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HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Moses one of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with


format can be found in the Holy Bible (Numbers 13:17). The
Scriptures also named the 12 intelligence agents whom the Lord
directed Moses to send into the land of Canaan and records that all
those men were from the tribes of Israel. And Moses sent them to
spy out the land of Canaan, and said unto them (Num 13:17-20):
Rahab- the harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21) who sheltered and concealed
the agents of Israel, she made a covenant with the agents and duped
their pursuers.

She was not only an impromptu confederate of

immense value for the Jewish leader of that far distant day, it also
established a plot-pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion
picture producers.
Delilah - She was an impromptu intelligence agent of the Philistines. She
allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges 16:9) and used
her femininity to gain intelligence from a powerful enemy.
Sun Tzu The East was ahead of the West in the raft of intelligence in 400
B.C., rejecting the oracles and the sees. He takes a more practical
view.

According to him, what is called foreknowledge cannot be

elicited from spirits, or from gods, or from analogy with past events
nor from calculations. He wrote, It must be obtained from men
who knew the enemy situation.

Other Great Men who Used Intelligence in History:


1. Alexander The Great While marching in Asia, he investigated all
the letters and the detection of the malcontents whether the legitimate
cause were exposed. (Hints and rumors of disaffection growing

among his allies and mercenaries). He sought the truth and got it by
simplest expedient. He devised the first letter sorting and opening
to obtain information.
2. Sertorius, Quintus The Roman general in Spain and possessor of
the white fawn that tried to follow Polynaeus everywhere. The pawn
was used as intelligence agent. His intelligence agents credited their
information to the supernatural power of animals.
3. Akbar - The Great Mogul and sagacious master of Hindustan who
employed more than four thousand agents for the sole purpose of
bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon him.
4. Genghis Khan - He used intelligence to conquer China and invade
Cathay. He instructed his generals to send spies and used prisoners
as sources of information. The leader of the so-called Mongol
conquerors and used effective propaganda by spreading rumors of
Mongol terror.
5. Frederick, The Great - The father of organized military espionage.
He established rules for obtaining and using every grade of spy or
intelligence and divided his agents into four classes:
a. Common spies- recruited among poor folk, glad to earn small
sum or to accommodate a military officer.
b. Double spies the low informers and unreliable renegades of
value chiefly in spreading false information to the enemy.
c. Spies of consequences couriers and noblemen, staff officers,
and kindred conspirators, invariably requiring substantial bribe or
bait.
d. Persons who are forced to undertake espionage against their will.
6. Hannibal The Carthaginian General considered as one of the
brilliant military strategist.

He developed an effective intelligence

system for 15 years in Rome.

He roamed around the city often

disguising as beggar to gather first hand information.

Hannibals

invasion of Italy, his brilliant and futile raid in history, gained him many
victories and nearly bled Rome to death.
7. Gaius Julius Caesar During his time, his staff of each legion
includes ten speculators who served as information-collecting
agency. The speculators were the first intelligence personnel to
appear definitely in a military organization.
8. Karl Schulmeister - Napoleons military secret service and
Napoleons eyes. He began his career in offensive espionage. Under
a cover role, he was able to infiltrate the Austrian General Staff and
studied the characters of the Generals. His royal foes selected to
defeat him.
9. Washington, George - Conspirators under oath abound in the
history of every nation.

He, as grand master, mobilized the free

masons of the colonies at the outbreak of the American war of


independence.
10. Francis Walshingham Of England Under Queen Elizabeth, he
organized the first National Intelligence Service. He employed spies
on the staff of the Admiral in Command of the Spanish Army and able
to obtain information regarding Spanish Army as to their ships,
equipment, forces and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from
countless assassins.
11. Richelieu (France) He introduced the network of covert collectors
who transmitted prompt and accurate information to Paris regarding
the activities of the rebels and dissidents of the kingdom.
12. Louis XIV He systematized political policy, continuous
surveillance, postal censorship and military organization.

13. Napoleon Bonaparte Believes that One spy in the right place is
worth 20,000 men in the field. He also organized two bureaus of
interest:
a. Bureau of Intelligence consolidated all incoming information
regarding the enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain
information as desired.
b. Topographic Bureau maintained a large map which covers the
latest information regarding both enemy and friendly forces.
14. Wilhelm Stieber He incorporated intelligence in the General Staff
Support System. He contributed to the science of Military Censorship
and organized Military Propaganda. He worked as a census taker
and developed an informal format in the gathering of data.
15. Alfred Redl - One of the most brilliant intelligence agents, though
he was homosexual. Chief of the Austro-Hungarian secret service
and at the same time agent of the Russia (convicted of treason in
1913 - he committed suicide).

His treason led to the death of

500,000 agents and soldiers combine in his 13 years espionage


episode.
16. Brahma Kautilya In ancient India, he overthrew the Nanda
Dynasty and established the first Mayuryan King in the Indian throne.
He recommended to his king that for the ruler to succeed, the ruler
should strike at his enemys weak points by means of spies.
17. Joseph Fouche Of France French statesman, known as the
father of modern political espionage. He was born on May 21, 1759,
near Nantes. Trained for the priesthood, he never took orders,
instead becoming a teacher. He rose to become the most feared and
respected intelligence director in French history. Created a network
of agent and his assistance founded the modern system of spying on
spies, which later known as counter espionage.

18. Gen. William Donovan In June 1942, Pres. Roosevelt


established the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) with Donovan as
in-charge. The OSS was builder of a central intelligence system and
considered as forerunner of the CIA.

The exploits of the OSS

became legendary in WWII.


19. Edward I, King of England In 1725, he organized a systematic
police system called Witch and Ward and by Royal proclamation,
the profession State Informer was created in 1734 enjoining all
informers to expose criminal activities and be compensated.
20. Joseph Petrosino He was a member of the New York Police
Department in early 1900 and was the head of the Italian Squad.
Through extensive intelligence network, he is credited to smash the
Black Society.
Intelligence and The World War
A. WORLD WAR I
1. 1900 - Europe powers developed modern staff systems and place
intelligence on the same level with personnel, operations and
logistics.

Intelligence then functioned in time of peace and war.

Intelligence during this period, concentrated on information about the


armed forces of the enemy and their capabilities.
2. Aircraft was introduced as a tool of conducting

aerial

reconnaissance.
3. Wireless Telegraph was used wherein Codes And Ciphers were
applied.
4. Army Intelligence rapidly expanded during this period.
5. Agent Provocateur - was employed by the Russians for the
purpose of internal security and political repression.

Spying was

always the specialty of the Russians.


6. German Intelligence - gained a high reputation for offensive
effectiveness throughout Europe but declined at the outset of the war.

7. British Intelligence - succeeded greatly by means of censorship and


its Code Room combined with skillful use of covert agents.
8. US expanded their Naval Intelligence wherein Domestic
Counterintelligence became a principal activity.
B. US THREE (3) BRANCHES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. Positive Branch - function of collecting evaluating and disseminating
intelligence. Prepare situation estimate and translate documents.
2. Negative Branch - Counterintelligence functions: investigate
disloyalty and sedition, investigate graft and fraud in organization.
3. Geographic Branch - Produces maps, photographs and terrain
studies. Sections: Administration, collection by attaches and troops,
codes and ciphers.
C. INTELLIGENCE DURING WORLD WAR II
1. German Intelligence started the war with the worlds best
organized intelligence service through advance preparation of
intelligence accompanied by troop movements.
2. Japanese Intelligence failed because it was not provided with
sufficient number of trained personnel to assemble and evaluate the
mass of materials which were collected although Japanese
Intelligence was involved in short war and defensive in nature.
3. British Intelligence Its achievement was the delay in the use of
German V-Bomb. The operation was conducted with the OSS and
through penetration and technical intelligence, they discovered
Peenemnd, the V2 guided missile research project of Nazi
Germany.
4. US Intelligence In 1941, the US Strategic service was established
to research and analyze military, political and economic information
as it affected the security of the country.

D. POST-WAR PERIOD: The Superpowers


1. SOVIET INTELLIGENCE
a. Soviet Intelligence System Described as omnipotent and
omnipresent for its vast intricate organization involving millions of
people.
b. Soviet Counterintelligence Iron curtain no one may cross
the borders of USSR without being detected all communications
are rigidly controlled. Its contribution to modern intelligence was
the dissemination of false information designed to mislead and
confuse opponents and prospective victims.
c. GRU Military Intelligence Organization It is concerned with
political events and economic conditions and also collects
information for intelligence purposes all over the world. It directs
foreign sabotage and maintains network of agents in military and
special agents.
d. MGB Military Intelligence & The Ministry Of State Security
formerly NKGB, was concerned on political espionage and
propaganda abroad and for the control of espionage activities of
foreign communist countries.
e. KGB It resumed the former function of the old MGB. It is now
the official secret police agency of the Soviet Union in charge of
the state security (Commission of State Security).

Komissija

Gosudartsyennoj Bezopasnosti or Komitet Gosudartsvennoy


Bezopasnosti.
2. BRITISH INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM.
a. British Military Intel (MID) It is divided into 20 different
departments.
b. MI5 devoted to counterespionage and security.

c. Special Branch Of Scotland Yard It is charged with guarding


the Royal family and important British Officials and visiting foreign
dignitaries.
3. FRENCH INTELLIGENCE
a. SDECE De Documentation Exterieure Et Der Contre Espioage
(SDECE Foreign Intelligence and Counterintelligence
Service) This is under the Prime Minister.
b. Gen. Charles De Gaulle He set up the Bureau Central
Renseignements et d Action (BCRA Central Office for Intelligence
and Action) in London in 1940. It is an expansion of the Service
De Reassignments (SR Intelligence Service) which is a part of
the old Renzieme Bureau (Second Bureau) of the French General
Staff.
c. SDECE concerned on Strategic and Counterintelligence.
d. Surete Nationale part of French Intelligence Service
4. GERMAN INTELLIGENCE
Red Gestapo The security service organized by East Germany to
combat the covert activities of the West Germany Group when it was still
divided by the Berlin Walls.
E. GREAT BETRAYALS
1. Judith Coplon A political analyst of the Department of Justice who
was

accused

of

taking

unlawful

possession

of

government

documents and spying for a foreign power (Russia). She was a wellknown communist activist.
2. Dr. Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs He was accused of releasing
American Atomic Secrets to the Soviet in 1945 and British in 1947.
He detailed knowledge of the construction of Atomic Bombs.
3. Ernst Hilding Anderson In 1951, a Royal Navy provided military
secrets to a foreign power and was found guilty and sentenced to life
imprisonment.
II. NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONS

A. DEFINITION (L intelligentia ppr. of intelligere: understand)


1. General Definition (Webster)
a. It is the capacity for understanding and for other forms of
adaptive intellect of behavior; the mind in operation.
b. Or it refers to knowledge of an event, circumstances, etc.,
received

or

imparted:

the

gathering

or

distribution

of

information; or the staff of persons engaged in obtaining such


information.
2. Microsoft Encarta Dictionary
a. ability to think and learn: the ability to learn facts and skills
and apply them, especially when this ability is highly developed
b. secret information: information about secret plans or activities,
especially those of foreign governments, the armed forces,
business enemies, or criminals
c. gathering of secret information: the collection of secret
military or political information
d. people gathering secret information: an organization that
gathers information about the secret plans or activities of an
adversary or potential adversary and the people involved in
gathering such information
3. Government Survey Reorganization Commission Task Force
Intelligence means the collection, processing, collation, interpretation,
evaluation and dissemination of information with reference to national
security.
4. Dictionary of Military Terminologies Intelligence is the end
product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration
of all available information which may have immediate or potential
significance to the development and execution of plans, policies and
programs.

Or Intelligence may be defined as the product resulting from


the collecting of information concerning an actual and potential
situation and condition relating to foreign activities and to foreign or
enemy held areas.
B. OBJECTIVE OF INTELLIGENCE: To ensure rational and timely
decision-making.
C. GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
1. The collection or procurement of information.
2. The evaluation of the information which then become intelligence.
3. The dissemination of intelligence to those who need it.
D. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
1. To serve all branches of government
2. To procure and obtain political, economical, psychological,
sociological, military and other information, which may bear upon
national interest and which had been collected by the different
governmental department and agencies.
3. To collect, when necessary, supplemental information whether at its
own instance or at the request of any governmental agency and
official from other various sources.
4. To integrate, analyze, process and disseminate to authorized
governmental agencies and officials in the form of report or strategic
interpretative studies.
E. PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. CRITERIA
a. Universality of application it should apply to as many phases and
aspects of intelligence as possible.
b. It must be broad it should truly be a general rule.
c. It must be important (indeed essential to intelligence) If a guide
is truly important and essential, then its violations should bring its
own immediate penalties.

d. They must not be mutually exclusive; instead, each should


complement the other.

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