RELIANCE COMMMUNICATION LTD.

FINAL PROJECT REPORT

On GSM & 3G Technologies

3-5 Months Internship

Submitted By: Naresh Sen
Reg. no: 10803669
Sec: E18T3

2011

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF :

Mr. Abhishek Gagneja
COD ( ECE-Dept)
LPU Phagwara (Punjab)

Mr. ASHOK CHAWDHARY

CTO ( Reliance Communication Ltd.)

Mr. Krishna Gola

Transport Lead ( Reliance Communication Ltd.)

ROHINI (RANCHI, JHARKHAND)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Although I had completed my 3 months of training out of 6 month , But I take this golden
opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Krishna Gola ( Transport Lead ). It gives me
immense pleasure to express my gratitude towards all the esteemed engineers of Reliance
Communication Ltd., Ranchi for their cooperation, constructive criticism, valuable guidance
and constant encouragement.
I am greatly indebted to Mr. Kamal Lochan Singh (Deputy Manager RF Quality &
Optimization ), Mr. Amit Kumar Gupta ( Deputy Manager RF Planning & Optimization )
and Mr. Alok Singh (ZTE- Dept RF Project 2G & 3G) for their invaluable suggestions and
guidance. I am highly grateful to them for providing the required help whenever required. I am
grateful to them for providing me with the well furnished labs, well working systems. Besides
that there is also a complete collection of all latest RF Tools Both for planning and optimization.
I am thankful to Miss Pradeep Kaur / Miss Mohina (Lect. From LPU) for their help and
cooperation. And also thank-full to Mr Abhishek Gagneja ( COD ECE-Dept) who give their
support to the whole session.

NARESH SEN

INDEX

COMPANY OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR GROWTH
INTRODUCTION TO GSM
INTRODUCTION TO 3G
GENERATIONS OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATONS UPTO 3G
ARCHITECTURE OF GSM AND 3G
DESCRIPTION OF SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN GSM
CALL FLOW
RF PLANNING AND DRIVE TEST
DRIVE TEST REPORT
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY

COMPANY OVERVIEW

Reliance Communications Ltd. (commonly called RCOM) is an Indian broadband and

telecommunications company headquartered in Navi Mumbai, India. RCOM is the world's 16th
largest mobile phone operator with over 144 million subscribers. Established on 2004, a
subsidiary of the Reliance Group. The company has five segments: Wireless segment includes
wireless operations of the company; broadband segment includes broadband operations of the
company; Global segment include national long distance and international long distance
operations of the company and the wholesale operations of its subsidiaries; Investment segment
includes investment activities of the Group companies, and Other segment is consists of the
customer care activities and direct-to-home (DTH) activities.

CUSTOMER
CARE

I.T.

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

MARKETING

RELIANCE
COMMUNICATION
Ltd
FINANCE

HUMAN
RESOURCE

NETWORK

SOME IMPORTANT DETAILS OF RELIANCE COMM. (JHARKHAND) :

No of MSC in Jharkhand is : 4
No of BSC in Jharkhand is : 32
No of BTS in Jharkhand is : 1400
Band is 6.2 M.Hz
Freq. Range 900 M.Hz in GSM and 2100 M.Hz in 3G
No of BCCH is : 12
No of TCH is : 18
No of guard band : 1
MSC manufactured company is Huawei
BSC manufactured company is Zte & Alcatel

RELIANCE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE IN JHARKHAND

INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR GROWTH

FATHER OF TELEPHONE: - FATHER of Telephone is Alexander Graham Bell IN 1876,

Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voice over wires The term
cellular usually refers to wireless service that uses the 850 MHz block of frequencies. The term mobile
refers to any wireless telephone. The terms mobile user and cellular user Are synonymous.

The term cellular usually refers to wireless service that uses the 850 MHz block of
frequencies. The term mobile refers to any wireless telephone. The terms mobile user and
cellular user are synonymous.
The cellular telephone industry has enjoyed phenomenal growth since its inception in 1983. In
just one more example of the impossibility of projecting the adoption of new technologies, a
widely accepted 1985 prediction held that the total number of cellular subscribers might reach as
many as 900,000 by the year 2000. In fact, by the end of 1994 there were well over 20 million
subscribers in the United States alone, and approximately 50 million worldwide. Recent annual
subscriber growth rates have been as high as 40%, and it is believed that this growth rate could
continue through the rest of the 1990s. International wireless communications markets are
expanding at an even greater rate.
In order to meet increasing demand for service, new digital cellular telephone systems have been
introduced during the first half of the 1990s. As today's cellular operators move to adopt these
new technologies in their systems, they demand:

Increased capacity within their existing spectrum allocation and easy deployment of
any technology it takes to get them that capacity increase.

Higher capacities and lower system design costs (plus lower infrastructure costs) which
will lead to a lower cost per subscriber.

A lower cost per subscriber, combined with new subscriber features, which will help the
operators to increase their market penetration.

An increased market penetration, which will lead to an increase in number of

subscribers and a system which offers support for that increased capacity.

High quality calls must be maintained during the change to or migration to any new
digital technology.
Wireless service providers must squeeze more and more capacity from the frequency

spectrum that is allocated by national communications regulators. The basic analog technology is
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The standard for the first practical FDMA system
in this country was the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).
With FDMA technology, additional capacity is gained by splitting cells and the use of various
techniques to manage frequency interference. In many cases, the analog air-interface technology
has reached its limit.
When the limit is reached, service providers cannot add more cells for system capacity
without sacrificing call quality. Wireless service providers that use analog air-interface
technologies are not alone in the need to address capacity concerns. Additional spectrum
capacity is made available for new Personal Communications Services (PCS) in the 2 GHz radio
spectrum. PCS requires advanced digital technology to integrate Intelligent Network Services
with wireless systems. In both cellular and PCS markets, data applications are becoming
increasingly important, which further strain system capacity. New services must implement the
most efficient technology available so that they may gain the maximum return on their
investment and not be limited by capacity.
TDMA systems commonly start with a slice of spectrum, referred to as one "carrier". Each
carrier is then divided into time slots. Only one subscriber at a time is assigned to each time slot,
or channel. No other conversations can access this channel until the subscriber's call is finished,
or until that original call is handed off to a different channel by the system.

INTRODUCTION TO GSM
What is GSM?
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the
infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. more than 212
countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia1.

Huawei- MSC
ZTE- BSC

Home Location Register (HLR)

A Home Location Register (HLR) is a database that contains semi-permanent mobile subscriber
information for a wireless carriers' entire subscriber base. HLR subscriber information includes
the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), service subscription information, location
information (the identity of the currently serving Visitor Location Register (VLR) to enable the
routing of mobile-terminated calls), service restrictions and supplementary services information.

The HLR handles SS7 transactions with both Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) and VLR nodes,
which either request information from the HLR or update the information contained within the
HLR. The HLR also initiates transactions with VLRs to complete incoming calls and to update
subscriber data.
Traditional wireless network design is based on the utilization of a single Home Location
Register (HLR) for each wireless network, but growth considerations are prompting carriers to
consider multiple HLR topologies.
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
A Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database which contains temporary information
concerning the mobile subscribers that are currently located in a given MSC serving area, but
whose Home Location Register (HLR) is elsewhere.
When a mobile subscriber roams away from his home location and into a remote location, SS7
messages are used to obtain information about the subscriber from the HLR, and to create a
temporary record for the subscriber in the VLR. There is usually one VLR per MSC.
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Number
The IMSI is a unique non-dialable number allocated to each mobile subscriber in the GSM
system that identifies the subscriber and his or her subscription within the GSM network. The
IMSI resides in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), which is transportable across Mobile
Station Equipment (MSE). The IMSI is made up of three parts (1) the mobile country code
(MCC) consisting of three digits, (2) the Mobile Network Code (MNC) consisting of two digits,
and (3) the Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (MSIN) with up to 10 digits.
Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) Number
The MSISDN is the dialable number that callers use to reach a mobile subscriber. Some phones
can support multiple MSISDNs - for example, a U.S.-based MSISDN and a Canadian-based
MSISDN. Callers dialing either number will reach the subscriber.
Mobile Station Equipment (MSE) Subscription Services
GSM carriers typically order Mobile Station Equipment (MSE) (or GSM phones) from their
suppliers (Nokia, Motorola, Sony, etc.) in large quantities (e.g. 1000 Units). After receiving an
order, the equipment supplier will program the ordered MSE SIMs with a range of IMSI
numbers.
Example: ABC Communications Inc. orders 1000 MSE Units with the following range of IMSIs.

Unit #1
Unit #1000

MCC
310

MNC
68

MSIN
4451000

310

68

4451999

Once the range of IMSI numbers has been determined, the HLR can be populated with the new
IMSI records that will be configured and activated at a future date by authorized sales or service
subscription representatives. The fact that the HLR can be populated with ranges or blocks of
IMSI numbers creates efficiencies in the storage and retrieval of routing information.
The wireless carrier distributes the Mobile Station Equipment to Sales Outlets that sell GSM
subscription services. When a new subscriber orders a GSM phone at one of the outlets, the
service representative will create a Service Order (SO) to enter the new subscriber's service
subscription information, including the MSISDN number. The key to the Service Order is the
IMSI that is programmed in the SIM. The SO is sent to the HLR, where the IMSI record is
created. It can either be set to an active state immediately, allowing the new subscriber to send
and receive telephone calls or it can be activated at a future date.
Note that the MSISDN numbers are assigned one at a time as each new customer subscribes. The
MSISDN numbers are therefore provisioned individually, rather than in blocks, which
complicates the MSISDN based routing of messages. The ramifications of MSISDN
provisioning are discussed further in the example found at the end of this document.
GSM Call Routing
Mobile Subscriber Roaming
When a mobile subscriber roams into a new location area (new VLR), the VLR automatically
determines that it must update the HLR with the new location information, which it does using
an SS7 Location Update Request Message. The Location Update Message is routed to the HLR
through the SS7 network, based on the global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within
the SCCP Called Party Address portion of the message. The HLR responds with a message that
informs the VLR whether the subscriber should be provided service in the new location.
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) Call Routing
When a user dials a GSM mobile subscriber's MSISDN, the PSTN routes the call to the Home
MSC based on the dialed telephone number. The MSC must then query the HLR based on the
MSISDN, to attain routing information required to route the call to the subscribers' current
location.
The MSC stores global title translation tables that are used to determine the HLR associated with
the MSISDN. When only one HLR exists, the translation tables are trivial. When more than one
HLR is used however, the translations become extremely challenging, with one translation
record per subscriber (see the example below). Having determined the appropriate HLR address,
the MSC sends a Routing Information Request to it.
When the HLR receives the Routing Information Request, it maps the MSISDN to the IMSI,
and ascertains the subscribers' profile including the current VLR at which the subscriber is

registered. The HLR then queries the VLR for a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN).
The MSRN is essentially an ISDN telephone number at which the mobile subscriber can
currently be reached. The MSRN is a temporary number that is valid only for the duration of a
single call.
The HLR generates a response message, which includes the MSRN, and sends it back across the
SS7 network to the MSC. Finally, the MSC attempts to complete the call using the MSRN
provided.
Adding a Second HLR to the GSM Network
As a GSM wireless carrier's subscriber base grows, it will eventually become necessary to add a
second HLR to their network. This requirement might be prompted by a service subscription
record storage capacity issue, or perhaps an SS7 message processing performance issue. It might
possibly be prompted by a need to increase the overall network reliability.
The new HLR can be populated with service subscription records as new subscribers are brought
into service or existing service subscription records can be ported from the old HLR to the new
HLR to more evenly distribute the SS7 traffic load.
Typically, when new subscribers are brought into service, the second HLR will be populated
with blocks of IMSI numbers that are allocated when new MSE equipment is ordered. As the
following example shows, this grouping of IMSI numbers within a single HLR simplifies the
routing translations that are required within the SS7 network for VLR to HLR Location Update
Request transactions. Global Title Translation (GTT) tables will contain single translation
records that translate an entire range of IMSIs numbers into an HLR address. Even if some
individual records are moved between the HLRs, as shown in the example, the treatment of
IMSIs as blocks results in a significant simplification of the Global Translation tables.
Much more complicated SS7 message routing Global Title Translations are required for Routing
Information Request transactions between the MSCs distributed over the entire wireless carrier
serving area and the two or more HLRs. MSC Routing Information Requests are routed to the
appropriate HLR based on the dialed MSISDN and not the IMSI. Unlike the IMSI numbers, the
MSISDN numbers can not easily be arranged in groups to reside within a single HLR and
therefore, the MSC must contain an MSISDN to HLR address association record for every
mobile subscriber homed on each of the MSCs. As the example illustrates, the MSC routing
tables quickly grow much more extensive than the STP tables. The network administration
becomes increasingly complex and prone to error.
Example: Simple Network with two MSCs and two HLRs
The following example illustrates the issues relating to GSM network routing table
administration with multiple HLRs. A simple GSM network is shown, with the various routing
tables following:

HLR Datafill
HLR #1 is populated with IMSI Range 310-68-4451000 to 310-68-4451005 and is populated
with service subscribers from two different MSCs.
HLR #1
IMSI

MSISDN

Other Subscriber Data

310-68-4451000 813-567-1234

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-4451001 813-567-4355

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-4451002 813-567-8479

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-4451003 415-457-0238

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-4451004 415-457-2332

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-4451005 415-387-6325

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-5568099 415-387-8884

~~~~~~~~~~~~

New HLR#2 is populated with IMSI Range 310-68-5568095 to 310-68-5568100 and is

populated with new service subscribers from the same two MSCs. One subscriber has been
moved from HLR #2 to HLR #1 (IMSI = 310-68-5568099).
HLR #2
IMSI

MSISDN

Other Subscriber Data

310-68-5568095 415-457-1235

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-5568096 415-387-4444

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-5568097 415-457-1236

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-5568098 415-457-4444

~~~~~~~~~~~~

310-68-5568100 813-567-0055

~~~~~~~~~~~~

STP Datafill
The STPs route SS7 messages to these HLRs based on the IMSI numbers which are usually
provisioned in blocks. In this case, the STPs (which have identical GTT tables) are provisioned
to route one block of IMSIs to the each HLR. Note that individual records can be moved between
HLRs with the addition of another record in the routing table which specifies the individual
IMSI. Individual records take precedence over IMSI block entries.
STP #1, #2
IMSI
310-68-4451XXX

HLR
1

310-68-5568XXX

310-68-5568099

MSC Datafill
When a GSM subscriber receives a phone call, the call attempt messages are routed to the
subscriber's MSC, based on the dialed numbers (the MSISDN). The MSC is provisioned with
routing tables which relate each MSISDN to an HLR. Note that the MSISDN numbers cannot be
assigned in convenient blocks like the IMSI numbers.

MSC #1
MSISDN

HLR

813-567-1234

813-567-4355

813-567-8479

813-567-0055

2
MSC #2

MSISDN

HLR

415-457-1235

415-387-4444

415-457-1236

415-457-4444

415-387-8884

415-457-2332

415-457-0238

415-387-6325

PT offers a GSM Signaling Platform that provides SS7 signal processing and network
interworking that supports enhanced GSM roaming applications. Our GSM platforms have
been used by some of the largest national and international carriers throughout the world.

INTRODUCTION TO 3G
3G stands for third generation, and is a wireless industry term for a collection of international
standards and technologies aimed at increasing efficiency and improving the performance of
mobile wireless networks.
3G wireless services offer enhancements to current applications, including greater data speeds,
increased capacity for voice and data and the advent of packet data networks versus to data
switched networks.
3G (Third Generation) is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies which use a host of
high-tech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations, switches and other equipment to allow
mobiles to offer high-speed Internet access, data, and video.

GENERATIONS OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATONS UPTO 3G:

1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cell phones. These are
the analog cell phone standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being
replaced by 2G digital cell phones. 2G networks (GSM, CDMA One, DAMPS) are the first
digital cellular systems launched early 1990s.2G services are frequently referred as Personal
Communications Service2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based
standards depending on the type of multiplexing used.
The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the
radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Note that both
systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest
of the telephone system. But the call itself is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only
modulated to higher frequency (typically 150MHz and up).
2.5G networks (GPRS, cdma2000 1x) are the enhanced versions of 2G networks with data rates
up to about 144kbit/s.While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was
invented for marketing purposes only.
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second
and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched
domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services
because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well of
wireless communication 2M bit/sec.
3G networks (UMTS FDD and TDD, cdma2000 1x EVDO, cdma2000 3x, TD- SCDMA, Arib
WCDMA, EDGE, IMT-2000 DECT) are the latest cellular networks that have data rates
384kbit/s and more.

BACKGROUND HISTORY OF 3G:

At the UMTS Congress in Monte Carlo, nine global leaders in wireless communications AT&T Wireless Services, Inc., British Telecommunications Plc, Rogers Cantel Inc.,
Ericsson, Lucent Technologies, Nokia Corporation, Nortel Networks Inc., Telenor AS, and
Telecom Italia Mobile - announced the formation of a new focus group to promote an Internet
Protocol (IP) based wireless system for third generation (3G) mobile communications
technology.
The newly initiated focus group will go by the name 3G.IP. The nine companies have committed
to support the development of next-generation wireless services such as voice, high speed data
and Internet access, imaging and video conferencing on an all IP based network architecture
using a common core network based on evolved General Packet Radio System (GPRS).

The 3G.IP group plans to set the direction and requirements for the work towards the
development of an IP based system for 3G mobile communications technology using WCDMA and broadband interfaces, which are ideally IP enabled voice and high-speed data
transmission for global 3G services. .
The combination of a common network, harmonized air interfaces and multi- mode terminals
will give customers seamless access to 3G IP services around the world, while satisfying the
varied needs of each carrier.
The 3G.IP member companies will cooperate closely and share information in the development
of standards for advanced communications systems that will meet or exceed all of the
requirements for 3G services established by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
and regulatory bodies.
The focus group expects that standardization activities related to an all IP based architecture for
third generation systems should continue rapidly in the appropriate standard and specification
development bodies, and the Group will fully support these standards development processes.
STANDARDS OF 3G:
International Telecommunications Unit (ITU): IMT-2000 consists of five radio interfaces
W-CDMA
CDMA2000
CDMA2001
TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA
UWC-136
3G is a generic term covering a range of future wireless network technologies, including
WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS and EDGE. 3G combines high-speed mobile access with
Internet Protocol (IP) based services. This doesn't just mean fast mobile connection to the World
Wide Web - by liberating us from slow connections, cumbersome equipment and immovable
access points, 3G will enable new ways to communicate, access information, conduct business
and learn.
WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: A technology for wideband digital radio
communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity- demanding applications.
WCDMA has been selected for the third generation of mobile telephone systems in Europe,
Japan and the United States. Voice, images, data, and video are first converted to a narrowband
digital radio signal. The signal is assigned a marker (spreading code) to distinguish it from the
signal of other users. WCDMA uses variable rate techniques in digital processing and it can
achieve multi-rate transmissions. WCDMA has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under the
name IMT-2000 direct spread.

CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000: Commercially introduced in 1995, CDMA
quickly became one of the world's fastest-growing wireless technologies. In 1999, the
International Telecommunications Union selected CDMA as the industry standard for new
"third-generation" (3G) wireless systems. Many leading wireless carriers are now building or
upgrading to 3G CDMA networks in order to provide more capacity for voice traffic, along with
high-speed data capabilities. Today, over 100 million consumers worldwide rely on CDMA for
clear, reliable voice communications and leading-edge data services.
CDMA 20001X for Voice and Data: CDMA2000 1X technology supports both voice and data
services over a standard (1X) CDMA channel, and provides many performance advantages over
other technologies. First, it provides up to twice the capacity of earlier CDMA systems (with
even bigger gains over TDMA and GSM), helping to accommodate the continuing growth of
voice services as well as new wireless Internet services. Second, it provides peak data rates of up
to 153 kbps (and up to 307 kbps in the future), without sacrificing voice capacity for data
capabilities.CDMA2000 1X phones also feature longer standby times. And because it's
backwards-compatible with earlier CDMA technology, CDMA2000 1X provides an easy and
affordable upgrade path for both carriers and consumers.
CDMA 20001xEV- DO for Faster Data: For those who want higher-speed or higher capacity
data services, a data-optimized version of CDMA2000 called 1xEV-DO provides peak rates of
over 2 Mbps, with an average throughput of over 700 kbps - comparable to wire line DSL
services and fast enough to support even demanding applications such as streaming video and
large file downloads. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO also delivers data for the lowest cost per megabyte,
an increasingly important factor as wireless Internet use grows in popularity. 1xEV-DO devices
will provide "always-on" packet data connections, helping to make wireless access simpler,
faster and more useful than ever.

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System:

The name for the third generation mobile telephone standard in Europe, standardized by ETSI.
UMTS offers tele-services (like speech or SMS) and bearer services, which provide the
capability for information transfer between access points. It is possible to negotiate and
renegotiate the characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment and
during ongoing session or connection. Both connections oriented and connectionless services are
offered for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint communication.

EDGE - Enhanced Data for Global Evolution:

A technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile
telephony. EDGE was developed to enable the transmission of large amounts of data at a high

speed, 384 kilobits per second. EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
frame structure, logic channel and 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks, which
allows existing cell plans to remain intact
Features:
The most significant features offered by third generation (3G) mobile technologies are the
momentous capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater numbers of voice and data
customers - especially in urban centres - plus higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.
3G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher data rates and increased
capacity compared with 2G networks.
The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources for operators who have
been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the other hand, it also helps to reduce the
cost to 3G networks while being capable of providing extremely high- speed data transmission to
users.
It also allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems.
3G users are expected to have greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency, which will
allow them to access global roaming between different 3G net workings.
The main characteristics of 3G are to provide mobile multimedia services at transmission rate of
144kbps at the high speed 384kbps at the speed of walking 2Mbps indoors This theoretical
maximum (2Mbps) is close to the speed of LAN connections that many households nowadays
have. In addition, 3G networks can offer faster data transmission than the slowest.
What are the benefits of 3G?
Packet-based data provides several advantages over the existing circuit-switched techniques used
for carrying mobile voice. It allows higher call volumes and support for multimedia data
applications, such as video and photography. Users will be charged on how much data they
transmit, not on how much time they are connected to the network, because with 3G you are
constantly online and only pay for the information you receive.

ARCHITECTURE OF GSM AND 3G

GSM Mobile Network Architecture:

3G Mobile Network Architecture:

DESCRIPTION OF SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN GSM

CELL
In a cellular radio system, the service area is divided into geographical units that are represented
as hexagonal(which are called cells).Each cell size varies depending upon landscape. Each cell is
served by its own radio and control equipment, which are located at the cell site . Each cell site
provides the radio connection between mobile units in its area and the rest of the network. The
cell sites are connected to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) by trunks. Other trunks connect
the MSC to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

CLUSTERS
A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster

CELL PLANS
The objective of a cell plan is to cover the service area as economically as possible, while
allowing for maximum flexibility for future frequency reuse.

CELL SPLITINING
Cell splitting, the process of adding new cell sites between existing cell sites to form a grid of
smaller cells, provides still more radio channels to meet service demands. As a service area
becomes full of users,this approach of cell splitting is used to split a single area into smaller
ones.In this way urban areas are split into as many areas as necessary in order to provide
acceptable service levels in heavy traffic regions, while larger ,less expensive cells can be used
to cover remote rural regions.

HANDOFF
Handoff basically describes the process of transferring a call. Handoffs are necessary to continue
the call as the phone travels. Handoff describes the process of transferring a call from one cell to
another. Handoffs are necessary to decrease the call drop rate. If there is not handoff then calls
will be dropped.

HANDOVER
In cellular telecommunications, the term handover or handoff refers to the process of transferring
an ongoing call or data session from one channel connected to the core network to another. In
satellite communications it is the process of transferring satellite control responsibility from one
earth station to another without loss or interruption of service. American English tends to use the
term handoff, and this is most commonly used within some American organizations such as
3GPP2 and in American originated technologies such as CDMA2000. In British English the term
handover is more common, and is used within international and European organisations such as
ITU-T, IETF, ETSI and 3GPP, and standardized within European originated standards such as
GSM and UMTS. The term handover is more common than handoff in academic research
publications and literature, while handoff is slightly more common within the IEEE and ANSI
organisations.

TYPES OF HANDOVER
HARD HANDOVER
A hard handover is one in which the channel in the source cell is released and only then the
channel in the target cell is engaged. Thus the connection to the source is broken before or 'as'
the connection to the target is madefor this reason such handovers are also known as breakbefore-make. Hard handovers are intended to be instantaneous in order to minimize the
disruption to the call. A hard handover is perceived by network engineers as an event during the
call. It requires the least processing by the network providing service. When the mobile is
between base stations, then the mobile can switch with any of the base stations, so the base
stations bounce the link with the mobile back and forth. This is called ping-ponging.
SOFT HANDOVER
A soft handover is one in which the channel in the source cell is retained and used for a while
in parallel with the channel in the target cell. In this case the connection to the target is
established before the connection to the source is broken, hence this handover is called makebefore-break. The interval, during which the two connections are used in parallel, may be brief or
substantial. For this reason the soft handover is perceived by network engineers as a state of the
call, rather than a brief event. Soft handovers may involve using connections to more than two
cells: connections to three, four or more cells can be maintained by one phone at the same time.
When a call is in a state of soft handover, the signal of the best of all used channels can be used
for the call at a given moment or all the signals can be combined to produce a clearer copy of the
signal. The latter is more advantageous, and when such combining is performed both in the
downlink (forward link) and the uplink (reverse link) the handover is termed as softer. Softer
handovers are possible when the cells involved in the handovers have a single cell site.

GSM OPERATION

CHANNELS
GSM uses a variety of channels in which the data is carried. In GSM, these channels are
separated into physical channels and logical channels. The Physical channels are determined by
the timeslot, whereas the logical channels are determined by the information carried within the
physical channel. It can be further summarized by saying that several recurring timeslots on a
carrier constitute a physical channel. These are then used by different logical channels to transfer
information. These channels may either be used for user data (payload) or signaling to enable the
system to operate correctly.
Common and dedicated channels
The channels may also be divided into common and dedicated channels. The forward common
channels are used for paging to inform a mobile of an incoming call, responding to channel
requests, and broadcasting bulletin board information. The return common channel is a random
access channel used by the mobile to request channel resources before timing information is
conveyed by the BSS.
The dedicated channels are of two main types: those used for signaling, and those used for
traffic. The signaling channels are used for maintenance of the call and for enabling call set up,
providing facilities such as handover when the call is in progress, and finally terminating the call.
The traffic channels handle the actual payload.
The following logical channels are defined in GSM:
TCH - Full rate traffic channel.
TCH h - Half rate traffic channel.
BCCH - Broadcast Network information, e.g. for describing the current control channel
structure. The BCCH is a point-to-multipoint channel (BSS-to-MS).
SCH - Synchronization of the MSs.
FCHMS - frequency correction.
AGCH - Acknowledge channel requests from MS and allocate a SDCCH.
PCHMS - terminating call announcement.
RACHMS - access requests, response to call announcement, location update, etc.
FACCH - For time critical signaling over the TCH (e.g. for handover signaling). Traffic burst is
stolen for a full signaling burst.
SACCH- TCH in-band signaling, e.g. for link monitoring.
SDCCH - For signaling exchanges, e.g. during call setup, registration / location updates.

PHYSICAL CHANNEL

GSM FRAME STRUCTURE

LOGICAL CHANNEL

FOR 3G

CALL FLOW
CALL FLOW from Mobile Station to The Network

CALL FLOW TO Mobile station

RF PLANNING AND DRIVE TEST

A cell can be defined as the area covered by one sector. A practical network will have cells of no
geometric shapes. Main elements involved in radio Network are Mobile station and base
transceiver station.
Process of Radio Network planning:

Collection of the input parameters like requirement of capacity, coverage and quality

Pre planning is done (which involves calculation of no. of BTSs with the objective to
obtain maximum coverage at minimum cost.)

Site survey involves selection of candidate sites based on feasibility study of constructing
by Civil engineers

Frequency allocation is done on the basis of Cell to Cell channel to interference ratio(C/I)

Parameter planning is done which involves channel configurations, power control and
network specific parameters

The final radio network plan involves rest of the parameters like power budget
calculations and considering path loss calculations.
Radio Network planning and optimization:
Optimization involves monitoring, verifying and improving the performance of the radio
network.
o
Study of methods required for optimization:
o
Traffic estimation in terms of erlangs
o
Configuration of Time slots of TRX
o
Calculation of frequency re use factor
o
Application of suitable propagation model
o
Methods to improve signal received by MS
o
Study of RRM ( Radio resource management)
o
Study of KPIs( Key performance parameters)
Traffic in the network is given in terms of erlangs.
One erlang ( Erl ) is defined as the amount of traffic generated by the user when he or she uses
one traffic channel for one hour. Commonly used Erlang tables are Erlang B and Erlang C.
Erlang B assumes that if calls cannot go through then they get dropped (i.e. no queuing possible).
Erlang C considers that if a call does not get through then it will wait in a queue. These tables
give information about the traffic generated by X No. of TRXs. Blocking describes the situation
when a user is trying to make a call and is not able to reach a dialed subscriber owing to lack of
resources. By observing this parameter, resources will be enhanced.

Configuration of Time slots of TRX:

Generally, two transceivers (TRX) would have 15 TCH and one SCH (signaling channel).In a
single TRX, first TS is meant for signaling and rest of the TSs for traffic. According to the
requirement, TRXs will be configured.
Calculation of frequency re use factor

Frequency re-use basically means how often a frequency can be re-used in the network. If
the average number of the transceivers and the total number of frequencies are known, the
frequency re-use factor can be calculated.

Calculation of frequency re use factor: If there are 3 TRX that are used per base station
and the total number of frequencies available is 27.The total number of frequencies available for
re-use is 27/3 = 9

Application of suitable propagation model

By studying the radio propagation conditions at a given place, either their own propagation
models or any one of the available existing available propagation model is used. Propagation
models: OK Amura-Hata model( for Macro Cell) and Walfish-iikegami model( for Micro Cell).
Study of methods required for optimization
Power amplifiers are located near the transmission antennas while the boosters are located near
the base station. Diversity is the most common way to improve the reception power of the
receiving antenna. Major diversity techniques are space diversity. frequency diversity. and
polarization diversity(In our field polarization diversity is being used)
Study of RRM
The management of radio resources, functions related to mobile location update, communication
management issues such as handover and roaming procedure handling, come under radio
resource management (RRM). For these management functions to happen, information flow
(traffic and signaling) takes place via three protocols, known as link protocols .LAP Dm is
present over the MS-BTS connection and LAPD over the BTS-BSC connection. MTP (message
transfer protocol) is used for signaling transport over the SS7 network.

Study of KPIs(key performance indicators):

Once a radio network is designed and operational, its performance is monitored. The
performance is compared against chosen key performance indicators (KPIs). After fine-tuning,
the results (parameters) are then applied to the network to get the desired performance.
KPIs can be subdivided according to the areas of functioning, such as area level, cell level
(including the adjacent level), and TRX level. Area-level KPIs can include SDCCH requests, the
dropped SDCCH total, dropped SDCCH Abis failures, outgoing MSC control handover (HO)
attempts, outgoing BSC control HO attempts, intra-cell HO attempts, etc.

KPI Report Of Jharkhand :

DRIVE TEST
The testing process starts with selection of the 'live' region of the network where the tests need to
be performed, and the drive testing path. Before starting the tests the engineer should have the
appropriate kits that include mobile equipment (usually three mobiles), drive testing software (on
a laptop), and a GPS (global positioning system) unit.
Procedure of Drive Test: When the drive testing starts, two mobiles are used to generate calls
with a gap of few seconds (usually 15-20 s). The third mobile is usually used for testing the
coverage. It makes one continuous call, and if this call drops it will attempt another call. The
purpose of this testing to collect enough samples at a reasonable speed and in a reasonable time.
If there are lots of dropped calls, the problem is analyzed to find a solution for it and to propose
changes.
Optimization solution :

Moving antenna locations

Altering antenna heights
Changing ARFCNs
Antenna orientation adjustment
Rectifying the faults in the steps followed before finalization of Radio network planning.

DRIVE TEST TOOL (TEMS PRODUCTS)

TEMS Optimization Solutions offers solutions to problems associated with wireless network
optimization. Regardless of network technology, the TEMS Optimization Solutions product
family helps during every stage of the network life cycle, making the network perform at the
high level expected by the subscribers. TEMS offers solutions for planning, development,
optimizing, troubleshooting and expanding mobile networks. TEMS Optimization Solutions
provides every tool needed in order to maximize the Quality of Service and get the most out of
the network investment. Optimized networks also mean lower operational costs. As the network
evolves through their lifecycles and into new technologies, TEMS products will support these
changes. TEMS products increase network quality by helping operators plan and implement the
best network configuration possible. They also enable engineers to troubleshoot problems
quickly. Further TEMS products allow efficient monitoring, diagnosing and benchmarking in
order to make best use of available resources. The products interoperability makes it possible to
share data between different tools, further increasing the benefit of using TEMS products.

TEMS CELL PLANNER UNIVERSAL:

TEMS Cell Planner Universal is Ericssons tool for mobile radio network planning. It is a highly
graphical, easy-to-use, PC-based tool for design, realization, and optimization of mobile radio
networks. TEMS Cell Planner Universal helps the user to roll out and expand mobile radio
networks, and optimize radio network regarding service availability and service quality. It assists
the user in a number of complex tasks, including network dimensioning, traffic planning, site
configuration, and frequency planning. TEMS Cell Planner Universal is the key to successfully
competing in the market place. TEMS Cell Planner Universal provides support for WCDMA,
GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, IDEN, CDMA, CDMA2000 1xRTT,
TDMA/AMPS, NMT 450, NMT 900, TACS, and E-TACS. TEMS Cell Planner Universal also
provides support for GPRS and EGPRS (EDGE), implemented in GSM system.

The most important application used in telecom for showing Site Map and for RF
planning is Google Earth .

EXAMPLE:
SITE MAP NEAR ROHINI LOCATION

GOOGLE EARTH WINDOW FOR SITE MAP

DRIVE TEST REPORT:

(GIVEN BY SOME SCREEN SHOTS)
FOR KANKE SITE SECTOR 1

FOR KANKE SITE SECTOR 2

APPENDIX
ABBREVIATIONS

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

GBT

Ground Based Tower

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication

GPS

Global Positioning System

LOS

Line of Site

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

FWP

Fixed Wireless Phone

FWT

Fixed Wireless Terminal

MCN

Media Convergence Node

MS

Mobile Station

NOC

National Network Operation Center

OFC

Optical Fiber Cable

OSS

Operation Support System

PMP

Point to Multi Point

PTP

Point To Point

RTT

Rooftop Tower

SDCA

Short Distance Coverage Area

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Web-Sites
www.elish.com
www.reliance.com
www.cellphones.ca/news/post001469/
www.3gpp.org/
www.teracomtraining.com/textbooks.htm

Books
1. Course book on cdma by Samuel yang, john wiley & sons
2. RF Optimization Overview by Unicorn
3. Clint Smith, Daniel Collins. "3G Wireless Networks", page 136. 2000