung “soefod yemoe uo pean se sonbraoa yo seare prong squosep ypryss sndeyp omar poprsp 54009 24, -yuatedopsaap jo Bers aad st pogpea eq a ya pu soy pu str aeqis ous 01 ABoqoaeyare trreavopan uo fess uo ¥ se mer uous st 00g 29, "TIS jo dia peo kq paryo stojgoxd reqood apo: suonngesjexy se panosud og few fa vecp rane ap 1 psgad ug 2a sporpour sayin xuoo a rou seq sue a, MURAL pero 2 Sinxaysoyy ‘tom st Yoog sty, “(Bojooeypxe 205 woreassu0> por sISoqoseqaue 20} soikyd “Sojoaegnz 20y Selonms pense to sfoog asorp axe seas “onbaypar quut fqseund pou 09 9qiojntp sn ye 2opun £Boqoreyaze wo 4009 Y “ASojoseyoie puey ap 1} panos pue wu Apeare2torp _jouostana ve st dquo pazprs4co 24 PINOY, HIE PAqEONP Sf Spon soya Bxpog ap urydng cy aout *fBopooeypre men vnopan £q pamasud suajgend ogy, “G00 24 YoHyH UO us dp jo rawuoraus ap 4 paveissoeu are rp woneansid Dae uoneagaxo jo sonbmuypa parsed ap dq Ayu “arepxp ‘ooSeajoo posegypar] si, wioy pagsmBunstp 29 few 30q0 ‘poyre pizmuapun ayy, ‘SBopoveupre por] ueyy a10u ou S509 tuayo 3 pur ‘nSoqozeyore Arecpro Aq, paonpuo> 24 pypoUs 1 par do punoy yp on ageeduoo erreur xu 30 nes 2 Sago ASojooeypme zreanpum weap Us 34eM aM SU “snafad ane 09 pos 99 we tpaja miomdbs sword vo par voneuaunedsa uo sex ssudx9 ap Jo Gant ‘5se9 Yioq Oy “Pura 0} auro> Y>IyA suoptatoxs pur] yeas uo 19k qpea aods s wexp a10u OU gs09 ‘auras mnof jo ponod x mio “epyy SEK 3 yoazaNdyS supuecig ai o woweneoxe apy duoo 2, Sp pur Ace v0 Frjenue wads sy exp sou ou 00 ana ‘apes aed sr pues ‘ehuopmps ace ve spamdiys Sy szuoug 9 30 Uuonearaxo 2, ‘pat] wo auop you se ons se oun wen dn aie api) BoppyArchaeology Under Weter 2 archaeology, and have quoted authorities more knowledgeable than I about the value of finds in ocher areas. The reader already familiar with underwater archaeology may feel chat che book is too tolerant in describing some past projets, for cerainly all were not conducted scientifically, In such a new Seld of research, however, even the most serious archaeologiss were bound to make many mistakes, and this is not the place to criticize their pioneering efors. My hope is that the significant contibotions of archaeology under water and the bright promise of is future wil become evident from these pages. Cuapter IT Working in the Underwater Environment mE ARCHAEOLOGIST has adapted himself to every Kind of environment offered on our plane's surfice, but none is so alien as chat which he meets beneath te sufice oft waters. The density ofthe water makes even a mild curent more devastating chan most winds he faces in open ai; in 2 racing sueam the diver must hold o frm objects to avoid being, swept away completely. A. muddy river offers a darkness that can be pierced by no Rashlight. And, worst ofall the diver, ihe isto breathe, must carry his own supply of ai. Yetitis largely because of leenvironment that under- swater archaeology is of such value. Areificts which lie beneath the action of waves have been protected against certainly the most destructive ofall agents—man, himself. Potery cannot be broken through use when under water. Lead plating has not been tom fiom hulls of ascent ships, as lead clamps were broken fom so many stone walls ofthe pat. Far from the mek ing pots into which went 0 many masterpieces of ancient art, objects of copper and bronze and gold are well preserved. ‘Marble has escaped che lime kilns, Wood and cloth are pre- served in fish water as they seldom are outside of desert sands or frozen norhlands, and both are preserved even in out salty seas if they ae covered quickly with mud or sand. Some of the hardships of working under water can be come pared to those faced above water. The undewate archaeologist protects himself against cold with a rubber suit rather than a coat. The inftetions he suf from cuts and bruises are ser but no moreso than those has contracted in steaming juny Divers searching for ancient sites have been fightened out of the water by sacks, but more than one surveyor on foot bas Bomg te 04 se mem crop ur peep se 298 0 way smog snp fred ag sef8 ets seus Taqgn: sf osou pure safe sty Suto} sspiau ay se aySiem peo, Aue se yoene feu 94 ypIGAA oxo pq e po Sura Aq ‘is Jou sys oop ay ep 0S ore MB ur aourepeg aadoud ¥ surmurew 2p] 29] sy Uo trom say aqqne ajqaoy pas Appmb pue Ayseo swiras inq ‘ioap pawp>y, ‘pi ae jo Adds asx» pyog ‘woaamoy ‘ofum ye ‘ono unt ‘Aqddos age soy quae Apypinb aio oxp ‘008 map ap sadap yp eqn sno|Ago SF a] “HARP aUp 0 08 op aFe axou pur avoWN saojpe ‘Spuaosp arp aIp se DyeM am Jo arassaxd Suysexour axp nopun “qoryes wBegsexp soqgnz & spjoy wowenBsn ay, soos op woy Aprepauran paimeyx are approIp woqre> snonuep Surureyuoa suoreyey fao2xdgynoun §Z9a1p aqp 023 S9fueD ypryas 804 & 2 oxyaFarangaad t yBnonp sssed par yoy pews & ySn03p ces axp Jo ano sowoo ae aq, “ypu arenbs sed uos enoge jo aunssxd &7e me posaiduoo Sumupenuon sxe ow sz0w 20 aco so ToANp aq, “csr UE meaITOG) 54K, ssonboef pur umuses apg Aq padojsaap ‘Banpenbe ay st pas ‘Awourwo> wou weep ang SAqePRAe are odio jo qu y -aqaos se usouy,‘smezedde Sonpearq aoemspin pougeoo {gps 5 poqupep asof zea8 aqp wep wusuxow yo wopaey sbiew gona Somayo pur ‘iodeayp pour ‘njduits spapy -swopezouco pagrtas Aavag Arse aig 01 pg v oso sounweyeSpoys © SeuSuvas se yons ‘som Aazoy 305 aseq wy 2 qu wap Spud ‘maaoy Susan hoa pyr, “spolqo aysey 1 woup yuesuco e asod way uopral ap pur ‘IO gs acjaowey ur om syeONEp roy Aressoon oS AuyEGOUE oqnq soxp uy ‘pam sf uoReATOxD [enioe 4 cceaezeypayy axp Us Ss sareavapumn aceod ‘Au 9 Jo wo parsaeosip axey searpraSuods pamupE stares ano Sy] pga aayen wana ‘ou © yBoonp iourpy 2p Jo ano ATE ssoxD poo|q 02 Surass aya api, Farag apa ap Apadoxd arxado rou sop oy Jf eH ay Jo 10 dod pu aoeans ap ov aeoy we ay ‘os waa “sos pur fIEq fosap sty uo sSiam peo] Aaeay aM 204 sp 24 JF 219999 ‘ayy soegns aip ov oy pInow pur amelong sowoo2q Lop ap Aeameyy sre axp asoge axas anno exp ang uP ap ‘yoo 104 sy pue asoge og & ur soserduo vy Susur 390, 2 wog uN ayy sim TY “speEy sty nq |e Bapas0> yns seaued partaqgns v 01 UmOp pastas ‘o2]d-20R5 20 atopula sep8 vpn sauupr ooo seas Zap prepuES ag DIE ap ‘or ena ae apt dpog sy ur sonyae> ap yy yoy ar ‘aang 0 cag sofge ypu atnssnd ea agp 2¢p 03 re apraoid cvs pury Ace jo youdmbs Sutagp jo osodind ay, =pojsan 9 ton apuseo eo pur sess sr atop 2p seay horas oN “Un pane aneN ap Jo sap “ues aea18 30 ‘oe aus oup Apprewsteoudde amssnd v ae aoe. a spun ‘quand nom 3 uaea Sm apes pe Bay sty pueda oy ypSuans 2a ane 300 non sae yo ap aay ¥ waAD pur) “SNUATD re pure ‘snus “any se qpns ipoq sry ur soveds poqgyare agp aveonbs 01 suifoq A[prpouray ay ang ‘wore Sorpunowns duos aiow ou ‘ops ‘pure ping Apsout poq sty wey Jou Soop amssxd sg, adaop sus op se oseamay yor Aine oxp 30 ‘ansazd 20 ‘Sa eaodway Aenba“aoepins axp 01 Suu soy ¥ OH 1 seq sq Uo ue x wo se sengney ay SopuN aYFEIG 100 ‘sta AIP 3, “ToReAeoxD pur] B Uo poouogrde Sowypte 0} peredwoo 9q rouuro wp stem sapun pode} drsprey 200 ap st ‘sopdut sip rxp ye tps ‘pinby x Aq popanouns Supg - plow saeatopun asp yo sqyestoy xp are Buns exp suo St Aor pue ‘pur uo seus snonSuepApenbo az st ‘paprose ag uate yay mouostog “ayp 280 aS yore wr0osayp 30} Suny sy mous nod Jo sod 30 Yp0rv 9pun paey gd seore ureuso UT pjnoat Zoreszox9 paseqypur] ou Inq ‘ref ‘uta fu ran spr sp fezow yo azeaog wae eweARaXS ‘aanrp af, “sSop daoqp oBeaes puesieog prt hq parry w239 te args pig, BosnaArcuclegy Under Water 26 see on land, except chat everythin because of the difference berween water and the index of reftaction of g the pressure ofthe surrounding serious consequences of having the is face, For the same reason he some swimmers use for, undet water, these would be pushed into his ers For protection against cold the scuba diver it, consisting of pants and may be worn under it in extremely cold water. Even usvally needed orbs heat from the human body. iss the diver wears a waterproof watch, depth earching for a site ot swimming away from ould be worn on way Pos ging lines ot ich as a fong club to fend off seaweed, Other equipment, shacks ot an underwater fas cared if called for. re other types of scuba, One, the oxygen-tebreather, yy Navy divers in wartime to avoid releasing tllaale bubbles, Exhaled air is breathed back through a tube and through a chemical fiter which removes the carbon di “Actthe same time, pressurized oxygen is added tothe again breathed by the diver, to replace the oxygen wh ig 1. Seb der with ci tls, night, ge, rst wet, mask, malt, fis, lipood, and grape pencil In hx ner grid re calipers, Bammer, te sticks, lve, ad eet Ibs body has burned up in activity. This type of equipment is extremely dangerous forthe uninitiated, and it should not be used below 25 fet because of the offen fatal oxygen poisoning which comes fiom breathing oxygen under pressure, -Accompronise between standard diving equipment and scuba isknown as 2 book ot neg, named air the Turkish water pipe for obvious reasons. It is cxacly che same as scuba, except Plate 4 a6 “sanoyy 014s 2340 5389p anauaro$ ayp 30} sum uorssoxdwooop exon ay S295 0$ Jo undp ‘ae Sunes ‘soepins axp moppg 2y OF AapAd own Jo sep8u>] Surhrea yo sdows dorssaxd mooop ayeun as 94 ‘sun OS oes 2p 105 nj OBE 2 UMOD $90 LaAIP & JE ang{ “orem oxp a4eay ‘uF 94 199 somumun bz 203 shes pe cfdop rooyor v a1 dn xo s908 oq woep ‘sour z oj ufewar aotp pus ‘somnam pape par sunaoeessp sop me augod ¥ 03 dm was fri 24 “casamoy ‘sornumea of 305 xpdap aures ays 03 Sa ‘soy 3p 01 vo Supe azopaq seaman Sr pa pea eee a pure Soepms aip atopq top oF ssnf aupod w we ane 01 sou [ed ® pe au0 oye) aagp sty Jo pus oxp ae asntw oy “(reps Dip Woy uNop sus ay WoW 2p Woy pawn) sanun OF 10} Way OOF 01 SAIP LONI ® J IGE doWsordwodacy ANY prep ‘azng Kary °¢°() 219 01 Butproaay “dn atmos wane ay APMOS ay s9u0] a¢p 20 4908 roarp ap redzop ayy, -waishs sry ur are pozrnseaxd ax Ajenpes8 yo ayrea1q 03 soueyo e xoarp oup 348 3S], “PHO ayp Jo soiaeu snowmen Aq paysygnd s|mpoyos oy Surpucaoe Suspuose Aq Aquo poprone 2q feu spuog 24, “wy azfered 20 py 01 Ayqissod ‘saxtp Hampuaose Aypxdex 2xp jo pooyg axp ur uno} we sojqgng ‘Leas aunes 2p Uy “saqgqng tI} pre uoRN}os Jo ino ausoo on suBedureyD aqp ut se8 ap Sasaoye ‘Kjuappns pasepr st sansa stp shy 28 0} 9ptog auBeduseyp ¥ wo x00 axp od Aquo paet 200) ‘soepans ap ov Apjpinb astz rou asmur ay ng “ypdap 2e supewor sharp ap se Suoj se wolgoxd ase you Sop JPN UF ST, ‘amnssaid pun sea Jog siy apy pooyg sty Aq Ajjemned poquosqe uzaq sey Buropeaig udoq sey 94. 34,“ spuq amp, se ‘umouy Ajuourne> “ssuypys uorssexdtuoaap Sumajns yo 1s8cep seat stp soe ay yxp uatp st agp ypea yo pus aqp ve ‘prendn scum 1oap axp se aseanep sisooreu Jo soayp ain ysnounpy ‘op aq Sunsea Kpojduios pue ‘soeyd Suoum ap ony soe Sup ings pap, Banuogy, ‘joan gp yo pu Suon xp on Berane ‘ou0p 9 cn 51724 j0 ‘ap ate + uo seq ogi ang 2oueape ur soso yy pasue dou sey oyun sad wos oy Somes sf ONG 34p O29 fede woy ous v Borznowau ama 94 se ‘aap aun coy qpe Baap op 01 sod ay wy Apex pun sKy ‘ur arene on tee “2dr 205 ‘one Jo 295 OST UT aL Sinddew apgyy “2uN0 fg wow woxp ap er YENOw TA sqof soup may oy sap Suowe «péep wep we woReAERD mage of 3 uaouy You aut J “aaj ocr Te auounBpnf edu DUP sumwaunse uF sions ame ato ssoareT GSPOWRLY “0s op oy pur Jo anuasead oup se 2 Spanos zap axp se swaddesp ssooren auf, “spdap sas8 te uowear waredde ou 20j so2xhipnout 2oKp noutoy 03 UAOUT UaRg 2AeH UDAIC| “Saxgp paouarsdx> 02 VRAD vratp [fo 2 st0d 1ad20p 20 oy oe 0 Sup pur “Hj OOF TE scogp ap eonou wow 1nq ‘yloed Suoure samen fggqndsnsng ‘yopmeu Aap aout 9u0 01 fenbo st ‘jus 2u0 0} Suspiove “epdep jo 3 0f feuornppe Aloe ‘joyooye Sur are se stondissunes ap yo vee Seq yor‘ fF se wou ure axp jo Fun ayypp v sue wa¥onru ST, “a acp yo auto 2od og mnoge sosidwwo> yorys vaBongy 242 JO sows Surpeang sy ‘ie pozanssad Ayydry stow AySupeanouy soupeag pu spusarp app arp sy “sua|goxd areuoduc eno ragyo af aitp ang ayeag 0 Ange Szaxp ap o1 sopdde af se aunssand Jo wajgord ax Tp aneY 30265 OS -squen auiseud By ob popanu aoxp uespaygED ao por sadeng ae sanp von duand ey papasu rosso 2p poe ‘ansend woo woo jo eSuep sy sf ap ‘uy = uo paged seas jo sueoun Aq anoge 28zeq 0 reog ayp wo ptt oy Xf YHA uoneoFUMUTIGD suMKOD SF AIA “AE JO 300 Sortant si jo Burp ou st atop 10 ods a40 oy ze} a4ow on axe 0u Sp Jaap ayn aan sos wo Sap yo oq 19] _poxa te spraond sy, sens ap uo sosstoo + Surat oq, 2 oy aq sues Ag ou zreax sp on pods sre ep dandy opin Boone «Archaalogy Under Weter Place 5 Use of diving schedules, printed stables, does not elimin- ate all posbiity of ‘the bends’, but i greatly reduces it, Since Laurence Jolin, probably the mos safey-conscious of my staff at Yassi Ade, wes paralysed temporarily from the waist down, even while using the tables with asafery margin, [have followed a number of saggestions made to me by a nosed diving physir logit. An examination ofeach staff member is made by the expedition doctor, who has the final word at any time on. ‘whether or not any perton may dive the divers are encouraged to geta good night’ sleep by having the camp cletic generator tumed off ta certain hour each night; there is one day of rest a week on which no diving is allowed; except forthe night before the day of rest, no beer, sine o strong alcohol is allows and the standard Navy tables are used witha greats If a dive is to 100 fet, for exa next greater depth, or 110 fet; if that dive is for 30 minutes, swe go the nex: longer time on the tables, or go minutes. Thus wwe ofien decompress for ewice as long as might be thought necessary, but afer thousands of dives without incident while using tis system, my staff would be selucant to change. ‘The only cure for ‘the bends’ sto be placed under pressure agai and to have the pressure reduced very gradually, follow, ing special recompression schedules. Every diving operation should have a tecompresson chamber for tis teatment, and every diver should Know how to use the chamber. Dives should never take place ze ae enough people on the diving boat or barge, excluding the medical doctor who must be fice to make examinations and decisions, to open the chamber, place a stricken diver inside, seal the door, and begin to fil c with compressed ai in a short peiod of time. Weekly ‘chamber dil’ are highly recommended, although itis prob. ably not wise so subject the ‘patient to actual pressure when it is not necessary, At Yassi Ada, we never dive without a spare compressor fo insure continuous air in case of engine failure Working Under Water to the Sst, and an emergency sopply of filled hi eokebeehe ee ee “The chamber alo serves to teat ancther deeded diving disorder, at embolism, Ifa diver tiesto the suree while holding his beath for any season, pechaps though pani, the air inside him will expand as the presure around him de” creases, thus rupturing his lungs. Death occurs almost at once in many cass, and may be caused by an improper ascet ftom less than to fect of water, Embolisms ate best avoided by the training which ists confdence in the divers. Other diving disorders can be found in any dive’s hand» book, but an understanding of those mentioned is esenial for an appreciation ofthe concern for improved excavating techaigues. One may imagine the frustration that would be fat by any archaeologist who could visi his ste on land for only about 45 minutes a day, in two tips! Yet that is the length of time iti economical to dive on a st in r20 fet of water, Ceraialy more eficent methods of mapping and sur vying than those used on land are needed under wate, and new tools, such as the ai if or ‘ondenwater vacuum ceane aust take the place of shovels and wheelbarrow. : ‘The limited amount of ime that ech excavator can spend on a st, at the depts where shipwrecks ate most offen found in the sea, also neces a lange staf of trained archaeologists than is normally found on land excavaions of compurble size. Oa land one supervisor may have fiom two or thee to twenty or chiry workmen under his contol, He guides the work and fakes nots as the excavation progresses. Under water, however, the archaeologist can temain no longer than any one shift of dives, and it has proved often unwise to lave decisions to those untrained in archaeology. For that reason, atleast one ofeach team of divers should be sffcenty know, ledgeable co make decisions without the advice ofthe direc, who can himself vst the site only twice a day. .“pur] wo punogaou sa: bai W aearoxs on xpd Ajams pynom capone a * 20 pay 94 01 aiBAA suxenz09 parep Apuaq|rox> ours at ue ‘uoneaasad yo aves aures on ur ynurenb ates ona , oor sith ng pe hm pe ba HAiq ‘soured furayp woje Aq uo says s04N0 ve paprose u99q Ajareano seq cpeap trae] 4 ‘aay possnoepp aq o1 SEOPSPISIC ep HEA mano Appnyspung ap Joos om Peas soap pat graSc0> para) pak ‘sors Seplpey WPA SOA suoaep sy wo pradep few spo sen i 58 S24 ap SOU, ay pare ‘ty your “a po sspunoo pur ‘rea Suzapp * oa Spt umacy tng seogeneslose Pre eons py Aoqiqysuodsor avewnjn ax “sape 8 2efapp fea exp xp nap a sve oN om {pas [su pr [Fuopous asue apa pe] wo a in Suneavoxo sow 2oUaRITD Lidia “yes peowBojoveyare poisnn & jo u fou yoo 2Bpr0 ur ‘agyssod Te w Jt ‘sasp ospe plnoys on mnoxpua Apo ow 02 ge : 9 “aqureyp ap se sen Snap snes et uo 2 moka aise op psa aeaiste rman 340K PIpous SA 5 bo tn od Sue dep lpn yp frond gro nsls suonorumuoo seapun ao sue ap jo ea oe Sup pd and 8 PRP ySnonp som xp Bapunsqo Soysun oy 3 = Javea opi, Fuoyy ‘en ap wo hep ye we ov wioqoorpe ap soi UEP Soy, soragas [Es 30 BTR tut puRDOP UE 19} ‘pon 3pq “Sunarp weep KAO sporpeen Aq aus st OF Soypaaen fg, 1 “aorsnagn yorp-pasop fq wopeATo si UO pre sresuoo t daay, ose fet sBopooeqare apan OH.L -poydertoroyd ag 01 Fae ro aifgo ap 9 apf avo 03 ‘aru Soo} = jo surat fq Howe xp on posoze run sey NE 0p plo PBEM IUESTSE “uous, jo 23g HTN ap PIOAE OY, HEM ‘jqpopoutn asacopO pur 2ATEUL ON Ue RRLND AP eHS Apoanrp weyar uo aur a8 a 105 0} eat 1g87 Jo 200s axp 2944 00 PINOY soipp woy Sungiq ogee Aq soyens Jo 235 05 © AUO PUN) soaouia poe or weap Appin pa fq pnsnon q fea gpryas ooRtO go sso nso Surpuog, weds prensa Zhe pu aie Jo UOpoTapL jo Soypor ap wsmaAA 220 Jo apis spo ap ages “hep st roures ao 899] Te ose st aory fqqeyrese ATeroaumnoo 2ye pro Anges app © Susnog wSiyaee © of porto Ey $5 Ba0 se pom 9 fru eauta poo ve omy "OM EP yonooo poze) oj oss st yeafonyd MAPPUN Sanund pur Budopap fp ‘up sep joap 0 tga be, dea 2 poo URE © Wan sey a FE HON PEE AP tp vo pgydeone uno sey mp 2s UL COREA te yo nodse fe yo oSieyp ur agBopoorgore oy TEN wt aang api ABqooogpayCuaprer III Underwater Search and Survey ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUaVEYS of various kinds are AX erie on ind Atcaslogiss singly ot in sal gous, ‘over hundreds of square miles by jeep, bicycle, mule, canoe and foot while locating and mapping all the visible sites in certain areas; samplings of surfce artifacts revel the nature oto tes. More compl ensue cor sls and analyse che pollen in large area to determine ifthe regions were da carat, ot banen dig the difien prods of “The general am isthe same: to study che patern of for various periods and culturs, and to select for more thorough study by excavation, Clues nay be provided by tracing ancient sources of water, or by javesigating natu hasbovs or naturally fried high points. “Acsial survey can play a lage patt in such work by spotting sites osherwise inaccessible because of jungle, ot ivisble except by the cop and soil marks which can be seen fom the at Somnearchaeologiss survey for pancular types of sts, such as prehistoric roek shelters, Clasial foreses, coastal tading pois or butial mounds, although noo pertinent bo interesting “discoveries are also recorded by such specialized surveyor. An example of such investigations s that ofthe Taian industrials, Carlo Lerii, who has developed a means of boring hole into the ground wherever i seems Likely that there is an Beuscan tomb below. AA periscope is then slipped into the hole for 2 fi lok and wart oy, ener lowered isto the tomb to photograph it completely. all oherecheclyi are looking fr speci sits which say be know from historical ecords and idenied by thei geographic potions, as was the case with Gordion in Turkey. In such instances, specialized equipment can be of value. The Search and Survey joint team of the Lerici Foundation of Milan and che University of Pennsylvania Moscam has tested ultrasonic devices, mag netic gradiometes, electrical resistivity meters, and the proton in locating buried wals during its search forthe southern Italy. Locally obtained information and rumour play a large part in all types ofsurves. In his search for the capital ofthe Inca Empie, Hiram Bingham paid Peruvian guides fit cents a day to lead him tothe ruins which chey knew, The result was the magnificent discovery of Machu Diccht, high in the And. Even illiterate firmer offen have a great fond of information about antfacts and tombs they have uncovered while digging swells ot plosghing, ‘All of the types of surveys described above can be, and have been, made under water, General surveys of selected coastal areas and inland lakes and tives have plotted the diseibution of Roman anchors in Mediterranean batbous, located Spanish galleons in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and tumed up countless anifacs of ealy American Indians and sees. The lack of exganization among the amateur divers who have found most ofthese remains is understandable in such a new discipline, and already corrective steps are being taken, A permanent committee, with representative archaeologists fom Spain, Italy, and France, has been established to keep a map of sites found in the Western Mediterranean, and a standard form fo the reporting of new finds has been suggested for amateur surveyors. In America, the Council of Underwater Archae» clogy in Sen Francisco collects information on promibing sites, Tn spite ofthese efforts, there wall always be the unwelcome treasure and souvenit hunters, as on land. Education of amateurs through their diving clubs must be regarded as a responsibility of local archaeologists if general surveys are to prove meaningful. What may be accomplished by serious amateurs is shown by the Archaeological Section ofthe Britishfi | “aug At ll !Archaeology Under Water Fur Fs SubrAqua Club, which tll ts members that all anifies found in the River Thames must be ploted on a sorinch Ordnance Survey chart and chen corned over to a museum. ‘Alteady they have brought foom the muddy botom objects dating ftom prehistoric to medieval and Ister periods, Bot whether ot aot such finds will xesult in archaeological cons clusions not to be reached more easily by land surveys, itis too early to know. The following examples are of sp soon double that amount. Salvage operat fraction of the sites which will be Mooded; when the Com amitee forthe Recovery of Archaeological Remains was estab lished in 1945 over one hundied new dams wece planed jut for the Missouri Ris Donald P. Jewel is particularly in foothills of California which are fst disappearing as the exploding population in that state demands more and more fiech water, The area had not been thoroughly excavated before being inundated and, because the Indians of California were so culturally and so dialeccally diversied, Jewell realized that ge valley could eliminate the mnants of an entire culture tat had existed in California for thousands begaa to look under water. The submerged sites visible from the ar because of the dark ‘loads! refuse heaps, or however, Jewell vertically on the lake above the bottom until he ions where this hes proved impracticable, especially whece siting has occured, he has resorted to bringing up telltale midden traces, such 2s bones, Search ond Survey operation, but could be effective es that beter methods of surveying in time in his effor to prevent gap in our knowledge of Siig my mle ome f be made sites which lie in currents may be eroded compl Jewell marks each promising area with a balloon gulats its position ftom shore, The excavation which follows is primitive by land standards, but only through such experimentation will the means be found to gain further knowledge of areas soon tobe submerged the vast act which the Nile waters behind the Aswan Dam will swallow up isa Nov knowledge of Amaican Indians in moe nonbely regions may be the indirect result of « completely diffrent type