Chapter 3

Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology
Objectives
Student should be able to:
FLUID MECHANICS
CLB 11003
Static Fluid
NOR AFIFAH KHALIL

Section of Chemical Engineering Technology
Acquire knowledge of static fluids.

Determine the variation of pressure in a
fluid at rest.
Calculate the buoyancy force of
submerged and floating body.
UNIKL MICET
CLB 11003
Chapter 3: Static Fluid
Introduction
Hoover Dam
There are NO shear stresses in fluids at

rest
ONLY normal pressure forces are
present.
NO relative motion between adjacent
fluid layers
Applications: Floating or submerged
bodies, water dams, liquid storage tanks.
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
Pascals Law
Pascals Law
Blaise Pascal was a scientist who lived in 1623-1662. He

described how liquids behave. He built a container like this
to show that water pressure depends on the depth of the
water, not the size or shape of the container.
Liquids transmit pressure equally in all

directions.
OR
You might think that there is more
pressure under side B, because there
is more water, but if it had more
pressure, it would push side A up.
Pascal Law states that pressure at any point in a body of fluid is the same in every
direction, exerting equal force on equal areas. Now if you apply more pressure to
one side of the container, the fluid will rise on the other side.
CLB 11003
When pressure on any portion of a

confined liquid is changed, the pressure
on every other part of the liquid is also
changed by the same amount.
CLB 11003
Pascals Law
Application of Pascals Law

Hydraulic Brakes
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the shape of the
container. It is same at all points on a horizontal plane in a
given fluid.
CLB 11003
Hydraulic Lift
CLB 11003

The figure shows a hydraulic system
used with brakes.
The force F is applied perpendicularly to
the brake pedal.
The brake pedal push down shown in
the drawing and causes a force applied
perpendicularly to the input piston in the
master cylinder.
The resulting pressure is transmitted by
the brake fluid to the output plungers
which are covered with the brake
linings.
The linings are pressed against both
sides of a disc attached to the rotating
wheel.
Hydraulic Brakes
CLB 11003

A hydraulic pump used to lift
a car. When a small force F
is applied to a small area of a
movable piston it creates a
pressure P = F/A.
This pressure is transmitted
to and acts on a larger
movable piston of area A
which is then used to lift a
car.
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
P1 P2
F1 F2
A1 A2
The pressure exerted / transmitted by
water at rest.
In a stationary mass of a single static fluid,
the pressure is constant in any cross
section parallel to the earths surface but
varies from height to height.
F2 A2
F1
A1
CLB 11003
Scuba Diving
and
Hydrostatic
Pressure
CLB 11003
Consider the vertical

column of fluid in
figure with cross
sectional area of
column S, height Z,
pressure p and
density of fluid .
The of forces
acting on the fluid
must = 0.
CLB 11003
There are 3 vertical forces acting on this

volume, which are:
Summing all the forces gives:

+ PS (P+dP)S g/gc (dzS) = 0
The force from pressure P acting upward

direction, which is PS.
The force from pressure P + dP acting
downward direction, which is (P + dP)S
The force of gravity acting downward, which
is (g/gC)dzS.
CLB 11003
After simplification and division by S, the

equation becomes:
dP + g/gc (dz) = 0
Integrated the equation on assumption that is
constant gives:
P/ + (g/gc) z = constant
CLB 11003
Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquids
Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquids
Liquid are incompressible

can neglect density variation in hydrostatic
( = constant)
Equation of hydrostatic equilibrium is:
+h
P2-P1 = - (z2-z1)
-h
For lakes and ocean:

Air
P = Pa - h
Free Surface: z = 0, P=Pa

P = Pa + h
Water
* =g
Hydrostatic pressure distribution in
ocean and atmosphere.
CLB 11003
Check your understanding

New found lake , a fresh water lake near
Bristol, New Hampshire has a maximum
depth of 60 m and the mean atmospheric
pressure is 91 kPa. Estimate the absolute
pressure in kPa at this maximum depth.
Given = 9790 N/m3.
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
Chapter 2: Fluid Characteristics and Behavior
Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases

For isothermal atmosphere, where T=T0 :
g(z2 z1 )
P2 P1exp
RTo
Where:
T0 = Sea level temperature
T0 = 288.16 K = 15C
CLB 11003
Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases
The lower portion of the atmosphere is called

troposphere. The more accurate relation is:
If sea level pressure is 101 350 Pa, compute

the standard pressure at an altitude of 5000
m using:
a. exact formula
b. an isothermal assumption at standard
sea level temp. of 15C
Bz
P Pa1
T0
g/(RB)
Exact formula
Where:
g/RB = 5.26 (air)
To = 518.68R = 288.16 K = 15C
B = 0.003 566R/ft = 0.00650 K/m
CLB 11003
Ans: a) 54 000 Pa
b) 56 040 Pa
CLB 11003
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure is defined as a normal force

exerted by a fluid per unit area.
Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called
a pascal (Pa).
Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2,
lbf/in2=psi.
CLB 11003
F ma
A
A
CLB 11003
Absolute, gage and Vacuum Pressure
Actual pressure at a give point is called

the absolute pressure.
It is measured relative to an absolute
vacuum.
Gage pressure is measured relative to
the current pressure of the atmosphere.
Most pressure-measuring devices are

calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere,
and therefore indicate gage pressure,
Pgage=Pabs - Patm
Pressure below atmospheric pressure are
called vacuum pressure, Pvac=Patm - Pabs.
CLB 11003
CLB 11003

1
Pressure on diver at 100ft?

kg
m
1m
Pgage,2 gz 1000 3 9.81 2 100ft
m
s
3.28ft
1atm
299kPa
2.95atm
101.325kPa
Pabs,2 Pgage,2 Patm 2.95atm 1atm
3.95atm
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
100 ft

A pressure gage on a tank reads 15 psi.
What is the absolute pressure in the tank?
CLB 11003
Pressure at a Point
Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same
in all directions.
Pressure has a magnitude, but not a
specific direction, and thus it is a scalar
quantity.
CLB 11003
Variation of Pressure with Depth

Consider rectangular fluid
element of height z, length
x and depth in equilibrium.
In the presence
of a gravitational
field, pressure
increases with
depth because
more fluid rests
on deeper
layers.
Force balance in z-direction

gives
maz 0
P2 x P1x g xz 0
Dividing by x and rearranging
gives
P P2 P1 g z s z
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
Pressure head
It can be concluded that:
Pressure head: vertical height z used

as a measure of pressure.
z = h
P = gh
1.Pressure in a fluid increases linearly

with depth (fluid = constant)
2.The variation of pressure with height
is negligible for gases because of low
density
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
Atmospheric Pressure Measurement
Barometer
Determine the atmospheric pressure at a

location where the barometric reading is 740
mm Hg and the gravitational acceleration is
g = 9.81 m/s2. Assume the temperature of
mercury to be 10 C, at which its density is
13,570 kg/m3.
P atmospheric also known as

Pbarometric
PC = 0 and PB=Patm
PC+ gh =Patm
Patm = gh
Unit: mm Hg or torr
1atm = 760 mm Hg
= 760 torr
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
Fluid Pressure Measurement

Piezometer tube
Simplest manometer
Open at the top
Consists of a vertical tube
Attached to the top of a vessel
containing liquid at a pressure
to be measured (higher than
Patm).
P measured is relative to
atmospheric = gage pressure.
CLB 11003
Piezometer tube
Pressure at A = Pressure due to
column of liquid
above A
PA= gh1
Pressure at B = Pressure due to
column of liquid
above B
PB = gh2
CLB 11003
Manometer
U-tube manometer
Consists of a U-tube
containing one or more
fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil.
Heavy fluids such as
mercury are used if
large pressure
differences are
anticipated.
Pressure in continuous
static fluid is the same
at any horizontal level,
CLB 11003
Fluid P
Density,
P1 P2
Pressure PB at B =
Pressure PC at C
B
P2 Patm gh
h2
h1
C
Manometric Fluid Density, man
CLB 11003
10
U-tube manometer
U-tube manometer
For the LEFT hand arm:
Since PB = PC
PB = Pressure PA at A + Pressure due to h1 of fluid P

PB = PA + pgh1
PA + Pgh1= mangh2
PA
= mangh2 Pgh1
For the RIGHT hand arm:

PC = Pressure PD at D + Pressure due to h2 of man fluid
PC = Patm + mangh2
PC = 0 + mangh2
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
Mutlifluid Manometer
For multi-fluid systems
P = gh
Pressure increases downward,
and decreases upward.
Two points at the same
elevation are at the same
pressure.
Measuring Pressure Drops

Well-suited to measure
pressure drops across
valves, pipes, heat
exchangers, etc.
P1 P2 = (1 2)gh
If fluid in pipe is a gas,
2>>1 and P1 P2= 2gh
Patm 1gh1 2gh2 3gh3 P1

CLB 11003
CLB 11003
11

A manometer is used to
measure the pressure in
the tank. The fluid used
has a specific gravity of
0.85 and the manometer
column height is 55 cm. If
the local atmospheric
pressure is 96 kPa,
determine the absolute
pressure within the tank.
CLB 11003
Buoyancy
Buoyancy is an upward
force on a body
immersed in a fluid.
FB = Fbottom Ftop
= f g(s + h)A f gsA
= f gV
CLB 11003
Archimedes principal
Buoyancy
The buoyant force acting on a body immersed

in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body.
For floating body:

FB = W fgVsub = ave.bodygVtotal
Vsub ave body
Vtotal
f
Submerged volume fraction of a floating body is

equal to the density of the fluid.
If ave body /f = 1 or 1, floating body becomes
completely submerged.
CLB 11003
CLB 11003
12
Buoyancy
Application of buoyancy
Buoyancy force FB is
equal only to the displaced
volume fgVdisplaced.
Three scenarios possible
1. body < fluid :
Floating body
2. body = fluid :
Neutrally buoyant
3. body > fluid :
Submerged body
CLB 11003
Submerged
body
CLB 11003
Ballast Control Panel: Important station for

controlling depth of submarine
CLB 11003
Submarine Buoyancy and

Ballast
Weight of water displaced equals

the weight of the cargo.
CLB 11003
13


A rectangular 0.4m x
0.4m x 3m of concrete
block is lowered into
the sea ( = 1025
kg/m3). Determine the
buoyancy force acting
on the concrete block
when it is completely
immersed in water.
CLB 11003
14

Chapter 3

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Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

NOR AFIFAH KHALIL

Acquire knowledge of static fluids.

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

There are NO shear stresses in fluids at

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Blaise Pascal was a scientist who lived in 1623-1662. He

Liquids transmit pressure equally in all

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

When pressure on any portion of a

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Application of Pascals Law

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Application of Pascals Law

Application of Pascals Law

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Application of Pascals Law

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Consider the vertical

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

There are 3 vertical forces acting on this

Summing all the forces gives:

The force from pressure P acting upward

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

After simplification and division by S, the

Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology