Sherman Notes PDF

FALL 2013
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C
Reinforced Concrete Design
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1 Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Reading Assignment

Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 through 1.8 of text.
1.2. Introduction
In the design and analysis of reinforced concrete members, you are presented with a problem
unfamiliar to most of you: The mechanics of members consisting of two materials. To
compound this problem, one of the materials (concrete) behaves differently in tension than in
compression, and may be considered to be either elastic or inelastic, if it is not neglected entirely.
Although we will encounter some peculiar aspects of behavior of concrete members, we will
usually be close to a solution for most problems if we can apply the following three basic ideas:
Geometry of deformation of sections will be consistent under given types of loading;

i.e., moment will always cause strain to vary linearly with distance from neutral axis,
etc.
Mechanics of materials will allow us to relate stresses to strains.
Sections will be in equilibrium: external moments will be resisted by internal

moment, external axial load will be equal to the sum of internal axial forces. (Many
new engineers overly impressed speed and apparent accuracy of modern structural
analysis computational procedures think less about equilibrium and details).
We will use some or all of these ideas in solving most of the analysis problems we will have in
this course.
Design of members and structures of reinforced concrete is a problem distinct from but closely
related to analysis. Strictly speaking, it is almost impossible to exactly analyze a concrete
structure, and to design exactly is no less difficult. Fortunately, we can make a few fundamental
assumptions which make the design of reinforced concrete quite simple, if not easy.
A problem unique to the design of reinforced concrete structures is the need to detail each
member throughout. Steel structures, in general, require only the detailed design of connections.
For concrete structures, we must determine not only the area of longitudinal and lateral
reinforcement required in each member, but also the way to best arrange and connect the
reinforcement to insure acceptable structural performance. This procedure can be made
reasonably simple, if not easy.
Purpose of this course is to establish a firm understanding of behavior of reinforced concrete
structures, then to develop method used in current practice and to achieve familiarity with codes
and specifications governing practical design.
In this course we will learn to understand the basic performance of concrete and steel as
structural materials, and the behavior of reinforced concrete members and structures. If we
understand the basic concepts behind code provisions for design, we will be able to:
Approach the design in a more knowledgeable fashion, not like following a black
box; and
Understand and adapt the changes in code provisions better and faster.
The overall goal is to be able to design reinforced concrete structures that are:
Safe
Economical
Efficient
Reinforced concrete is one of the principal building materials used in engineered structures
because:
Low cost
Weathering and fire resistance
Good compressive strength
Formability
all these criteria make concrete an attractive material for wide range of structural applications
such as buildings, dams, reservoirs, tanks, etc.
1.3. Design Codes and Specifications

Buildings must be designed and constructed according to the provisions of a building code,
which is a legal document containing requirements related to such things as structural safety, fire
safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled. A building code has
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Chapter 1. Introduction 2
the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as a city, a county, or for
some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government. Building codes do not give design
procedures, but specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. Of
particular importance to the structural engineer is the prescription of minimum live loads for
buildings. While the engineer is encouraged to investigate the actual loading conditions and
attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be able to support these specified
minimum loads.
Although some large cities write their own building codes, many municipalities will adopt a
model building code and modify it to suit their particular needs. Model codes are written by
various nonprofit organizations in a form that is easily adopted by a governmental unit. Among
the more popular are the BOCA National Building Code, the Uniform Building Code, the
Standard Building Code, and International Building Code (IBC 2012). A related document,
similar in form to a building code, is ASCE 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
other Structures. This standard is intended to provide load requirements in a format suitable for
adoption by a building code.
United States does not have a national code governing structural concrete;
ACI Code (American Concrete Institute);
ACI commentary provides background material rational for code provisions;
Highway Bridges are designed according to AASHTO which stands for American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials;
AREA stands for American Railway Engineers Association; This is manual of

railway engineering.
1.4. Loads
Loads that act on structures can be divided into three general categories:
1.4.1.
Dead Loads
Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime
of the structure such as: floor fill, finish floor, and plastered ceiling for buildings and wearing
surface, sidewalks, and curbing for bridges.
1.4.2.
Live Loads
Live loads are those that are either fully or partially in place or not present at all, may also
change in location; the minimum live loads for which the floors and roof of a building should be
designed are usually specified in building code that governs at the site of construction (see Table
1 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structure.)
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1.4.3.
Environmental Loads
Environmental Loads consist of wind, earthquake, and snow loads. such as wind, earthquake,
and snow loads.
1.5. Serviceability
Serviceability requires that
Deflections be adequately small;
Cracks if any be kept to a tolerable limits;
Vibrations be minimized.
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1.6. Safety
A structure must be safe against collapse; strength of the structure must be adequate for all loads
that might act on it. If we could build buildings as designed, and if the loads and their internal
effects can be predicted accurately, we do not have to worry about safety. But there are
uncertainties in:
Actual loads;
Forces/loads might be distributed in a manner different from what we assumed;
The assumptions in analysis might not be exactly correct;
Actual behavior might be different from that assumed;
etc.
Finally, we would like to have the structure safe against brittle failure (gradual failure with ample
warning permitting remedial measures is preferable to a sudden or brittle failure).
1.7. Design Basis

Two philosophies of design have long been prevalent. The working stress method, focusing on
conditions at service load (that is, when the structure is being used), was the principal method
used from the early 1900s until the early 1960s. Today, with few exceptions, the strength design
method is used, focusing on conditions at loads greater than service loads when failure may be
immanent. The strength design method is deemed conceptually more realistic to establish
structural safety.
1.8. Strength Design (or Ultimate Strength Design)
Since 1971 the ACI Code has been totally a strength code with strength meaning
ultimate.
Select concrete dimensions and reinforcements so that the member strength are
adequate to resist forces resulting from certain hypothetical overload stages,
significantly above loads expected actually to occur in service. The design concept is
known as strength design. Based on strength design the nominal strength of a
member must be calculated on the basis of inelastic behavior of material. In other
words, both reinforcing steel and concrete behave inelastically at ultimate strength
condition.
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The strength design method may be expressed by the following,

Strength provide Strength required to carry factored loads
(1.1)
where the strength provided such as moment strength is computed in accordance with rules
and assumptions of behavior prescribed by a building code, and the strength required is that
obtained by performing a structural analysis using the factored loads.
The design procedure is roughly as follows:
Multiply the working loads by the load factor to obtain the failure loads.
Determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist failure under these loads. (A
member with these properties is said to have sufficient strength, and would be at the
verge of failure when subjected to the factored loads.)
Proportion your members that have these properties.
1.9. Allowable Stress Design
As an alternate to the strength design method, members may be proportioned so that

stresses in the steel and concrete resulting from normal service loads are within
specified limits (an allowable, or permissible, stress or load). These limits, known as
allowable stresses are only fractions of the failure stresses of the material. Allowable
stress design is also referred to as working stress design.
For example in design of steel structures, this allowable stress will be in the elastic
range of the material and will be less than the yield stress Fy. A typical value might
be 0.60Fy. The allowable stress is obtained by dividing either the yield stress Fy or
the tensile strength Fu by a factor of safety. This approach to design is also called
elastic design or working stress design. Working stresses are those due to the
working loads, which are the applied loads. A properly designed member will be
stressed to no more than the allowable stress when subjected to working loads.
The working stress method may be expressed by the following:
f allowable stresses ( f allowable )
(1.2)
where:
f
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An elastically computed stress, such as by using the flexure

formula f = Mc/I for beam.
fallow =
A limiting stress prescribed by a building code as a percentage of

the compressive strength f c for concrete, or of the yield stress f y
for the steel reinforcing bars.
1.10. Safety Provisions of the ACI Code

Load factors are applied to the loads, and a member is selected that will have enough strength to
resist the factored loads. In addition, the theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the
application of a resistance factor. The criterion that must be satisfied in the selection of a
member is
Factored Strength Factored Load
(1.3)
In this expression, the factored load is actually the sum of all working loads to be resisted by the
member, each multiplied by its own load factor. For example, dead loads will have load factors
that are different from those for live loads. The factored strength is the theoretical strength
multiplied by a strength reduction factor. Equation (1.3) can therefore be written as
Nominal Strength X Strength Reduction Factor Load X Load Factors
(1.4)
Since the factored load is a failure load greater than the actual working loads, the load factors are
usually greater than unity. On the other hand, the factored strength is a reduced, usable strength
and the resistance factor is usually less than unity. The factored loads are the loads that bring the
structure or member to its limit.
1.11. Required Strength (Section 9.2 of the ACI Code)

The required strength U is expressed in terms of factored loads, or related internal moments and
forces. Factored loads are the loads specified in the general building code multiplied by
appropriate factors. The factor assigned is influenced by the degree of accuracy to which the
load effect can be determined and the variation which might be expected in the load during the
lifetime of the structure. Dead loads are assigned a lower load factored than live load because
they can be determined more accurately. Load factors also account for variability in the
structural analysis used to compute moments and shears. The code gives load factors for specific
combinations of loads. In assigning factors to combinations of loading, some consideration is
given to the probability of simultaneous occurrence. While most of the usual combinations of
loadings are included, the designer should not assume that all cases are covered.
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Various load combinations must be considered to determine the most critical design condition.
This is particularly true when strength is dependent on more than one load effect, such as
strength for combined flexure and axial load or shear strength in members with axial load.
Since the ACI 318 Building Code is a national code, it has to conform to the International
Building Code, IBC2012 and in turn be consistent with the ASCE-7 Standard on Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Other structures. These two standards contain the same
probabilistic values for the expected safety resistance factors iRn where is a strength
reduction factor, depending on the type of stress being considered in the design such as flexure,
shear, or compression, etc.
Table 1.2. Factored Load Combinations for Determining Required Strength U in ACI Code
(ACI Section 9.2)
Condition
Factored Loads
ACI Equation (9-1)
U = 1.4(D + F)
ACI Equation (9-2)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
ACI Equation (9-3)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
ACI Equation (9-4)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
ACI Equation (9-5)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
ACI Equation (9-6)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
ACI Equation (9-7)
U= = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
Due Regard is to be given to sign in determining U for combinations of loadings, as one type of
loading may produce effects of opposite sense to that produced by another type. The load
combinations with 0.9D are specifically included for the case where a higher dead load reduces
the effects of other loads. The loading case may also be critical for tension controlled column
sections. In such a case a reduction in axial load and an increase in moment may result in critical
load combination.
Except for
The load factor on L in Equation (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be reduced to 0.5
except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where the
live load L is greater than 100 lb/ft2.
Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be permitted
to use 1.3W in place of 1.6W in Equations (9-4) and (9-6).
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Where earthquake load E is based on service-level seismic forces, 1.4E shall be used in
place of 1.0E in Equations (9-5) and (9-7).
The load factor on H shall be equal to zero in Equation (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural
action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure provides
resistance to structural actions from other forces. It shall not be included in H but shall
be included in the design resistance.
Read ACI Sections 9.2.2 through 9.2.5.
1.12. Reduction in Live Load

It is reasonable to assume that the full intensity of live load does not cover the entire
floor area. Therefore, members having an influence area of 400 ft2 or more can be designed for a
reduced live load from the following equation:
15
L = L0 0.25 +
AI
(1.5)
where:
L
Reduced design live load per square foot of area supported by

the member,
L0
Unreduced design live load per square foot of area,
AI
Influence area:
For other than cantilevered construction, AI is 4 times the tributary area
for a column; 2 times tributary area for beams, or equal area for a
two-way slab.
The reduce design live load cannot be less than 50% of the unit live load L0 for member
supporting one floor or less than 40% of the unit live load L0 for members supporting two or
more floors. For live load of 100 lb/ft2 or less no reduction can be made for areas used as places
of public assembly, except that in the case of garages for passenger cars a reduction of up to 20%
can be made. Live loads in all other cases not stipulated by the code cannot be reduced except as
accepted by the jurisdictional authority.
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1.13. Design Strength (Section 9.3 of the ACI Code)

The strength of a particular structural unit calculated using the current established procedures is
termed nominal strength. For example, in the case of a beam the resisting moment capacity of
the section calculated using the equations of equilibrium and properties of concrete and steel is
called the nominal moment capacity Mn of the section.
The purpose of the strength reduction factor f are (MacGregor, 1976; and Winter, 1979):
to allow for under-strength members due to variations in material strengths and

dimensions
to permit for inaccuracies in the design provisions
to reflect the degree of ductility and required probability of the member under the load
effects being considered
to reflect the importance of the member in the structure.
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Table 1.3. Strength Reduction Factors, F, of the ACI Code.

(ACI Section 9.3)
Kind of Strength
9.3.2.1.
Tension controlled sections as defined in 10.3.4
9.3.2.2.
Compression controlled sections as defined in 10.9.3
(a)
Members with spiral reinforcement
(b)
Other members
For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel is between the limits for compression controlled and
tension controlled sections, may be increased in from that for
compression controlled section to 0.90 as the net tensile strain in the
extreme tension steel at nominal strength increases from the
compression-controlled strain limit 0.005.
Strength
Reduction
Factor
0.9
0.75
0.65
Alternatively, when Appendix B is used, for members in which fy

does not exceed 60,000 psi, with symmetrical reinforcement, and
with (h-d'-ds)/h not less than 0.7, may be increased linearly to 0.90
as Pn decreases from 0.1 f cAg to zero.
For other reinforced members, may be increased linearly to 0.90
as Pn decreases from 0.1 f cAg to Pn, whichever is smaller, to
zero
9.3.2.3.
Shear and torsion
0.75
9.3.2.4.
Bearing on Concrete
9.3.2.7.
Flexure sections without axial load in pretensioned
members where strand embedment is less than development length as
provided in 12.9.1.1
0.65
9.3.5. Plain Concrete
0.55
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0.75
1.14. Example
Compute Factored load to be used in the design of a column subjected to the following
load effects:
9 kips compression from dead load,
5 kips compression from roof live load,
6 kips compression from snow,
7 kips compression from accumulated rain, and
8 kips compression from wind.
Assume live load is greater than 100 lb/ft2.
Solution:
Condition
Factored Loads
ACI Equation (9-1)
U = 1.4(D + F)
U = 1.4(9) = 12.6 kips
ACI Equation (9-2)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5R
U = 1.2(9) + 1.6(0) + 0.5(7)
U = 14.3 kips
ACI Equation (9-3)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)

U = 1.2(D) + 1.6(R) + 0.8W
U = 1.2(9) + 1.6(7) + 0.8(8)
U = 28.4 kips
ACI Equation (9-4)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5R
U = 1.2(9) + 1.6(8) + 0.5(0) + 0.5(7)
U = 27.1 kips
ACI Equation (9-5)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S

U = 1.2(9) + 0.2(6)
U = 12 kips
ACI Equation (9-6)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H

U = 0.9(9) + 1.6(8)
U = 20.9 kips
ACI Equation (9-7)
U= = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

U = 0.9(9)
U = 8.1 kips
Therefore, U = 28.4 kips controls.
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1.15. Ultimate Strength vs. Working Stress Design

For D and L only
1.2D + 1.6L Rn
or
1.4D Rn
............................................ (1.6)
Working stress design
1.67 D + 1.67 L Rn
................................................................................. (1.7)
Assume a strength reduction factor of = 0.9, Equation (1.7) becomes:
1.5D + 1.5L 0.9Rn
................................................................................. (1.8)
Therefore, the ratio for Ultimate Strength Equation (1.6) to Working Stress Equation (1.8)
becomes
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Ratio =
1.2 D + 1.6 L
or
1.5D + 1.5L
Ratio =
1.2 + 1.6( L / D)
or
1.5 + 1.5( L / D)
1.4 D
1.4
............................................ (1.9)
.......................................... (1.10)
1.16. References
MacGregor, J.G. (1976). Safety and Limit States Design for Reinforced Concrete. Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering, 3(4), December, pp. 484-513.
Winter, G. (1979). Safety and Serviceability Provisions in the ACI Building Code. Concrete
Design: U.S. and European Practices, SP-59, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1979, pp. 3549
Nawy, E.G.. (2003). Reinforced Concrete A Fundamental Approach. Fifth Edition, Prentice
Hall.
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Homework Set 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beams shown below.
10 kips
10 kips
20 kips
10 kips
10 kips
(A)
8-0
6-0
8-0
7-0
10-4.5
20 kips
w = 1.5 k/ft
(B)
20-9
w = 2.5 k/ft
(C)
20-9
50 kips
50 kips
w = 1.0 k/ft
(D)
20-9
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10-6
Homework Set 1 - Continued

E.
The reinforced concrete bridge pier shown below supports a three-girder structural steel
highway bridge. Two loading cases are shown below.
For each loading condition, draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. Determine the
moment for which the beam must be designed. Determine the moment for which the column
must be designed.
PD + PL
PD + PL
PD + PL

5-9
5-9
Load
case 1
PD = 36 kips
PL = 40 kips
5-0
18
5-0
PD + PL
PD
5-9
PD + PL
5-9
Load
case 2
5-0
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18
5-0
Homework Set 1 - Continued

F.
A weightless cantilever supports a concentrated service load of magnitude P as shown

below. The beam is a reinforced concrete having both flexure and transverse steel.
Denote the theoretical shear and moment strength of the beam as Vn and Mn. Reliable
strengths are obtained by the appropriate factors, , respectively. Fictitious values for
these factors are given below.
Factors
Shear
Flexure
0.85
0.90
If the live load factor is 1.7, and the theoretical flexure and shear capacity are 110 kip-ft
and 11 kip, what magnitude of P would be permitted using strength design?
11 9
Answer:
P
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2 Chapter 2. MATERIALS

Chapters 3, 4, and 5 of ACI 318
Chapter 2 of your text book
2.1.1.
Cement (ACI 3.2)
Cement is a material which has adhesive and cohesive properties necessary to bond insert
aggregates into a solid mass of adequate strength and durability.
2.1.1.1 Portland cement
Portland cement was first patented in England in 1824 comes in 94 lb bags. When cement is
mixed with water to form a soft paste, it gradually stiffens until it becomes a solid. This process
is known as setting or hardening.
14 days to reach sufficient strength that the forms of beams and slabs can
be removed and reasonable load can be applied
28 days to reach design strength.
Different types:
1. ASTM type I
2. ASTM type II
3 ASTM type III
4. ASTM type IV
5. Special type:
2.1.2.
general purpose;
sulfate resistant; drainage structures;
high early strength
minimum heat generation
severe sulfate resistance, white, masonry, etc.
Aggregate (ACI 3.3)
Aggregates occupy 7075% of hardened mass by volume

1.
Fine aggregate or sand
Sand and fine gravel pass #4 sieve (4

holes/linear inch);
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Chapter 2. MATERIALS 21
2.
Coarse aggregate
Natural or crushed stone; unit weight

varies about (140152) lb/ft3
Section 3.3.2 of ACI code:

Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be not larger than :
1/5 of narrowest dimension between sides of forms, nor
1/3 depth of slab, nor
3/4 of minimum clear spacing between reinforcement
3. Special purpose aggregates
a. light weight expanded shales, clay, slates, fly ash...
low density; 50 lb/ft3
moderate strength; 6080 lb/ft3 and compressive strength 1000, 2500 psi
structural concrete; 90120 pcf
b. Heavy weight (used for shielding against gamma, X-ray)
crushed iron; steel scrap
200 - 230, pcf
up to 330 pcf if ores used for fines, steel for coarse aggregate.
2.1.3.
Water (ACI 3.4)
Not necessary of drinking quality, clear, relatively free of suspended or dissolved solids; ph > 3.0
(ACI 318 Sect. 3.4)
Water cement ratio

o Water cement ratio controls the strength of concrete
o More water; workability increases, easier to move but strength will
decrease; largervoids because of free water
Slump test
o Good measure of total water content in the mix; (26). Slump test is
used to determine concrete consistency.
Testing the workability of concrete: (a) Slump Test, (b) Ball Test. The ball penetration is read
on the graduated shaft.
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Testing the workability of concrete. (a) Slump test. (b) Ball test.
The ball" penetration is read on the graduated shaft.
Effect of water*cement ratio on 28

day compression and flexural tensile
strength
It is customary to define proportions of a concrete mix by volume, weight, or cement

to sand to gravel such as 1:2:4 or 1 bag of cement (94 lbs) + 45lb of h2o, 230 lb of sand, and
380 lb of coarse aggregate.
2.1.4.
Admixtures (ACI 3.6)
Used in almost all concretes in addition to the main components:

1.
Air entraining agents

improve durability, workability, resistant to thawing and freezing;
2.
Water reducing agents
sometimes called superplasticizers, drastically increases slump with a given water

content; for placement and compaction;
3.
Retarder
delays setting of concrete;
4.
Accelerator
speed initial set;
5.
Workability agent
entrained air, pozzolans.
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2.1.5.
Conveying
ACI 5.9;
problem with segregation.
2.1.6.
Placing
ACI 5.10;
compact by hand tools, or vibrators (clean before placing).
2.1.7.
2.1.8.
Curing
ACI 5.11;
maintenance of proper condition during the time when concrete is reaching its 28 day
freezing reduces strength by 50%;
keep moisture for 7 to 14 days.
Modulus of Elasticity
ACI Sect. 8.5.1. Ec = 57,000 f c where f c is in psi
2.1.9.
Creep, and Fatigue
Sect. 3.9.7 of text
2.2. Quality Control

See Section 3.5 of text
See ACI 318 Sections 5.1 through 5.7.
2.3. Estimating compressive strength for a trial mix

using the specified compression strength
The compressive strength for which the trial mix is designed is not the strength specified
by the designer. The mix should be over designed to assure that the actual structure has concrete
with specified minimum compressive strength. The extent of mix overdesign depends on the
degree of quality control available in the mixing plant.
ACI 318 specifies a systematic way to determine the compressive strength for mix
designs using the specified compressive strength, f c . The procedure is presented in a selfexplanatory flowchart 5.3 of code. The cylinder compressive strength f c is the test result at 28
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days after casting normal-weight concrete. Mix design has to be based on an adjusted higher
value fcr . This adjusted cylinder compressive strength fcr for which a trial mix design is
calculated depends on the extent of field data available.
1. No cylinder test records available. If fieldstrength test records for the specified class (or
within 1,000 psi of the specified class) of concrete are not available, the trial mix strength fcr
can be calculated by increasing the cylindrical compressive strength f c by a reasonable value
depending on the extent of spread in values expected in the supplied concrete. Such a spread can
be quantified by the standard deviation values represented by the values in excess of fcr in
Table 5.3.2.2. Section 5.4 should be used for proportioning without field experience or trial
mixtures.
2. Data available on more than 30 consecutive cylinder tests. If more than 30 consecutive test
results are available, Equations (51) and (52) if f c 5000 psi or Equations (51) or (53) if
fc > 5000 psi and (A) can be used to establish the required mix strength, fcr , from fc . If two
groups of consecutive test results with a total of more than 30 are available fcr can be obtained
using Equations (51) and (52) if f c 5000 psi or Equations (51) or (53) if f c > 5000 psi
and (B).
3. Data available on fewer than 30 consecutive cylinder tests. If the number of consecutive test
results available is fewer than 30 and more than 15, Equations (51) and (52) if f c 5000 psi
or Equations (51) or (53) if f c > 5000 psi and (A) should be used in conjunction with Table
5.3.1.2. Essentially, the designer should calculate the standard deviation s using Equation (A)
multiplied the s value by a magnification factor provided in Table 5.3.1.2, and use the magnified
s in Equations (51) and (52) or (53). In this manner, the expected degree of spread of
cylinder test values as measured by the standard of deviation s is well accounted for.
2.3.1.
Recommended proportion for concrete strength fcr .
Once the required average strength fcr for mix design is determined, the actual mix can
be established to obtain this strength using either existing field data or a basic trial mix design.
ACI 5.3.3.1.
Use of field data. Field records of existing fcr values can be used if at
least 10 consecutive test results are available. The test records should cover a period of time at
least 45 days. The materials and conditions of the existing field mix data should be the same as
the ones to be used in the proposed work.
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ACI 5.3.3.2. Trial mix design. If the field data are not available, trial mixes should be
used to establish the maximum water/cement ratio or minimum cement content for designing a
mix that produces a 28day fcr value. In this procedure the following requirements have to be
met:
(a) Materials used and age of testing should be the same for the trial mix and the
concrete used in the structure.
(b) Trial mixtures with a range of proportions that will produce a range of
compressive strengths encompassing fcr and meet the durability requirements of
Chapter 4 of ACI.
(c) Trial mixtures shall have slumps with the range specific for the proposed work.
(d) For each trial mixture, at least two 6 by 12 in. or three 4 by 8 in. cylinders shall be
made and cured in accordance with ASTM C192. Clylinders shall be tested at 28
days or at test age designated for f c .
(e) The compressive strength results, at designated test age, from the trial mixtures
shall be used to establish the composition of the concrete mixture proposed for the
Work.
The following was in ACI318-05.

(b) At least three water/cement ratios or three cement contents should be tried in the mix
design. The trial mixes should result in the required fcr . Three cylinders should be
test for each w/c ratio and each cement content tried.
(c) The slump and air content should be with 0.75 in, and 0.5% of the permissible
limits.
(d) A plot is constructed of the compressive strength at the designated age versus the
current cement content or w/c ratio, from which one can then choose the w/c ratio or
the cement content that can give the average fcr value required.
Read
ACI 5.6.
ACI 5.6.1.
ACI 5.6.2.3
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Evaluation and Acceptance of Concrete

Frequency of testing
Acceptance criteria1.
2.3.2.
Example: Calculation of design strength for trial mix
Calculate the average compressive strengths fcr for the design of a concrete mix if the specified
compressive strength fc is 5000 psi such that
(a) the standard of deviation obtained using more than 30 consecutive tests is 500 psi;
(b) the standard of deviation obtained using 15 consecutive tests is 450 psi
(c) records of prior cylinder test results are not available.
2.3.2.1.
(a)
Solution
using Eq. (51)
fcr
= fc + 1.34s
fcr
5,000 + 1.34x500
5,670 psi
Using Eq. (52)

fcr
=
5000 + 2.33x500 500
5,665 psi
Hence the required trial mix strength fcr = 5,670 psi

(b) The standard of deviation, s, is 450 psi in 15 tests. From Table 5.3.1.2, the modification
factor for s is 1.16.
Hence the value of standard of deviation to be used in Eqs. (51) and (52) is 1.16 x 450
= 522 psi. Using Eq. (51)
fcr
=
5,000 + 1.34x522
=
5,700 psi
Using Eq. (52)
fcr
fcr
fc + 2.33s 500
5,000 + 2.33x522 500 =
5,716 psi
Hence the required trial mix strength fcr = 5,716 psi.

(c) Records of prior test results are not available. Using Table 5.3.2.2,
fcr
=
fc + 1200
for 5,000 psi concrete
=
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6,200 psi
It can be observed that if the mixing plant keeps good records of its cylinder test results over a
long period, the required trial mix strength fcr can be reduced as a result of such quality control,
hence reducing costs for the owner.
2.4. Stress and Strain Curves for Concrete

Normal Weight
Light Weight
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2.5. Time Dependent Properties of Concrete
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2.6. Creep
Amount of creep depends on:
Humidity
Time of first loading
Strength of Concrete
etc.
2.7. Reinforcing Steel for Concrete

The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as compression, i.e.
yield strength, is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural concrete, and
well over 100 times its tensile strength. On the other hand, steel is a highcost material
compared with concrete. It follows that the two materials are best used in combination if
concrete is made to resist the compressive stresses and the steel the tensile stresses. Thus, in
reinforced concrete beams, the concrete resists the compressive force, longitudinal steel
reinforcing bars are located close to the tension face to resist the tension force, and usually
additional steel bars are so disposed that they resist the includes tension stresses that are caused
by shear force in the beams. However, reinforcing bars are also used to resist compressive forces
where it is desired to reduce the crosssectional dimensions and compression members, as in the
lowerfloor of columns of multistory buildings.
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2.7.1.
Reinforcing Bars
The most common type of reinforcing steel is in the form of round bars, often called
rebars available in diameters ranging from 3/8 to 1 3/8 in (Nos 3 through 11) for ordinary
applications and in two heavy bar sizes of about 1 3/4 and 2 1/4 in (Nos 14 and 18). The
numbers are arranged such that the unit in the number designation corresponds closely to the
number of 1/8 in of diameter size. For example a No. 5 bar has a nominal diameter of 5/8.
These bars have surface deformations for the purpose of increasing resistance to slip between
steel and concrete.
2.7.2.
Grades and Strength
Reinforcing bars with 40 ksi yield stress, almost standard 20 years ago, have largely been
replaced with 60 ksi yield stress because they are more economical and their use tends to reduce
congestion of steel in forms.
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2.7.3.
StressStrain Curves for Reinforcing bars
Lowcarbon steels show an elastic portion followed by a yield plateau, a horizontal

portion of the curve where strain continues to increase at constant stress. For such steels the
yield point is that stress at which the yield plateau establishes itself. With further strains the
stress begins to increase again a process called strainhardening. The curve flattens out
when the tensile strength is reaches, it then turns down until fracture occurs.
Higherstrength carbon steels, with 60 ksi yield stress or higher, either have a yield
plateau of much shorter length or enter strainhardening immediately without any continued
yielding at constant stress. In the latter case the ACI Code specifies that the yield stress fy be the
stress corresponding to strain of 0.0035 in/in.
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2.8. Tension Strength

2.1.2 Direct tension test.
seldom used
not very accurate
misalignment or stress concentration in gripping

devices; because the specimen water surface
evaporates and middle stays rather wet which
causes internal stresses and generates cracks at
surface of specimen.
6" x 12"
2.1.3 Flexure test

based on elastic theory (not good,
because failure happen in nonlinear
range)
h = 6"
L = 3h
2.1.4 Splitting test (ASTM C49671)
in general fr > fsp ft
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for normal weight

for sand*light weight (0.85x7.5=6.4)
for all*light weight (0.75x7.5=5.6)
2.2 Homework Set 2

A concrete production facility has test records of 40 consecutive concrete cylinders. The
cylinders were tested in axial compression 28 days after casting. The result of the tests is
summarized below. Compressive strength is listed in psi.
5240
4190
5120
4700
4500
3510
4540
5590
4090
4380
5235
5300
5980
5910
5250
4100
5790
5830
5600
5000
4870
5460
4800
4750
4230
4390
5100
4250
5260
4020
5100
5280
4290
4100
5920
5050
6180
4190
5340
4750
Determine the average compressive strength fcr for the design of a concrete mix if the specified
compressive strength f c is 5000 psi. Use a spreadsheet to perform your calculations.
Answer:
fcr = ? psi
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3.
Chapter 3. AXIALLY LOADED

MEMBERS
3.1. Reading Assignment:

Section 1.9 and Sections 8.1 and 8.2 of text.
.
Most axially loaded structural members carry some moment in addition to axial load
- for this discussion, restrict consideration to axial load only.
3.2. Reinforcement of Compression Members

3.2.1.
Plain concrete columns prohibited: possibility of bending

is always present:
ACI 10.9: 0.01 As/Ag 0.08
where
ACI 10.9.1:
As = Area of longitudinal reinforcement;
Ag = Total area of column cross section;
3.2.2.
Possible column configuration

a. Tied - Deformed bars or wires placed normal to column axis
37
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Chapter 3. AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS 38
3.2.3.
Spacing of Ties to Prevent Longitudinal Bar Buckling
A. Tied column may fail prior to steel yield if shell spalls and longitudinal bars buckle;
B. Insure that bar buckling load is greater than yield load. (cr > fy)
Assume that bar buckling load is greater than yield load - Assume a pin-pin bar between ties:
Pcr =
2 EI
(3.1)
L2
The moment of inertia of a circular bar is:
D4
I=
64
(3.2)
and for cr = Pcr/A = Pcr/(D2/4)
cr =
2E
(3.3)
16( L / D)2
Example:
For fy = 40 ksi = cr
2E
E
cr =
40
=
16( L / D)2
16( L / D)2
(3.4)
Solving for critical buckling condition

L = 21 D
So, to prevent buckling, space ties more closely than this.
ACI Code requires (ACI, Sect 7.10.5.2) that spacing not to be greater than
16 D (D = Diameter of longitudinal bar);
48 tie bar diameter;
Least member dimension.
Other Code requirements are given in ACI Sections 7.10.5.
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b. Spiral:
Circular arrangement of longitudinal bars confined by a continuous wire which
spirals around the bars for the entire length of the member;
Longitudinal Rods
and spiral hooping
c. Composite and combination:

Structural steel member encased in concrete or steel pipe filled with concrete
ACI 10.9.2:
at least 4 bars in tied columns
at least 6 bars in spiral columns
at least 3 bars in triangular ties
Note.- Tied or spiral columns are used in order:
to prevent buckling of longitudinal bars
to prevent movement of longitudinal bars during construction.
Bundles of steel bars are sometimes used to prevent congestion. It is shown that they act
as a unit with area as the same as all of the bundle bars.
In buildings columns generally have proportions with the ratio of length to cross section
width (L/h) in the range from about 8 to 12. (use of high strength, more slender column
becoming more popular.)
3.3. Design Assumptions:

A.
Strain compatibility between steel and concrete (to prefect bonding; no slip; mechanical
interlocking).
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B.
Axially loaded only.- Uniform strain over cross section;

Axial load plus moment.-Strains vary linearly;
Moment only.- Strains vary linearly.
a.
Concrete tensile strength usually zero.
b.
The internal forces must be in equilibrium with applied external loads.
c.
Plane cross section remains plane after application of loading.
d.
Theory is based on real strain-stress relationships.
Elastic behavior of column Example (See ACI section 10.2)
1.
1
f c concrete stress-strain approximately linear. This is known as the
2
working or service load range:
Up to f c
2. For strain equality in this range:
= c = s =
fc
f
= s
Ec Es
or
fs =
Es
fc
Ec
(3.5)
letting
fs = n fc
Note: n is generally rounded to the nearest whole no.
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Adopting the following notation:

Ag = gross section area, (in2)
As = area of steel (in2)
Ac = net concrete area = Ag - As
P = Axial force on column
Then
P = Acfc + Asfs
= Acfc + nfcAs
= fc(Ac + nAs)
Transformed area
The three bars along each of the two faces are thought of as being removed and replaced,
at the same distance from the axis of the section, with added areas of fictitious concrete of total
amount of nAs. Alternatively, as shown in figure c, we can think of the area of the steel bars as
replaced with concrete in which case one has to add to the gross concrete area Ag so obtained
only (n -1)As in order to obtain the same total transformed area.
So, knowing Ac = Ag - As
P = fc(Ag + (n-1)As)
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3.3.1.
Given:
Example 1
4 # 8 bars
Assume:
fc = 4000 psi fy = 40 ksi
area of steel = 4(area of # 8 bars)

4(0.79) = 3.16in2
(see ACI 318 - bar dimension table, or page iii of class notes)
As 3.16
Ag = 144 = 0.022 O.K.
(ACI 318 Sect. 10.9 0.010 < 0.022 < 0.080)
What axial load will cause concrete to be at its maximum working stress?
Solution:
4000
= 2000 psi
2
E
f s = s f c = nf
Ec
fc =
Ec = 57, 000 4000 = 3, 600, 000 psi
(3.6)
Es = 29, 000, 000 psi (always )

Therefore n =
Es 29, 000, 000

=
= 8.04 8
Ec
3, 600, 000
P = f c ( Ag + (n 1) As ) = 2000 [144 (8 1)(3.16) ] = 332, 000lbs = 332kips

both steel and concrete behave elastically
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3.3.2.
Example 2
For the previous example find the axial load P which produces c = s = 0.001.
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3.4. Nominal axial load of column Pn ; (Pu = Pn) Greatest calculated load
A. Should occur when concrete stress peaks, steel reaches yield - assume this condition.
B. Concrete stress will not be f c :
fc based on test of standard cylinder; ends confined.;
fc depends on the rate of loading;
Strength of actual column varies over length - water migrates to top, causing top to be
slightly weaker.
then
PN
use fc = 0.85 f c at nominal load condition

=
Acfc + Asfs
=
Ac(0.85 f c ) + Asfy
for column of previous example:

PN = (144 - 3.16)(0.85)(4000) + 3.16(40,000) = 605 kips
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3.4.1.
Example 3
Consider a rectangular column subjected to axial compression. The material stress-strain

relationships have been idealized as shown below.
1.
Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to
3100 kips.
2.
Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to
4050 kips.
See the solution on the next page.
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3.5. Behavior of Spirally Reinforced Columns
3.6. Confinement
A.
ACI spiral reinforcement ratio based on tests by Richart, Brandtzeg and Brown - 1928;
Using 6 x 12 cylinders, they related lateral confining pressure to axial capacity;
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where
f*c =Compressive strength of spirally confined core concrete
0.85 f c = compressive strength of concrete if unconfined
f 2 = lateral confinement stress in core concrete produced by spiral
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Spiral Column
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B. What sort of lateral confinement can a given spiral provide?
Consider a length of a spiral-wrapped circular section:

for a length S:
volume of spiral = Asp D (approximately)
volume of concrete = (D2/4)S
Asp
4Asp
volume of spiral
Let s = volume of concrete = DS
Calculate equivalent confinement:

f2DS = 2 Aspfys
or
f2 = (s fys)/2
from previous research:
f c = 0.85 f c + 4.0 f 2 = 0.85 f c + 4.0

*
s f ys
2
f c = 0.85 f c + 2.0 s f ys
*
ACI objective is to insure that PB > PN.

Therefore, make sure spiral increases capacity of core enough to make up for loss of
shell.
Before shell spalls:
PN = Asfy + 0.85fc(Ag - As)
After shell spalls:
PB = Asfy + (Acore - As)(0.85fc + 2sfys)
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Set PB = PN, calculate like terms, expand:
As f y + 0.85 f c Ag 0.85 f c As = As f y + Acore (0.85 f c + 2 s f ys ) As (0.85 f c ) 2 As s f ys

Ignore the last term - very small
then
0.85 f c ( Ag Acore ) = Acore (2 s f ys )
(3.7)
solve for spiral reinforcement ratio we have:
s =
0.85 f c ( Ag Acore )
(3.8)
Acore (2 f ys )
or
0.425 f c Ag
1
f ys Acore
conservatively, change 0.425 to 0.45 to get Eq. 10-6 of ACI:
s =
s =
0.45 f c Ag
1
f ys Acore
ACI ( Eq.10 6)
(3.9)
(3.10)
which says that the ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than the value given by the
equation above; where fy is the specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement but not more
than 60,000 psi.
3.7. Maximum Loads for Spiral Column

Prior to spalling of shell: same as tied column
PA = PN = As f y + 0.85 f c ( Ag As )
(3.11)
after spalling of shell:
PB = As f y + ( Acore As ) (0.85 f c + 2 s f ys )
(3.12)
or
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PB = As f y + ( Acore As ) 0.85 f c + ( Acore As ) (2 s f ys )
(3.13)
The underlined term is the added capacity of the core resulting from the presence of the spiral.
where will s be critical?
High strength concrete (shell carries large loads);
Small columns or square columns;
Columns with large cover.
3.7.1.
Example - Ultimate Strength of Spiral Column
Choose a column with areas equivalent to those of previous example (page )

Ag = 144 in2
fc = 4000 psi
Acore = ((10.6)2/4) = 87.4 in2

As = 3.16 in2
fy = 40 ksi
s = 1.5 in
fys = 50 ksi
Use (3/8) diameter spiral: Asp = 0.11
10.6
As 3.16
Ag = 144 = 0.022 O.K.
4Asp
40.11
s = DS = 10.61.5 = 0.028
Check spiral ratio against ACI requirements
13.5
0.45(4) 144
0.45 f c Ag
1 =
1 = 0.023
f ys Acore
50 87.4
Since 0.028 > 0.023, the column satisfies the minimum spiral reinforcement requirements.
s =
(3.14)
Load prior to shell spalling:
PA = PN = As f y + 0.85 f c ( Ag As ) =3.16 ( 40 ) + 0.85 ( 4 )(144 3.16 )
(3.15)
= 605 kips - same as tied column. (compare this with the axial
capacity we found in page 37).
After spalling of shell:
PB = As f y + ( Acore As ) 0.85 fc + ( Acore As ) (2 s f ys )
(3.16)
= 0.85(4)(87.4-3.16) + 2(0.028)(50)(87.4-3.16) + 3.16(40)

= 647.8 kips or 648 kips
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3.8. ACI Provisions for Spiral Columns

ACI 10.3.6.1
Pn ( max ) = 0.85 Ast f y + 0.85 f c ( Ag Ast )
ACI (10-1)
(3.17)
ACI (10-2)
(3.18)
3.9. ACI Provisions for Tied Columns

ACI 10.3.6.2
Pn ( max ) = 0.80 Ast f y + 0.85 f c ( Ag Ast )
3.10.
Strength and Serviceability
1. ACI assigns two types of safety factors for design:

a. Load factor - increase design loads (ACI 9.2)
Dead load - 1.2
Live load - 1.6
material
b. Strength reduction factor - reduce calculated design capacity - variability of

and construction.
2. Columns are assigned the following strength reduction factor (ACI 9.3.2.2)
Tied column Spiral column -
0.65
0.75
spiral column allowed more because of ductility.
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3.11.
Example - Design of Axial Members under
Axial Loads
Design a rectangular tied column to accept the following service dead and live loads. Ignore
length effects.
Given:
PD = 142 kips
PL = 213 kips
Solution:
fc = 4000 psi
fy = 60 ksi
As = ?
b= ?
We need to find b, h, and As. Sometimes architectural considerations

limit allowable column width and height sizes to a set of given
dimensions. In this case one needs to determine the reinforcement
area and detail the column. For this problem assume that we do not have
any architectural limitations.
h=
?
Calculate design loads:
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6P = 1.2 142 + 1.6 213 = 511.2 kipsL

For the first trial use a 12 by 12 column (b = 12 in and h = 12 in). From ACI 10.3.5.1 we have
Pu = Pn ( max ) = 0.80 Ast f y + 0.85 f c ( Ag Ast )
Pu = 0.80(0.65) Ast (60) + 0.85(4) 144 Ast = 29.43Ast + 254.6
therefore
511.2 = 29.43 Ast + 254.6 Ast = 8.72 in 2

Therefore, use 4-#9 and 4-#10 bars with As = 9.06 in2
#4 Striuup
Check ACI 10.9
As 9.06
=
= 0.063 ok
Ag 144
ACI Code requires (ACI, Sect 7.10.5.2) that spacing not to be greater than
16 (bar diameter) = 16 x 1.00 = 16.0 in
12
4-#10
4-#9
48 tie bar diameter = 48 x 0.5 = 24 in (0.5 diameter of #4 ties)

Least member dimension = 12 in
Use #4 bars for ties with 12 inches of spacing.
12
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3.12.
Design of a Spiral Column
Design a spiral column to carry a dead load of 175 kips and a live load of 300 kips. The given
loads are axial loads. Use 3000 psi concrete and 40,000 psi steel.
Assume zero eccentricity:
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6P = 1.2 175 + 1.6 300 = 690kipsL

As
assume g = A = 0.02
g
From ACI318, section 10.3.5.1 (Equation 10-1) we have
Pu = Pn ( max ) = 0.85 Ast f y +0.85 f c ( Ag Ast )
or, factor out Ag from the bracket
Pu = Pn ( max ) = 0.85 Ag g f y +0.85 f c (1 g )
for spiral columns F = 0.75, therefore, we have
690 = 0.85(0.75)Ag (0.02) (40ksi) +0.85(3ksi) 1 0.02
Solve for Ag
Ag = 328 in 2
Ag =
2
Dg = 328 in 2 Dg = 20.44 in round to 20.5 in
4
The required steel area is

As = Ag = 0.02 328 in 2 = 6.72 in
Try 12#7 (As = 7.22 in2) bars.

3.13.1. Check Spacing Requirements
Use 1.5 in cover. The core diameter is (ACI 7.7.1)
1
20.5 2 1 = 17.5 in
2
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(3.19)
Using #3 spiral wire, the steel diameter is
1
3 7
20.5 2 1 2 = 15.875 in
2
8 8
(3.20)
The steel circumference is

(15.875) = 50 in
(3.21)
The clear spacing between bars is
50 (12)(0.875)
= 3.29 in
12
(3.22)
Since 3.29 in > (1.5) db= (1.5) (0.875) = 1.31 in, this acceptable (ACI 7.6.3). In addition, the
minimum amount of spiral reinforcement as given in Eq. 10-6 of ACI needs to be checked.
3.13.2. Check Minimum Steel Requirements for Spiral Steel
s =
0.45(3,000) (122 ) / 4
0.45 f c Ag
1 =
1 = 0.0159
f ys Acore
40,000 (17.5 ) / 4
(3.23)
Assuming a spiral pitch, S = 2 inches,
sactual =
4 Asp
DS
4 0.11
= 0.0126 > 0.0159 ok
2 17.5
The clear spacing between spirals is

3
2-8 = 1.625 in
Since 1.0 in < 1.625 in < 3 in, this is acceptable
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3.13.
A.
Homework Set 3
Consider a rectangular column subjected to axial compression. The material stress-strain

relationships have been idealized as shown below.
P
20
8-#10 bars
20
P
STEEL
CONCRETE
60 ksi
5000 psi
Ec = 29,000 ksi
Ec = 57, 000 f c
0
1.
Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to 1,700
kips.
ans: steel: ? ksi concrete: ? ksi
2.
Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to 2,100
kips.
ans: steel: ? ksi concrete: ? ksi
3.
Determine the maximum axial load that can be supported by the column (Ultimate Strength
accoding
to
ACI).
Pn = ? and Pu
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B.
Do the following for the column described below:

Assume the column to be spiral column with the spiral properties given and calculate the
loads right before spalling of concrete shell and after spalling of concrete shell. Does the
spiral satisfy the code for minimum spiral ratio (Eq. 10-6 of ACI).
Longitudinal reinforcement 6#9 bars, fy = 50 ksi;

Spiral diameter 1/4 inch, with 1.5 inch spacing;
fys (yield stress for spiral reinforcement) = 70 ksi;
fc = 4,000 psi.
11
Answer: PA
PB
C.
=
=
kips
kips
Design a spiral column and a tied column to carry a dead load of 400 kips and a live
load of 410 kips. The given loads are axial loads. Use 4000 psi concrete and 60,000 psi
steel. Detail your designs.
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4. Flexural Members -- Elastic

Section 3.3 of Text.
4.2. Unreinforced Concrete Beam:
1. Assumptions:
a
Strains vary linearly with distance from N.A.
Stress--strain relationship linear
c. Concrete is capable of some tension.
compression
stresses
0.5f c
fr
(strains)
tension
2. Plain concrete beam. - before cracking

r ( c )
hc
E c r( c ) = f r c
hc
hc
Cc
2c
3
2 (h c)
3
Tc
h--c
E c r = f r
stresses
strains
c
Cc = 1 fr
cb
2 h c
64
T c = 1 f r(h c)b
2
Equilibrium Cc = Tc
c
1f
cb = 1 f r(h c)b
2
2 r h c
simplify
c 2 = (h c) 2
c = (h c)
c = h
2
Therefore, moment when cracking is about to occur:

M cr = (Moment Arm) Force
M cr = 2 hT c = 2 hC c = 1 f rh 2b
3
3
6
3. Plain concrete beam -- After cracking

let cracking extend distance into beam.
r
E c r = f r
Cc
h
2
N.A.
2 (h )
3
h
2
Tc
r
E c r = f r
stresses
strains
h
C c = T c = 1 fr
b
2
2
M = 2 (h )C c = 1 f rb(h ) 2
6
3
When = 0, we get the same result as the one without cracking.
65
forces
4.3. Reinforced Concrete Beam - Uncracked

1. Assumptions:
a. Strains vary linearly with distance from N.A.
b. Linear stress--strain relationship;
c. Strain compatibility between steel and concrete = s = c
2. Reinforced concrete beam. Before cracking
1 = r(
c )
h c
f1
Cc
h d
d--c
h--c
s=
c
r = 1 (h
c )
strains
d c c
Ts
Tc
c
f r = f 1 (h
c )
stresses
forces
Equilibrium:
Summation of forces in tension must be equal to the summation of forces in compression.
Express all forces in terms of a single stress f1:
C c = 1 f 1cb
2
h c
Tc = 1 f1
(h c)b = 1 f 1 bc (h c) 2
c
2
2
66
The tension force in steel, Ts, can be determined as (compensate for area of concrete taken by
steel):
T s = f s As f c A s
T s = f s As
(d c)
Ec A s
c
= Es s As
(d c)
Ec As
c
(d c)
c
= E s 1 (d
Ec As
c
c ) As 1
substitute for 1 and simplify
Ts = Es
f1 d c
f (d c)
( c ) As 1
Ec As
c
Ec
Ec
Ts =
Ec As
c Es As
f 1 (d
c ) Ec Ec
factor out
Ts =
c[
]
f 1 (d
c ) (n 1)A s
substitute for n =
Es
Ec
Equilibrium:
or
Cc = T s + T c
1 f cb = f (d c)A (n 1) + 1 f (h c) 2 b
s
1
c
c
2 1
2 1
Multiply both sides by 2c/f1:
c 2b = 2 (d c)A s(n 1) + (h c) 2b
We would like to obtain the ratio c/d in terms of known section properties. Expand the previous
equation:
c 2b = 2 dA s(n 1) 2c(n 1)A s + h 2b 2hcb + c 2b
Simplify and divide by bd2 we get
67
2
A
A
0 = 2 d s (n 1) 2 c (n 1) s + h 2b 2h c b
d bd
d
bd
d db
d b
(4.1)
define as the reinforcement ratio:

As
bd
then Eq. (4.1) given above can be written as:
=
0 = 2 s(n 1) 2 c (n 1) + (h) 2 2 h c
d
d
dd
simplify and solve for c/d:
Uncracked
c = 2(n 1) + (hd) 2
d
2(n 1) + 2(hd)
(4.2)
Note:
Knowing Eq. (4.2), we can solve for c; solve for f1 = fr c / (h--c)
Knowing c, we can solve for Cc, Ts, and Tc;
Knowing forces, Cc, Ts, and Tc; we can find moment capacity of the section.
M capacity = C c(2 c) + T s(d c) + T c(h c) 2
3
3
For any concrete tension < fr
If Mapplied > Mat Fr Tension stress in concrete will be greater than fr and section will become
cracked Section.
68
4.4. Example 1. Calculate Cracking Moment (Mcr)

Calculate the moment of the section shown below when maximum tensile stress in concrete
is equal to fr (Cracking Moment)
As =0.22 in2
1 = r(
c )
h c
f1 = fr
c
hc
Cc
6 5
5--c
b=4
Ts
c
r = 1 (h
c )
strains
Tc
c
f r = f 1 (h
c )
stresses
forces
Given Material Properties

fc = 3200 psi
fr = 500 psi = 0.5 ksi
E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi
Solution
0.22(in 2)
As
=
= 0.011
4(in) 5(in)
bd
29, 000 (ksi)

Es
= n =
= 9.01 9
Ec
3, 220 (ksi)
h = 6 = 1.2
d
5
2(n 1) + (h) 2
2 0.011 8 + (1.2) 2
c =
d
=
= 0.627
d
2 0.011 8 + 2 (1.2)
2(n 1) + 2(h)
d
c = 0.627d = 0.627 5(in) = 3.14 inches
69
f1 = fr
c
c
= 0.5
3.14
= 0.549 ksi
6 3.14
Having f1, we can easily calculate all forces:

C c = 1 f 1cb = 1 0.549(ksi) 3.14(in) 4(in) = 3.45 kip
2
2
Ts = f1
c
(n 1)A s
c
= 0.549(ksi)
5(in) 3.14(in)
(9 1) 0.22(in 2) = 0.57 kips
3.14(in)
h c
Tc = 1 f1
(h c)b
c
2
2
[6(in) 3.14(in)]
4(in) = 2.86
= 1 0.549(ksi)
3.14(in)
2
kips
Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cc = Ts + Tc ?

Cc = 0.57 + 2.86 = 3.43 kips = Cc kips ; the difference is due to rounding
error associated with calculating c
Calculate moment about N.A. ( or any point on the cross section)

Force
Kips
C c = 3.45 kips
Moment Arm
inches
2 c = 2 3.14 = 2.09
3
3
Moment
in--kips
T s = 0.57
d c = 5 3.14 = 1.86
= 1.06
T c = 2.86
2 (h c) = 2 (6 3.14) = 1.91
3
3
= 5.46
= 7.21
Total M = 13.73 in--kips
70
4.5. Example 2. Calculate Moment Capacity of a Cracked Beam

Consider the section from the previous example after cracking has progressed 3 inches into beam.
r(
As =0.22 in2
c )
3 c
fr
c
3c
3--c c
6
Cc
Tc
fr
d--c
3
Ts
4
r ( 5 c )
3 c
strains
stresses
forces
Given:
From previous example problem we have:
fc = 3200 psi
fr = 500 psi = 0.5 ksi
E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi
Solution
r =
500 (psi)
= 0.000155
3, 220, 000 (psi)
s = r
5 c
5 c
= 0.000155
3 c
3 c
Calculate forces (kips)

2
c
c2
Cc = 1 fr
c 4(in) = 1 0.5(ksi) c
4 =
2 3 c
2
3 c
3 c
T c = 1 f r(3 c) 4(in) = 3 c
2
T s = 0.000155
53
c
5 c
29, 000(ksi) 0.22(in 2) = 0.99
c
3 c
71
Let
5 c
c2
= 3 c + 0.99
3 c
3 c
Solve for c we get:
c = 2.0 inches
Calculate forces;
Cc =
c2
22
=
= 4 kips
32
3 c
T c = 3 c = 3 2 = 1 kips
53
T s = 0.99
c
c
= 2.97 kips
Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cs = Ts + Tc ?

Cs = 2.97 + 1 = 3.97 kips = Cc = 4.0 kips ; the difference is due to
rounding error associated with calculating c

Force
Kips
C c = 4 kips
Moment Arm
inches
2 c = 2 2 = 1.33
3
3
Moment
in--kips
T s = 2.97
d c=52=3
= 8.91
Tc = 1
2 (3 c) = 2 (3 2) = 0.67
3
3
= 0.67
= 5.32
72
4.6. Example 3. Calculate Moment Capacity of a Beam when Tension Steel Yields (My)
Calculate yield moment (when tension steel is yielding). Assume linear stress-strain relationship for
concrete.
y (
As =0.22 in2
c )
5 c
Ec y
c
5c
c
6
Cc
5
5--c
r = 0.000155
Ts
y = 0.00103
4
strains
stresses
Given:
From previous example problem we have:
fc = 3200 psi
fy = 30,000 psi
fr = 500 psi
E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi
Solution
Calculate important parameters
500(psi)
r =
= 0.000155
3, 220, 000(psi)
y =
fy
30 ksi
=
= 0.00103
Es
29, 000 ksi
a = 0.000155 (5 c) = 0.151(5 c)
0.00103
Calculate forces (kips)
C c = 0.00103(
c )(3220 ksi) 1 4(c) = 6.66 c 2

5 c
2
5 c
T c = 1 (0.5 ksi)[0.151(5 c)(4 in)] = 0.151(5 c)

2
T s = A s fy = (0.22 in 2) (30 ksi) = 6.6 kips
73
Tc
fr
forces
Let
T
6.66
c2
= 0.151(5 c) + 6.6
5 c
c 2 + 1.246c 5.651 = 0
Solve for c
c =
1.246 1.246 2 + 5.651 4

2
c = 1.83 in
Calculate forces;
C c = 6.66
1.83 2
=
5 1.83
7.08
kips
T c = 0.151(5 1.83) = 0.48
kips
T s = 6.6 kips
Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cs = Ts + Tc ?
Ts + Tc = 6.6 + 0.48 = 7.08 kips = Cc = 7.08 kips
o.k.

Force
Kips
C c = 7.08 kips
Moment Arm
inches
2 c = 2 1.83 = 1.22
3
3
Moment
in--kips
T s = 6.6
d c = 5 1.83 = 3.17
T c = 0.48
2 a = 2 0.151(5--1.83) = 0.32
3
3
= 8.64
= 20.92
= 0.15
74
4.7. Linear Stress--Strain Relationship for Concrete in Compression

When the tension stress exceeds the modulus of rupture, cracks form. If the concrete compression stresses less than approximately 0.5fc and the steel stress has not reached the yield point,
both steel and concrete behave elastically. This situation generally happens under service loads.
Since the contribution of tension in concrete is negligible in most case, it is assumed that tension
cracks have progressed all the way to the neutral axis and that sections plane before bending are plane
in the bent member. Therefore, we will assume that concrete tension capacity is zero.
c = s(
kd )
d kd
fc
Cc
2 kd
3
kd
h
1 kd
3
d 1 kd
3
d--kd
Ts
s = y
b
Equilibrium:
strains
stresses
C=T
1 f (kd)b = A f
s s
2 c
From geometry we have:
c = s
kd
k
= s
d kd
1 k
for linear stress--strain relationship we have

f c = c Ec
therefore we have
C = T
k ) E kdb = A f
1 f (kd)b = 1 E (kd)b = 1 (
c
c c
s
s s
2
2
2 1 k c
75
forces
divide both sides by bd and note =
As
bd
k
1
E k = fs
2 s1 k c
divide both sides by s E c and note
fs
E
= s = n
s Ec
Ec
then we will have:

1k k
= n
2
1 k
simplify
k 2 = 2(1 k)n
k 2 + 2nk 2n = 0
solve for k
k =
2n 4(n) 2 + 4(2n)
2
simplify
k =
(n)2
+ 2n n
(4.3)
Remember this equation is good only when concrete behaves linearly.

The yield moment capacity of the section can be determined by taking moment about steel
location:
M y = A s fs (d kd)
3
M y = A s fs d(1 k )
3
76
4.8. Method of transformed Sections

a.
Limited to consideration of sections in which concrete stress-- strain is linear.
b.
Applicable to either sections in bending or axial compression.
c.
Knowledge or assumption about the depth of cracking of the section is required.
d.
General examination of the method
(a)
(b)
(c)
n As
Transformed Section
At = Ac + nAs
Transformed section in Beams
Actual Size
(n-- 1)As
Transformed Section
At = Ag + (n-- 1)As
4.9. Method of Transformed Section for Beams:

4.9.1. Uncracked Sections (Cracked Moment, Mcr)
Applicable to beams uncracked section when 0 < M < Mcr (where Mcr is the crack moment)
N.A
(n-- 1) As
As
Transformed Section
At = Ag + (n-- 1)As
Actual Size
4.9.2. Cracked Sections

Applicable to beams cracked section when Mcr < M < My (where My is the yield moment)
N.A
As
n As
Transformed Section
At = Ag + nAs
Actual Size
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78
Transformed Section
4.10. Example of Transformed Section Applied to Beam

1.
Consider the section shown below. Calculate the stress caused by a bending moment of 13.83
ft--kips.
fc = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
fr = 500 psi
12
Section Properties:
As = 3--#6 bars
A s = 3 0.44 (in 2) = 1.32 in 2
E c = 57, 000 5, 000 = 4.03 10 6 psi
n=
15
3--#6
29, 000, 000 psi

= 7.2 use n = 7
4.03 10 6 psi
A
1.32 in 2
= s =
= 0.014
bd
8 (in) 12 (in)
For Uncracked Section (Assume)
Find the location of neutral axis (First Moment of Area = 0).
(8y)
2y = 8(15 y) 15 2 y + (12 y)(7.92)
y = 7.78 in
or find the centroidof the cross section by
using the top edge as the reference point.
8 15 15 + 7.92 12
2
y =
8 15 + 7.92
y
15
12
y = 7.78 in
Area of
2
overhangs; (n 1)A s = 6 1.32 = 7.92 in
This value (7.78 in) should be the same as the one we get using Eq. (4.2) found earlier. (see next page
for proof).
CIVL 4135
79
Transformed Section
2
c = 2(n 1) + (hd)
d
2(n 1) + 2(hd)
(4.2)
Substitute
2
c = 2(0.014)(7 1) + (1512) = 0.65
d
2(0.014)(7 1) + 2(1512)
Solve for c
c = 0.65 therefore c = 0.65d = 7.78 in

d
Note:
For a homogenous section, we can relate bending moment to stresses at distance y from the neutral
axis as the following
f = MY
I
where
f
stress
bending moment
distance from neutral axis to the point where stresses are to be calculated
moment of inertia of the cross section
Calculate In.a.
I N.A. = 1 8 7.78 3 + 1 8 (15 7.78) 3 + 7.92 (12 7.78) 2
3
3
I N.A. = 2, 400 in 4
Calculate stresses
Now, find the stress in top fiber (compression stress at top fiber):
f top =
(13.83 ft kips) (12 inft) (7.78 in)

My
=
= 0.54 kin 2
I N.A.
2, 400 in 4
f bot =
(13.83 ft kips) (12 inft) (15 7.78 in)

M(15 y )
=
= 0.50 kin 2
I N.A.
2, 400 in 4
f bot = 0.50 kin 2 f r = 0.5 ksi
Therefore, the assumption of uncracked section was correct, since tension stresses are smaller than
fr given in the problem.
CIVL 4135
80
Transformed Section
4.11. Example 2. Calculate Yield Moment for the Beam

Assume concrete accepts no tension. (yield moment is when steel is starting to yield).
Locate N.A.
8
y
(8y)( ) = (12 y)(9.24 in2)
2
y = 4.24 in
15
12
nA s = 7 (1.32) = 9.24 in 2
Calculate In.a.
I N.A. = 1 8 4.24 3 + 9.24 7.76 2
3
I N.A. = 760 in 4
At level of steel, if fy = 60,000 psi, then the stress in the transformed section will be
fy
60, 000
= 8, 570 psi
n =
7
and
fI
(8, 570 psi)(760 in 4)
M = y =
= 839, 000 in lb = 839 in kips
7.76 in
See next page for check with previous methods that we have learned.
CIVL 4135
81
Transformed Section
Check
Check the moment found in the previous page with Eq. :
k =
k =
(n)2
+ 2n n
(4.3)
(0.014 7) 2 + 2(0.014)(7) (0.014)(7)
k = 0.355
therefore
kd = 0.355(12) = 4.22 in
this is very close to what we calculated for y = 4.24 in the last page. The slight difference is due to
significant digit calculations.
Therefore
M y = A sf yd(1 k ) = (1.32 in 2)(60 ksi)(12 in)(1 0.355)

3
3
M y = 838 in-kips
CIVL 4135
82
Transformed Section
5. Flexural Analysis and Design of Beams

Chapter 3 of text
5.2. Introduction
It is of interest in structural practice to calculate those stresses and deformations which occur
in a structure in service under design load. For reinforced concrete beams this can be done by the
methods just presented, which assume elastic behavior of both materials. It is equally, if not more,
important that the structural engineer be able to predict with satisfactory accuracy the ultimate
strength of a structural member. By making this strength larger by an appropriate amount than the
largest loads which can be expected during the lifetime of the structure, an adequate margin of safety
is assured. Until recent times, methods based on elastic analysis like those just presented have been
used for this purpose. It is clear, however, that at or near the ultimate load, stresses are no longer
proportional to strains.
At high loads, close to ultimate, the distribution of stresses and strains is that of figure 2 rather
that the elastic distribution of stresses and strains given in figure 1 below. More realistic methods of
analysis, based on actual inelastic rather than an assumed elastic behavior of the materials and results
many experimental research, have been developed to predict the ultimate strength.
fc
fs
fs
CIVL 4135
fc
84
Flexure
As progressively increasing bending moments are applied to the beam, the strains will increase as
exemplified by 1, 2, and 3 as shown below. Corresponding to these strains and their linear variation from the neutral axis, the stress distribution will look as shown.
Stress
f3
f2
f1
f3
3
2
f2
f1
Strain
CIVL 4135
Stress
85
Flexure
Stress
f3
f2
f1
f3
3
2
f3
f2
f1
Strain
CIVL 4135
Stress
86
Flexure
5.1
CIVL 4135
87
Flexure
Figure 5.1. Cracks, Strains, and Stresses in test beam (From Nawys Book).
5.3. Flexure Strength

As it was mentioned earlier it is important that the structural engineer be able to predict with
satisfactory accuracy the ultimate strength of a structural member. It is important to know that at or
near the ultimate load, stresses are no longer proportional to strains.
Actual inspection of many concrete stress-strain curves which have been published, show
that the geometrical shape of the stress distribution is quite varied and depends on a number of factors
such as cylinder strength, the rate, and duration of loading.
Below is a typical stress distribution at the ultimate load.
fc
c
c
C c = f cbc
s
fs
Strains
Stresses
Forces
Figure 5.2. Strain, Stress, and Force Diagrams
5.4. Two Different Types of Failure

There are two possible ways that a reinforced beam can fail:
Beam will fail by tension of steel

Moderate amount of reinforcement is used. Steel yields suddenly and stretches a large
amount, tension cracks become visible and widen and propagate upward (Ductile Failure)
Compression failure of concrete

Large amount of reinforcement is used. Concrete fails by crushing when strains become
so large (0.003 to 0.004). Failure is sudden, an almost explosive nature and occur with
no warning ( Brittle Failure).
CIVL 4135
88
Flexure
In a rectangular beam the area that is in compression is bc, and the total compression force on this
area can be expressed as C = favbc, where fav is the average compression stress on the area bc. Evidently, the average compression stress that can be developed before failure occurs becomes larger
the higher the cylinder strength fc of the particular concrete. Let
=
then
f av
f c
(5.7)
(5.8)
C c = f avbc = f cbc
compression force is applied at c distance from top fiber, and c is the distance of the N.A.
from top fiber.
Based on research we have:
= 0.72
= 0.425
f c 4, 000
0.04
1000
and
f c 4, 000
0.025
1000
and
0.56 < < 0.72

0.324 < < 0.425
FORCES
From equilibrium we have Cc = T or
(5.9)
f cbc = A sf s
M = TZ = A s f s (d c)
(5.10)
M = C cZ = f cbc (d c)
(5.11)
or
CIVL 4135
89
Flexure
5.5. Tension Failure

fs = fy
(5.12)
steel yielding
From Eq. (5.9) we have

c =
As fy
fy d
A f yd
d = s
=
bd f c
bf c d
f c
(5.13)
Substitute c from Eq. (5.13) in Eq. (5.10)
fy
Mn = As fy d d
f c
(5.14)
with the specific, experimentally obtained values for and we always have
= 0.59 for
f c = 4, 000 psi or any other strength
(5.15)
Therefore, Eq. (5.14) simplifies as
M n = A s f y d 0.59
fy
d
f c
(5.16)
or
M n = bd 2 f y 1 0.59
fy
f c
(5.17)
where Mn = nominal moment capacity.
5.6. Compression Failure

In this case, the criterion is that the compression strain in the concrete becomes u = 0.003, as
previously discussed. The steel stress fs , not having reached the yield point, is proportional to the
steel strain, s; i.e. according to Hookes law:
u = 0.003
fs = Es s
CIVL 4135
(ACI 10.2.3),
and
fs < fy
Hooks law, since fs < fy
90
(5.18)
(5.19)
Flexure
from similar triangles we have

s
u
c = d c
c
s = u d
c
(5.20)
substitute Eq. (5.20) in Eq. (5.19)

c < f
fs = Es s = Es u d
y
c
(5.21)
From Eq. (5.9) we have

c
f cbc = A sf s = A s E s u d
c
(5.22)
Using Eq. (5.22) solve for c, and then find Mn, the nominal moment capacity.
5.7. Balance Steel Ratio

We like to have tension failure, because it gives us warning, versus compression failure
which is sudden. Therefore, we want to keep the amount of steel reinforcement in such manner that
the failure will be of tension type.
Balanced steel ratio, b represents the amount of reinforcement necessary to make a beam
fail by crushing of concrete at the same load that causes the steel to yield. This means that neutral axis
must be located at the load which the steel starts yielding and concrete starts reaching its compressive
strain of u = 0.003. (ACI 10.2.3)
cb =
u
d
y + u
T = C
(5.23)
A bs f y = f c bc b
A bs f y = b bd f y = f c b
u
d
u + y
b =
CIVL 4135
f c
u
fy u + y
91
(5.24)
(5.25)
(5.26)
Flexure
5.8. Strain Limits Method for Analysis and Design (ACI 318).
In Strain Limits Method, sometime referred to as the Unified Method, the nominal flexural strength of a concrete member is reached when the net compressive strain in the extreme compression fiber reaches the ACI code-assumed limit of 0.003 in/in (ACI 10.2.3). It also hypothesized
that when the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, t = 0.005 in/in, the behavior is fully ductile. The concrete beam sections characterized as Tension-Controlled, with ample warning of failure as denoted by excessive deflection and cracking.
If the net tensile strain in the extreme tension fibers, t , is small, such as in compression members, being equal or less than a Compression-Controlled strain limit, a brittle mode of failure is
expected with a sudden and explosive type of failure. Flexural members are usually tension-controlled. However, some sections such as those subjected to small axial loads, but large bending moments, the net tensile strain, t , in the extreme tensile fibers, will have an intermediate or transitional
value between the two strain limit states, namely, between the compression-controlled strain limit of
t =
fy
= 60 ksi = 0.002
Es
29, 000 ksi
(5.27)
and the tension-controlled strain limit t = 0.005 in/in. Figure 5.3 (ACI Figure R9.3.2 page 118)
shows these three zones as well as the variation in the strength reduction factors applicable to the
total range of behavior.
CIVL 4135
92
Flexure
5.8.1. Variation of as a Function of Strain

Variation of the value for the range of strain between t = 0.002 in/in and t = 0.005 in/in can
be linearly interpolated:
0.65 = 0.65 + ( t 0.002)(2503)) 0.90
Tied Column
0.75 ( = 0.75 + ( t 0.002)(50)) 0.90
(5.28)
Spiral Columnm
5.8.2. Variation of as a Function of Neutral Axis Depth Ratio c/d

0.65
0.75
0.90
0.75
0.65
= 0.65 + 0.25
= 0.75 + 0.15
cd1 53 0.9
t
cd1 53 0.9
t
Tied Column
(5.29)
Spiral Columnm
= 0.75 + ( t 0.002)(50)
SPIRAL
= 0.65 + ( t 0.002)(2503)
OTHER
Compression
Transition
Controlled
Tension
Controlled
t = 0.002
t = 0.005
c = 0.600
dt
c = 0.375
dt
Figure 5.3. Example. Calculate Nominal Moment Capacity of a Beam for Fy = 60 ksi
CIVL 4135
93
Flexure
5.9. Example. Calculate Nominal Moment Capacity of a Beam
Determine the nominal moment Mn at which the beam given below will fail.
Given
f c = 4, 000 psi
25
f y = 60, 000 psi
23
As=2.35 in2
10
Solution
As
2.35
=
= 0.0102
10 23
bd
fy d
c =
f c
=
c = 0.0102 60 23 = 4.89 in
4
0.72
c = 4.89 = 0.213 < c = 0.375
23
dt
d
M n = f y bd 2 1 0.59
fy
f c
Tension failure
M n = (0.0102) (60 ksi) (10 in) (23 in) 2 1 0.59 (0.0102) 60

4
= 2, 950, 000 lb in = 246 k ft
CIVL 4135
94
Flexure
5.10. Prediction of Nominal Strength in Flexure by Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Block
Represents an extension of the empirical method.
Simpler than empirical method - No secondary calculation necessary to locate centroid

(always at stress block center).
Allows for considerations and analyses of non-rectangular sections.
Must be developed such that it gives the same answer as empirical method - requires
same total compression force and same centroid location.
Development of the method:
fs
Strains
c
compression side
Stresses
c
c
C c = f ccb
0.85f c
a/2
a = 1c
Cc
d h
d--a/2
As
Ts = As fy
tension side
Empirical Approach
Ts
Equivalent Rectangular
Block. (Whitney Block)
Figure 5.4. Equivalent Rectangular Block (From Nawys Book).

Require the forces to have the same location:
a = 1c
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(ACI 10.2.7)
95
Flexure
C c = f ccb = f cab
from which = ac
=
1
1 = 2
= 0.85
and
ACI 10.2.7
ACI 10.2.7.3
1 = 0.85 0.05
C c = 0.85f cab
f c 4000
1000
and 0.65 1 0.85
ACI 10.2.7.3
remember = 0.85 and a = 1c
For balanced steel ratio we have

u
0.85f c
T = C
cb
b f y bd = 0.85 f c a bb = 0.85 f c 1 bc b
b
f
u
= 0.85 1 c
fy u + y
d-c b
Ts
y
substituting u = 0.003 and Es = 29,000 ksi

b = 0.85 1
f c
87, 000
f y 87, 000 + f y
(5.30)
ACI 10.3.5. Maximum Net Tensile Strain

For nonprestressed flexural members and prestressed members with axial load less than
0.10f cA g the net tensile strain t at nominal strength shall not be less than 0.004.
max = 0.85 1
CIVL 4135
f c
u
f y u + 0.004
96
Flexure
f y = 60ksi
u
0.85f c
Balanced Condition
cb
Tension Failure
Compression Failure
d
d-c b
Ts
Max Net Tensile Strain
y
u
0.85f c
87, 000
cb =
dt
87, 000 + f y
cb
d
f y = 60, 000
d-c b
Ts
psi
87
cb =
= 0.60
dt
87 + 60
y
u
0.85f c
c = 0.375d
cb
c > c b = 0.6d
d
Ts
t = 0.002
t = 0.005
y
u
0.85f c
cb
Max net Tensile Strain
f y = 60, 000
d-c
Ts
psi
0.003
c =
= 0.429
dt
0.003 + 0.004
t = 0.004
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97
Flexure
f y = 40ksi
u
0.85f c
cb
Balanced Condition
Tension Failure
d-c b
Ts
Compression Failure
y
u
0.85f c
87, 000
cb =
dt
87, 000 + f y
cb
d
f y = 40
d-c b
Ts
ksi
87
cb =
= 0.685
dt
87 + 40
y
u
0.85f c
c = 0.428d
cb
c > c b = 0.685d
d
Ts
t = 0.0014
t = 0.004
y
c = 0.625 0.685 = 0.428
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98
Flexure
5.10.1. Example
Consider the same example problem given in Section 5.9.
As
2.35
=
= 0.0102
10 23
bd
0.85f c ab = A s f y
a =
(2.35 in 2) (60, 000 psi)

= 4.15 in
0.85 (4, 000 psi) (10 in)
c = a 1 = 4.150.85 = 4.88
c = 4.88 = 0.212 < 0.375
23
d
Tension failure
Therefore the nominal moment capabit will be:

M n = A s f y (d a) = (2.35 in 2)) (60, 000 psi) (23 2.07) = 246, 000 lb--ft=246 kip--ft
2
= 2, 950, 000 lb in = 246 k ft

= 0.9
M u = M n = 0.9 246 = 221.4 kip ft
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99
Flexure
5.10.2. Example. Calculate Nominal Moment Capacity of a Beam
Determine if the beam shown below will fail in tension or compression.

Given
f c = 4, 000 psi
21
f y = 60, 000 psi
18
As=6.00 in2
10
Solution
a =
As fy
0.85f c b
a =
6 60 ksi
= 10.59 in
0.85 4 ksi 10
c = a = 10.59 = 12.46
0.85
1
c = 12.46 = 0.69 > 0.6
18
d
Compression failure
Hence, As does not yield and the strain is smaller than 0.02 in/in. Brittle failure results.
This beam does not satisfy ACI Code requirement.
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100
Flexure
5.10.3. Example. Calculate Nominal Moment Capacity of a Beam
Determine if the beam shown below will fail in tension or compression.

Given
f c = 4, 000 psi
21
f y = 40, 000 psi
18
As=6.00 in2
10
Solution
a =
As fy
0.85f c b
a =
6 40 ksi
= 7.06 in
0.85 4 ksi 10
c = a = 7.06 = 8.31 in
0.85
1
c = 8.31 = 0.46 > 0.428 < 0.685
18
d
Transition Zone
Hence, the beam is in the transition zone, tension steel yeilds. A reduced
value of should be used.
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101
Flexure
5.18. EXAMPLE. Concrete Dimensions and steel area to resist a given moment.
Select an economical rectangular beam size and select bars using the ACI strength method. The
beam is a simply supported span of 40 ft and it is to carry a live load of 1.4 kips/ft and a dead load of
1.4 kip/ft (including beam weight). Without actually checking deflection, use a reinforcement ratio
such that excessive deflection is unlikely. Use fc = 4000 psi, and fy = 60,000 psi.
Solution:
(a) Decide on a c/d ratio to use. To have reasonable expectation that deflection will not be excessive,
choose c/d = 0.3. Use
(b) Determine the desired R (corresponding to the desired using Equation (5.43):
f
= 0.85 1 c c = 0.85(0.85)(0.3) 4 = 0.01445
fy
d
60
R = f y 1 0.59
fy
f c
R = (0.01445)(60 ksi) 1 0.59(0.01445) 60 = 0.756

4
(c) Determine factored moments.
M u = 1.2M D + 1.6M L
M L = 1 (1.4)(40) 2 = 280
8
MD =
(1.4)(40) 2
= 280
8
ft.kips
ft.kips
M u = 1.2(280) + 1.6(280) = 784
ft.kips
required
Mn =
mu
= 784 = 871
0.90
ft.kips
(d) Determine required bd2 from desired R.

bd 2 =
Mn
= 871 12 = 13, 825 in 3
R
0.756
110
ksi
(e) Establish beam size. Select width b and determine the corresponding required value for effective
depth d. Make a table of possibilities
b
(in)
Required d
(in)
12
34.0
15
30.4
18
27.7
20
26.3
Selecting the 18-in. width will give a beam whose overall depth is between 1 1/2 and 2 times
its width (suggested guideline).
A s = bd = 0.01445 18 27.7 = 7.20
in 2
Use 12-#7 with a total As = 7.20 in2. Put them in two layers. We can compute the overall
depth of the member, h, as
h = d + 1 1 in cover + 4 diameter stirrup + bar diameter +
8
2
spacing
2
h = 27.7 + 1.5 + 48 + 0.875 + 1.0 = 31.09

2
As a guideline explained earlier, the overall depth would be in whole inches; so try h = 32 in.
Since = 0.01445 is not a rigorous requirement, the overall depth selected could be somewhat less or
somewhat more than the computed requirement in order to obtain a desired dimension. The stirrup is
reinforcement to provide shear strength for the beam and should always be allowed for at this stage
of the design.
Check whether 6-#12 will fit into an 18-in width in one layer. We determine the approximate
clear spacing between bars by subtracting from the overall width the combined values of the minimum clear cover on both sides (3.0 inches), one stirrup diameter on both sides (0.75), and 6-#7 bar
diameters (6x0.875). The result is divided by the number of spaces between bars, and this is the
approximate clearance that must exceed the diameter of the larger bar (ACI 7.6.1)
clear spacing =
182(1.5)2(48)6(0.875)
= 1.75 in > d b = 0.875 or 1 in
5
111
ok
Note that the above clearance computation is approximate because it assumes the #4 stirrup may be
bent tightly around the corner longitudinal bar. ACI-7.2.2 requires the inside diameter of bends for
stirrups to be not less than four stirrup bar diameters for #5 Stirrups and smaller; thus for #4 stirrups
the actual curve of the stirrup at the corner has a radius of 3/4 in., which is larger than the longitudinal
bar radius for #7 bars and smaller (see Table 5 thru 8 of your notes).
(g) Check strength and provide design sketch. Using computed d
d = 321.548(0.875)0.5 = 28.63
a =
in
As fy
(7.2)(60)
=
= 7.06
0.85(4)(18)
0.85f c b
c = 8.3 = 0.29
d
28.63
< 0.375
M n = f ybd 2 1 0.59
c = a = 7.06 = 8.30
0.86
1
Tension controlled
fy
f c
M n = A sf y d a
2
M n = (7.2 in 2)(60 ksi) 28.63 7.06 = 10, 841 inkips

2
M u = M n = 0.9 10, 841 = 9757 in.kips = 813 ftkips
28.6
32
12-#7
18
112
Spread sheet -- design--singly reinforced.xls in ce4135 file in PC
113
5.19. EXAMPLE. Determination of steel area

Find the steel area required for beam which has b = 10 in. and d = 17.5 in. to carry a factored load
moment of 1,600 in-kips. Material strengths are fc = 4000 psi, and fy = 60,000 psi.
Solution:
The necessary flexural resistance factor is
R =
Mu
M
= n2
2
bd
bd
R =
(1, 600in kips)(1000lbkip))

Mu
=
= 580
bd 2
(0.9)(10)(17.5) 2
1 2.36R
f
c
1.18f yf c
1
psi
2.36(0.580 ksi)
4 ksi
1.18(60)4
= 0.0107
A s = bd = 0.0107 10 17.5 = 1.87
in 2
Use 2 - #9 bars with a total As = 2.0 in2. In addition, you need to check for make sure that the minimum and the maximum allowable steel areas according to ACI code are satisfied and check the
strength of the final design. Also need to check bar spacings, etc.
114
Chapter 6.
Compression Reinforcement - Flexural Members
If a beam cross section is limited because of architectural or other considerations, it may happen that the concrete cannot develop the compression force required to resist the give bending moment. In this case, reinforcing is added in the compression zone, resulting in a so-called doubly reinforced beam, i.e., one with compression as well as tension reinforcement. Compression reinforced
is also used to improve serviceability, improve long term deflections, and to provide support for stirrups throughout the beam.
Text Section 5.7; ACI 318, Sections: 10.3.4, 10.3.3, and 7.11.1
6.2. Strength Calculations
0.85f c
u = 0.003
As
h
d
A bs
d-c b
cb
a b = 1c b
Cs
Cc
T bs
h-c b
s = y
strains
stresses
forces
From geometry we can find the strain in compression steel at failure as:
d
s = 0.003 c
c
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(6.1)
118
Compression Reinforcement
6.3. Nominal Resisting Moment When Compression Steel Yields

d
u = 0.003
As
h
0.85f c
0.85f c
Cs
=
d
As
d-c
Cc
+
A sf y
Ts
T s = (A s A s)f y
> y
A sf y
Cc
Case I
Case II
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Total resisting moment can be considered as sum of:

1. Moment from corresponding areas of tension and compression steel
2. The moment of some portion of the tension steel acting with concrete.
M n = (A s A s) f y (d
1c
) + A s f y (d d)
2
(6.2)
and from equilibrium:

(6.3)
0.85f c ab = (A s A s)f y
Solve for a:
a=
CIVL 4135
A s A s
f
0.85f c b y
(6.4)
119
6.4. Compression Steel below Yield Stress (strain compatibility check).

Whether or not the compression steel will have yielded at failure can be determined as follows:
d
0.85f c
u = 0.003
As
s = y
Cs
Cc
As lim
d-c
Ts
y
b
From geometry:
u
c
=
s
c d
if compression steel yield
(6.5)
s = y then:
u
c
y = c d
c =
u
d
y
(6.6)
Equilibrium for case II:

A s)f y = 0.85 ( 1c) b f c
(A lim
s
(6.7)
Substitute for c from Eq. (6.6) and (6.7) and divide both sides by bd gives:
(A lim
A s)f y
s
= 0.85 1 b f c
bd
u
d
y
A lim
f
A s
s
=
+ 0.85 1 c
bd
bd
fy
u
d
y d
or
lim = s + 0.85 1
actual > lim
if
if
f c
87, 000
d
fy
87, 000 f y d
then compression steel will yield
f
As A s
87, 000
d
0.85 1 c
bd
fy
87, 000 f y d
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1
bd
120
(6.8)
(6.9)
(6.10)
this is common for shallow

beams using high strength
steel
then compression steel
will yield
6.5. Example of analysis of a reinforced concrete section having compression reinforcement.

Determine the nominal moment, Mn , and the ultimate moment capacity, Mu , of the reinforced
concrete section shown below.
2.5
As= 3.8 in2
22.2
f c = 5, 000 psi
f y = 60, 000 psi
As= 7.62 in2

12
Solution
Mn can be calculated if we assume some conditions for compression steel.

Assume that compression steel yields:
C c = 0.85f c 1 cb = 0.85 (5 ksi) (0.80) c (12) = 40.8c
C s = A sf y = 3.8 (60ksi) = 228 kips
T s = (7.62 in 2) ( 60 ksi) = 457 kips
Equilibrium:
Cs + Cc = Ts
solve for c:
c =
457 228
= 5.6 in
40.8
d
u = 0.003
0.85f c
check assumption
c
c d
c
5.6 2.5
= 0.003
= 0.0017
5.6
s = 0.003
s = 0.0017 <
d
d-c
Ts
y
fy
60
=
= 0.00207
Es
29, 000
wrong assumption
This means the compression steel does not yield. Therefore, our
initial assumption was wrong. We need to make a new assumption.
CIVL 4135
121
Assume f s < fy
C s = A sf s = A s s E s
c 2.5
c 2.5
= (3.8 in 2) (0.003
) (29, 000 ksi) = 330
c
c
Now for equilibrium:
40.8c + 330
Cs + Cc = Ts
c 2.5
= 457 kips
c
solve for c
c = 6.31 in
check assumption
f s = 0.003
6.31 2.5
29, 000 = 52.5 ksi < f y = 60 ksi
6.31
assumption o.k.
check ACI Code requirements for tension failure

c = 6.31 = 0.284 < 0.375
22.2
d
0.90
0.75
0.65
We are in the tension-controlled section and satisfy

the ACI code requirements.
= 0.75 + ( t 0.002)(50)
SPIRAL
OTHER
Compression
Transition
Controlled
CIVL 4135
= 0.9
Tension
Controlled
t = 0.002
t = 0.005
c = 0.600
dt
c = 0.375
dt
122
Calculate forces:
C c = 40.8 (6.31 in) = 258 kips
C s = 3.8 (52.5ksi) = 200 kips
258+200=458
T s = (7.62 in 2) ( 60ksi) = 457 kips
Equilibrium
is
satisfied
Take moment about tension reinforcement to determine the nominal moment capacity of the section:
Mn = Cc d
1c
2
+ C (d d)
s
Nominal moment capacity is:

M n = (258 kips) (22.2 0.80 6.31) + 200(22.2 2.5)
2
= 5080 + 3940 = 9020 in kips
Ultimate moment capacity is:
M u = M n = 0.9 9020 = 8118 in k
CIVL 4135
123
6.6. Example of analysis of a doubly reinforced concrete beam for flexure

Determine whether the compression steel yield at failure.
2.5
2 No. 7
21
f c = 5, 000 psi
f y = 60, 000 psi
As= 1.2 in2
4 No. 10
As= 5.08 in2
14
Solution
=
As
= 5.08
= 0.0173
14 21
bd
= 0.0173 0.0041 = 0.0132
A s
1.2
=
=
= 0.0041
14 21
bd
Check whether the compression steel has yielded, use Eq. (6.10):
?
0.0132
0.85 1
f c
87, 000
d
fy
87, 000 f y d
?
87, 000
2.5
0.0132 0.85 0.80 5
60
87, 000 60000 21
?
0.0132 0.0217
Therefore, the compression steel does not yield.
CIVL 4135
124
6.7. Example: Design of a member to satisfy a nominal moment capacity.

Assume we have the same size beam as Section 6.6. example and
wish to satisfy the same nominal conditions:
2.5
f y = 60, 000 psi
Required
As = ? in 2
22.2
f c = 5, 000 psi
M n = 9020 in k
As = ? in 2
12
Solution
For singly reinforced section:
use
c = 0.375
d
f
= 0.85 1 c c
d
fy
5 ksi
= 0.0213
60 ksi
Maximum As1 for singly reinforced section then is:
= (0.85)(0.80)(0.375)
A s1 = b d = (0.0213) (12) (22.2) = 5.66 in 2

fy
M n = f y bd 2 1 0.59
f c
M n = (0.0213 in 2)(60 ksi)(12 in)(22.2 in) 2 10.59(0.0213) 60 = 6409 in.kips

5
M u2 = M n = 0.9 6409 = 5747 in.kips
Moment which must be resisted by additional compression and tension reinforcement
M u1 = M u1 M u2
M u1 = 0.9 9020 5747 = 2365 in.kips
Assuming compression steel yields we will have:
M u1 = A s f y (d d) = 0.9 A s (60) (22.2 2.5) = 1063.8 A s
2365 ink = 1063.8 A s
A s =
2365 = 2.23 in 2
1063.8
Therefore, the design steel area for tension and compression reinforcement will be:
A s = 5.66 + 2.23 = 7.89 in 2
A s = 2.23
CIVL 4135
8-#9
3-#8
in 2
125
2.5
As = ? in 2
22.2
As = ? in 2
12
Check whether the compression steel has yielded, use Eq. (6.10):
f
As A s
87, 000
d
0.85 1 c
bd
fy
87, 000 f y d
87, 000
8 2.37 0.85 0.80 5
2.5
22.2 12
22.2
60
87, 000 60000
0.0211 0.206
Therefore the compression steel yields at failure
Check to make sure that the final design will fall under tension-controlled
a=
(A s A s)f y
0.85f cb
a=
(8.002.37)60
= 6.62 in
0.85(5)(12)
c = a = 6.62 = 8.28 in
0.80
1
c = 8.28 = 0.373 < 0.375
22.2
d
Tension controlled
see the following page for the rest of the solution done in a speadsheet.
CIVL 4135
126
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128
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129
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130
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131
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132
CIVL 4135
133

A doubly reinforced concrete beam section has a maximum effective depth d = 25 in and is subjected
to a total factored moment Mn = 9400 in--kips, including self weight. Design the section and select
the appropriate reinforcement at the tension and the compression faces to carry the required load.
f y = 60, 000 psi
f c = 4, 000 psi
Required
M n = 9, 400 ink
Solution
Assume that b = 14 in. = 0.55 d
See the following pages for design done in a spreadsheet.
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134
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135
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136
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137
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138
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139
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140
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141
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142
CIVL 4135
143

A doubly reinforced concrete beam section has a maximum effective depth d = 25 in and is subjected
to a total factored moment Mu = 9400 in--kips, including self weight. Design the section and select
the appropriate reinforcement at the tension and the compression faces to carry the required load.
f y = 60, 000 psi
f c = 4, 000 psi
Required
M n = 9, 400 ink
Solution
Assume that b = 14 in. = 0.55 d
See the following pages for design done in a spreadsheet.
CIVL 4135
144
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145
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146
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147
page 151
Chapter 7.
Flexural Analysis of Non-Rectangular Beams
7.1. Balanced Steel for Beams with Non--Rectangular Sections
In this section we establish a general procedure for the computation of the balanced steel area
Asb for a cross section of any shape that is symmetrical with respect to a vertical axis or that is constrained so that under load it deflects vertically without twisting. The resultant Cc is not located at a/2
because the stress block is not a rectangle, passes through the centroid of the stress block area Ac. The
step--by--step procedure for computing Asb is detailed below.
CIVL 4135
Flexure
page 152
7.2. Example. Analysis of Non--Rectangular Sections

Find the balanced area, Asb for the following section:
0.85f c
u = 0.003
8
33
a = 1 c
cb
Cc
30
N.A.
d--c b
As
Ts =A bs Fy
y
16
Given
f c = 5, 000 psi
f y = 60, 000 psi
Solution
Select c/d to be right at the borderline of Transition and Tension Controlled:
c = 0.375 0.375 30 = 11.25 inches
d
a = 1c = 0.80 11.28 = 9 inches

C c = 0.85f c (shahed area)
= 0.85 (5 ksi) 16 13 1 + (9 8) 16
2
Area of dashed
triangle
= 340 kips
Area of dashed
rectangle
From Equilibrium:
CIVL 4135
A bs f y = C c A sb =
340 kips
cc
=
= 5.67 in 2
fy
60 kipsin 2
Flexure
page 153
7.3. Example. Nominal Moment Capacity of Non--Rectangular Sections

Calculate nominal moment capacity of the beam given below.
a = 1c
33
Given
30
f c = 5, 000 psi
f y = 60, 000 psi
As
As = 4.0 in2
16
Tension Failure
Solution
Assume a such that a<13
A = 1 a(2)
2
From geometry : = a 8
13
A = a 2(8)
8
Uniform compression over the area: 0.85fc = 4.25 ksi

For equilibrium we have:
A sf y = C c
240 kips = a 2 4.25
Solving for a we get:

a=7.5 in < 8 in; Therefore our assumption is correct
Determine the moment capacity of the cross section:
M n = A s f y(30 2 (7.5)) = 6, 000 in kips
3
Notice that a factor of 2/3 is used to locate the neutral axis

of a triangular cross--section. (refer to your statics book
to refresh yourselves).
CIVL 4135
Flexure
Chapter 8.
Flexural Analysis of T-Beams
8.1. Reading Assignments
Text Chapter 3.7; ACI 318, Section 8.10.
8.2. Occurrence and Configuration of T-Beams
Common construction type.- used in conjunction with either on-way or two-way slabs.
Sections consists of the flange and web or stem; the slab forms the beam flange, while
the part of the beam projecting below the slab forms is what is called web or stem.
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
(a) one-way slab
(b) two-way slab
8.3. Concepts of the effective width, Code allowable values

In reality the maximum compression stress in T-section varies with distance from section
Web.
Real max, Longitudinal

compression sress
CIVL 4135
156
Simplified equivalent
width, stress
T--Beam
CIVL 4135
157
T--Beam
Code allows the following maximum effective widths:

8.3.1. Symmetrical Beam
ACI318, Section 8.10.2.
b
hf
1) b
span
4
2)
b bw
8h f
2
3)
b bw 1
clear distance between beams
2
2
bw
8.3.2. Flange on one side only (Spandrel Beam)
b
hf
1) b b w
span
12
2) b b w 6h f
3) b b w 1 clear distance to next web
2
bw
8.3.3. Isolated T-Beam
b
hf
1) b 4b w
2)
bw
hf
2
bw
CIVL 4135
158
T--Beam
8.4. Analysis of T-Beams - ( a > hf)

Consider the total section in two parts:
1)
Flange overhangs and corresponding steel;
2)
Stem and corresponding steel;
0.85f c
b
hf
Cc
Ts =As fy
Asf
bw
Case I
As - Asf
Case II
For equilibrium we have:

8.4.1. Case I:
(8.1)
A sf f y = 0.85f ch f (b b w)
or
A sf =
0.85f c h f (b b w)
fy
(8.2)
8.4.2. Case II:

(8.3)
(A s A sf) f y = 0.85f c b wa
Solve for a:
a =
(A s A sf) f y
0.85f c b w
(8.4)
and nominal moment capacity will be:

M n = A sf f y(d
CIVL 4135
hf
) + (A s A sf) f y (d a)
2
2
159
(8.5)
T--Beam
8.5. Balanced Condition for T-Beams

See Commentary page 48 of ACI 318-83 (old code).
hf
ab
cb
h
0.85f c
u = 0.003
Cc
d
d-c
A bs
Ts=Asbfy
bw
From geometry:
cb =
CIVL 4135
u
87, 000
d =
d
+ y
87, 000 + f y
160
(8.6)
T--Beam
8.6. Example.- Analysis of T-Beams in Bending:

40
hf =4
u = 0.003
0.85f c
Cc
c
20.5
As = 6.88 in2
d-c
Ts=Asfy
10
Find the nominal moment capacity of the beam given above:
f c = 2, 400 psi
f y = 50, 000 psi
Solution:
Check to see if a T-beam analysis is required:
Assume a < hf
a =
As fy
6.88 50
=
= 4.22 in
0.85 2.4 40
0.85f c b
Since 4.22 in > 4.00 in, a T-beam analysis is required.

First find the reinforcement area to balance flanges (Asf = ?)
A sf = 0.85
f c
(b b w)h f = 0.85 2.4 (40 10) 4 = 4.90 in 2
fy
50
A s A sf = 6.88 4.90 = 1.98 in 2

Solve for a
0.85f cb wa = (A s A sf)f y
a =
CIVL 4135
(A s A sf)f y
1.98 50
=
= 4.86 in > 4in o.k.
0.85 2.4 10
0.85f cb w
Assumption is o.k.
161
T--Beam
c = a = 4.86 = 5.72
0.85
1
c = 5.72 = .279 < 0.375
d
20.5
Tension-controlled
Find the nominal moment capacity of the beam:

hf
M n = A sf f y (d
) + f y(A s A sf) (d a )
2
2
M n = 4.9(in 2) 50(ksi) (20.5 4) + 50(ksi) 1.98(in 2) (20.5 4.86)
2
2
M n = 4530 + 1790 = 6, 320 in k
Note:
This could have been done by statics with

T s = A sf y
C c = (b b w)(h f) 0.85f c + ab w(0.85)f c
CIVL 4135
162
T--Beam
8.7. Example.- Design of T-Beams in Bending- Determination of Steel Area for a given
Moment:
A floor system consists of a 3 in. concrete slab supported by continuous T beams of 24 ft
span, 47 in. on centers. Web dimensions, as determined by negative-moment requirements at the
supports, are bw = 11 in. and d = 20 in. What tensile steel area is required at midspan to resist a moment of 6,400 in-kips if fy = 60,000 psi and fc = 3,000 psi.
b
hf
+
Asf
bw
Case I
As - Asf
Case II
Solution
First determining the effective flange width from Section (8.3.1.) or ACI 8.10.2
span 24 12
=
= 72 in
4
4
2) b 16h f + b w = (16 3) + 11 = 59 in
1) b
3) b clear spacing between beams + b w = center to center spacing between beams = 47 in

The centerline T beam spacing controls in this case, and b = 47 inches.
Assumption: Assuming that stress-block depth equals to the flange thickness of 3 inches (beam behaves like a rectangular shape).
As =
CIVL 4135
Mu
6400
=
= 6.40 in 2
f y(d a2) 0.9 60 (20 32)
163
(8.7)
T--Beam
Solve for a:
a =
A sf y
= 6.40 60 = 3.2 in > h f = 3.0 Assumption incorrect
0.85f cb 0.85 3 47
Therefore, the beam will act as a T-beam and must be designed as a T-beam. From Case I given above
and Section (8.4.1.) we have
A sf =
0.85f c h f (b b w)
0.85 (3ksi) (3in) (47 11)
=
= 4.58 in 2
60(ksi)
fy
hf
M n1 = A sff y d ) = 0.9 4.58 (60ksi) (20 32) = 4570 in--kips
2
M n2 = M u M n1 = 6400 4570 = 1830 in--kips
(8.8)
(8.9)
(8.10)
Find a value by iteration. Assume initial a = 3.5 inches

A s A sf =
M n2
1830
=
= 1.86 in 2
f y(d a2) 0.9 60 (20 3.52)
(8.11)
Find an improve a value

a =
(A s A sf) f y
= 1.86 60 = 3.97 in
0.85 3 11
0.85f c b w
(8.12)
Iterate with the new a = 3.97 in.

A s A sf =
M n2
1830
=
= 1.88 in 2
f y(d a2) 0.9 60 (20 3.972)
(8.13)
Find an improve a value

a =
(A s A sf) f y
= 1.88 60 = 4.02 in
0.85 3 11
0.85f c b w
A s A sf =
CIVL 4135
M n2
1830
=
= 1.88 in 2
f y(d a2) 0.9 60 (20 4.022)
164
(8.14)
(8.15)
T--Beam
Since there is no change between equations (8.13) and (8.15) we have arrived at the answer. Therefore,
A s = A sf + (A s A sf) = 4.58 + 1.88 = 6.46 in 2
(8.16)
Check with ACI requirements for maximum amount of steel (Tension-Controlled)

c = a = 4.02 = 4.73
0.85
1
(8.17)
c = 4.73 = .237 < 0.375

20
d
Tension-controlled
Therefore, the T-beam satisfies the ACI provisions for tension failure. Next steps will be to select the
reinforcement and check all the spacing requirements and detail the beam.
CIVL 4135
165
T--Beam
CIVL 4135
HOMEWORK SET 8
A.
Consider the reinforced concrete T--beam shown below. Assume that #3 bars are used for
all stirrups.
a.
Determine if the cross--section satisfy the ACI 318 provisions for spacing, cover, and
amount of reinforcement.
b.
Calculate the design flexural capacity, Mn, if the cross--section satisfies part a.
3.5
36
f c = 4, 000 psi
f y = 40 ksi
24 21
3--#10 bars
18
B.
Consider the reinforced concrete T--beam shown below. Assume that #3 bars are used for
all stirrups.
a.
Determine if the cross--section satisfy the ACI 318 provisions for spacing, cover, and
amount of reinforcement.
b.
Calculate the design flexural capacity, Mn, if the cross--section satisfies part a.
3
28
f c = 3, 000 psi
f y = 60 ksi
21 18
3--#9 bars
12
CIVL 4135
166
T--beam
CIVL 4135
HOMEWORK SET 8
Prob 3.13 of Nilsons Book.

A concrete floor system consists of parallel T beams spaced 10 ft on centers and spanning
32 ft between supports. The 6 in. thick slab is cast monolithically with T beam webs having
width bw = 14 in. and total depth, measured from the top of the slab, of h = 28 in. The effective
depth will be taken 3 in. less than the total depth. In addition to its own weight, each T beam
must carry a superimposed dead load of 50 psf and service live load of 225 psf. Material
strength are
f c = 3, 000 psi
f y = 60 ksi
Determine the required tensile steel area and select the reinforcedment needed for a typical
member
CIVL 4135
167
T--beam
Chapter 9.
Shear and Diagonal Tension
9.1. READING ASSIGNMENT
Text Chapter 4; Sections 4.1 - 4.5
Code Chapter 11; Sections 11.1.1, 11.3, 11.5.1, 11.5.3, 11.5.4, 11.5.5.1, and 11.5.6
9.2. INTRODUCTION OF SHEAR PHENOMENON
Beams must have an adequate safety margin against other types of failure, some of which
may be more dangerous than flexural failure. Shear failure of reinforced concrete, more properly
called diagonal tension failure is one example.
If a beam without properly designed shear reinforcement is overloaded to failure, shear collapse is likely to occur suddenly with no advance warning (brittle failure). Therefore, concrete must
be provided by special shear reinforcement to insure flexural failure would occur before shear failure. In other words, we want to make sure that beam will fail in a ductile manner and in flexure not in
shear.
Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam: (a) overall view, (b) detail near right support
CIVL 4135
168
Shear
9.3. REVIEW OF SHEAR

Consider a homogenous beam in two sections as shown below.
Shearing Stresses are

vital part of the beam
load carrying capacity.
9.4. Background
Consider a small section of the beam with shear
F1 = 1
2
MyI + McI(b(c y) ) = M2 c +I yb(c y)
F 2 = 1 M + M dx
x
2
c +I yb(c y) = M +2 dM c +I yb(c y)
c+y
(b)(dx)v = F 2 F 1 = 1 ( M + dM M )
b(c y)
I
2
( c + y)(c y)
b = V b (c + y)(c y)
v = dM ( b
I
Ib 2
dx 2)
(c y)b
area
v=
CIVL 4135
VQ
Ib
(c + y)
2
arm
1st moment of area below y is called Q
169
Shear
9.5. BACKGROUND
For a homogenous, rectangular beam shear stress varies as:
max = V
bd
Average stress is
suitable
for concrete analysis
max = 3 V
2 bd
How will beam stresses vary?
Element 1 at N.A.
Element 2
t=
CIVL 4135
f4 + r
2
Principal
Stresses
2
170
Shear
Stress trajectories in homogeneous rectangular beam.

Tension stresses, which are of particular concern in the view of the low tensile capacity of the
concrete are not confined only due to the horizontal bending stresses f which are caused by bending
alone.
Tension stresses of various magnitude and inclinations, resulting from
shear alone (at the neutral axis); or

the combined action of shear and bending
exist in all parts of a beam and if not taken care of appropriately will result in failure of the beam. It is
for this reason that the inclined tension stresses, known as diagonal tension, must be carefully considered in reinforced concrete design.
CIVL 4135
171
Shear
ACI318
Figure R 11.4.2
CIVL 4135
172
Shear
9.6. CRITERIA FOR FORMATION OF DIAGONAL CRACKS IN CONCRETE BEAMS

Large V (shear force), Small M (bending moment)
Little flexural cracking prior to formation of diagonal cracks.
v ave = V
bd
can be regarded as rough measure of stress
Distribution of V is not known exactly, as reinforced concrete is non-homogeneous.
Shear near N.A. will be largest
Crack from N.A. propagates toward edges:
called web shear cracks
From diagonal tension: Concrete tensile strength is given as:

v cr = V = 3 f c 5 f c
bd
tests shown that the best estimate of cracking stress is
v cr = V = 3.5 f c
bd
Note: The most common type of shear crack occurs only under high shear; with thin webs.
Large V (shear force), Large M (bending moment)

Formation of flexure cracks precedes formation of shear cracks.
v at formation of shear cracks is

actually larger than for web shear
cracks. Presence of tension crack
reduces effective shear area
Flexureshear Crack
Flexure-Tension Crack
CIVL 4135
173
Shear
Formation of flexure shear crack is unpredictable. Nominal shear stress at which diagonal tension
cracks form and propagate is given as
v cr =
V cr
= 1.9 f c
bd
(52)
from many tests.
It was also found that the reinforcement ratio has an effect on diagonal crack formation for the
following reason:
As is increased, tension crack depth decreases; area to resist shear increases.
Based on many tests, ACI-ASCE committee justified the following equation
Vc
= 1.9 + 2500 Vd
< 3.5
M f c
bd f c
ACI Equation 11-5
Vd/M term tells that the diagonal crack formation depends on v and f at the tip of the flexural crack.
We can write shear stress as
v = k1 V
bd
(53)
where k1 depends on depth of penetration of flexural cracks. Flexural stress f can be expressed as
f = Mc = k 2 M2
I
bd
(54)
where k2 also depends on crack configuration. If we divide (53) by (54) we get

v = k 1 V bd 2 = K Vd
M
M
k 2 bd
f
(55)
where K is determined from experiments.

ACI allows us to use an alternate form of Eq. (52) for concrete shear stress
Vc
= 2 f c
bd
(56)
ACI Eq. 11 3
Shear cracks in beams without shear reinforcement cannot be tolerated, can propagate into compression face, reducing effective compression area, area to resist shear.
CIVL 4135
174
Shear
9.7. WHAT ACTIONS CONTRIBUTE TO TOTAL SHEAR RESISTING FORCE - NO SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS
Cracked Beam without any shear reinforcement

1
Force resulting from aggregate interlock at crack.
2. Concrete shear stress in compression zone

3. Dowel shear from longitudinal flexural reinforcement.
Conservatively, we may neglect all but concrete stress. Nature of failure offers very little
reserve capacity if any. As a result, design strength in shear (without shear reinforcement) is governed by strength which present before formation of diagonal cracks.
WEB REINFORCEMENT
Shear reinforcement allows for
Maximum utility of tension steel - Section capacity is not limited by shear
Ductile failure mode - Shear failure is not ductile, it is sudden and dangerous.
CIVL 4135
175
Shear
9.8. POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Vertical stirrups, also called ties or hoops
Inclined stirrups
Bend up bars
Generally #3, #4, and #5 bars are used for stirrups and are
formed to fit around main longitudinal rebars with a hook at
end to provide enough anchorage against pullout of the bars.
CIVL 4135
176
Shear
9.9. EFFECT OF STIRRUPS

1. Before shear cracking - No effect (web steel is free of stress)
2. After shear cracking
Resist shear across crack;

Reduce shear cracking propagation;
Confines longitudinal steel - resists steel bond loss, splitting along steel,
increase dowel actions;
Increase aggregate interlock by keeping cracks small.
3. Behavior of members with shear reinforcement is somewhat unpredictable Current design procedures are based on:
Rational analysis;
Test results;
Success with previous designs.
9.10. DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT - A RATIONAL (!) APPROACH

1. Before cracking - Cracking load given as before:
V c = bd 1.9 f c + 2500 w Vd
M
3.5 f c bd
2. After cracking
Assuming Vc equals to that at cracking - This is conservative due to the effect of
compression and diagonal tension in the remaining uncracked, compression zone of the beam.
CIVL 4135
177
Shear
9.11. BEAMS WITH VERTICAL STIRRUPS (OR BEAMS WITH SHEAR REINFORCEMENT)
Forces at diagonal crack in a beam with vertical stirrups can be shown as
V N = total internal shear force

where
= V cz +
A vf v + V d
+ V iy
Vcz =
Internal vertical force in the uncracked portion of concrete
Vd =
Force across the longitudinal steel, acting as a dowel
Viy =
Aggregate interlock force in vertical direction
Av fv =
Vertical force in stirrups.
If horizontal projection of the crack is p, and the stirrup spacing is s, then the number of stirrups
crossed by a random crack will be:
p
n = s
and total force contributed by stirrups will be:
V s = nA vf s
which near failure will be
V s = nA vf y
fs = fy
Also, we can conservatively neglect forces due to dowel and aggregate interlock. Therefore
V n = V c + V s = V c + nA vf y
The only question remaining is that: What is the horizontal projection of the crack? Test shown that
p=d is a good approximation: p/s = d/s or
V s = nA vf y = ds A vf y
CIVL 4135
This is Eq. 1115 of ACI
178
Shear
9.12. BEAMS WITH INCLINED BARS
a
z
Av fv
x
p
i
tan = Zx x = Z
tan
tan = Z
y y =
Z
tan
S=x+y= Z + Z
tan tan
Z = S 1 + tan1
tan
a =
sin = Z
a Z = a sin
S
1
sin
+ 1
tan tan
p
p
n = ai & cos =
n=
i
a cos
1
1
sin
+
p
p
p
tan tan
n =
= tan 1 + 1
=
1 + tan
tan
S
S
S
cos
tan tan
if
= 45 o tan(45) = 1
V s = nA vf y sin < 3 f c b wd
n=
p
1+ 1
tan
S
Eq. 11--17
= A f d sin + cos
pS 1 + cos
v y
S
sin
V s = A vf y sin
CIVL 4135
179
Eq. 11--16
Shear
9.13. ACI CODE PROVISIONS FOR SHEAR DESIGN

According to ACI code procedures
Vu Vn (Required strength Provided strength)
Vu = total shear force applied at a given section due to factored loads. (1.2 wd + 1.6 wL ,
etc.)
Vn = nominal shear strength, which is the sum of contributions of the concrete and the web
steel if present
Vn = Vc + Vs
= strength reduction factor (=0.75 for shear) - Compare to the strength reduction factor for bending which is 0.9. The reason for the difference is:
Sudden nature of failure for shear
Imperfect understanding of the failure mode
ACI provisions:
Vertical stirrups
Av fy d
s
Sect 11.4.7.2 Eq. 11-15
V u V c +
Av fy d
(sin + cos )
s
Sect 11.4.7.2 Eq. 11-16
V u = V c +
Av fy d
s
V u V c +
Inclined stirrups
For design:
or
s =
Av fy d
or
Vu
Vc
s =
Av fy d
V u V c
similarly one can find s for inclined bars

Note Av is for 2 bars.
For example for #3 U-stirrups
Av = 2 (0.11) = 0.22 in2
CIVL 4135
Av = 4 (0.11)
1
= 0.44 in2
180
1 2
Shear
9.14. WHERE DOSE CODE REQUIRE SHEAR REINFORCEMENT?

According to ACI code section 11.5.5, we need to provide shear reinforcement when
Vu
V c
2
Exception are:
Slabs and footings
Concrete joist construction
Special configuration beam (shallow)
Special case when test to destruction shows adequate capacity
When Vu ( the factored shear force) is no larger than Vc then theoretically no web reinforcement is
required. Even in such cases, the code requires at least a minimum area of web reinforcement equal
to
A v,min = 0.75 f c
b wS
f yt
Eq.(11 13)
s max =
9.15.
for
1 V V V
c
u
2 u
A vf y
50b w
SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE

For members subjected to shear and flexure only
V d
V c = b wd 1.9 f c + 2500 w u
Mu
3.5 f c b wd Eq.11 5 Sect 11.3.2
the second term in the parenthesis should be

|
V ud
| 1
Mu
Vc
where Mu is the factored moment occurring

simultaneously with Vu at section considered.
3.5 f c
1.9 f c
Alternate form of Eq. 11-6 is the
Eq. 11-3 of the ACI code which is much simpler

V c = 2 f c b wd
Eq. 11 3
This gives more conservative values compared to
V d
V c = b wd 1.9 f c + 2500 w u
Mu
Large
M
Small
M
1000
V ud
M
Eq. 11-6 resulting in slightly more expensive design.
CIVL 4135
181
Shear
9.16. MAXIMUM STIRRUPS SPACING

if
V s 4 f c b wd
the maximum spacing is the smallest of
A v,min = 0.75 f c
b wS
f yt
S max =
A vf y
50b w
Eq. 11-13 of ACI
ACI 11.4.5
S max = d2
S max = 24 inches
if
V s > 4 f c b wd
A v,min = 0.75 f c
the maximum spacing is the smallest of

b wS
f yt
S max =
A vf y
50b w
Eq. 11-13 of ACI
ACI 114.5
S max = d4
S max = 12 inches
In no case Vs can exceed
CIVL 4135
V s 8 f c b wd
182
ACI 11.4.7.9
Shear
9.17. EXAMPLE OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Select the spacing of U-shaped stirrups made of No. 3 bars for the beam shown below using both Eqs.
11-3 and 11-5 of ACI 318 code to obtain Vc. Compare the resulting space using two formulas.
2.5
h = 18.5 inches
d = 16 inches =1.33 ft
b = 11 inches
h d
fc = 5,000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
3-#9 bars
3-#9 bars
b
Loads are factored and

moments are given.
20 kips
6 k/ft
M=150 ft-k
M=150 ft-k
18
64
10
Shear Force
10
64
therefore
V(x) =-6x +64
183
M(x) = 0.5(64+64-6x)x - 150

= (64-3x)x -150
150
CIVL 4135
V(x) = ax + b
V(x)=64 at x=0
V(x)=10 at x =9
150
183
Shear
58
95
126
151
170
183
10
16
22
28
34
40
46
52
56
56
0.073
0.125
0.194
0.296
0.477
0.920
4.089
2.039
1.067
0.839
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.500
VMd
18.14
18.44
18.83
19.40
20.42
22.91
23.36
23.36
23.36
22.45
20.53
(*)
Vc
--
--
3.17
8.60
13.58
17.09
22.64
28.64
32.64
33.55
35.47
(kips)
Vu -- Vc
s=
--
49.92
18.42
11.66
9.27
7.00
5.53
4.85
4.72
4.47
(in)
158.4
V u V c
--
3.33
9.33
15.33
21.33
27.33
33.33
37.33
37.33
37.33
(kips)
Vu -- Vc
s=
--
47.53
16.97
10.33
7.43
5.80
4.75
4.24
4.24
4.24
(in)
158.4
V u V c
Eq 11--3
A vf yd = 0.75 0.22 60 16 = 158.4
CIVL 4135
Shear
V u(x < d) = V u(x = d) V u(x < d = 16 inches) = V u(x = 16 inches or x = 1612 ft) = 6 (16) + 64 = 56 kips
12
According to Sect. 11.1.3.1 of ACI
V d
V d
V c = 1.9 f c + 2500 w u b wd = 0.75 (1.9 5000 + 2500 0.01705 u ) 11 16 3.5 f c b wd Eq. 11 5
Mu
Mu
0.75 3.5 5000 11 16
As
3
w =
=
= 0.01705
V d
16 11
b wd
17.734 + 5.627 u 32.67
Mu
(**)
15
(*)
--34
56
d=16=1.33 --70
58
--89
64
--150
Vu
--6x+64 (**)
(kips)
distance
Mu
x
(64--3x)x--150
(ft)
(k--ft)
Eq 11--5
page184
CIVL 4135
0
00
0
Spacing(
(inches)
10
12
14
16
18
20
1
1
20
12@4 = 48
5
60
187
Distance from face of support (ft)
40
Required
Spacing
80
8@8 = 48
Provided
Spacing
100
Eq. 11--5
10
120
112
Shear
CIVL 4135
0
0 0
0
Spacing(
(inches)
10
12
14
16
18
120
1
20
5
60
2@6 =12
188
Distance from face of support (ft)
40
12@4 = 48
Required
Spacing
80
8
100
5@8 = 40
Provided
Spacing
Eq. 11--3
10
120
112
Shear
CIVL 4135
189
Shear
Using Eq. 11--3
Using Eq. 11--5
CIVL 4135
190
Shear
page 193
Chapter 10.
BOND AND ANCHORAGE
Chapter 5 of text
ACI 318 Chapter 12.
10.2. Introduction
Reinforcement for concrete to develop the strength of a section in tension depends on the
compatibility of the two materials to act together in resisting the external load. The reinforcing element, such as a reinforcing bar, has to undergo the same strain or deformation as the surrounding
concrete in order to prevent the discontinuity or separation of the two materials under load. The modulus of elasticity, the ductility, and the yield or rupture strength of the reinforcement must also be
considerably higher than those of the concrete to raise the capacity of the reinforced concrete section
to a meaningful level. Consequently, materials such as brass, aluminum, rubber, or bamboo are not
suitable for developing the bond or adhesion necessary between the reinforcement and the concrete.
Steel and fiber glass do possess the principal factors necessary: yield strength, ductility, and bond
value.
Bond strength results from a combination of several parameters, such as the mutual adhesion
between the concrete and steel interfaces and the pressure of the hardened concrete against the steel
bar or wire due to the drying shrinkage of the concrete. Additionally, friction interlock between the
bar surface deformations or projections and the concrete caused by the micro movements of the tensioned bar results in increased resistance to slippage. The total effect of this is known as bond. In
summary, bond strength is controlled by the following major factors:
1. Adhesion between the concrete and the reinforcing elements
2. Gripping effect resulting from the drying shrinkage of the surrounding concrete and the
shear interlock between the bar deformations and the surrounding concrete
3. Frictional resistance to sliding and interlock as the reinforcing element is subjected to
tensile stress
4. Effect of concrete quality and strength in tension and compression
CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 194
5. Mechanical anchorage effect of the ends of bars through development length, splicing,
hooks, and crossbars
6. Diameter, shape, and spacing of reinforcement as they affect crack development
The individual contributions of these factors are difficult to separate or quantify. Shear interlock, shrinking confining effect, and the quality of the concrete can be considered as major factors.
CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 195
10.3. Bond Stress Development

Bond stress is primarily the result of the shear interlock between the reinforcing element and
the enveloping concrete caused by the various factors previously enumerated. It can be described as
a local shearing stress per unit area of the bar surface. This direct stress is transferred from the concrete to the bar interface so as to change the tensile stress in the reinforcing bar along its length.
P
dx
C+dC
C
M
M+dM
T+dT
M + dM
T = M
;
T + dT =
Z
Z
For equilibrium of the bar section:
T + Udx = T + dT
dM = V
dx
u =
dT = dM
Z
Udx = dT
U = dT = dM 1
Z
dx
dx
T
kipsinch
T+dT
dx
U = V
Z
u = flexural bond stress; kips/in

0 = 0 Z
where 0is the perimeter or sum of perimeters of the bars at the section considered.
CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 196
10.4. Local Bond Effects near Cracks
Bars are greased before pouring concrete.
Main Reinforcing Bars:
Deformed Bars
(assume no bond)
-- Beam acts as a tied arch,
will not collapse
-- Tension in bars is uniform
and equal
M
T = max
Z
-- Stress in stell is maximum only

over a short section -- less
elsewhere
-- much smaller total deflection
-- Cracks are distributed, narrow
-- Linear total deformation results in large beam deflection,

large cracks
CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 197
Beam segment subjected to pure bending
Bar force T,
Bond Stress u =
U = dT
dx
U
0 Z
Load bond stress effects add to the above overal effects:
u total =
0 Z
overal
CIVL 4135
dTdx
0
local
Development Length
page 198
10.5. Bond Failure

Bond failure is likely to occur near ends of beams, where high flexural bond stresses can
combine with high local bond stresses.
Bond failure may take two forms, both of which result from wedging action as the bar is
pulled relative to the concrete and often acts in concrete with shear crack and often acts in concrete
with shear crack.
Bond
splitting
vertical crack
shear crack
Horizontal crack
Tests at N.B.S. (National Bureau of Standards) and University of Texas indicate that bond failure
will occur when bond force U reaches a critical value. It is interesting to note that at failure, the force
U is independent of bar size. Consistent with concept of wedge action, when splitting force depends on driving force, not wedge width.
wedge action is when the ribs of deformed bars, bears against the concrete.
Tests have shown that for single bars causing vertical splits or for bars spaced further than 6
inches apart
U n = 35 f c
Ultimate average bond force per inch of length of
bar
vertical crack
CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 199
For bars spaced less than 6 inches apart, (causing horizontal splitting)
U n = 0.80 35 f c = 28 f c
Ultimate average bond force per inch of length of
bar
Horizontal crack
In terms of stresses rather than forces

un =
Un
35 f c
11 f c
=
d b
db
10.6. Development Length

Consider a beam similar to that used to obtain the results above:
M=0
T = As fS
T =0
fs = 0
T s = A bf s = Ul
(Average bond force per inch ) * length
or
A fs
Ts
Average bond force per unit length
= b
l
l
We may also solve for l to obtain the critical development length.
U =
ld =
A bf s
Un
Un is the ultimate bond force per unit length
Two criteria control development length calculation:

CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 200
1) Bond must be counted on to develop bar yield force (fs = fy)

2) Average ultimate bond force is limited to 35sqrt(fc) or 28sqrt(fc)
for spacing of greater than 6 inches
ld =
A bf y
35 f c
0.029A bf y
f c
for spacing of less than 6 inches:

ld =
A bf y
28 f c
0.0357A bf y
f c
If these lengths are provided, bond failure will not occur, obviously, small bars have less
bond problem than large bars. Smaller bars require less development length because
A b = 1 d 2b
4
therefore, the development length, ld , is proportional to squared of bar diameter. the smaller the bar
diameter the smaller will be the required development length.
According to ACI, the development length for design is obtained by a basic development
length as given above and then it is modified by a series of modification factors.
CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 201
10.7. Example of Embedment Length of Deformed bars

Calculate the required embedment length of the deformed bars in the following two cases: (12 inches
of concrete below top reinforcement). Assume that #3 stirrups are used for shear and stirrup spacing
based on shear calculations is 6.0 in. throughout the beam, S=6.0 in., d=15 in., Asrequired = 1.6 in.2
A) 3#7 bars top reinforcement in single layer in a beam with No. 3 stirrups
fc = 4,000 psi (normal weight)
fyt = 60,000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi
clear spacing between bars are 2db , clear side cover is 1.5 inches on each side.
B) Same as part (A), except that the clear spacing between bars is equal to one inch. The bars
are epoxy coated.
Solution (A)
ACI Sect. 12.2.3
y
t e s
l d = 3
40 fc c+K
db
d
tr
t = 1.3
Top bars
e = 1.0
Uncoated reinforcement
s = 1.0
No. 7 and larger bars
= 1.0
Normal weight concrete
d b = 0.875
in
center to center spacing
= 3 0.875 = 1.31
2
2
c = spacing or cover dimension =

A tr = 0.22
in
Controls
1.5 + 0.875 + 3 = 2.31

8
2
in.2
n = 3
s = 6 in.
A 40
K tr = strn
K tr = 0.22 40 = 0.49
36
CIVL 4135
Development Length
page 202
y
t e s
l d = 3
40 fc c+K
db
d
tr
c + K tr
= 1.31 + 0.49 = 2.06 < 2.5 ok
db
0.875
ld =
3 60, 000 1.3 1 1 0.875 = 39.3 in.

(2.06)
40 1 4, 000
l d = 50
As required
As provided
A reqd
s
ACI Section 12.2.5
A provided
s
=
=
1.6 in.2
3--#7= 1.8 in.2
l d = 39.3 1.6 = 35
1.8
12 in.
in. >
Alternative Solution I.
Can use Ktr = 0 as a design simplification even if transvers reinforcements are present
c + K tr
= 1.31 = 1.5 < 2.5 ok
db
0.875
ld =
3 60, 000 1.3 1 1 0.875 = 54 in.

40 1 4, 000
1.5
l d = 54 1.6 = 48
1.8
in. >
12 in.
Alternative Solution II.

ACI 12.2.2
f y t e
ld =
d b = 60000 1.3 1.0 0.875 = 61.6 in.
20 1 4000
20 f c
l d = 61.6 1.6 = 55
1.8
CIVL 4135
in. >
12 in.
Development Length
page 203
Solution (B)
ACI Sect. 12.2.3
y
t e s
l d = 3
40 fc c+K
db
d
tr
t = 1.3
Top bars
e = 1.5
Epoxy coated reinforcement
s = 1.0
t e = 1.3 1.5 = 1.95 < 1.7 use 1.7
ld =
= 1.0
d b = 0.875
in.
l d = 51.4 1.6 = 45.7

1.8
CIVL 4135
3 60, 000 1.7 1 1 0.875 = 51.4 in.

(2.06)
40 1 4, 000
in. >
12 in.
Development Length
page 204
10.8. Example. Development length in tension. Figure below shows a beam--column joint in a continuous building frame. Based on frame analysis, the negative steel required at the end of the beam is
2.90 in2 and two No. 11 bars are used. providing A, = 3.12 in2. Beam dimensions are b = 10 in d = 18
in and h = 21 in. The design will include No. 3 stirrups spaced four at 3 inches followed by a constant
5 inches spacing in the region of the support. with 1.5 in. clear cover. Normal density concrete is to be
used, with fc = 4000 psi. and rebars have fy = 60,000 psi. Find the minimum distance ld at which the
negative bars can be cut off based on development of the required steel area at the face of the column.
3.43
Center to Center Spacing:
10 2(1.5) 2(3) 1.41 = 4.83 inches
8
Clear spacing:
4.83 1.41 = 3.43 inches
CIVL 4135
4.83
Development Length
page 205
ACI Sect. 12.2.3

f
y
t e s
l d = 3
40 fc c+Ktr
db
db
center to center spacing

= 1 (4.83) = 2.41 in
2
2
c = spacing or cover dimension =
Controls
1.5 + 38 + 1.412 = 2.58 in
A tr = 0.22
A 40
K tr = strn
K tr = 0.22 40 = 0.88
52
c + K tr
+ 0.88 = 2.33 < 2.5 ok
= 2.41 1.41
db
t = 1.3
Top bars
e = 1.0
Not Epoxy coated
s = 1.0
= 1.3 1.0 = 1.3 < 1.7
ld =
= 1.0
d b = 1.41
in
2.9 = 52
l d = 56 3.12
CIVL 4135
3 60, 000 1.3 1 1 1.41 = 56 in

(2.33)
40 1 4, 000
in >
12 in
Development Length
page 225
Bar Splices (ACI 12.14 -- 12.16, Chapter 10 of text)

In general reinforcing bars are stocked by suppliers in lengths of 60 ft for bars from No. 5 to No. 18,
and in 20 to 40 ft lengths for smaller bar sizes. For this reason, and because it is often more convenient to work
with shorter bar lengths, it is frequently necessary to splice bars in the field. Should try to:
Stagger splices;
Avoid splicing at points of maximum stress.
Lab Splices in Tension (ACI 12.14)

Splices for No. 11 bars and smaller are usually made simply by lapping the bars in a sufficient distance
to transfer stress by bond from one bar to the other. The lapped bars are usually placed in contact and lightly
wired so that they stay in position as the concrete is poured.
fy
fs = 0
Ab fy
Ab fy
ls
fs = 0
fy
ACI 12.14.2.1. Lap splices should not be used for bars larger than No. 11 bars.
Required lap for tension splices, may be stated in terms of development in tension ld . Find ldb
according to code, use the modification factors (reduction for excess reinforcement should not
be applied because that factor is already accounted for in the splice specification).
Two classes of lap splices are specified by the ACI Code. The minimum length ls not less than
12 inches is:
Class A:
ls = 1.0 ld
Class B:
ls = 1.3 ld
ACI Sect. (12.15)
The the work sheet provided in the next page of tension lab splices.
CIVL 4135
Bar Cutoff
page 226
Tension Lap Splice Calculation Work Sheet

1. Tension Development Length (from Tension Development Calculation Work Sheet except that
step 8 should not be applied).
ld
2. Lap Splice Classes (Section 12.15.1)

Class A:
ls = 1.0 ld =
Class B:
ls = 1.3 ld =
3a. Required Lap Splices -- other than Columns (12.15.2)

Maximum percent of As spliced within
required lap length
(As provided) / (As required)*
<= 50
>50
>= 2
Class A
Class B
<2
Class B
Class B
Ratio of area of reinforcement provided to area of reinforcement require
LAP
3a. Required Lap Splices -- Columns (12.17.2)

Maximum percent of As spliced within
required lap length
Maximum stress in the bar
<= 50%
> 50%
> 0.5fy
Class A
Class B
<= 0.5fy
Class B
Class B
Ratio of area of reinforcement provided to area of reinforcement require
LAP
CIVL 4135
Bar Cutoff
page 227
Compression Splices (ACI 12.16)

Reinforcing bars in compression are spliced mainly in columns, where bars are normally terminated just above each floor or every other floor. This is done partly for construction convenience,
to avoid handling and supporting very long column bars, but it is also done to permit column steel
area to be reduced in steps, as loads become lighter at higher floors.
The lap length ls should be equal to at least the development length in compression and the
modifiers. ls should also satisfy the following, but not less than 12 inches:
if fc > 3,000 psi then
f y 60, 000 psi
l s 0.0005f yd b
f y > 60, 000 psi
l s (0.0009f y 24)d b
if fc < 3,000 psi then

f y 60, 000 psi
l s 1.333 0.0005f yd b
f y > 60, 000 psi
l s 1.333 (0.0009f y 24)d b
Column Splices (ACI 12.17.2)
CIVL 4135
Bar Cutoff
page 235
CHAPTER 13.
DEFLECTION
Text: Sect 6.4 through 6.7 and 6.9
ACI 318: Chap 9.
13.2. Calculation of Deflection of R/C beams
Review of theory of deflection of homogeneous beams in elastic flexure:
w(x)
dx
y(x)
It is possible to make the following observations from geometry

Deflection =
y(x)
Slope =
dy/dx
Curvature =
d 2y/dx 2 = = 1/
y =
dx dx
and, with similar observations based on equilibrium for

Moment;
Shear;
Load;
M=
V=
w=
EI d 2y/dx 2 =
EI d 3y/dx 3 =
EI d 4y/dx 4 =
M =
wdxdx
EI
dM/dx
dV/dx
For a homogeneous beam under constant moment

x =
c d/dx
at location c:
c/ =
c d/dx
therefore
d = 1
dx
N.A.
so
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 236
= c
and
x = Ec
and for equilibrium
M =
(Ec )dA
2
= (E)
c dA
2
or
M = EI
M = 1 =
EI
where becomes a link between geometry and equilibrium.

Coming back to the real world, we see that the relationships developed for homogeneous members are not
applicable to concrete members; new relationships must be developed.
Two approaches are common:
1)
Develop a synthetic EI for the beam and use the relationships developed for homogeneous
beams -- ACI 318 endorsed this approach for calculation of service load deflections.
2)
Calculate a relationship between moment and curvature which considers all levels of moment. This can be used when a more accurate estimate of deflection is desired or when loads
larger than service loads are considered.
13.3. ACI Code Method

Consider only service loads and service load deflections. Cannot handle ultimate loads.
Total deflection is composed of two components:
1)
Instantaneous Deflection -- when loads applied
2)
Additional deflections which occur over time due to creep and shrinkage
Consider first the instantaneous deflection. For moments at or below the cracking moment, the moment of
inertia is that of the uncracked transformed section (Iut ); E = Ec . Assume fr = 7.5sqrt(fc )
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 237
At moment larger than the cracking moment, behavior is complex, not entirely predictable.
service load
moment
Mcr = fr Iut / yt
Iut
Icr
I varies in
cracked region
The effective moment of inertia of the beam (Ie) depends on:
a) Shape of the moment diagram -- Depends on loading
b) Crack pattern and Spacing (not predictable)
c) Amount of reinforcing, location of bar cut offs, and changes in section
The results have shown that the following approximation gives reasonable results: ACI 9.5.2.3
Ie =
MM I
cr
a
+ 1
MM I
cr
cr
Ig
ACI Eq. (9--7)
Where
M cr =
f rI g
yt
and
f r = 7.5 f c
ACI Eq. (9--8)
Ma =
Maximum moment in member at stage of deflection is computed
Icr =
Moment of inertia of cracked, transformed section (at steel yield)
Ig =
Moment of inertia of gross concrete section -- neglect reinforcement
yt =
distance from N.A. to tension face
The effective moment of inertia is somewhere between Ig and Icr; is assumed constant for entire span. For
continuous spans, take average of maximum positive and negative moment sections.
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 238
Note the limiting values of the equation:

when Ma = Mcr , Ie = Ig
when Ma >> Mcr , Ie Icr
E cI ut
E cI cr
Nonlinear material
range
Mcr
cr
13.4. Consideration of Long--Term Deflections -- Creep and Shrinkage
Deflection due to shrinkage comes soon after casting (majority) with long term shrinkage dependent on environment.
Deflection due to creep is proportional to stress level and concrete characteristics.
Code method for calculating long term deflections: (ACI 9.5.2.5)
total = instantaneous + instantaneous

where
1 + 50
Eq. 9--10 of ACI
Why is is used?
Primary creep effect in compression zone.
Steel does not creep -- takes load from concrete
concrete stress reduced -- creep decreased
based on cornell studies, Variability and Analysis of Data for 318--71 method ACI journal, January 1972.
T is a time dependent coefficient which a material property depending on shrinkage and creep.
It is given in commentary Fig. 9.5.2.5 page 98 of ACI Code.
should be taken at midspan for simple and continuous spans and at support for cantilever.
Values of T are satisfactory for beams and one way slabs but underestimates time dependent deflection of 2--way slabs.
For fc > 6000 psi lower values of T should be used.
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 239
13.5. Permissible Deflection in Beams and One-Way Slabs

Permissible deflections in a structural system are governed primarily by the amount that can be sustained by the interacting components of a structure without loss of aesthetic appearance and without detriment
to the deflecting member. The level of acceptability of deflection values is a function of such factors as the
type of building, the use or nonuse of partitions, the presence of plastered ceilings, or the sensitivity of equipment or vehicular systems that are being supported by the floor. Since deflection limitations have to be placed
at service load levels, structures designed conservatively for low concrete and steel stresses would normally
have no deflection problems. Present-day structures; however, are designed by ultimate load procedures efficiently utilizing high-strength concretes and steels. More slender members resulting from such designs
would have to be better controlled for serviceability deflection performance, immediate and long-term.
13.6. Empirical Method of Minimum Thickness Evaluation for Deflection Control
The ACI Code recommends in Table 9.5(a) minimum thickness for beams as a function of the span
length, where no deflection computations are necessary if the member is not supporting or attached to construction likely to be damaged by large deflections. Other deflections would have to be calculated and controlled as in Table 9.5(b) if the total beam thickness is less than required by the table, the designer should verify
the deflection serviceability performance of the beam through detailed computations of the immediate and
long-term deflections.
13.7. Permissible Limits of Calculated Deflection
the ACI Code requires that the calculated deflection for a beam or one-way slab has to satisfy the serviceability requirement of minimum permissible deflection for the various structural conditions listed in
Table 9.5(b) if Table 9.5(a) is not used. However, long-term effects cause measurable increases in deflection
with time and result sometimes in excessive overstress in the steel and concrete. Hence, it is always advisable
to calculate the total time-dependent deflection and design the beam size based on the permissible span/deflection ratios of Table 9.5(b)
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 240
13.8. Second Approach to Deflection Calculation (Sect. 6.9 of text)

Determine a relationship between moment and curvature for entire range of beam action.
c
c
1 =
curvature = =
we know c, and c for three particular moment conditions:
cracking
yield
nominal
The M-- curve can be constructed with these three points:
Moment
Mn
My
Mcr
cr
Curvature
cr
Deflection
Mn
My
Mcr
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 241
By being able to relate to M, curvature distribution for any loading can be plotted
Mn
My
Mcr
Mcr
My
Mcr
n
cr
cr
cr
Use this curvature diagram as we would for an elastic homogeneous member: Moment area is a simple way to obtain
deflection using this method.
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 242
13.9. Three rules for using moment--area method:

Rule 1)
The change in slope between A and B () is equal to the area of the diagram between A and
B.
Rule 2)
The deflection of B from the tangent at A () is equal to the moment of the diagram between
A and B about B.
Rule 3)
Two points on the elastic curve, or one point and the direction of the tangent at the point are
required to locate a curve in space.
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 243
13.10. Example of deflection calculation using M-- curve and Moment--Area Method:
Consider a beam section for which the following M-- curve has been developed. Find deflection at point of load
for cracking, yield, and ultimate moment.
Moment
Nominal
Mn = 5,000
My = 4,000
Mcr = 2,000
cr = 50 10 6
y = 200 10 6
n = 500 10 6
first yielding
first cracking
cr
Curvature
Pcr = 20 kips
= Moment of diagram about B
area of diagram =
= (400 in)(50x10--6 in--1)(1/2)
= 0.01
200
200
2000--k
= 1 10 2 200 = 2.0 in
cr = = 1
2
50x10--6 in--1
= (50 10 6)(200)(1)(200)(1) = 0.33 in

2
3
therefore,
cr = 1 = 1 0.33 = 0.67 in
A
cr
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 244
At Yielding
Py = 40 kips
A
200
200
4000--k
2000--k
=
2, 500(300 + 100) =
3
833, 333 10 6
200x10--6 in--1
(15, 000 + 10, 000)200 = 5, 000, 000 10 6
2, 500(200) =
3
166, 666 10 6
15,000
50x10--6 in--1
= 6, 000, 000 10 6
10,000
= 6 in
2500
2500
B
A
cr
=
2, 500(100 + 100) =
3
5, 000(50) =
7, 500(100) =
3
333, 333 10
250, 000 10 6
250, 000 10 6
= 833, 333 10 6
= 0.83 in
y = = 6 0.83 = 2.17 in
2
2
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 245
Pn = 50 kips
At Nominal Load
200
200
5000--k
4000--k
2000--k
500x10--6 in--1
12,000
6,000 12,000
2,000
12,000
200x10--6 in--1
6,000
50x10--6 in--1
2,000
cr
= (3)(12, 000) + (2)(6, 000) + 2(2, 000) 200 10 6 = 10.4 in
= (2, 000)(120 + 80) + (6, 000)(6) + (6, 000)(40 + 80) + (6, 000)(20) + (6, 000)(40) 10 6 = 1.25 in
3
3
3
n = = 10.2 1.25 = 3.95 in

2
2
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 246
13.11. How to Find a Moment-Curvature for a Beam

Crack Moment
f1
Cc
c
h d
d--c
h--c
s=
c
r = 1(h
c )
strains
=
As
bd
n =
d c c
Ts
c
f r = f 1 (h
c )
stresses
Es
Ec
Tc
forces
solve for c and find Mcr.
2
c = 2(n 1) + (hd)
d
2(n 1) + 2(hd)
and curvature will be =
f 1E c
c
Yield Moment
fy c
d
fy
c E
dc c
Cc
h d
c = kd
fy
d--c
b
=
As
bd
forces
n =
k = n +
c = kd
CIVL 4135
Ts
Es
Ec
(n) 2
solve for c and find My.

+ 2n
and curvature will be =

y c
f yE C
d c
=
=
c
d c
Deflection
page 247
Gross Section
Cracked Transformed Section
Gross and Cracked Moment of Inertia

Es
Ec
B= b
nA s
3
I g= bh
12
n=
Without Compression Steel

kd = (2dB + 1 1)B
I cr = bk 3d 33 + nA s(d kd) 2
With Compression Steel
r=
(n 1)A s
nA s
kd = 2dB(1 + rdd) + (1 + r) 2 (1 + r)B

I cr = bk 3d 33 + nA s(d kd) 2 + (n 1)A s(kd d) 2
Es
Ec
b
C= w
nA s
n=
h f(b b w)
nA s
(b bw)h2f + bwh2
f=
yt = h 1
2 (b b w)h f + b wh
I g = (b b w)h 3f 12 + b wh 312 +
+ (b b w)h f(h h f2 y t) 2+ b wh(y t h2) 2
Without Compression Steel
kd = C(2d + h ff) + (1 + f) 2 (1 + f)C
I cr = (b b w)h 3f 12 + b wk 3d 33 +
+ (bb w)h f(kdh f2) 2 + nA s(dkd) 2
With Compression Steel
kd = C(2d + h ff + 2rd) + (f + r + 1) 2 (f + r + 1)C
I cr = (bb w)h 3f 12 + b wk 3d 33 + (bb w)h f(kdh f2) 2 +
+ nA s(dkd) 2 + (n1)A s(kdd) 2
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 248
Exanple.
Consider the beam and cross section shown below
1.
Determine Icr, Ig , and Icr
2.
Assuming 20% of the live load is a long term sustained load, calculate the long--term sustained load deflection of the free end tip.
3.
Assuming that the full live load has been previously repeated numerous times, compute the
instantaneous tip deflection as the load is increased from 1.0DL + 0.2LL to 1.0DL + 1.0LL.
4.
Assuming that 1.0DL + 0.2LL is in place before attachment of fragile partitions that might be
damaged by large deflections, are such partitions likely to be damaged when the member is
fully loaded with design live load and creep effects?
fc = 3.0 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
Figure 13.1. Details considered in deflection of cantilever beam, (a) Support

and loading, (b) Cross section, and (c) Transformed cracked section.
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 249
CIVL 4135
Deflection
page 250
CIVL 4135
Deflection
Example of Bar Cutoff

A floor system consists of single span T-beams 8 ft on centers, supported by 12 in masonry walls spaced
at 25 ft between inside faces. The general arrangement is shown in below. A 5-inch monolithic slab to
be used in heavy storage warehouse. Determine the reinforcement configuration and the cutoff points.
Check the provisions of ACI 318 for bar cutoff.
fc = 4,000 psi (normal weight)

fy = 60,000 psi
8.0'
b
8.0'
26'
1.0'
8.0'
Typical
1.0'
?
5"
22" 18"
26'-0"
for definition
SeeSee
ACIACI
8.9 8.7
for definition
of span
of
span
length
length
12"
DeadDead
LoadLoad
Weight of5 slab = <tok_Tab>5 (in) x (1/12) (ft/in) x 150 (lb/ft3) x 7 (ft)
<tok_Tab><tok_Tab><tok_Tab>440
Weight of slab
= ( ft )(7 ft )(150lb / ft 3 ) = 440 lblb/ft
/ ft
12beam=<tok_Tab>
weight of
<tok_Tab>wd
= 440 + 275 = 715 lb/ft
12
22
Weight of beam
= ( ft )( =ft860
<tok_Tab>1.2wd
lb/ft
)((150
lb / ft 3 ) = 275 lb / ft
12
12
wD = 440 + 275 = 715 lb / ft

Live Load.1.2wD = 860 lb / ft
Referring to Table 1.1 in your notes, for Storage Warehouse - Heavy, wL =250 psf
Live Load
<tok_Tab>wL = 250 (lb/ft2) x (8 ft) = 2,000 lb/ft
Referring to Table
of 1.1 in your
<tok_Tab>1.6wL
= notes,
3,200 for
lb/ftStorage Warehouse Heavy, wL = 250 psf
wL = (250lb / ft 2 )(8 ft ) = 2, 000lb / ft
1.6wL = 3, 200 lb / ft
CIVL 4135
17
Bar Cutoff
Find Flange Width
26 12
= 78 inches
4
16h f + bw = 80 + 12 = 92 inches
Controls b = 48 inches
L/4 =
Centerline spacing = 8 12 = 96 inches

Determine Factored Load
wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL = 860 + 3, 200 = 4060 lb / ft = 4.06 kips/ft

Determine Factored Moment
1
M u = wu l 2
8
1
M u = (4.06)(26) 2 = 343 ft-kips
8
Design the T-beam
Use a trial and error procedure. First, assume for the first trial that the stress block depth
will be equal to the slab thickness (a = 5 inches):
As =
a=
Mu
343 12
76.2
= 4.92 in2
=
=
f y (d a / 2) 0.9 60(18 5 / 2) 18 5 / 2
As f y
'
c
0.85 f b
4.92 60
= 4.92 0.226 = 1.11 < h f = 5 inches ok.
0.85 4 78
The stress block depth is less than the slab thickness; therefore, the beam will act as a
rectangular beam and the rectangular beam equations are valid.
Adjust trial
As =
a=
Mu
76.2
=
= = 4.37 in2
f y (d a / 2) 18 1.11 / 2
As f y
0.85 f c'b
= 4.73 0.226 = 0.99
Next trial
As =
Mu
76.2
=
= = 4.35 in2
f y (d a / 2) 18 0.99 / 2
Close enough to previous iteration of 4.37 in2. Stop here.
CIVL 4135
18
Bar Cutoff
Use 6- #8 bars As = 4.71 in2
1.5"
clear
1.5"
clear
Check ACI for Maximum Steel:
78"
78"
hf=5"
0.85 f c'
Cc
Cc
d = 18"
18"
d c
max
2
AAsmax
=
?
in
= ? in2
s
d*c
Ts = As f y
s = t = 0.004
12"
Using similar triangles:
u
0.004
c
0.007
c
=
c = 7.71 inches
d c
0.004 18 c
a = 1c = 0.85 7.71 = 6.65 inches

Asmax f y = 0.85 fc' [78 5 + 12 1.56] Asmax = 23.16 in2
Since As = 4.71 in 2 23.16 in 2 , we satisfy the ACI code and we will have tension failure.
CIVL 4135
19
Bar Cutoff
1.5"
clear
d = 18 in
6- #8
As=4.71 in2
d = 18+0.5+.5
d =19 in 2- #8
As=1.57 in2
4- #8
As=3.14 in2
CASE 1
CASE 2
4 bars
As = 3.14
d = 18 in
2 bars
As = 1.57
d = 19 in
clear spacing =6.25 in
clear spacing = 6.25 in
6 bars
As = 4.71
d = 18 in
center60
to center spacing = 3.63 in
CASE 3
center to center spacing = 7.25 in
Vu (kips)
Note: Clear bar spacing is equal to:

40
20
stirrups
bars
cover
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Determine the Development Length Distance From Support (ft)
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13
400
350
Mu (ft-kips)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
Distance From Support (ft)
CIVL 4135
20
Bar Cutoff
Note:
Note:Code allows discontinuing 2/3 of longitudinal bars for simple spans. Therefore, lets cut 4 bars.
<tok_Tab>Code allows discontinuities of 2/3 of longitudinal bars for simple spans. Therefore, let's
cut 4 bars
Capacity of section after 4 bars are discontinued:
Capacity
after 4 bars are discontinued:
As f yof section
1.57 60
a=
=
= 0.355 inches
0.85 f c'b 0.85 4 78
a
M u (2 bars) = M n = As f y (d )
2
0.355 1
M u (2 bars) = 0.9 1.57 60(19
) = 133
2
12
ft kips

a=
As f y
'
c
0.85 f b
3.14 60
= 0.71 inches
0.85 4 78
a
M u (4 bars) = M n = As f y (d )
2
0.71 1
M u (4 bars) = 0.9 3.14 60(18
) = 250 ft kips
2
12
Find the location where the moment is equal to Mu( 2 bars)
wu wu==4.06
kip / ft
4.06 k/ft
Find the location where the moment is equal

to M u (2 bars ) :
x
1
M = 52.7 x (4.06) x 2
2
52.78 kips
52.78 kips
M = 52.7 x 2.03x 2
M u (2bars ) = 52.7 x 2.03x = 133
2
52.78 52.782 4 133 2.03

Find2.03
the location
where
the= moment
x 2 52.78
x + 133
0 x = is equal to Mu (4 bars)
= 2.8 ft
2 2.03
Find the location where the moment is equal to M u (4 bars ) :
M u (4 bars ) = 52.7 x 2.03x 2 = 250
2.03x 2 52.78x + 250 = 0 x =
CIVL 4135
52.78 52.782 4 250 2.03

= 6.3 ft
2 2.03
21
Bar Cutoff
CIVL 4135
22
Bar Cutoff
1.5"
clear
6- #8
As=4.71 in2
d = 18 in
4- #8
As=3.14 in2
CASE 1
d = 18+0.5+.5
d =19 in 2- #8
As=1.57 in2
CASE 2
4 bars
As = 3.14
d = 18 in
2 bars
As = 1.57
d = 19 in
clear spacing =6.25 in
6 bars
As = 4.71
d = 18 in
CASE 3

3
8
= 12 2 stirrups
no. of bars bars
2 (1.5 ) cover
no. of bars in one row - 1
8
8
Determine the Development Length
Determine the development length
t = 1.0
s = 1.0
e = 1.0
= 1.0
Atr = 0.22 in 2
n=3
s = 9 in
ktr =
Atr f yt
1500 sn
0.22 60,000
= 0.33
1500 9 3
1
(3.63) = 1.8 in control
c = 2
1.5 + 3/ 8 + 0.5 = 2.375 in
CIVL 4135
c + ktr 1.8 + 0.33

=
= 2.13 < 2.5 ok
db
1.00
23
Bar Cutoff
3 60,000 1111
3 f y t e s
ld =
db =
1 = 33 in
40 f ' c + k
40
2.13
4,000
tr
c

db
ld = 33 in = 2.75 ft
ld = 2.75
Asrequired
4.35
= 2.75
= 2.54
provided
As
4.71
CIVL 4135
ft
24
Bar Cutoff
Extend bars:
12db = 12 1.00 = 12 inches = 1 ft
= 18 Bars:
inches = 1.5 ft controls
d Extend
<tok_Tab>12db = 12 ( 1.0) = 12 inches = 1.0 ft

or
<tok_Tab>d = 18 / 12 = 1.5 ft
Governs
400
350
Mu (ft-kips)
300
250
200
150
100
CL
50
0
0
10
11
12
13
Distance From Support (ft)
> ld = 2.54'
3.05'
2.8'
6.7'
3.5'
> ld = 2.54'
5'
11.7'
> ld = 2.54'
8.2'
1.3'
3"
1.5'
1.5'
2-#8 2-#8 2-#8 One Layer

12"
CIVL 4135
25
Bar Cutoff
Check Zero Moment:
Check Zero Moment:
3"
Check Zero Moment:
ld 1.3
Mn
+ la
Vu
343
= 381 ft.kips
0.9
38112
ld 1.3
+ 3.00 = 116 inches
52.78
ld = 2.54 ft = 2.54 12 = 31 inches 116 inches ok
Mn =
Mu
3"
12"
12"
This is to ensure that the continued steel is of
This is to ensure that the continued steel is of sufficiently small diameter
sufficiently small diameter and the required
the required
anchorage
requirement
anchorage
requirement
of the ACI code
is satisfied. of the ACI code is satisfied.
and
This is to ensure that the continued steel is of sufficiently small diameter and
of the ACI code is satisfied.
Check for
shear Complication
Complications(ACI
12.10.5)
Check
shear
12.10.5)
the for
required
anchorage(ACI
requirement
Vc = 2 f c' bwd = 2 4,000 12 18 = 27.3 kips

A for
f d shear
Check
Complications
(ACI 12.10.5)
(0.22)
60 18
Vs = v y =
= 26.4 kips
s
9
Vu = (Vc + Vs ) = 0.75 ( 27.3 + 26.4 ) = 40.3 kips
4.06 k/ft
Vu(x = 1.3) = 52.78 - 4.06 x 1.3 = 47.5 kips
4.06 k/ft
Vu(x = 1.3) = 47.5 kips > (2/3) x 40.3 = 26.9
Vu(x = 1.3) = 52.78 - 4.06 x 1.3 = 47.5 kips

Vu(x
> (2/3)
26.9
Vu(x == 1.3)
4.8) =
= 47.5
52.78kips
- 4.06
x 4.8x =40.3
33.3= kips
Vu
x
52.78 kips
Vu(x = 4.8) = 33.3 kips > (2/3) x 40.3 = 26.9
Vu
Vu(x = 4.8) = 52.78 - 4.06 x 4.8 = 33.3 kips
52.78 kips
Vu(x
= additional
4.8) = 33.3reiforcements
kips > (2/3) xat40.3
26.9 points.
Need
both=cutoff
Need additional reiforcements at both cutoff points.
CIVL 4135
26
Bar Cutoff
Check for Shear Complications (ACI12.10.5), Continued
A f
(0.22)bw 60,000
s= v y =
= 18.33 in
60bw
60 12
Check for shear Complications (ACI 12.10.5), Continued
d
18
s=
=
= 6.7 in controls use 6 inches
8 d
2
8
6
Governs use 6 inches
Provide additional reinforcement for a length of (3/4)d/

provide additional shear reinforcedment for a length of (3/4)d
3
3
d = 18 = 13.5 inches
4
4
13'
11.7'
8.2'
1.5'
13.5 "
CIVL 4135
2-#8 2-#8 2-#8 One Layer
13.5 "
27
Bar Cutoff
Input information
f'c=
fy =
bar length =
s.s. (1), Cant. (2)
W_L =
W_d =
Design
Wu =
Mu =
5000
60000
22.5
1
1.50
2.00
1 = 0.8
psi
psi
ft
Comp
k/ft
k/ft
Tension
4.8 k/ft
3645 in-kips or
304
o o o o As
o
ft.kips
choose a c/d value
= 0.851
c/d= 0.3000
= 0.01700
c f c'
d fy
Find bd^2
bd^2 = 4514
choose b =
find d =
use d =
12 in
19.4 in
19.4
Find As =
3.96 in^2
choose steel
No.
4
Chosen steel properties

No. of bars =
4
bar size=
9
bar diameter =
1.128
bar area =
1
width (b) =
12
chosen cover =
1.50
Total Height is:
bd 2 =
in^3
Mu
f y (1 0.59 f y / fc' )
Trial Sizes
10
21.2
21.2
2.12
Bar size
9
7
------>
15.0
17.3
17.3
1.16
12
19.4
19.4
1.62
4.00 in^2
0.00 in^2
4.00 in^2
inches
in^2
in
Stirrup db =
Stirrup #
0.5
4
clear spacing =
1.16
bar spacing is
21.96
use 22.00
in-kips
in-kips
inches
ok
inches
Final moment capacity with the chosen dimensions and reinforcing steel=
d = 19.44
a = 4.71
c= 5.88
c/d = 0.30
Transition
= 0.9
Mn = 4100
Mu = 3690
15
17.3
17.3
1.16
a=
As f y
0.85 f c'b
18

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FALL 2013

Reinforced Concrete Design

1.1. Reading Assignment

Geometry of deformation of sections will be consistent under given types of loading;

Mechanics of materials will allow us to relate stresses to strains.

Sections will be in equilibrium: external moments will be resisted by internal

Weathering and fire resistance

Good compressive strength

1.3. Design Codes and Specifications

ACI Code (American Concrete Institute);

ACI commentary provides background material rational for code provisions;

AREA stands for American Railway Engineers Association; This is manual of

Deflections be adequately small;

Cracks if any be kept to a tolerable limits;

Forces/loads might be distributed in a manner different from what we assumed;

The assumptions in analysis might not be exactly correct;

Actual behavior might be different from that assumed;

1.7. Design Basis

1.8. Strength Design (or Ultimate Strength Design)

The strength design method may be expressed by the following,

Proportion your members that have these properties.

1.9. Allowable Stress Design

As an alternate to the strength design method, members may be proportioned so that

The working stress method may be expressed by the following:

f allowable stresses ( f allowable )

An elastically computed stress, such as by using the flexure

A limiting stress prescribed by a building code as a percentage of

1.10. Safety Provisions of the ACI Code

1.11. Required Strength (Section 9.2 of the ACI Code)

ACI Equation (9-1)

ACI Equation (9-2)

U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

ACI Equation (9-3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)

ACI Equation (9-4)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

ACI Equation (9-5)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S

ACI Equation (9-6)

U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H

ACI Equation (9-7)

U= = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Read ACI Sections 9.2.2 through 9.2.5.

1.12. Reduction in Live Load

Reduced design live load per square foot of area supported by

Unreduced design live load per square foot of area,

1.13. Design Strength (Section 9.3 of the ACI Code)

to allow for under-strength members due to variations in material strengths and

to permit for inaccuracies in the design provisions

to reflect the importance of the member in the structure.

Table 1.3. Strength Reduction Factors, F, of the ACI Code.

Tension controlled sections as defined in 10.3.4

Alternatively, when Appendix B is used, for members in which fy

Shear and torsion

9.3.5. Plain Concrete

ACI Equation (9-1)

ACI Equation (9-2)

U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

ACI Equation (9-3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)

ACI Equation (9-4)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

ACI Equation (9-5)