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SOIL MOTIONS UNDER VIBRATING FOUNDATIONS

A Dissertation
By

JOHN V I V I A N PERRY, JR,

Submitted to the Graduate School of the

Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in
partial f u l f i l l m e n t of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
August

Major Subject

T963

Mechanical Engineering

SOIL MOTIONS UNDER VIBRATING FOUNDATIONS

A Dissertation
By
JOHN V I V I A N PERRY, JR,

Approved as to style and content by

(Chairman of Comnn ttee)

[Heacl of

Department)

August

382719

1963

ABSTRACT
Soil Motions under V i b r a t i n g Foundations
John V. Perry, Jr., B.S.,

V i r g i n i a Polytechnic Institute

M.S., Texas A i M University

Directed by:

Prof. Spencer J. Buchanan

and Prof. Roy M. Wingren

This research was undertaken to determine the amount and
extent of s o i l motions under v i b r a t i n g foundations.

The test

s o i l was standard 20-30 Ottawa sand, ASTM C-190, that was

contained in a one-meter c u b i c a l box.

A force generator was

mounted above the s o i l and a p p l i e d dynamic loads to a circular footing.

These were harmonic forces and were a p p l i e d at

frequencies between f i v e and fifty cycles per second.

Three hundred and sixty-seven test runs were recorded
on an electromagnetic oscillograph from s i g n a l s generated by
an acceIerometer buried in the s o i l .

This acceIerometer was

located at v a r i o u s depths beneath the center of a footing

and, at other times, it was located beneath and offcenter.
Other v a r i a b l e s were the footings which had different diameters and masses.
l~hree e m p i r i c a l equations were developed from the test
results u s i n g d i m e n s i o n a l analysis. These equations were for
m a x i m u m v a l u e s of acceleration, velocity and displacement,
respect i v e l y .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My sincere regards go to Dean W. C. H a l l , Dean F. J.

Benson and Dr. C. M. Simmang for their interests, considerations and f i n a n c i a l aid that made possible t h i s inves-

t i gat i on.
\
Deep appreciation is extended to the members of my
committee:

Professors C. W. Crawford, L. S. O'Bannon and

R. M. Wingren - Mechanical Engineering Department; Dr. R. E.

Basye - Mathematics; Professor S. J. Buchanan - C i v i l Engineering Deoartment; and Dr. H. T. Kennedy - Petroleum Engineering Department; for their confidence, guidance, and
counseling.
My associates:

S. E. Brown, J. R. Carter, R. H. Gibson,

J. G. Simek, H. G. Stall ings, and Hoyett Taylor are recognized for their contributions toward the design, manufacture,
and construction of the vibrator, foundation and electronic
components.
Special thanks are given Professor A. M. Gaddis for
technical assistance in the instrumentation of the project,
also Professor L. So O'Bannon for his many h e l p f u l suggestions and f r i e n d s h i p over the years.
Restitution can never be made to my wife, Helen, and my
c h i l d r e n , John, Judy and Joan, for what they have endured,
but t h e i r sacrifices have been both noticed and appreciated.

i ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

2 ii

AcknowIedgments
List of Tables

L i st of Fi gures
List of Symbols

v
vi
v i ii

Introduction

II

Equ i pment

I II

Procedure

18

Results

28

Conclusions

48

Recommendations

49

IV
V
VI

References

51

Append!x

53

LIST OF TABLES
Page

Table
; = 6.28

inches.

30

Test results for

Test results for D,; = 5 inches.

36

Test results for

; = 6 inches.

37

Test results for D^ = 7 inches.

40

Foundation

44

Calibration curve and run correspondence.

settlements.

7 Dimension less values of

and (Y/DJ.

}, (f 2n

44
45

LIST OF FIGURES
Page

Figure
Recording equipment and potentiometer type
caIibrator.
i ,
C a l i b r a t i o n and accelerometer a m p l i f y i n g
equ ipment.

Calibration position for force transducer

with loading rod and indicator.

C a l i b r a t i o n position for force transducer

with loading rod, five ten-pound weights,
and indicator.

Three loading springs in c a l i b r a t i o n position

with indicator and force transducer.

1
2

'

10

Scales for w e i g h i n g sand and balance for

smaI I equ ipment.

10

Centered load point.

11

Foundation

11

Loading column in position.

11

10

Left depth gage and belt transmission between

v a r i a b l e speed d r i v e and loading frame.

12

11

Drive side of loading frame and r i g h t depth

gage.

12

12

Elements included in the

13

13

E l e c t r i c a l equipment configuration.

14

14

Tee-box and connectors.

15

15

A m p l i f i e r power supply.

16

16

Force transducer without strain gages.

17

17

Performance curve of Reeves Vari-Speed

Motordrive.

23

a l i g n e d under load point.

foundation.

vi
.

. -

.; -

-;

'

'

Page

Figure
18

AcceIerometer and recording equipment

calibration records ( f u l l size).

24

19*

AcceIerometer and recording equipment

calibration curves for 0.10 g.

25

20

Information obtained from photographic

record.

26

21

Five photographs showing changes in

accelerometer output as (Y) decreases.

27

22

V i b r a t i o n nomograph.

43

23

Logarithmic graph of values from Table 7,

46

24

Graph of <5_/<5o versus r, from Figure 23

and Equation 8.

47

vii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Symbol

A .

D imens i ons
Double a m p l i t u d e of l i g h t beam trace
from acceIerometer

Double a m p l i t u d e of l i g h t beam trace

from acceIerometer during c a l i b r a t i o n

'

Calibration curves
D

R e l a t i v e density of sand

none

Foundation diameter

AcceIerometer sensitivity

Calibrated accelerometer sensitivity

Dimension of force

Mean force a p p l i e d to the sand

V a r i a b l e harmonic force a p p l i e d to the sand

M i n i m u m force sensed by the transducer

M a x i m u m force sensed by the transducer

Specific gravity of s o l i d s in sand

Depth of free sand in box

Depth of sand under the foundation

Dimension of length

Horizontal distance between foundation

and accelerometer centers

Foundation settlement

D i mens i on of t i me

Volume of solids, air and water in sand

Weight (mass) of sand in box

t
L

v i it

none

D imens i ons

Symbo
W

Weight (mass) of foundation

above transducer

elements

Weight (mass) of transducer and foundation

elements below transducer

Weight (mass) of foundation

Dry weight (mass) of sand

V e r t i c a l distance between bottom of
foundation and top of acceIerometer

V o i d ratio of sand

Frequency

g
k

Local acceleration due to gravity

Spring rate

Bl f

Mass of foundation

Ratio = Y/Df

none
T~1

PL''!2
none

Foundation radius

Moisture content of sand

U n i t weight of water

A m p I i tude

S
**
6

LT-2
PL-1

none

Maximum velocity

LT-1

M a x i m u m acceleration

--2
LT

DoubIe a m p I i tude

--2

Acceleration at Y = 0

LT"

Acceleration at r

LT"

Sand density

'3
FL~

One m i l l i o n t h , micro

none

ix

C H A P T E R

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of t h i s investigation was to determine the

steady state s o i l motions under c i r c u l a r footings when
acted upon by h a r m o n i c a l l y a p p l i e d forces.
Chapter

The results in

IV were obtained using the test f a c i l i t y and pro-

cedure described i n Chapters I I a n d I I I .

The author has been interested for some t i m e in the
study of v i b r a t i o n s and s o i l mechanics.

He and his asso-

ciates have acted as consultants on foundation v i b r a t i o n s

p r o b l e m s and are concerned w i t h the inadequacy of knowledge
that w o u l d enable engineers to design a s o i I - f o u n d a t i o n
system w i t h confidence.

The soiI-foundation system refers

to the machine, the structure connecting it to the foundation, the foundation and the supporting s o i l .
The v i b r a t i o n s of t h i s system can be determined in many
ways once the i n s t a l l a t i o n has been made.

However, no ac-

ceptable method has been found to d e s i g n accurately the system, such that its v i b r a t i o n s can be predicted before installation.

The unknown influence that some factors have

on a p a r t i c u l a r system preclude an accurate design.

Such

factors are the k i n d , c o n d i t i o n and arrangement of the s o i l .

;'. iso, the same factors vary w i t h depth, location and e n v i ronment.

'

Numerous investigations(1)*, both e m p i r i c a l and theo-

reticaI , have been made to resolve the factors which i n f l u ence the vibrations of a soil-foundation system.

One of the

theoretical approaches to the problem(2) assumes the mass of

s o i l , which vibrates with a foundation, is that contained in
a right circular cylinder of the elastic half-space h a v i n g a
radius r

and a height r In.

One purpose of this investi-

gation was to test the v a l i d i t y of this assumption.

*- Numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end

of t h i s dissertation.

C H A P T E R

II

EQUIPMENT

The experimental equipment is shown in Figures 1 through

16 and was located in the Mechanical Engineering Analog Computer Laboratory.

One item not shown, a vacuum tube volt-

meter borrowed from the Electrical Engineering Department,

was used to check the output of the microvolter (Figures 2
and 13).

Recording Equipment
The osciIlograph(3) records v a r i a b l e electric currents
by the use of electromagnetic galvanometers in conjunction
w i t h a l i g h t source and a m o v i n g strip of photographic paper.
Its t i m i n g system consists of a motor, slotted d i s k , fork,
and l i g h t which records t i m e l i n e s (Figure 20) at 0.01 second
intervals.

The photographic paper speed may be varied from

approximately 4 to 50 inches per second.

This paper is avail-

able in 6 inch widths and either 100 or 200 foot r o l l s .

The

recording switch has OFF, AUTOMATIC, and MANUAL positions.

A recording continued as long as the manual switch was h e l d
closed and for a 2 foot record with the automatic switch
closed.

A footage counter indicated the amount of paper

used and a numbering counter projected a number (Figure 20)

on each record.

The sensitivity of the oscillograph was

l i m i t e d to that of the galvanometers and is inversely pro-

portional to the square of the galvanometer natural frequency.

Ca I i brat i on Equ i pment
The acceIerometer c a l i b r a t i o n equipment included the
oscillator, microvolter and tee-box (Figures 2, 13 and 14).
The oscillator introduced a preset frequency

into the sys-

tem; the microvolter, a preset voltage; and the tee-box

enabled the system to be switched in or out.

The force

transducer and load springs had c a l i b r a t i o n equipment

(Figures 3, 4, 5 and 13) composed of a strain gage indicator,
loading rod, and known weights.

A strobotac was used to set

the frequency of loading.

Other Equipment

i
.

The entire system was so designed that many v a r i a t i o n s

of D.C, Fm ,
* Fv , f, H, m,;, R, and Y could be made. A d d i t i o n a l
mass could be added to the foundation by using the pressure
gage calibration weights in the mechanical laboratory.
Transducers.

The force transducer(4, 5, 6) Figure 16)

has four strain gages bonded at ninety-degree intervals

around the m i d d l e .

Each gage has a factor of 2.08

resistance of 120 ohms + 2%.

The transducer

and a

is a part of the
i

foundation (Figure 12).

The accelerometer(7), shown hanging on a n a i l inside
the box in Figures 7, 8, and 9, is a piezoelectric device

w i t h a s t a i n l e s s steel case 0.60

inches in diameter by 0.42

inches t h i c k and w e i g h s 1 1 grams w i t h mounting screw.

Am p! i f i e r.

The amp I ifier(8) (Figure 2) has a selector

switch w i t h settings of 1, 3 and 10 g a i n s ; an input selector

switch w i t h the second of three positions recommended for
use w i t h all piezoelectric and c a p a c i t i v e type p i c k u p s ; and
an output standardizer that makes it possible to standardize the s e n s i t i v i t y of any acceIerometer to a v a l u e E less
than its o r i g i n a l c a l i b r a t i o n E .
c

The a m p l i f i e r is ener-

gized by the power supply (Figure 15) which i n c l u d e s a

transformer(9) for low frequency response.
S o i l , container and beam.
20-30 Ottawa sand(10, 1 1 , 12).
50 pound bags (Figure 6).

The s o i l tested was standard

It was obtained in seventy

A one-meter cubical box, i n s i d e

dimensions, was the container in w h i c h the sand was placed

for testing.

The box (Figures 3, 4 and 7 through 11) was

constructed of one-half inch plywood, reinforced with 2" x 4"

lumber and had metal b e a r i n g plates around the top periphery.
These plates supported the depth gage and l o a d i n g beam (Figures 10 and 11).

The l o a d i n g beam was a 6-inch, wide-fIange,

25 pounds per foot steel beam.

Mounted on this beam were

the l o a d i n g frame and v a r i a b l e speed d r i v e (Figures 10 and

11).

The beam, v a r i a b l e speed d r i v e and l o a d i n g frame were

mounted such that the load point (Figure 7) could be positioned at any place i n s i d e the box.

Loading frame and foundation.

The loading frame

(Figures 5 and 7 through 1 1 ) was fabricated

by w e l d i n g var-

ious steel sections and had bolted to it two Sealmaster b a l l

b e a r i n g s No. SFT-12.

These self a l i g n i n g bearings supported

the three-quarter inch diameter shaft, 13 inches long, that

had a V - p u l l e y keyed to one end and an eccentric m a c h i n e d on
the other.

The eccentric has a New Departure b e a r i n g No.

77-R-6 pressed on and h e l d from a x i a l movement by an Indust r i a l r e t a i n i n g r i n g No. 3100-37.

one has an eccentricity
that.

There are two such shafts,

of 0.167 inches and the other h a l f

The shaft is belt d r i v e n from the Reeves Vari-Speed

Motordrive, "C" Flow, 100-1A-12, h a v i n g output speeds from

310 to 3100 r e v o l u t i o n s per minute.
The l o a d i n g frame front flanges have two holes, each
is one-half inch in diameter, d r i l l e d three and seven-eights
inches on centers.

Through these holes are inserted steel

rods of adequate hardness.

The rods had a diameter of 0.4990

inches w i t h tolerances of .n*0005 ' ncnes -

An a l u m i n u m fol-

lower was machined to h o l d one, two or three B r i g g s and

Stratton exhaust v a l v e springs No. 26478 and two Thompson
b a l l b u s h i n g s No. A-81420.

The top of the follower has a

Conolite b e a r i n g plate cemented to the center.

This plate

makes contact w i t h the b e a r i n g on the shaft eccentric.

The

b u s h i n g s , h e l d in p l a c e in the f o l l o w e r w i t h two I n d u s t r i a l
r e t a i n i n g r i n g s No. 3100-87, a l l o w e d the follower to move

freely on the steel rods.

>

Beneath the follower and separated by the springs is the

loading bar with adapter (Figure 12).

This bar is machined

s i m i l a r l y to the follower and has its adapter screwed to the

bottom.

The adapter has a hole for inserting a p l u m b bob

string and one end has a cone-shaped depression to h o l d the

column adapter.
The column (Figure 12) rested on a steel loading plate
that was screwed to the foundation disk.

Seven disks were

made; one had a ten square centimeter area; and the others
had diameters of 4, 5, 6, 6.28, 7, and 10 inches.

The

length of the foundation elements could be varied by screwing the threaded rod inside the column and securing them
v/ith a locking nut.

There were three sets of these steel

columns and rods; long, intermediate and short.

Depth gages.

The depth gages were vertical 1" x 4" S4S

boards secured to a horizontal screed (Figures 7 through 9)

at their lower ends.

The verticals (Figures 10 and 11)

passed through brackets and were held in place with set

screws.

The depth of sand in the box could be read on meter

scales at indexes on the brackets.

The scales were cut from

a meter stick and glued to rabbeting in each vertical.

device also served to level the sand in the box.

This

Depths were

read to whole m i l l i m e t e r s and estimated to fractions of a

m i l l imeter.

OsciIlograph

Power Supply

Potentiometer
Type CalIbrator
Figure 1. Recording equipment and
potentiometer type calibrator.

Battery .

Microvolter

Power Supply

Tee-Box

OsciIlator

Amp I ifier

Figure 2. Calibration and accelerometer

amp I IfyIng equ i pment.

Figure 3. Calibration
position for force
transducer with loading
rod and Indicator.

Figure 4. Calibration
position for force
transducer with loading
rod, five ten-pound
weights, and Indicator.

Figure 5. Three loading

rprlngs In calibration
position with Indicator
cind force transducer.

Figure 6. Scales for

weighing sand and balance
for small equipment.

Figure 7.
point.

Centered load

Figure 8. Foundation
aligned under load point.

Figure 9. Loading column

in position.

.;,.',. .J.

Figure 10. Left depth

gage and belt transmission
between variable speed
drive and loading frame.

Figure 11. Drive side of

loading frame and right
depth gage.

Linear Motion Ball Bearl

Loading Bar
Loading Bar Adapter
Co loan Adapter

Coluctn

Locking Nut

Threaded Rod

Force Transducer
Force Transducer Adapter
Steel Loading Plate
Plywood Disk, 3/4 In. thick

Figure 12. Elements Included in the foundation..

14

r Accel erometer "

Model 2221 C
Seria EB 12
Endevco Corp.

VIBRATION SYSTEM

r~~
Tee -Box
J V Perry, Jr.

Amp I fier
Mode 2614 B
Seria EA 76
Endevco Corp.

Audio Frequency Microvolter

Type 546 C
Serial 4915 j
General Radio Co.
Wide Range Oscillator
Model 200 CO
Serial 103-32005
Hewlett Packard Co.
CALIBRATION INSTRUMENTS

Power Supply
J V Perry, Jr.

i1

h
ELECTRICAL RECORDING SYSTEM
Osci ograph
Mode
Ser a 91
Wi M i am Mi 1 er Instr.

Power Supply
.Model JP 110 Serial 81
Wi I I iam Mi I ler Instr.

1I
Six Channel Potent iometer
Type Ca ibrator
A M Gaddis

Transducer
R oy Gibson and
A M Gaddis

Strain Gage Indicator

Type M Serial 258455
Ba Idwin

I
FORCE SYSTEM

I
Figure 13.

J
Electrical equipment configuration.

'"'

,--=

To output of mlcrovolter
To output ground of microvolter

Double wire (yellow and bare)

White, red, and
ye I low stripes
Woven wire jacket
Insulator

Mlcrodot
No. 5179
connector
Insulated
from box

Endevco 3090-120
cable assembly
from accelerometer
Notes:

Mlcrodot
No. 5179
connector
grounded
to box

100 ohm
resistor

Endevco 3030-36
cable assembly
from asK>Mf ler

1. C is the switch position for c a l i b r a t e .

2. R Is the switch position for run.
3. Not to scale.

Figure 14.

Tee-bo n and connectors.

6.3 volt
Storage Battery
o

Black
Terminal

Red
Terminal
\

red

white

1
Cannon
Connector

Transformer
(?)

Notes:

(4ft
1^
C)

oranae

(3)

Amphenol
Connector

1. Cannon RWK-6-31SL mates with RWK-6-22C-1/4 on

cable. The other end of cable has WK-6-21C-1/4
that mates with WK-6-32S on Endevco amplifier.
2. Amphenol AN-3J02-A-10SL-4P Kates with
AN-3106-A-10SL-4S (C).
3. Transformer is Endevco model 2609.1.

Figure 15.

Amplifier power supply.

68,000
47,000
41,000
20,000
10.6 X

psi
psi
psi
psi
10

Tap
3/4-16-3/4 ctoep
ach end
CM

1.25
i

2024 - 14, Aluminum

.25

Figure 16.

Force transducer without strain gages.

Physical properties:
0.10 Ibm / Inch3 - specific weight
935*F - 1180F - melting range

Mechanical properties:
- ultimate strength in tension
- yield strength In tension
- ultimate strength in shear
" endurance strength In reversed bending at 5 X 100 cycles
psi - modulus of elasticity (average of tension and compression)

Material:

Full scale (dimensions in inches)

4.00

CM

in

,-3/8 R, typical

V
NJ

C H A P T E R

III

PROCEDURE

This chapter is subdivided into assumptions and procedure.

The assumptions apply to the soil and the procedure

includes equipment calibration and method of testing. The

results are given in Chapter IV.
Assumptions
The kind and arrangement of the soil were constants.
Other constants were; w = 0.115%, and G = 2.75.

The rela-

tive density(11 and 14) was a v a r i a b l e and its effect was

m i n i m i z e d by loading the foundation at six d i a l settings
(Figure 17) of the v a r i a b l e speed drive, viz. 1, 3, 5, 6,
7, and 8.

This gave f u l l settlement to the foundation be-

fore the record runs were made.

The relative density.
D ,d= (e max
- e)/(e max
- e m m),
''
where e =
V/W 5 ) 1, was not held constant because of
W
v a r i a t i o n s in V/W5 . The isopyc(l5) and value of V/WS would
be d i f f i c u l t to determine since the zone(16) that bounds V
depends upon the i n i t i a l density and the periodic impulses
from the vibrator. According to R. K. Bernhard and J. F i n e l l i
(page 252 of reference 1) it is difficult to measure density
variations with s o i l depth.
The coefficient of dynamic subgrade reaction(17) was
another v a r i a b l e that was neglected.

This coefficient de-

pends, in part, upon the size and shape of the loaded area.

18

Procedure
C a l i b r a t i o n of equipment. The force gage was positioned for compression (Figures 3 and 4} and found to have
a straight l i n e r e l a t i o n s h i p between deflection and load
up to the m a x i m u m expected

load of 100 pounds.

The springs

were checked against the force gage (Figure 5) to find the

spring rate and the F
and three springs.

w h i c h could be a p p l i e d w i t h one, two

This information is in Appendix A.

The acceIerometer had a factory c a l i b r a t i o n but t h i s

o i d not go below 20 cycles per second, cps.

Therefore, the

acceierometer was caI ibrated between f = 5 cps and 20 cps

as foI Iows:
1.

The acceIerometer was screwed to the top of

Uie f o l l o w e r which had a S, = 0.334 inches.

2.
and

The foI lower was vibrated at a known frequency

A , measured.
3.

The v a l u e of 6"/g was c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g the re-

l a t i o n (S./2) (2nf) /g, and A*, was obtained for t h i s frequency and recording equipment configuration from A,/(<5T/g)g
e q u a l s A^/(0.lOg).
4.

Steps 2 and 3 were repeated using different

frequencies and a graph made of A*j/(Q10g) versus f.

Values

of AJ were taken from t h i s graph at f = 5, 10, 15 and 20 cps.

5.

A frequency of 5 cps was set on the osci I Iator

and the m i c r o v o l t e r adjusted to g i v e the same A*, at t h i s

20
frequency from the graph in step 4.

This voltage was the

e q u i v a l e n t of O.lOg for f = 5 cps.

6.

Step 5 was repeated at frequencies of 10, 15,

and 20 cps.

The accelerometer and recording equipment c a l i b r a t i o n

was accomplished f^or the runs as follows:
1.

A voltage, e q u i v a l e n t to 1g, was set on the

microvolter and f = 5 cps was set on the o s c i l l a t o r .

These

s i g n a l s were sent through the system and a record taken on

the oscillograph paper.
2.

The frequency was changed in increments of

5 cps extending over the range and records taken of each.

3.

Steps 1 and 2 were repeated for voltage equiv-

alents of O.SOg and 0.10g.

Typical records are shown as a set in Figure 18.

The equip-

ment was caI ibrated before, during, and after a series of

runs and averaged to obtain the proper curve.

These curves

are shown in Figure 19 and the corresponding runs in Table 6.

Appendix B has the factory c a l i b r a t i o n information.
The Reeves Vari-Drive did not need c a l i b r a t i n g but a
performance curve (Figure 17) was drawn to f i n d the output
speed for a particular d i a l setting.

This curve helped to

obtain a v a l u e close to the desired frequency by setting the

dial.
The potentiometer type calibrator (Figure 1} was adjusted to g i v e a one inch deviation from the zero force l i n e
(Figure 20) for each twenty pounds of force.

,'

21

Method of testing.

Bags of sand were weighed (Figure 6)

and the sand poured into the box.

The empty bags were then

weighed to determine the sand weight.

The sand top surface

was screeded l e v e l and its depth measured w i t h the depth

gage.

This is recorded in Appendix C and averaged 36.71

pounds per centimeter of depth.

The beam, v a r i - d r i v e , and l o a d i n g frame were adjusted
and locked in position w i t h load point centered in the box
(Figure 7).

The acceIerometer was positioned at a known

location for each run.

Four methods were used to bury the

accelerometer in the sand:

1.

An insulated steel rod, 38 cm long, was posi-

tioned v e r t i c a l l y and supported by the box and sand.

The

accelerometer was placed over the rod so that its top surface was flush with the upper end of the rod.

11 cm

2.

It was supported o n l y by the sand.

3.

It was placed on top a piece of f i l t e r paper

i n d i ameter.
4.

It was screwed to a t h i n a l u m i n u m d i s k 3 in.

in diameter.
Refer to Appendix D for information regarding each run.
A foundation was a l i g n e d under load point (Figure 8),
and l o a d i n g column placed in position (Figure 9).

The ele-

ments i n c l u d e d in the foundation were a c t u a l l y positioned

w i t h the force transducer near the bottom

'

(Figure 12).

This

22

a l l o w e d the transducer to sense a l I forces transferred to

the s o i l except those coming from the transducer, its
adapter, steel loading plate and plywood disk. The weights
of a l l foundation elements, springs, and follower are in
Appendix C.
The record runs were made using different foundation
diameters and masses,
F , and f.

and at various values of Y, R, F ,

Approximately 900 runs were made but only 367

(Tables 1 through 4) were used.

The ones not used showed

l i t t l e or no accelerometer excitation as seen in Figure 21

for Run No. 157.

Information from a photographic record for Run No. 291

is shown in Figure 20.

The top curve is from the accelero-

meter system and its jaggedness illustrates noise.

Values

taken from the record are recorded in Table 4:7

A*,
d is from
the appropriate calibration curve in Figure 19 and Table 6.
The determination of Fm for this run and W.e for runs 1
through 18 and 19 through 42 are in Appendix E.

40
w
a

"S 30

a
n

20
3

10

Ola! Setting
Figure 17. Performance curve of Reeves Varl-Speed Motordrlve.

N
0)

w.
O

rt

iQ
"J

Cll
CD

^n

"1

(D

CL

II

04

ft

:
i

^__ -

'~~-^^^_
_^^-^

--^

~~~>

<^-~

<r - ,

<r-" "

cr-

^--^

^~-

.-

^~--

C^"

<^_^_

^- _.

~^>

'"-^y.

j.

~~2>

~t>

t --- ,

^
-._
-~~~
._^

^*

__ .-*

_J^

*-^^
-^

_J>

_^ --""
*__^
er^"

^>

r~ - ^
- "~

-___^
_-*

[-

__
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^^

4^~

^~-^

_^

~^_
'

~-^^_

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: _

--^^

~\
jS

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^~

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3
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i

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~*-_^_

~^

^r-

^^

^-^^

"v^
"^

^ ^

"^ ^

x"~

^^^

,^-^

v^

^-^

f
\
\

s*

fl>

C
O

!'

i
i

o
~i

a
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rt

Q)
3

5"

cr

CO)

ew

ro
a>

I
I

inches

f
(cps)

Curve

l/>
-C

c
M.

3 ,56
2,:00
1 ,,38
1 ,06
0.85
0.72
0.63
0.55
0.50
0.46

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

1 .53
1 .26
1 .09
0.96
0.87
0.79
0.72
0.67
0.62
0.57

2.06
1 .57
1 .30
1 .10
0.95
0.83
0.74
0.67
0.62
0.57

0
0

10

15

?0

25

30

35

40

45

50

f ^ cps
Figure 19.

Accelerometer and recording equipment c a l i b r a t i o n curves for 0.10g.

-HK -

0.0^

fC

M'il'i^
1
' 4> =

\ \

. , i

i-s

, i

. !

^-ji^Oj'iii^ij

<

\ ,

Of"

i^yrMv. |pr^

^Y

i,i>--v i

I I M li/^

* YV

I , !

"I
1
' 1

i ' i '

//
, /

JiMJi'

I
I

'

^\

'

'

ijM:

II ' '

rt-l

ij/1

j-fA",
' i '

: i

'

'
',

1 :
' :i
i

'

1 1

'
:

i 1

'

o <? 5

_^

- -

none

W \J J VJ

~ 5.58 cps

Figure 20.

i_

i
i

11

L-.

//
'

'

*-

_ _ _i_

f"l - 21.6

- 36.8

No .

29i

7.6

Information obtained from photographic record.

ii

' '

v'

<

9W-WMU9

1 '
1

.0*
u.

Th is i s for
Run

eye les

Record No. 22394

A d - 0.26 i n.

V A ^tlT
^

Zero F srce Li nc
I
c.

I1 i
j/

1 *uT

i ;!
i i
M#

/
^

i! '! i|

]
1

\'
i\
\

<si
^i

O oj -Q
O Q I

i
:

' i '
11 i
i i
i
I . - ! ; ' 1
i i

ill

_^

T fjUW^
1 11

i
U*
U.*>
\

T3
t.
L. f *

>i

i
i

'

I i

\i/

Vx

'

! i

. !

AJ
f
^ n/i hi i 1 l t i I1 if]
ri^
A!

-j-f-

i
?h(ijj,
"M\
i. ^
i
,.*"! i !

AW
W ' 'I'

1'

1 %ji W

*"

^pfff

\J

Run No. 157

Run No, 159

Run No. 161

Run No0 163

Run No. 165

Y ~ 8,/0 i n

Y = 4.52 in

Y - 1,97 !nn

Y = 1,18 In

. Y = O n 39 in,

Figure 21.

'
Sftilf.t

Five photographs showing changes in acce lerometer output as (Y) decreases.

C H A P T E R

IV

RESULTS

The results are g i v e n in Tables 1 through 4.

The

columns headed Sand S, were completed using the v a l u e s for

f and 8/g with a v i b r a t i o n nomograph

(Figure 22).

Table 5

contains information on settlements and Table 6 shows the

c a l i b r a t i o n curve and run correspondence.

Dimension less

parameters(13) are shown in Table 7 for some of the runs and

presented g r a p h i c a l l y in Figure 23.

From t h i s figure,

equations are written as follows:

0.036 f(DfFv/mf)0.5

0.5

= 0.010 f(D.F/m-)

O..T7
0.37

- 0.006 f(DfFv/f.0.5

8/f9- 0.0033 f ( D f F v / m f ) 0.5

278

[3]

"0.167

8 / 5 = 0.0092
/.ys/
The last three equations are shown g r a p h i c a l l y in Figure 24
as the dotted l i n e .

ii

is:

An approximate equation for t h i s l i n e

shown as the s o l i d curve in the figure.

28

29

For Run No. 157, value.s of f, D , F , and m

i nto

Eq. [,]

and g i v e 6

were put

= 18.6 in. per sec . The experi-

mental result of S = 0.773 in. per sec at r = 1.34.

The

corresponding v a l u e of 6 IQ = 0.042 is shown as Run No. 157

in Figure 24, and is very close to the curve from Eq. I 8| .
Combining Eq. JJJ with Eq. [JQ gives:
6r = 0.036 f(DfFv/mf)'5(0.032)r/ and for harmonic motion
<5 = 6(2nf) and 6, = 2/2nf.

Therefore, three equations

which represent s o i l motions under v i b r a t i n g foundations for

the soil tested are:
0.036 f(DfFv/mf)'5(0.032)r
(O.Ol8/n)(DfFv/mf)-5(0.032)r
(0.018/n2f)(DfFv/mf)0-5(0.032)r

I
1

I'
I
I
!
I
I

CO
CM

II

co
<4~

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O
*4-

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0)

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H

LO
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3 O

TCO

r-CM

CM

COCM

co

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r-LOCMOOcOCO<OCMCOCOCOCOLOOCD-*-Tt--^-T CMLOr-OOLOCOOCMCMO *

OOJOOr

*3~ CM * T

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T- o co T- r-- LO T c o c O r - T d - C M ^ c o c o ^ c o c o r - c n c D C M O C D L O c o c b r - coco
tf- CM T T

OOOT-r-COOOOT-T-COOOOr-t-COOOOT-r-OOOOOr-T-CO

CSJr T T - T T CM-r T r- O O C O C M C M r - T T - C M r - O T - ^ C O C O T - r CMLOCT)

CM CM

<-lOCMCOCO

T T~T C M C M

CO CM

CMCM

CO CM

CMCM

t CM CM

r^ o CM

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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CO CD.

CM

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CM (O

(0

CMOOOOOOCT>CT>a>COCr>OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO->00
CDCOCOCOCOCDCOLOlOLOLOl-OCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOcOCO'Oi-OcOCD

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Table 1.
Run
No.

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

Wf

1 bm

i n

7.40

0.95

6.02

Fm

in.

Ibf

Ibf

cps

i n.

in.

59.6
59.7
59.8
59.7
59.9
59.8
59.8
59.8
60.0
59.9
60.0
60.1
60.9
60.9
61 .1
61 .2
61 .2
61 .3
61 .2
61.3
61.3
61.5
61.4
61 .5
60.4
60.1
60.2
60.3
60.2
60.3

10.8
13.4
15.7
17.7
20.5
22.5
10.9
13.2
15.9
18.0
20.5
22.5
10.7
13.5
15.9
18.0
20.6
22.6
11 .0
13.5
16.0
18.0
20.7
22.5
10.9
13.7
16.0
18.1
20.7
22.5

40.9
30.0
22.3
17.0
10.1
5.5
40.6
30.1
22.3
17.0
10.1
5.5
41.6
29.4
22.3
17.0
10.1
5.5
40.7
30.1
22.3
17.2
10.1
5.5
41.2
29.5
22.2
17.0
10.2
5.5

0.14
0.35
0.65
0.97
1.76
2.77
0.24
0.41
0.71
1.08
1.92
3.01
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.09
0.12
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04

0.54
0.71
0.94
1.23
1.99
3.34
0.55
0.71
0.94
1.23
1.99
3.34
0.53
0.72
0.94
1.23
1.99
3.34
0.55
0.71
0.94
1.22
1 .99
3.34
0.54
0.72
0.95
1 .23
1.97
3.33

0.95
0.31

7.40
6.02

(continued)

0.31
7.90

0
4

7.90
7.95

4
8

7.95
8.03

8
12

8.03

12

f*"
259
493
692
788
885
830
436
578
755
878
965
900
189
111
75
41
45
36
127
71
64
49
25
21
148
56
63
49
25
12

5 X 10 3
ips

38
100
188
283
533
930
65
118
204
316
582
1000
28
23
20
15
27
40
19
14
17
18
15
23
22
11
16
18
15
13

cSd x 105
in.

30
107
265
532
1685
5390
51
126
290
580
1840
5800
22
24
28
27
85
'
231
15
15
24
33
49
135
18
12
23
33
49
78

09C t

oee

Z6
Qb
Ob
99
9t2
69
6
Ofr
29
99
OZ
9tt

o>

LV
OOZ
02
69
Ofr
Zt
82
08fr
09 t

62
IZ
61
"U I

oot
b

P
9

92

got

9
^
8
2Z
Z
61
02
82
6fr
tZ
t*9
Z
8t
2
Z
09
IZl
Z
2
82
91
9
28
8>
81
02
02
92

012
9Z t
9H
821
8t
tSt'

L
Z9
901
0^2
ILV
Z.9
19
6^
98
08 t
0017

801
t2t
68
90t
8
Ofr2

ZL
08
61?
^L
66
^91

sd i
0t

x
Q
?

6
v

i^'
66't
2*t
fr6'0
IL'Q
>9'0
t>'
96 '1
2't
>6'0
IL'Q
9'0
>'
Z6't
2't
i^6'0
2Z"0
99'0
frC'e
86" I
2't
fr6'0
2Z'0

t79'o
'
66't

2'l
V6'0
tZ'O
99'0
"Uj

OZ'O
9'0
8fO
2t'0
ero
92"0
tl'O
90 '0
ZO'O
Ot'O
Ll'Q
92'0
61*0
2t'0
90'0
80'0
t"0
22'0
9'0
i?2'0
tt'O
Ot'O
90'0

ero
gro

i?2'0

90'0
ZO'O
ZO'O
60*0
8

ui

PV

S'S
rot
I'Ll
'22
662
8'0>
9*9
rot
I'Ll
'22
6'62
S'lfr
S'S
2'0t
O'Zt
*22
Z"62
9'0fr
9*9
2"0t
O'Zt
f'22
8'62

8*0^
rot

9"9

I'Ll
e'22
0'0
t'Ot'

sdo
^

(panuiq.uoo)

'22
'02
9Vt
Z'9t
2*t
9'0t
0'22
r02
t'Ll
K9t
O't
9'0t
0*22
0'02
2'Zt
2"St
6"2t
9'0t
9'22
9'02
0'8t
0'9t
9't

e'ot
9*22
z'02
0'8t
6'Sl
i^'t
6'0t

^q|

AJ

^'09
2'09
2'09
t'09
t'09
t'09
0'09
0 s 09
6'69
8'69
8'69
8'69
0*09

0"09
' 19
't9
't9
2't9
't9

e'tg
' 19
e'tg

t'tg
6'09
O't9
2"t9
jq|

u.J

2
t

96'0

OV'Z

96'0
Z9"t

Z9't
frfr'2

WZ
t2>

fr

"ui
cJ

'

Qt'L
20'9

t2*fr

'

06
68
88
Z8
98
98
^8
8
28
18
08
6L
8Z
ZZ
9Z
9Z
*vL
Z
2Z
tZ
OZ
69
89

zg
99
99

92'9

5^-9

"Uj
A

20'g

f9
9
29
t9

ujq

a^M

" N

uny

j.

T a b l e 1.

W,

Ibm

in.

in.

7.40

0.89

Run
No.

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
1119
120

v
*

4
3
.
3
2

0.26
0

7.40

Ibf

Ibf

60 .0
59 .8
60 .0
60 .0
60 .0
60 .0
59 .6
59 .6
59 .6
59 .6
59 .7
60 .0
59 .3
59 .3
59 .2
59 .5
59 .6
59.6
59.9
60 .0

10.6
13.2
15.6
17.6
20.1
22.1
10.5
13.0
15.4
17.5
20.1
22.0
1008
13.2
15.5
17.6
20.2
22.1
10.9
13.3
15.5
17.5
20.3
22.1
10.7
13.2
15.7
17.7
20.4
22.3

0.89
0.27

0.27
0.26

2
0

60 .0

(continued)

f
cps

41.2
29.8
22.4
17.1
10.1
5.5
40.8
30.0
22.4
17.0
10.1
5.5
40 . 6
29.8
22.3
17.1
10.1
5.5
40.6
29.6
22.3
17.0
10.1
5.5
41 .0
29,8
22.3
17.1
10.1
5.5

in.

in.

f"

0.25
0.17
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.22
0.16
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.33
0.23
0.16
0.15
0.07
0.06
0.20
0.09
0.24
0.37
0,76
1 ,11
0.40
0.76
1 .20
1 .65
2.90
4.70

0.54
0.72
0.94
1.23
1.99
3.34
0.54
0.71
0.94
1.23
1.99
3.33
0.55
0.72
0.94
1 .23
1.99
3.32
0.55
0.72
0.94
1.23
1 .99
3.32
0.54
0.72
0.94
1.23
1 .99
3.34

463
236
160
98
55
27
408
225
128
89
50
24
600
319
170
122
35
18
364
125
256
301
38?
334
741
1055
1280
1340
1460
1410

c 5 x 103

6d x 105

ips

in.

70
48
43'
35
33
31
61
46
34
32
30
27
90
65
46
44
21
20
55
26
68
108
230
372
111
224
351
481
882
1585

54
52
61
65
103
180
48
49
48
59
94
155
70
70
64
81
67
'
116
42
27
98
200
720
2150
87
237
490
880
2730
9200

T a b l e 1.
Run
No.

Wf
Ibm

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150

7.40

in.

in.

Fy

Ibf

Ibf

cps

in.

in.

60.0

10.7
13.2
15.7
17.7
20.4
22.3
10.7
13.2
15.7
17.7
20.4
22.3
10.7
13.2
15.7
17.7
20.4
22.3
10.7
13.2
15.7
17.7
20.4
22.3
10.7
13.2
15.7
17.7
20.4
22.3

41 .0
29.8
22.3
17.1
10.1
5.5
41 .0
29.8
22.3
17.1
10.1
5.5
41.0
29.8
22.3
17.1
10.1
5.5
41 .0
29.8
22.3
17.1
10,1
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41 C 0
29.8
22.3
17.1
10.1
5.5

1 .20
1.30
1 .40
1 .60
2.20
3.20
0.34
0.73
1 .20
1.63
2.78
4.60
0.24
0.38
0.63
0.94
1 .60
2.53
0.30
0.12
0.22
0.37
0.72
1 .10
0.32
0.18
0.10
0.15
0.35
0.56

0.54
0.72
0.94
1 .23
1 .99
3.34
0.54
0.72
0.94
1.23
1 .99
3.34
0.54
0.72
0.94
1.23
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3.34
0.54
0.72
0.94
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1 .99
3.34
0.54
0.72
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0.75
1 .42

1.42
2.09

2.09
2.62

2.62

(continued)

Fm

0
0.75

7.40

60.0

|x10
2222
1807
1490
1300
1106
958
630
1013
1280
1325
1398
1380
445
528
670
765
804
758
555
167
234
301
362
329
593
250
106

122
176
168

x 10 3

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ips

in.

335
376
405
465
670
1060
95
217
350
478
843
1540
67
111
182
274
486
840
83
34
63
107
220
370
89
51
29
44
105
187

260
406
560
870
2100
6200
74
230
490
880
2600
8900
52
120
250
508
1520
4900
65
36
86
200
680
2110
69
54
40
81
330
1070

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Run
No.
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
25?
253
254
255
256
257
258
259

W,
f

Ibm

in.

in.

7.28

5.40

7.28 5.40
5.90 9.54

5.90

9.54

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59.5
22.0
34.0
7.0
54.0
13.5
59.5
20.0
34.0
6.0
54.0
11 .5
59.3
17.3
34.0
5C0
54.0
10.5
59.0
15.5
34.0
4.5
54.0'
9.0
59.0 ' 13.0
34.0
3.8
54.0
7.5
58.8
11 .3
21.8
7.5
42. .6
14.8
60.3
22.5
21 .8
7.0
42.5
13.8
60.6
20.3
21 e 8
5,8
42.6
11 .8
60.3
17.5
21 .8
5.0
42P3
10.0
60.1
15.3
21.8
4.5
42.5
8.8

cps
5.6
10.3
10.4
10.3
17.4
17.6
17.4
22c 9
22.6
22.8
30.3
29.9
30.5
42.7
41 .8
42.4
5.6
5.6
5.6
10.3
10.3
10.3
17.1
17.5
17.4
22,6
22.7
22.8
30.2
29.7

d
in.

0.13
0.10
0.13
0.18
0.12
0.16
0.25
0.11
0.18
0.26
0.13
0.22
0.27
0.14
0.28
0.41
0.08
0.07
0.15
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.10

0.14
0.19
0.09
0.13
0.17
0.12
0.14

d
in.

1.98
1 .55
1 .55
1 .55
1.20
1.19
1 .20
1 .01
1.02
1 .01
0.83
0.84
0.82
0.65
0.66
0.65
1.49
1.49
1.49
1 .26
1.26
1 .26
1 .03
1 .02
1 .02
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.79
0.80

f"
66
65
84
116
100
134
208
109
176
258
157
262
329
216
424
631
54
47
101
71
95
111
97

137
186
91
131
172
152
175

6* 103
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73
39
50
70
35
48
74
29
47
69
32
53
67
32
64
91
60
52
113
43
57
67
35
49
67
24
35
46
31
36

6d x 105
in .

'

425
123
160
220
65
88
138
40
65
95
34
56
71
25
50
68
350
305
650
133
180
210
65
90
123
33
48
64
33
38

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86'L
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Table 4.
Run
No.

iI
i
i

321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350

Wf
r

bm

in.

in.

7.42

5.50

7.42
6.05

5.50
9.66

6.05

9.66

rn

(continued
f

Ibf

Ibf

cps

i n.

in.

49.8
23.3
42.0
49.8
23.0
42.0
49.5
23.0
42.0
49.8
23.0
42.0
49.5
23.0
42.0
49.3
25.1
44.8
61.3
24.8
45.1
61 .3
25,3
45.1
61 .3
24.8
44.8
61 .3
25.1
44.9

22.8
7.3
14.0
20.8
6.0
12.0
18.0
5.5
10.8
15.8
4.5
9.0
13.3
3.5
7.5
10.8
7.8
15.0
22.5
7.0
13.8
20.0
6.0
11 .8
17.5
5.0
10.0
15.5
4.3
8.6

5.6
10.4
10.3
10.3
17.5
17.5
17.4
22.9
23.0
22.9
30.3
30.3
30.1
42.0
41.6
41.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
10.3
10.3
10.3
17.3
17.5
17.3
22.7
22.8
22.6
30.5
30.3

0.21
0.11
0.18
0.22
0.11
0.22
0.29
0.11
0.20
0.28
0.13
0.23
0.29
0.18
0.29
0.42
0.07
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.11
0.12
0.06
0.10
0.19
0.07
0.11
0.14
0.07
0.15

1.98
1.55'
1.55
1 .55
1.20
1.20
1.20
1 .01
1.01
1 .01
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.65
0.66
0.66
1.49
1.49
1.49
1 .26
1 .25
1.26
1=03
1 .02
1 .03
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.79
0.79

!>
106
71
116
142
92
183

241
109
198
277
157
277
350
278
429
636
47
81
81
63
88
95
58
98
184
77
121
154
89
190

6*103

S6 x 10 5

ips
117
43
70 '
85
33
66
86
29
53
74
32
' 56
71
42
64
95
53
90
90
38
53
57
21
35
66
20
32
41
18
39

in.

680
134
220
265
62
120
160
40
72
102
34
59
76
33
50
74
305
525
525
120
165
180
39
65
120
28
45
57
19
41

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T CM

T CM , T T-

T T CM CM

CD

co
co

CD CM

co -3CD CM

CM LO
^0

CM CD

sf~ co
CM r^

LO
O

CD

co
r^

LO CM
^

LO
0

co

co

cococococococococococococococococo

T C N J C O ' ^ - L O C O f ^ - C O C D O T - C M C O - v t ' L O C O f ^
LOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOcOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

co i^

r^ co

CO CM "^ CO ^J" CM xi" ^3~ "^t" *>}" *^ CM CM ^J" N}~ LO LO

O L O < r o i ^ " ^ t ' T c D c o o o r ^ T T CMCsir^CD

COr O O C O C O O O L O C O O L O L O L O L O L O L O O

T-

LO'sJ-COLOcOCOCOCM-^CDCOCOCOCDCDCOCO

CO i o*

<c

^~O

~o

U_

.0

u.E
Q^

>-

4-

c
D O

43

100
cycles per second
Figure 22.

Vibration nomograph.

T a b l e 5.

Foundation

Run Nos.
inclusive

1 - 6
7-12
13 - 18
19-24
25 - 30
31 - 36
37 - 42
43 - 48
49 - 54
55 - 60
61 - 66
67 - 72
73 - 78
79 - 84
85 - 90
91 - 96
97 - 102
103 - 108
109 - 114
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165

60.00
55.00
50.00
45.00
43.00
41.00
39.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
55.00
50.00
45.00
43.00
41 .00
41.00
39.00
39.00
39.00
60.00
55.00
50.00
46.00
43.00
42.00
41 .00
40.00
39.00

cm

settlements.
H

b
cm

58.50
53.60
48.70
44.30
42.75
40.70
38.80
58.30
58.40
58.60
54.10
48.90
44.40
42.45
40.60
40.45
38.90
38.85
38.85
59.35
54.55
49.50
45.65
42.70
41 .75
40.80
39.80
38.80

Table 6.
S
cm

1.50
1.40
1.30
0.70
0.25
0.30
0.20
1.70
1.60
1.40
0.90
1 .10
0.60
0.55
0.40
0.55
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.65
0.45
0.50
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.20

Ca Iibrat ion curve

and run correspondence.

Run Nos.
i nc lus i ve

1 - 156
157 - 165
166 - 167
168 - 245
246- - 262
263 - 284
285

A
B

none #

B
C
B

none*
286 - 336
B
337 - 354
C
355 - 361
B
362 - 367
C
# Calibration was made
i m m e d i a t e l y after run.
The difference between
curves A, B, and C, was
due to the e l e c t r i c a l
setup (Appendix D) and
to the discharge of the
batteries (Figure 15).

45

Table 7.

Run
No.
121
122
123
124
125
126

214'

215
217
218
220
221
222
223
224
225
227
319
320
321
322
323
324

326
327
329
330
331
332
333
334
339
340
341
342
343
344
346
347
348
349
350
351
353

D i m e n s i o n less v a l u e s ,
f2Dfmf

Smf
F

0.154
0.102
0.070
0.054
0.040
0.032
0.0050
0.0049
0.0081
0.0077
0.0147
0.0141
0.0264
0.0218
0.0203
0.0452
0.0331
0.0049
0.0039
0.0035<
0.0072
0.0062
0.0051
0.0113
0.0099
0.0136
0.0130
0.0259
0.0228
0.0195
0.0590
0.0022
0.0055
0.0039
0.0029
0.0059
0.0050
0.0093
0.0073
0.0060
0.0125
0.0134
0.0112
0.0209

18.90
8.10
3.80
2.00
0.60
0.16
0.23
0.15
0.82
0.56
2.72
1.87
9.88
5.11
3.61
20.90
7.46
0.54
0.27
0.19
1 .99
1 .02
0.69
3.43
2.26
6.59
4.46
27.20
13.60
9.15
67.80
0.15
1.66
0.84
0.58
5.47
2.84
11 .30
5.71
3.61
23.70
11.70
7.85
27.10

?ru
f

Key for
Figure 23

1
>
/*

0
0.37

Pi
W

)
1

V B
*~*r

0.37
0.78

J
1

> o
0.78
1.38"

j
"^

> Q
^^

1.38

tt>

QJ
CT

-3
O

C
0>
to

QJ

Qj

~i

(O

ZT
3

(D
Q)

co

IV>

~5
0)

V)

0)
cn

3
(B

CL

t)

-h

o
o

o
-J>

O1

\\

\\
t
\

&\

(JSN

CT*

\
(\j^ \

^^

C '\
\

f K\

\c;
}\><
t) \

\\ >
Q
\ o\
\
\^
>
\\ c \\
\
\

CO

o o

\ff

\
\

K>
O

> \

\u
\0

\
\

Co
O

\
\

\
\

\ <D 0 \
N

\*

/-v
^f-

\)

\\

o o

-p. cn
O O

\\

\ (J
(T) v
U>'
\
\

A
[T

s>

S\\

\^

^% N \

;\

\o

o
~s\

-6

A
\^
\
$

X9

6 mj. / F A/ ( d i m e n s i o n l e s s )

1BBB

\\

\t

>

\
V

-^
o
o

ro
o
o

1.0

\
\

0.8

in
(f>
0)

0.6
c
0)

From Figu re 23

r
10
IU. 0 3 2 )

'^
u
00

s\

Run No. 1 57

\\

0.4

v\

X
0.2

^z

"~~-

-^

. _

"****.

~^-^

~_

0.0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Figure 24.

0.8

1.0

1.2

/x

' (d imens i on I ess)

Graph of 8 /8Q versus r, from Figure 23 and Equation 8.

1.4

C H A P T E R

CONCLUSIONS

The steady state s o i l motions, for standard 20 - 30

Ottawa sand, under vibrating foundations are represented
by Equations L9J , J_1 Oj, and

[_11j .

These equations

g i v e values for maximum acceleration, velocity, and d i s placement, respectively.

The best technique for p l a c i n g the acceIerometer in
the sand was; on a piece of filter paper and in contact
with the bottom of the foundation when the motion of the
foundation is desired, and supported only by the sand when
motion of the sand is to be found.
A p p l y i n g a kinetic energy approach to determine the
mass of soil that vibrates with a foundation (Chapter I),
and neglecting s o i l motion as a function of R, this gives
k i n e t i c energy - <XY, where O(=i(81 pDf3Fv/gmf:n) x 10~6, for
r = 0.

The differential kinetic energy at Y is (X(0.032)2r

dY, and the total of the soil is/o o<(0.032)2rdY. Remembering that r Y/D^, the integration gives <XD,;/6.88.
Therefore, Y rQ/3.44 and agrees rather closely with the
theoretical, Y ** r /n from Chapter I.

48

C H A P T E R

VI

RECOMMENDATIONS
This investigation should be continued to i n c l u d e
different s o i l s and different s o i l properties.

A 330-ohm

resistor placed in series with the primary of the transformer (Figure 15)
quencies(9).

w i l l g i v e better response to Iow fre-

This should be done before additional studies

are made with the experimental equipment.

Further investigations should include the f o l l o w i n g :
1.

Different instrumentation techniques.

2.

Comparison of laboratory results with those

of an actual soil-foundation system.

3.

Determining the phase angle and s o i l motion

relationships of a system.
4.

Studies s i m i l a r to this using m i n i a t u r e soi!

strain gages under development by United ElectroDynamics.

5.

Experimentation with frequencies below 5 cps

and above 50 cps, also in the v i c i n i t y of a soi I-foundation

system's natural frequency.
6.

The effect of foundation vibrations on adja-

cent foundations.
7.

The effects of using different shaped foot-

8.

Dynamic loading of p i l e type foundations.

ings.

49

50

9.

Systems h a v i n g dynamic loads acting along

three orthogonal axes and dynamic couples acting in the

three planes formed by these axes.
10.

Detailed analysis of o s c i l l o g r a p h records at

frequencies in 5 and with the f i l m speed set at about 50 in

per sec.

This speed would aid the study of phase angles.

REFERENCES
1.

Symposium on Dynamic Testing of Soils, ASTM Spec i a!

Technical P u b l i c a t i o n No. 156, American Society for
Testing and Materials, P h i l a d e l p h i a 3, Pa., 1953.

2.

Richart, F.E.,Jr.,. Foundation Vibrations,. U n i v e r s i t y

of Florida Technical Paper No. 1 92",Ga i n sv i I I e, Fla.,
Oct 1960, p 9.

3.

A l l n u t t , R.B., Mintz, F., Ormondroyd, J., anc Specht,

R.D., "Motion Measurements," Handbook of Experimental
Stress Analysis, "John W i l e y and Sons, Inc., Kew York,
N. Y., 1950, pp 301-389.

4.

I b i d . , Langer, B.F., "Electrical Inductance Gages,"

pp 238-300.

5.

Ibid., Meier, J.H., "Strain Rosettes," pp 39C-437.

The A l u m i n u m Data Book, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond

18, Va., 1958, pp 41 and 91.

1.

Specifications and Instructions for Acceleror,;eter Model

2221 C~Endevco Corp., Pasadena, CaI if., 196~D,

8.

Mode I 2614B Amp I i f i er Instruct i on ManuaI, Enaevco Corp.,

Pasadena, Calif., 1961.

9.

Specifications and Instruction Manual for 2609.1 Transformer, Endevco Corp".", Pasadena, Calif., 1 96~1 .

10.

ASTM C190-59, "Standard Method of Test for Tensile

Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars," ASTM Standards
Part 4, American Society for Testing and M a t e r i a l s ,
P h i l a d e l p h i a 3, Pa., 1961, pp 196-197.

11.

Taylor, D.W., Fundamenta Is of So i I Mechan ics, John W i l e y

and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1954.

12.

Werner, R.R., A Study of Poisson's Ratio and the E l a s t i c

and P l a s t i c Properties of Ottawa Sand, a thesis at "Tex as
A and M College, f957.

13.

Oldenburger, R., Mathemat i ca I Eng i neer ing Ana I ys i s, The

M a c m i l l i a n Co., New York, N. Y., 1950, pp 60-o"5.

51

52

14.

ASTM D653-60, "Standard D e f i n i t i o n s of Terms and

Symbols R e l a t i n g to S o i l Mechanics," ASTM Stand a rds
Part 4, American Society for Testing and M a t e r i a l s ,
P h i l a J e l p h i a 3, Pa., 1961, pp 1402-1419.

15.

I b i d . , ASTM 01707-60T,"Tentative D e f i n i t i o n s of Terms

R e l a t i n g to Soil Dynamics," pp 1396-1401.

16.

Terzaghi, Karl and Peck, R.B., So i I Mechan i cs in Eng ineering Practice, John W i l e y and Sons, Inc., New York,
N. Y., 1948, pp 111-113.

17.

Terzaghi, Karl, Theoret i caI So i I Mechan ics, John W i l e y

and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., SthPrTnting, August
1956, pp 434-479.

APPENDIX A

Force Gage Calibration (Figures 3, 4, and 13)

Compression test with loading rod zeroed out.

(microinches / inch)
Load

Loading

Unloading

Ibm

1st

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

3rd

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

7750
7880
8010
8140
8270
8405
8535
8670
8800
8935
9065

7760
7890
8015
8145
8280
8410
8540
8670
8805
8930
9065

7760
7890
8015
8145
8275
8410
8540
8670
8800
8930
9065

7760
7890
8015
8150
8280
8410
8540
8670
8805
8935
9065

7765
7895
8020
8150
8285
8415
8545
8675
8805
8940
9065

7765
7890
8020
8150
8280
8410
8540
8670
8805
8935
9065

Average is 13.05 micro inches / inch-pound

Spring Ca I ibrat ion (Figure 5)

Force
(Ibf)

7885
8110
7885
8110
7885

225
225
225
225

17.24
17.24
17.24
17.24

51.62
51.62
51.62
51 .62

up
down
up
down
up

7880
8105
7880
8105
7880

225
225
225
225

17.24
17.24
17.24
17.24

51 .62
51.62
51 .62
51.62

up
down
up
down
up

7875
8105
7875
8105
7875

230
230
230
230

17.62
17.62
17.62
17.62

52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75

up
down
up
down
up

8130
8810
8130
8810
8130

680
680
680
680

52.11
52.11
52.11
52.11

156.0
156.0
156.0
156.0

Fol lower
Position

Gold

. up
down
up
down
up

Gold
Black

Black
Clear

Clear
All

All

k
(Ibf/in)

Change
(^in/in)

Sp r i n g

Indicator
(*( in/ in)

53

APPENDIX B
Endevco Accelerometer
,,_ _ . . .

element

Model 2221 C, Serial EB 12

*

^f-

Sensitivity in (peak mv/peak g), E = 14.0

Sensitivity in (RMS mv/peak g), E = 9.90
Accelerometer capacity in pf, C = 686
Sensitivity in (peak p coulombs/peak g),
Es (Cp +300) x 10"3 = 13.8
Maximum transverse sensitivity = 3.3%

^^

Deviation
20
-1 .0
0.0
50
+1 .0
100
+1 .0
200
400
+1 .0
1000
+1 .0
2000
+1 .0
4000
+1 .0
3j 300 pf total external capacity added for a 1 1
sensitivity calibrations
Frequency, (cps)

Standardization of accelerometer to E = 8 RMS mv/peak g

(Ec/E)(Cp+Cca|)-Cp
(9. 90/8. 00) (686 + 300) - 686 534

91
_J5_
444

10 ft cable (factory tagged)

residual amplifier capacity
3 ft cable (factory tagged)
Tee box (assumed)

90/aCtff, added to step capacity

534 - 444
adjustment in amplifier.

54

APPENDIX C
Sand Weight
W /v Ibm
H 'v cm
. W / H ~ Ibm/cm
1471
38.5
36.66
1674
44.0
36.69
7976
52.7
36,77
2379
63.2
36.70
2826
77.0
36.77
Average is 36.77 Ibm/cm
i

Weights of Soil Loading Parts

Part

V ;

Grams
222.7
73.5

Follower with bearings

Springs: Gold
Black

13.2

Clear

13.2

Loading bar with bearings and adapter

393.3

Column Adapter

766.6

Columns:

Long

7294.7

Intermediate

978.0

Short

525.3

Locking nut
Threaded rods:

52.7
Long

834.2

Intermediate

526.7

Short

371.8

Force transducer with lead wire supported

Force transducer adapter

130.0
165.8

Plywood disk with steel loading plate:

5 inch diameter
6 inch diameter
6.28 inch diameter
7 inch diameter

205.3
267.3
319.9
329.0

55

APPENDIX D
Accelerometer Placement
Run Nos.
Indus i ve
1 - 114
115 - 120
121 - 156
157 - 166
167
168 - 172
173 - 199
200 - 212
213 - 285
286
287
288 - 290
291 - 303
304 - 367

Method Used

On f i I ter paper
Screwed to foundat ion

On f i I ter paper
In sand on ly
Screwed to foundat ion
Screwed on fiber washer to foundation
SI ipped over i nsu I ated rod
Screwed on fiber washer to foundation
SI ipped over insu I ated rod
Screwed on fiber washer to foundat i on
Screwed to foundat ion
Screwed to aluminum dis k , 3 in. in d i a .
Screwed on fiber washer to foundation
SI ipped over insul ated rod
El ectrical I nformat ion

Run Nos.
inc I us i ve
1 - 156
157 - 165
166 - 167
168 - 284

285
286 - 367

Gal vanometer
C

B
none
B,C

none
B,C

Osc i I lograph

Channel

Used
X9970
X6797
X6797
X6797
X6797
X6797

56

Amp I i f ier

Gain

2
2
2
2
2

10
1
10
1
10

APPENDIX E
i

Determining the Foundation Mass (Table 1 and Figure 12)

For Runs 1 through 18:
Loading bar with bearings and adapter
393.3 gms
Column adapter
166.6 gms
Column, intermediate
978.0 gms
Locking nut
52.1 gms
Threaded rod, intermediate
526.7 gms
V/a = 211 6.7 gms
Force transducer/lead wire supported
130.0 gms
Force transducer adapter
165.8 gms
319.9 gms
46.28 in. dia. disk/steel plate
Wb = 615.7 gms
Wf = Wa + Wb = 2732.4 gms = 6.02 Ibm
For Runs 19 through 42:
Loading bar with bearings and adapter
393.3 gms
Column adapter
166.6 gms
Column, long
1294.7 gms
Locking nut .
52.1 gms
Threaded rod, long
834.2 gms
Vtfa = 2740.9 gms
No change in W,
W f = 3356.6 gms = 7.40 Ibm
Determining Fm for

Run No. 291 (Table 4 and Figure 20)

F m = (F7 * F 2 ) / < 2 ) - Wa
Fm = (21.6 + 3 6 . 8 ) / ( 2 ) - 6.0

F = 23.2 Ibf
m

57