1.

RESULTS
Table for preparation curve
Conversion

0%
25%
50%
75%

0.1 M
NaOH
100 mL
75 mL
50 mL
25 mL

100%

Solution Mixtures
0.1 M
H2O
Et(Ac)
100 mL
25 mL
100 mL
50 mL
100 mL
75 mL
100 mL
100 mL

Table for Experiment 1

700 mL /min

Flow rate

Input type

= Pulse input

Time (min)

Conductivity (mS/cm)
Inlet
Outlet
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
2.6
0.0
3.5
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

Table for Experiment 2

700 mL/min

Flow rate

Input type

= Step change input

Time (min)

Conductivity (mS/cm)
Inlet
Outlet

100 mL

Concentrati
on of NaOH
(M)
0.0500
0.0375
0.0250
0.0125

Conductivit
y (mS/cm)

397

0.0000

267

10.14
7.01
3.79

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

2.0

2.4
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9

0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
3.55
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6

CALCULATIONS

C ( t ) dt
0

= Area under the graph

t
t
Area

f ( 2)
2
f

( t 1t 2 )

( 1)+

For time (0.0-0.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
2

= (0.5 0.0) [

0.0+0.0

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (0.5-1.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (1.0 0.5) [

0.0+2.6

= 0.65 g.min/ m

For time (1.0-1.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (1.5-1.0) [

2.6 +3.5

= 1.525 g.min/ m

For time (1.5-2.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (2.0-1.5) [

3.5+ 1.5

= 1.25 g.min/ m

For time (2.0-2.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
2

= (2.5-2.0) [

1.5+ 0.0

= 0.375 g.min/ m

For time (2.5-3.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

0.0+0.0

= (3.0-2.5) [
2
= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (3.0-3.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )

= (3.5-3.0) [

0.0+0.0

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (3.5-4.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (4.0-3.5) [

0.0+0.0

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (4.0-4.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (4.5-4.0) [

0.0+0.0

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (4.5-5.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (5.0-4.5) [

0.0+0.0

= 0.0 g.min/ m

5.0

So the total area or =

C ( t ) dt
0.0

= (0.65 + 1.525 + 1.25 + 0.375)

= 3.8 g.min/ m

E (t)=

C (t)

C ( t ) dt
0

For t = 0.0, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0

For t = 0.5, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0

For t = 1.0, C(t) = 2.6

E(t)

2.6
3.8

= 0.684

For t = 1.5, C(t) = 3.5

E(t)

3.5
3.8

= 0.921

For t = 2.0, C(t) = 1.5

E(t)

1.5
3.8

= 0.395

For t = 2.5, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0
For t = 3.0, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0
For t = 3.5, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0

For t = 4.0, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0
For t = 4.5, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0
For t = 5.0, C(t) = 0.0

E(t)

0.0
3.8

= 0.0
Time (min)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

Conductivity outlet
0.0
0.0
2.6
3.5
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

For time (0.0-0.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (0.5 0.0) [
= 0.0 g.min/ m

0.0+0.0

2
3

E(t)
0.000
0.000
0.684
0.921
0.395
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

For time (0.5-1.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
2

= (1.0-0.5) [

0.0+0.684

= 0.171 g.min/ m

For time (1.0-1.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

0.684+0.921

= (1.5-1.0) [
2
= 0.40125 g.min/ m

For time (1.5-2.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )

= (2.0-1.5) [

0.921+ 0.395

= 0.329 g.min/ m

For time (2.0-2.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (2.5-2.0) [

0.395+ 0.0

= 0.09875 g.min/ m

For time (2.5-3.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (3.0-2.5) [

0.0+0.0

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (3.0-3.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

= (3.5-3.0) [

0.0+0.0

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (3.5-4.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2

0.0+0.0

= (4.0-3.5) [

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (4.0-4.5) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2
0.0+0.0

= (4.5-4.0) [

= 0.0 g.min/ m

For time (4.5-5.0) minutes

Area

( t 2t1 ) [

E ( t 1+t 2 )
]
2
0.0+0.0

= (5.0-4.5) [

= 0.0 g.min/ m

5.0

So the total area or =

E ( t ) dt
0.0

= (0.171 + 0.40125 + 0.329 + 0.09875)

= 1.00
5.0

Residence time,

tm

tE ( t ) dt
0.0

= 5.0(1.00)
=5.0

Time
(min)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

Outlet
conductivit
y (mS/cm)
0.0
0.0
2.6
3.5
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

E(t)

tE(t)

0.000
0.000
0.684
0.921
0.395
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
= 2.00

0.000
0.000
0.684
1.382
0.790
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
= 2.856

2
( tt m ) E ( t ) dt

0.000
0.000
10.944
11.282
3.555
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
= 25.781

Mean residence time,

tm

tE ( t ) dt
0

= 2.856

Second moment, variance,

( tt m )2 E ( t ) dt
0

= 25.781

Third moment, skewness,

1
=

1
=

25.781

3
2

( tt m )3 E ( t ) dt

3
2 0

(93.929)

= -0.7175

Experiment 2 step change input in a tubular flow reactor

Flow rate

= 700 mL/min

Input

= Step change

3
( tt m ) E ( t ) dt

0
0
-43.776
-39.488
-10.665
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
= -93.929

Time(mi
n)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

Conductivity
Inlet
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9

Outlet
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
3.55
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6

C(t)

E(t)

0.0
0.0
0.0
4.2
7.1
9.0
10.3
12.6
14.4
16.2
18.0
=
91.8

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.046
0.077
0.098
0.112
0.137
0.157
0.176
0.196

=1.00
0

C(t)

Ci t

E(t)

Ci ( t)/ Ci ( t)

tm

tE(t )/ Ci t

(tt m)2E(t )/ C i t

s3

(tt m)3E(t )/ C i t

tm
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00075
0.00169
0.00267
0.00367
0.00523
0.00683
0.00865
0.01068
=0.04
017

Mean residence time,

tm

tE ( t ) dt
0

= 3.6835

Second moment, variance,

( tt m )2 E ( t ) dt
0

= 95.930

Third moment, skewness,

1
=

( tt m )3 E ( t ) dt

3
2 0

2
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00112
0.00336
0.00666
0.01097
0.01826
0.02725
0.03878
0.05317
=1.59
57

s3
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00168
0.00672
0.01663
0.03288
0.06382
0.10880
0.17416
0.26528
=0.66
998

1
=

95.930

= -0.4003

3
2

(376.1077)