Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Analogue Electronics
Topic 3
Filters and Tuned Amplifiers
Jan 2014
1
Reference
Sedra, Smith, (2004) 5th Ed. Microelectronic
Circuits, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19514252-7. Chapter 12.
Rolf Schaumann, Mac E. Van Valkenburg (2001),
Design of Analog Filters, Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-511877-4.
Introduction to Filters
A filter is a frequency-selective circuit that
passes a specified band of frequencies and
blocks or attenuates signals of frequencies
outside this band.
Cut-off frequency
The cutoff or 3-dB break frequency is the
frequency at which the attenuation is 3 dB
In practical filters, this frequency is usually taken as
the frequency that separates the pass and stop band
In this case, the passband is the range of
frequencies at which the attenuation does not
exceed 3 dB, while the stopband is the range of
frequencies at which the attenuation exceeds 3 dB
(However, in filter design, as we shall see later, a
different way may be used to specify the filter)
5
High-Pass Filter
3 dB
Band-Pass Filter
Disadvantages
Bandwidth: limited to low frequency (audio frequency
range)
Power supply: required
Distortion: limited range of signal magnitudes
Noise: active elements generate more noise
10
Vo ( s )
T ( s) =
Vi (s
( s)
11
Filter transmission:
T ( j ) = T ( j ) e
j ( )
Vo ( j ) = T ( j ) Vi ( j )
Also, the phase characteristics of the signal are
modified according to the filter phase function
12
Filter specification
Minimum
required
stopband
attenuation
Maximum
allowed
variation in
passband
*ripple
Passband
edge
Stopband
edge
13
Butterworth filter
Magnitude function is given by:
T ( j ) =
1+
p
2N
at = p ,
T ( j p ) =
at 0 = p (1 / )1/ N
T ( j 0 ) = 1 / 2
1+ 2
Amax = 20 log 1 +
2
16
1/2
18
19
At stopband edge, = s,
A( s ) = 20 log[1 / 1 + (s / p ) ]
2N
= 10 log[1 +
/p
2N
( s p1 )( s p2 )...( s p N )
where 0 = p (1 / )1/ N
20
(
1
/
)
radius p
,
spaced equally by
equal angles /N
This is used to
determine the
poles p1, p2, , pN
21
Example
22
Design procedure
1
Determine = 10
Determine filter order required i.e. lowest
integer value of N such that A(s) Amin
Determine the N poles
Determine the transfer function
Amax / 10
23
24
= 10
Amax / 10
1 = 10
1 / 10
1 = 0.5088
A( s ) = 10 log[1 + ( s / p ) ]
2
2N
10 Amin /10 1
10 25 /10 1
log Amax /10 log 1/10
10
1
10 1
N=
=
= 8.756
2 log( s / p )
2 log(15 / 10)
choose N = 9
Find the poles (through geometry or from table):
p1 = 0 (0.1736 + j 0.9848)
p9 = 0 (0.1736 j 0.9848)
a conjugate pole
25
10
sin 10 = / 0 = 0 sin 10
cos 10 = / 0 = 0 cos 10
26
p2 = 0 (0.5000 + j 0.8660)
p8 = 0 (0.5000 j 0.8660)
p3 = 0 (0.7660 + j 0.6428)
p7 = 0 (0.7660 j 0.6428)
p4 = 0 (0.9397 + j 0.3420)
p6 = 0 (0.9397 j 0.3420)
p5 = 0 (1.0000 + j 0.0000)
T ( s) =
=
a real pole
0 9
( s p1 )( s p9 )( s p2 )( s p8 )( s p3 )( s p7 )( s p4 )( s p6 )( s p5 )
0 9
( s 0 (0.1736 + j 0.9848))( s 0 (0.1736 j 0.9848))( s 0 (0.500 + j 0.8660))..........
27
T ( s) =
0 9
( s + 0 )( s + 0.34720 s + 0 )
1
( s + 1.53210 s + 0 )( s + 0 s + 0 )
2
1
2
2
( s + 1.87940 s + 0 )
0 = p (1 / )1/ N
= 6.773 10 4 rad/s
2 + 2
2
28
29
Chebyshev filter
Even order
odd order
30
1
1
1 + cos [ N cos ( / p )]
2
1
1
1 + cosh [ N cosh ( / p )]
2
for p
for p
at passband edge = p ,
T ( j p ) =
Amax
1+
2
= 10 log(1 + )
2
32
At stopband edge, = s,
N 2
N
2k 1
1
1 1
j p cos
cosh sinh
k = 1,2,..., N
N 2
N
33
Transfer function:
N = odd :
T (s) =
2 N 1 ( s p1 )( s p2 )...( s p N )
N = even :
T (s) =
K p
( s p1 )( s p2 )...(s p N )
where K = T ( = 0)
34
Design procedure:
Determine = 10 Amax /10 1
Determine filter order required i.e. lowest
integer value of N such that A(s) Amin
Determine the N poles from equation
Determine the transfer function
35
= 10
Amax / 10
1 = 10
1 / 10
1 = 0.5088
Amin / 10
25 / 10
10
1
10
1
1
1
cosh
cosh
Amax / 10
1 / 10
10
1
10
1
=
N=
1
1
cosh ( s / p )
cosh (15 / 10)
4.245
=
= 4.4
0.962
choose 5
36
p1 , p5 = p (0.0895 j 0.9901)
p2 , p4 = p (0.2342 j 0.6119)
p3 = p (0.2895)
2 N 1 = 0.5088(2 4 ) = 8.1408
T ( s ) =
p5
8.1408( s + 0.2895 p )
1
2
2
( s + 0.4684 p s + 0.4293 p )
1
2
2
( s + 0.1789 p s + 0.9883 p )
s 2 + 2 p s + ( 2 + 2 ) p
2(0.2342)=0.4684
0.23422 + 0.61192
= 0.4293
37
Chebyshev
pole location
0 = 2 + 2
Q = 2 + 2 / 2
38
First-order filters
General first order (bilinear) transfer function:
a1s + a0
T ( s) =
s + 0
a0 and a1 determine type of filter
LPF: a1 = 0
HPF: a0 = 0
a1s
a0
T ( s) =
T ( s) =
s + 0
s + 0
39
LPF
(inverting)
HPF
40
1 sC
Vx (s ) =
Vi (s )
R + 1 sC
1
=
Vi (s )
1 + sRC
RF
Vx (s )
Vo (s ) = 1 +
R1
RF 1
= 1 +
Vi (s )
R1 1 + sRC
Vo (s )
K
RF
T (s ) =
=
where K = 1 +
Vi (s ) 1 + sRC
R1
41
Vo ( j )
a0
a0 / 0
K
T (s = j ) =
=
=
Vi ( j ) 1 + jRC j + 0 1 + j / 0
T ( j ) =
K
1 + (RC ) 2
When = 0 ,
a0 / 0
1 + ( / 0 ) 2
a0 / 0
T ( j ) =
2
Compare terms :
0 = 1 / RC f = 1 / 2RC
When = 0,
T (0 ) = K = a0 / 0
42
RF = 30 k
43
R
Vx (s ) =
Vi (s )
R + 1 sC
s
Vi (s )
=
s + 1 / RC
RF
Vx (s )
Vo (s ) = 1 +
R1
RF
s
= 1 +
Vi (s )
R1 s + 1 / RC
Vo (s )
sK
T (s ) =
=
Vi (s ) s + 1 / RC
RF
where K = 1 +
R1
44
Vo ( j )
j K
ja1
=
T (s = j ) =
Vi ( j ) j + 1 / RC j + 0
T ( j ) =
K
1 + (1 / RC ) 2
When = 0 ,
a1
1 + (0 / ) 2
a1
T ( j 0 ) =
2
Compare terms :
0 = 1 / RC f = 1 / 2RC
When = ,
T ( ) = K = a1
45
RF = 20 k
46
1
CR2 =
0 =
= 10,000
0
CR2
R2 = 10 k, C = 0.01 F
a0
R2
Dc gain = 1 =
=
0 R1
R1 = R2 = 10 k
a0 = 0 = 10,000
10,000
T ( s) =
s + 10,000
47
1
CR1 =
0 =
= 10,000
0
CR1
R1 = 10 k, C = 0.01 F
R2
HF gain = 1 0 = a1 =
R1
a1 = 10
R2 = 10 R1 = 100 k
10s
T ( s) =
s + 10,000
48
Second-order filters
General second-order (biquadratic) filter
transfer function:
a2 s + a1s + a0
T ( s) = 2
2
s + (0 / Q) s + 0
2
LPF: a1, a2 =0
HPF: a0, a1 = 0
BPF: a0, a2 = 0
49
Let p1 , p2 = j
a2 s 2 + a1s + a0
T (s) =
( s p1 )( s p2 )
a2 s 2 + a1s + a0
=
( s + + j )( s + j )
a2 s + a1s + a0
= 2
s + 2s + 2 + 2
Compare :
0
2
=
0 = 2 + 2 = 0 1 (1 / 4Q 2 )
50
2Q
2
52
K
T (s ) = 2
2
s + (0 Q )s + 0
2
0
53
K02
T (s ) = 2
s + (3 K )0 s + 02
54
where 0 =
1
1
=
R2 R3C2C3 RC
selecting R1 = R2 = R3 = R, C2 = C3 = C,
1
cutoff frequency = f 0 =
2RC
Rf
K = 1+
and
R1
1
Comparing denominators, 3 K =
Q
1
K = 3
Q
55
if choose Q = 1/2
Rb
R2
=
=a
Ra + Rb Ra
Ra = R2 / a
and Rb = R2 /(1 a )
57
Voltage divider
Ra = R / a
Rb = R /(1 a )
aK02
T (s ) = 2
2
s + (3 K )0 s + 0
58
s K
T (s ) = 2
2
s + (0 Q )s + 0
where K is the high frequency gain.
Using Sallen-Key circuit, interchange R and C
59
1
K = 3
Q
Ca = C /(1 a )
Cb = C / a
60
Band-pass filters
The transfer function:
K PB (C / Q) s
H BP ( s ) = 2
2
s + (C / Q) s + C
where K PB = pass - band gain
C = center frequency
Q = quality factor
61
fc
Q=
=
BW
fH fL
fc =
fL fH
where f L = low cutoff frequency
f H = high cutoff frequency
63
T ( s ) = TLPF ( s )THPF ( s )
K LP H
K HP s
K PB H s
=
=
( s + H ) ( s + L ) ( s + L )( s + H )
64
65
T ( s ) = T1 ( s )T2 ( s )...Tq ( s ) = Ti ( s )
i =1
T1
T2
T3
Tq
Tuned amplifiers
Frequency response:
68
R = RL || ro
69
g mVi
g mVi
Vo =
=
YL
sC + 1 / R + 1 / sL
Vo g m
s
a1s
=
2
2
2
Vi
C s + (1 / CR ) s + 1 / LC s + (c / Q) s + c
Compare with transfer function of 2nd order BPF :
Centre frequency :
Quality factor :
3 - dB bandwidth :
c = 1 / LC
Q = c CR
B = c / Q = 1 / CR
| T (c ) |= a1Q / c = g m R
Center frequency gain :
K PB = g m R
70
K PB = 10 = g m R R = 2 k
Since R = RL || ro , then RL = 2.5 k
B = 2 10 = 1 / CR C = 1 /(2 10 )(2000) = 7958 pF
4
0 = 2 106 = 1 / LC
L = 1 /( 4 10 )(7958 p ) = 3.18 H
2
12
71
Qo =
o L
rs
(Typically 50-200)
72
For Qo >> 1,
1
1
Y ( j o )
[1 + j (1 / Qo )]
+
j o L
jo L o LQo
Equating the admittance :
R p = o LQo
73
RL = RL || R p = 2.5 k
'
3RL
= 2.5
'
3 + RL
'
RL = 15 k
74
75
76
o = 1 / LC 455000 = 1 / (5 10 )C
C = 24.47 nF = C1 + Cin = C1 + 200 p
C1 = 24.27 nF
BW = 1/2RC = 1/2 (1k || 1k )(24.47 n ) = 13 kHz
77
1
o = 1 / LC o L =
2
C1 + Cin / n
2
1
1
BW =
=
= 10000
2
2
2RC 2 ( R1 || n Rin )(C1 + Cin / n )
n = 1.36
Cin = 24.36 nF
78
Exercises
Sketch graphs to show the frequency response
characteristics of LPF, HPF and BPF.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
active filter compared to passive filter.
Explain the cascading method to realize high
order filters.
Derive the formula for the equivalent parallel
resistance Rp of an inductance L with ripple
factor Q and series resistance rs
79