LTS 5 TableOfContents

2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved.
Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
FOREWORD
The fifth edition of the Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic
Signals incorporates recent work performed under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and
state-sponsored research activities. NCHRP 20-07 Task 209 reviewed past research and recommended updates to the
Specifications. Changes are primarily a result of NCHRP Report 469: Fatigue-Resistant Design of Cantilevered Signal,
Sign, and Light Supports, and NCHRP Report 494: Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic
Signals.
Section 3, Loads, includes a metric conversion of the wind map presented in ASCE/SEI 7-05. The basic wind speed
map is updated based on a new analysis of hurricane wind speeds and more detailed maps are included for hurricane-prone
regions. Drag coefficients for multisided shapes are included which utilize a linear transition from a round to a multisided
cross section.
Design guidelines for bending about the diagonal axis for rectangular steel sections are included in Section 5, Steel
Design. The width-to-thickness ratios and the non-compact limit for stems of tees are also specified. Guidance is
provided on the selection of base plate thickness because thicker base plates can dramatically increase fatigue life of the
pole to base plate connection. Section 5 also includes updates to the anchor bolt material specifications used in traffic
signal support structures; the design loads of double-nut and single-nut anchor bolt connections; allowable stresses in
anchor bolts; specifications to proportion anchor bolt holes in the base plate; and guidance on anchor bolt tightening.
The scope of Section 11, Fatigue Design, is expanded to include non-cantilevered support structures and the
associated fatigue importance factors. Vortex shedding response has been observed in tapered lighting poles often exciting
second or third mode vibrations. Tapered poles are now required to be investigated for vortex shedding. Drag coefficients
to be used in the calculation of vortex shedding, natural wind gusts, and truck induced wind gusts have been clarified, and
additional guidance is provided as commentary for the selection of the fatigue importance category. Finally, the influence
of unequal leg fillet welds on the fatigue performance has been included.
The Specifications are based on the allowable stress design methodology and are intended to address the usual
structural supports. Requirements more stringent than those in the Specifications may be appropriate for atypical structural
supports. The commentary is intended to provide background on some of the considerations contained in the
Specifications; however it does not provide a complete historical background nor detailed discussions of the associated
research studies. The Specifications and accompanying commentary do not replace sound engineering knowledge and
judgment.
AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures
v
PREFACE
The fifth edition of Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic
Signals supersedes the fourth edition and its 2002, 2003, and 2006 interims. It includes changes approved by the Highways
Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures in 2007 and 2008.
An abbreviated table of contents follows this preface. Detailed tables of contents precede each Section and each
Appendix.
For the first time, Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals
includes a CD-ROM with many helpful search features that will be familiar to users of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications CD-ROM. Examples include:
Bookmarks to all articles;
Links within the text to cited articles, figures, tables, and equations;
Links for current titles in reference lists to AASHTOs Bookstore; and
The Acrobat search function.

AASHTO Publications Staff
vi
ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1-i
SECTION 2: GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN ..........................................................................................................2-i
SECTION 3: LOADS ..........................................................................................................................................................3-i
SECTION 4: ANALYSIS AND DESIGNGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................4-i
SECTION 5: STEEL DESIGN ............................................................................................................................................5-i
SECTION 6: ALUMINUM DESIGN..................................................................................................................................6-i
SECTION 7: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN .......................................................................................................7-i
SECTION 8: FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES DESIGN.........................................................................................8-i
SECTION 9: WOOD DESIGN............................................................................................................................................9-i
SECTION 10: SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS....................................................................................................10-i
SECTION 11: FATIGUE DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................11-i
SECTION 12: BREAKAWAY SUPPORTS .....................................................................................................................12-i
SECTION 13: FOUNDATION DESIGN ..........................................................................................................................13-i
APPENDIX A: ANALYSIS OF SPAN-WIRE STRUCTURES ........................................................................................A-i
APPENDIX B: DESIGN AIDS ..........................................................................................................................................B-i
APPENDIX C: ALTERNATE METHOD FOR WIND PRESSURES ..............................................................................C-i
vii
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
1.1SCOPE ..........................................................................................................................................................................1-1
1.2DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................................................1-2
1.3APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................................1-2
1.4TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS...................................................................................................................1-3
1.4.1Sign.....................................................................................................................................................................1-3
1.4.2Luminaire ...........................................................................................................................................................1-3
1.4.3Traffic Signal......................................................................................................................................................1-6
1.4.4Combination Structures .....................................................................................................................................1-6
1.5REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................1-8
1-i
SECTION 2: GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
2.1SCOPE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.3AESTHETICS .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.4FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................................ 2-2
2.4.1Lighting Systems.................................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.4.1.1Vertical Heights for Luminaire Supports.................................................................................................... 2-2
2.4.1.2Illumination of the Roadway....................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4.2Structural Supports for Signs and Traffic Signals................................................................................................. 2-3
2.4.2.1Vertical Clearances...................................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4.2.2Size, Height, and Location of Signs............................................................................................................ 2-5
2.4.2.3Illumination and Reflectorization of Signs................................................................................................. 2-5
2.4.2.4Variable Message Signs .............................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.5ROADSIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS .......................................................................... 2-5
2.5.1Clear Zone Distance............................................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.5.2Breakaway Supports .............................................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.5.2.1Foundations ................................................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.5.2.2Impact Height .............................................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.5.3Guardrails and Other Barriers................................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.5.4Roadside Sign and Luminaire Supports ................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.5.5Overhead Sign Supports and High-Level Lighting Supports ............................................................................... 2-7
2.5.6Traffic Signal Supports .......................................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.5.7Gores....................................................................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.5.8Urban Areas............................................................................................................................................................ 2-8
2.5.9Joint-Use Supports ................................................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.6CORRELATION OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORT DESIGN WITH ROADWAY AND BRIDGE DESIGN ........... 2-8
2.6.1Signs ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2-8
2.6.2Luminaires.............................................................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.7MAINTENANCE............................................................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.8REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................................. 2-9
2-i
SECTION 3: LOADS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
3.1SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................................3-1
3.2DEFINITIONS .....................................................................................................................................................................3-1
3.3NOTATION..........................................................................................................................................................................3-2
3.4GROUP LOAD COMBINATIONS ....................................................................................................................................3-3
3.5DEAD LOAD.......................................................................................................................................................................3-3
3.6LIVE LOAD .........................................................................................................................................................................3-4
3.7ICE LOAD............................................................................................................................................................................3-4
3.8WIND LOAD .......................................................................................................................................................................3-5
3.8.1Wind Pressure Equation.............................................................................................................................................3-5
3.8.2Basic Wind Speed ......................................................................................................................................................3-5
3.8.2.1Elevated Locations ..........................................................................................................................................3-6
3.8.2.2Special Wind Regions .....................................................................................................................................3-6
3.8.3Wind Importance Factor Ir .........................................................................................................................................3-6
3.8.4Height and Exposure Factor Kz ................................................................................................................................3-11
3.8.5Gust Effect Factor G ................................................................................................................................................3-12
3.8.6Drag Coefficients Cd ................................................................................................................................................3-14
3.9DESIGN WIND LOADS ON STRUCTURES.................................................................................................................3-20
3.9.1Load Application......................................................................................................................................................3-20
3.9.2Design Loads for Horizontal Supports ....................................................................................................................3-20
3.9.3Design Loads for Vertical Supports ........................................................................................................................3-20
3.9.4Unsymmetrical Wind Loading.................................................................................................................................3-21
3.9.4.1Overhead Cantilevered Supports...................................................................................................................3-21
3.9.4.2Concentrically Mounted Supports.................................................................................................................3-21
3.10REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................3-25
3-i
SECTION 4: ANALYSIS AND DESIGNGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4
4
4.1SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................................4-1
4.2DEFINITIONS .....................................................................................................................................................................4-1
4.3NOTATION..........................................................................................................................................................................4-1
4.4DESIGN METHOD .............................................................................................................................................................4-2
4.5STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................................................4-2
4.6DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS ........................................................................................................................4-2
4.6.1Vertical Cantilever Supports (Pole-Type) .................................................................................................................4-2
4.6.2Horizontal Supports (Single-Member or Truss)........................................................................................................4-3
4.6.3Horizontal Supports (Span Wire and Connections) ..................................................................................................4-3
4.7ANALYSIS OF SPAN-WIRE STRUCTURES..................................................................................................................4-3
4.8SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS .............................................................................................................................................4-3
4.8.1Simplified Method .....................................................................................................................................................4-4
4.8.2Detailed Method.........................................................................................................................................................4-5
4.9REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................................................................4-6
4-i
SECTION 5: STEEL DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5
Chapter 5
5.1SCOPE .........................................................................................................................................................................5-1
5.2DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................................................................5-1
5.3NOTATION .................................................................................................................................................................5-1
5.4MATERIALSTRUCTURAL STEEL ......................................................................................................................5-3
5.5LOCAL BUCKLING...................................................................................................................................................5-3
5.5.1Classification of Steel Sections..........................................................................................................................5-3
5.5.2WidthThickness Ratios for Round and Multisided Tubular Sections ..............................................................5-4
5.5.3WidthThickness Ratios for Compression Plate Elements ................................................................................5-5
5.5.4Slender Element Sections...................................................................................................................................5-5
5.6ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS FOR ROUND AND MULTISIDED TUBULAR MEMBERS ........................5-6
5.7ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS FOR FLANGED I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS .......................5-8
5.7.1Strong Axis Bending..........................................................................................................................................5-8
5.7.1.1Members with Compact and Noncompact Sections and Adequate Lateral Support................................5-8
5.7.1.2Members with Compact or Noncompact Sections and with Inadequate Lateral Support........................5-8
5.7.2Weak Axis Bending ...........................................................................................................................................5-9
5.7.2.1Members with Compact Sections ............................................................................................................5-9
5.7.2.2Members with Noncompact Sections ....................................................................................................5-10
5.8ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS FOR SOLID BARS AND RECTANGULAR PLATES BENT
ABOUT THEIR MINOR (WEAK) AXIS ..........................................................................................................................5-10
5.9ALLOWABLE TENSION STRESS..........................................................................................................................5-10
5.9.1Determination of the Area A ............................................................................................................................5-11
5.9.1.1Tension Load Transmitted Only by Bolts..............................................................................................5-11
5.9.1.2Tension Load Transmitted Only by Longitudinal Welds to Other than a Plate Member or by
Longitudinal Welds in Combination with Transverse Welds ...............................................................................5-11
5.9.1.3Tension Load Transmitted Only by Transverse Welds..........................................................................5-11
5.9.1.4Tension Load Transmitted to a Plate by Longitudinal Welds along Both Edges at the End
of the Plate for Lw w...........................................................................................................................................5-11
5.9.2Slenderness Limit.............................................................................................................................................5-11
5.10ALLOWABLE COMPRESSION STRESS.............................................................................................................5-12
5.10.1Slenderness Limit...........................................................................................................................................5-12
5.11ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS............................................................................................................................5-12
5.11.1Round Tubular Members ...............................................................................................................................5-13
5.11.2Multisided Tubular Members.........................................................................................................................5-14
5.11.3Other Shapes ..................................................................................................................................................5-15
5.12COMBINED STRESSES.........................................................................................................................................5-15
5-i
5-ii
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS FOR HIGHWAY SIGNS, LUMINAIRES, AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS
5.12.1Vertical Cantilever Pole-Type Supports.........................................................................................................5-16

5.12.2Other Members ..............................................................................................................................................5-16
5.12.2.1Axial Compression, Bending, and Shear .............................................................................................5-16
5.12.2.2Axial Tension, Bending, and Shear......................................................................................................5-17
5.12.2.3Bending of Square and Rectangular Tubes ..........................................................................................5-17
5.13CABLES AND CONNECTIONS............................................................................................................................5-18
5.14DETAILS OF DESIGN ...........................................................................................................................................5-18
5.14.1Minimum Thickness of Material....................................................................................................................5-18
5.14.2Base Plate Thickness......................................................................................................................................5-18
5.14.3Dimensional Tolerances.................................................................................................................................5-19
5.14.4Slip Type Field Splice....................................................................................................................................5-19
5.15WELDED CONNECTIONS....................................................................................................................................5-19
5.15.1Circumferential Welded Splices.....................................................................................................................5-19
5.15.2Longitudinal Seam Welds ..............................................................................................................................5-20
5.15.3Base Connection Welds .................................................................................................................................5-20
5.16BOLTED CONNECTIONS .....................................................................................................................................5-20
5.17ANCHOR BOLT CONNECTIONS.........................................................................................................................5-21
5.17.1Anchor Bolt Types .........................................................................................................................................5-21
5.17.2Anchor Bolt Materials....................................................................................................................................5-21
5.17.3Design Basis...................................................................................................................................................5-22
5.17.3.1Double-Nut Anchor Bolt Connections.................................................................................................5-23
5.17.3.2Single-Nut Anchor Bolt Connections ..................................................................................................5-23
5.17.3.3Use of Grout.........................................................................................................................................5-24
5.17.3.4Wind-Induced Cyclic Loads ................................................................................................................5-24
5.17.4Anchor Bolt Design........................................................................................................................................5-24
5.17.4.1Distribution of Anchor Bolt Forces......................................................................................................5-24
5.17.4.2Allowable Stresses for Anchor Bolts ...................................................................................................5-25
5.17.4.3Bending Stress in Anchor Bolts ...........................................................................................................5-26
5.17.4.4Anchor Bolt Holes in Base Plate..........................................................................................................5-26
5.17.5Anchor Bolt Installation.................................................................................................................................5-27
5.17.5.1Anchorage Requirements .....................................................................................................................5-27
5.17.5.2Anchor Bolt Pretensioning...................................................................................................................5-27
5.17.5.3Plumbness of Anchor Bolts..................................................................................................................5-29
5.18MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL ....................................................................................5-30
5.18.1General ...........................................................................................................................................................5-30
5.18.2Painted Structures ..........................................................................................................................................5-30
5.18.3Galvanized Structures ....................................................................................................................................5-30
5.19REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................................5-30
SECTION 6: ALUMINUM DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6
6.1SCOPE.......................................................................................................................................................................................6-1
6.2NOTATION ..............................................................................................................................................................................6-1
6.3MATERIALALUMINUM ALLOY....................................................................................................................................6-3
6.4NONWELDED MEMBERS....................................................................................................................................................6-3
6.4.1Local Buckling Stress...................................................................................................................................................6-11
6.4.2Allowable Bending Stress ............................................................................................................................................6-12
6.4.2.1Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength.....................................................................................................6-13
6.4.3Allowable Tension Stress.............................................................................................................................................6-13
6.4.3.1Slenderness Limit...............................................................................................................................................6-13
6.4.4Allowable Compression Stress ....................................................................................................................................6-13
6.4.4.1Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength .................................................................................................6-14
6.4.4.2Slenderness Limit...............................................................................................................................................6-14
6.4.5Allowable Shear Stress.................................................................................................................................................6-14
6.4.5.1Torsion and Shear in Tubes...............................................................................................................................6-14
6.4.6Bearing ..........................................................................................................................................................................6-14
6.5WELDED MEMBERS...........................................................................................................................................................6-15
6.5.1Filler Wire .....................................................................................................................................................................6-15
6.5.2Members with Longitudinal Welds .............................................................................................................................6-16
6.5.3Members with Transverse Welds.................................................................................................................................6-17
6.6CASTING ALLOYS ..............................................................................................................................................................6-17
6.7COMBINED STRESSES .......................................................................................................................................................6-18
6.7.1Vertical Cantilever Pole-Type Supports ......................................................................................................................6-19
6.7.2Other Members .............................................................................................................................................................6-19
6.7.2.1Axial Compression, Bending, and Shear ..........................................................................................................6-19
6.7.2.2Axial Tension, Bending, and Shear...................................................................................................................6-20
6.8DETAILS OF DESIGN..........................................................................................................................................................6-20
6.8.1Minimum Thickness of Material..................................................................................................................................6-20
6.8.2Dimensional Tolerances ...............................................................................................................................................6-20
6.9WELDED CONNECTIONS..................................................................................................................................................6-20
6.10BOLTED CONNECTIONS AND ANCHOR BOLTS ......................................................................................................6-20
6.11PROTECTION......................................................................................................................................................................6-21
6.11.1Galvanic Corrosion (Contact with Dissimilar Materials)..........................................................................................6-21
6.11.2Overall Painting ..........................................................................................................................................................6-22
6.11.3Cleaning and Treatment of Metal Surfaces ...............................................................................................................6-22
6.11.4Anodizing....................................................................................................................................................................6-22
6.12REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................................................6-23
6-i
SECTION 7: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
7.1SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................................7-1
7.2DEFINITIONS .....................................................................................................................................................................7-1
7.3NOTATION..........................................................................................................................................................................7-1
7.4MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................................................................7-2
7.5DESIGN................................................................................................................................................................................7-3
7.5.1Method of Design.......................................................................................................................................................7-3
7.5.2Concrete Strength.......................................................................................................................................................7-3
7.6ALLOWABLE STRESSES.................................................................................................................................................7-3
7.6.1Concrete......................................................................................................................................................................7-3
7.6.2Prestressing Tendons..................................................................................................................................................7-3
7.7LOSS OF PRESTRESS .......................................................................................................................................................7-4
7.8STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS.........................................................................................................................................7-4
7.8.1Design Flexural Strength ...........................................................................................................................................7-4
7.8.2Design Shear Strength................................................................................................................................................7-5
7.8.3Design Torsional Strength .........................................................................................................................................7-6
7.8.4Combined Shear and Torsion ....................................................................................................................................7-7
7.9DEVELOPMENT OF PRESTRESSING STRAND ..........................................................................................................7-7
7.9.1Development Length..................................................................................................................................................7-7
7.9.2Transfer Length..........................................................................................................................................................7-7
7.10DURABILITY....................................................................................................................................................................7-8
7.10.1General .....................................................................................................................................................................7-8
7.10.2Concrete Cover.........................................................................................................................................................7-8
7.11MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES .............................................................................................................................7-8
7.12INSPECTION.....................................................................................................................................................................7-9
7.13REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................................7-9
7-i
SECTION 8: FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8
8.1SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.3NOTATION.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.4MATERIALFIBERGLASS-REINFORCED POLYESTER.......................................................................................... 8-3
8.4.1Polyester Resins ......................................................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.4.2Glass Fiber Reinforcement......................................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.5MANUFACTURING METHODS ...................................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.6METHOD OF DESIGN ....................................................................................................................................................... 8-5
8.6.1Design Assumptions .................................................................................................................................................. 8-5
8.7TESTING .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8-6
8.7.1Bending Strength of FRP Poles ................................................................................................................................. 8-6
8.7.2Other Tests ................................................................................................................................................................. 8-6
8.8ALLOWABLE STRESSES ................................................................................................................................................. 8-7
8.8.1Determination of Mechanical Properties of FRP ...................................................................................................... 8-7
8.8.2Allowable Bending Stress for Tubular Sections ....................................................................................................... 8-7
8.8.3Allowable Bending Stress for W and I Sections ....................................................................................................... 8-8
8.8.4Allowable Compression StressFlexural Buckling .................................................................................................... 8-9
8.8.5Allowable Compression StressLocal Buckling ..................................................................................................... 8-9
8.8.6Allowable Tension Stress ........................................................................................................................................ 8-10
8.8.7Allowable Shear Stress ............................................................................................................................................ 8-10
8.9COMBINED STRESSES................................................................................................................................................... 8-10
8.9.1Bending and Compression ....................................................................................................................................... 8-10
8.9.2Bending and Tension ............................................................................................................................................... 8-11
8.10MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FRP MEMBERS ...................................................................................................... 8-11
8.11REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................. 8-11
8-i
SECTION 9: WOOD DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
9
9.1SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................................9-1
9.2DEFINITIONS .....................................................................................................................................................................9-1
9.3NOTATION..........................................................................................................................................................................9-2
9.4MATERIAL..........................................................................................................................................................................9-3
9.4.1Wood Products ...........................................................................................................................................................9-3
9.5DESIGNGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS....................................................................................................................9-3
9.5.1Design Dimensions of Posts ......................................................................................................................................9-3
9.5.2Design Dimensions of Poles ......................................................................................................................................9-3
9.5.3Net Section .................................................................................................................................................................9-5
9.6BASIC DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD MEMBERS......................................................................................................9-5
9.7ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR WOOD MEMBERS .....................................................................................................9-8
9.8ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ................................................................................................................................................9-8
9.8.1Wet Service Factor for Posts CM................................................................................................................................9-8
9.8.2Wet Service Use for Poles .........................................................................................................................................9-9
9.8.3Untreated Factor for Poles Cu ....................................................................................................................................9-9
9.9TAPERED COMPRESSION MEMBERS..........................................................................................................................9-9
9.10STRESS CALCULATIONS............................................................................................................................................9-10
9.10.1Shear Stress ............................................................................................................................................................9-10
9.11COMBINED STRESSES.................................................................................................................................................9-10
9.11.1Combined Bending and Axial Compression.........................................................................................................9-11
9.12CONNECTIONS..............................................................................................................................................................9-11
9.13MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR WOOD PRODUCTS ...............................................................................................9-12
9.13.1Preservative Treatment for Posts ...........................................................................................................................9-12
9.13.2Preservative Treatment for Poles...........................................................................................................................9-12
9.14REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................9-13
9-i
SECTION 10: SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10
10.1SCOPE ..............................................................................................................................................................................10-1
10.2DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................................10-1
10.3NOTATION......................................................................................................................................................................10-1
10.4DEFLECTION .................................................................................................................................................................10-1
10.4.1Overhead Bridge Supports for Signs and Traffic Signals.....................................................................................10-2
10.4.2Cantilevered Supports for Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals ......................................................................10-2
10.4.2.1Vertical Supports .........................................................................................................................................10-2
10.4.2.2Horizontal Supports.....................................................................................................................................10-3
10.4.3Vibration.................................................................................................................................................................10-3
10.4.3.1Requirements for Individual Truss Members .............................................................................................10-4
10.5CAMBER .........................................................................................................................................................................10-4
10.6REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................10-6
10-i
SECTION 11: FATIGUE DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
11
11.1SCOPE ..............................................................................................................................................................................11-1
11.2DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................................11-1
11.3NOTATION......................................................................................................................................................................11-1
11.4APPLICABLE STRUCTURE TYPES............................................................................................................................11-3
11.5DESIGN CRITERIA........................................................................................................................................................11-3
11.6FATIGUE IMPORTANCE FACTORS ..........................................................................................................................11-5
11.7FATIGUE DESIGN LOADS...........................................................................................................................................11-6
11.7.1Galloping................................................................................................................................................................11-7
11.7.2Vortex Shedding ....................................................................................................................................................11-9
11.7.3Natural Wind Gust ...............................................................................................................................................11-11
11.7.4Truck-Induced Gust .............................................................................................................................................11-12
11.8DEFLECTION ...............................................................................................................................................................11-13
11.9FATIGUE RESISTANCE .............................................................................................................................................11-13
11.10REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................11-23
11-i
SECTION 12: BREAKAWAY SUPPORTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
12 12
12.1SCOPE ..............................................................................................................................................................................12-1
12.2DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................................12-1
12.3DESIGN OF BREAKAWAY SUPPORTS.....................................................................................................................12-2
12.4STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE.................................................................................................................................12-2
12.5BREAKAWAY DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................................12-3
12.5.1Impact Test Evaluation Criteria.............................................................................................................................12-3
12.5.2Analytical Evaluation of Impact Tests ..................................................................................................................12-5
12.5.3Additional Requirements .......................................................................................................................................12-5
12.6DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................12-7
12.7BREAKAWAY MECHANISMS....................................................................................................................................12-7
12.8REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................12-8
12-i
SECTION 13: FOUNDATION DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
13
13.1SCOPE ..............................................................................................................................................................................13-1
13.2DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................................13-1
13.3NOTATION......................................................................................................................................................................13-1
13.4DETERMINATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES ...............................................................................................................13-2
13.5FOUNDATION BEARING CAPACITY .......................................................................................................................13-2
13.5.1Allowable Bearing Capacity..................................................................................................................................13-2
13.6DRILLED SHAFTS.........................................................................................................................................................13-2
13.6.1Geotechnical Design ..............................................................................................................................................13-3
13.6.1.1Embedment..................................................................................................................................................13-3
13.6.1.2Capacity .......................................................................................................................................................13-6
13.6.2Structural Design....................................................................................................................................................13-6
13.6.2.1Details ..........................................................................................................................................................13-6
13.7SPREAD FOOTINGS......................................................................................................................................................13-6
13.8PILES................................................................................................................................................................................13-7
13.9SCREW-IN HELIX..........................................................................................................................................................13-7
13.10EMBEDMENT OF LIGHTLY LOADED SMALL POLES AND POSTS ................................................................13-7
13.11REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................13-10
13-i
APPENDIX A: ANALYSIS OF SPAN-WIRE STRUCTURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A
A1SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................................................A-1
A2DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................................................A-1
A3NOTATION ................................................................................................................................................................A-1
A4CONFIGURATIONS..................................................................................................................................................A-2
A5SAG.............................................................................................................................................................................A-2
A6LOADING ..................................................................................................................................................................A-3
A7SIMPLIFIED METHOD.............................................................................................................................................A-3
A7.1Group I Load Combination (Dead Load Only).................................................................................................A-3
A7.2Group II and Group III Load Combinations (Dead, Ice, and Wind Loads).....................................................A-4
A8DETAILED METHOD...............................................................................................................................................A-7
A8.1Group I Load Combination (Dead Load Only).................................................................................................A-7
A8.2Group II and Group III Load Combinations (Dead, Ice, and Wind Loads)....................................................A-7
A9REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................A-8
A-i
APPENDIX B: DESIGN AIDS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
B
B1SECTIONAL PROPERTIES FOR TUBULAR SHAPES .......................................................................................... B-1
B2STRESSES FOR TUBULAR SECTIONS.................................................................................................................. B-2
B3DEFLECTION EQUATIONS FOR TAPERED TUBULAR CANTILEVERED BEAMS ....................................... B-4
B4DEFLECTION EQUATIONS FOR TAPERED CANTILEVERED BEAMS ........................................................... B-5
B5EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS FOR COLUMNS ............................................................................................... B-6
B6ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR SELECTED ALUMINUM ALLOYS................................................................... B-7
B7REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... B-42
B-i
APPENDIX C: ALTERNATE METHOD FOR WIND PRESSURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C
C1ALTERNATE METHOD ........................................................................................................................................... C-1
C2WIND LOAD.............................................................................................................................................................. C-1
C3WIND PRESSURE FORMULA................................................................................................................................. C-1
C4REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................ C-8
C-i

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ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 2: GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN

SECTION 4: ANALYSIS AND DESIGNGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

SECTION 5: STEEL DESIGN

5.12.1Vertical Cantilever Pole-Type Supports.........................................................................................................5-16

SECTION 6: ALUMINUM DESIGN

SECTION 7: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

SECTION 8: FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES DESIGN

SECTION 9: WOOD DESIGN

SECTION 10: SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 11: FATIGUE DESIGN

SECTION 12: BREAKAWAY SUPPORTS

SECTION 13: FOUNDATION DESIGN

APPENDIX A: ANALYSIS OF SPAN-WIRE STRUCTURES

APPENDIX B: DESIGN AIDS

APPENDIX C: ALTERNATE METHOD FOR WIND PRESSURES

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