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Original Russian Text M.P. Chetaev, Yu.Kubish, Z. Tshesnevskii, 2007, published in Seismicheskie Pribory, 2007, Vol. 43, pp. 4956.
INTRODUCTION
T = 300 K
1
2
7
3
FH
5
8
10
11
12
6
13
15
14
As far as is known, such a method and its application in experimental physics have not been discussed in
the literature.
34
(1)
(2)
Vol. 43
2007
35
massive foundations protected weakly from microseismic waves. Four different meters were investigated on
various foundations with different levels of seismic
noise and under different climatic conditions.
EVALUATION OF A METERS
ELECTRONIC-SYSTEM RESOLUTION
Let us estimate the resolution of slight-displacement
meters with mechanical oscillators in the high-nonequilibrium state according to the measured values of signal
levels in their electronic system.
Signal voltage Vs at a frequency detector output is
changed proportionally to the frequency difference
= 1 2 of signal generators, which is caused by
test-weight displacement x under the influence of
force F(g):
V s x F = 1 2 .
(3)
The minimum value s recorded can be determined through signal-to-noise ratio out = (Vs/n)out and
in = (Vs/n)in of the rms voltages at the frequency
detectors output and input, respectively, if a value of
the frequency modulation index = /
[Kharkevich, 1962] is known:
out / in 1.7 = 1.7/ s ,
(4)
where s 2/s is the value of the modulation frequency (s 20 s is the calibration-action time).
From expression (4) we determine , at which
there is out 2, as is the convention in our experiments:
2 s /1.7 in .
(5)
The relative change / of frequencies of generators 7 and 9 is connected with relative change x/ of
the coordinate of the test weight of the mechanical
oscillator during calibration. In this case,
x /.
(6)
36
CHETAEV et al.
s 2 ( 5 10 )/1.7 ( 4 3 10 )
2
2 4.4 10
(7)
s .
x e
s /
5 10 2 4.4 10 /2 4 10
4
5.5 10
18
(8)
m.
34
J.
2 1/2
k B TQ/F 0 1.38 10
20
23
m Hz
1/2
(10)
,
2
2
0 M x N /2
= 1.2 10
39
J/Hz.
(11)
( 1.38 10
23
3 1 2
T fe e /k B 1.1 10
8 10
(12)
m.
11
)/2 2.1 10
21
(13)
J.
34
12
/1.38 10
23
(14)
K.
17
K/Hz.
(15)
ESTIMATION OF A METERS
(ELECTRONIC-SYSTEM
AND MECHANICAL-OSCILLATOR)
RESOLUTION IN THE EXPERIMENT
The experimental estimation of a meters resolution
determined on the basis of the example of the calibration according to a change of a meters case height by
H = 7.5 107 m in the Earths gravitational field has
the following results.
According to Eq. (1), the change of the force acting
on the test weight is
F = MHdg/d H 45 10
7.5 10 3 10 1 10
7
13
(16)
N.
= 1 10
13
1/2
= F ( H ) [ ( n /V ( H ) ]
3 2
[ 3 10 /1.5 10 ] 2 10
5
(17)
15
N.
2.410
11
1/2
300/160 45 10 )
160 45 10 (2.4 10
(9)
ESTIMATION
OF MECHANICAL-OSCILLATOR RESOLUTION
The thermal fluctuation of the coordinate of the test
weight of the mechanical oscillator in the nonequilibrium state, which we estimated previously [Chetaev,
2002], is
x N
0 = 0 M x /2
= 2 10
15
1/2
= F exp
2
1/2
/ 0 M
/4 4 45 10 2.8 10
2
16
(18)
m,
Vol. 43
2007
37
Estimates of fluctuation parameters in equilibrium and nonequilibrium states of mechanical oscillator no. 4 and slight-displacement meters based on it
Parameter
1
6.5
2 3.5
~10
0.5
103
Test weight M, kg
Eigenfrequency; s1
Q factor
Steady-state force F0 , N
T = 300 K
3
2 8.5
20
1
22
2 8
2
0.6
102
45 103
2 2
~2
0.44
103
I. Equilibrium state
Mechanical oscillator (calculation)
Standard thermodynamic limit (STL)
1.1 1011
6.7 1012
8.6 1012
2.1 1021
1.9 1021
2 1021
Standard quantum limit (SQL)
8.4 1018
7.9 1018
9.5 1018
2.4 1011
2.1 1021
1.3 1017
1.1 1033
5.3 1033
5.4 1033
2.5 1033
8 1011
3.8 1010
3.8 1010
1.8 1010
II. High nonequilibrium state
Thermodynamic limit (NTL) of the nonequilibrium state of the mechanical oscillator (calculation)
2.6 1021
8.3 1020
1.4 1020
1.9 1020
1.1 1040
3 1037
18
8 10
2.2 1014
Meter electronic system (experiment)
5.4 1039
3.9 1016
1.3 1039
9.4 1017
3.2 1015
2.7 1016
8.8 1019
5.7 1033
4.4 1028
4.1 1010
3.2 105
Meter resolution* (experiment)
2 1030
1.56 107
2.8 1036
2 1013
1.9 1017
6.2 1015
4.1 1014
6.5 1015
2.8 1016
6 1028
4.3 105
10
5 103
7.2 1026
5.2 103
10
4.7 105
1.2 1027
8.7 105
2
1.2 105
2.8 1031
2 108
2
7.5 107
4 45 10 /2 2.8 10
3
31
16 2
) 4
(19)
J.
Vol. 43
2007
V s 0
V out
11
- 10 V/m.
------------ = -----------------------g ( H )
x s
H ---------------H
2
(20)
K.
(21)
For the mechanical oscillator in the quantum-coherent state, the fluctuation temperature corresponding to
the standard quantum limit (SQL) [Braginskii, 1970,
1988],
38
CHETAEV et al.
V(H), V
H = 0.75E6 m, t = 2 s
0.504 (a)
0.500
0.496
0.404
H = 1.5E6 m, t = 2 s
0.184
(b)
H = 3E6 m, t = 2 s
(c)
0.396
0.168
0.388
0.152
0.136
0.492
0.380
132465 132495 132525 132555
131320 131400 131480 131560
0 100 200 300 400 500
t, s
6.47
t=2s
t=2s
(d)
(e)
6.360
H = 24E6 m
H = 3E6 m
6.352
6.45
H = 6E6 m
6.344
H = 12E6 m
6.43
6.336
6.41
6.328
6.320
44320 44400 44480 44560
t, s
6.39
44920 45000 45080 45160
t, s
Fig. 2. Fragments from a record of a calibration-action response of a meter containing mechanical oscillator no. 4.
T fq h 0 /k B 10
34
9 10
2 2/1.38 10
11
K Hz
23
(22)
Vol. 43
2007
The first models used rare-earth-metal permanent magnets as springing elements. As the authors found later, a
similar solution was used by Bell Aerospace in the development of accelerometers on a rotatable platform [Chan
et al., 1985]. Because of the discovered magnetic-field
jump variations that are associated with both magneticflux quantization and the effect of the uncontrolled factors on this process, the authors discarded such a solution
and turned to the use of stringing elements based on
mechanical springs.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of investigation have corroborated the
high efficiency of using the strongly nonequilibrium
operating conditions (force-cooling method) of
mechanical oscillators, thus allowing us to recommend
it for physical measurements with quantum resolution,
even without the use of low temperatures, in particular,
during construction of gravitational antennas of a new
generation with high resolution. The method can be
used to improve the parameters of atomic-force microscopes, accelerometers, gravimeters, magnetizability
meters, and other physical devices as well as in all cases
of application of mechanical oscillators when it is necessary to provide high resolution and stability. The simplicity and compatibility with other methods are important advantages of the force cooling method.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank L. Kmech and S. Tsvik for the support and
A. Kulak for collaboration.
SEISMIC INSTRUMENTS
Vol. 43
2007
39
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