Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza

This sacred site was one of the greatest Mayan centres of the Yucatn peninsula. Throughout its
nearly 1,000-year history, different peoples have left their mark on the city. The Maya and Toltec
vision of the world and the universe is revealed in their stone monuments and artistic works. The
fusion of Mayan construction techniques with new elements from central Mexico make ChichenItza one of the most important examples of the Mayan-Toltec civilization in Yucatn. Several
buildings have survived, such as the Warriors Temple, El Castillo and the circular observatory
known as El Caracol.
Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis
The town of Chichen-Itza was established during the Classic period close to two natural cavities
(cenotes or chenes), which gave the town its name "At the edge of the well of the Itzaes". The
cenotes facilitated tapping the underground waters of the area. The dates for this settlement vary
according to subsequent local accounts: one manuscript gives 415-35 A.D., while others mention
455 A.D. The town that grew up around the sector known as Chichen Viejo already boasted
important monuments of great interest: the Nunnery, the Church, Akab Dzib, Chichan Chob, the
Temple of the Panels and the Temple of the Deer. They were constructed between the 6th and the
10th centuries in the characteristic Maya style then popular both in the northern and southern areas
of the Puuc hills.
The second settlement of Chichen-Itza, and the most important for historians, corresponded to the
migration of Toltec warriors from the Mexican plateau towards the south during the 10th century.
According to the most common version, the King of Tula, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, or
Kukulkan as the Maya translated the name, reportedly took the city between 967 A.D. and 987 A.D.
Following the conquest of Yucatn a new style blending the Maya and Toltec traditions developed,
symbolizing the phenomenon of acculturation. Chichen-Itza is a clear illustration of this fusion.
Specific examples are, in the group of buildings to the south, the Caracol, a circular stellar
observatory whose spiral staircase accounts for its name, and, to the north, El Castillo (also known
as the Temple of Kukulkan). Surrounding El Castillo are terraces where the major monumental
complexes were built: on the north-west are the Great Ball Court, Tzompantli or the Skull Wall, the
temple known as the Jaguar Temple, and the House of Eagles; on the north-east are the Temple of
the Warriors, the Group of the Thousand Columns, the Market and the Great Ball Court; on the
south-west is the Tomb of the High Priest.
After the 13th century no major monuments seem to have been constructed at Chichen-Itza and the
city rapidly declined after around 1440 A.D. The ruins were not excavated until 1841 A.D.
Criterion (i) : The monuments of Chichen-Itza, particularly in the northern group, which includes
the Great Ball Court, the Temple of Kukulkan and the Temple of the Warriors, are among the

undisputed masterpieces of Mesoamerican architecture because of the beauty of their proportions,

the refinement of their construction and the splendor of their sculpted decorations.
Criterion (ii): The monuments of Chichen-Itza exerted an influence throughout the entire Yucatan
cultural zone from the 10th to the 15th century.
Criterion (iii): Chichen-Itza is the most important archaeological vestige of the Maya-Toltec
civilization in Yucatan (10th-15th centuries).
Integrity
From its abandonment during the 15th century, Chichen-Itza underwent a process of gradual
deterioration until the first excavations at the site began more than a century ago. Nevertheless, the
excellent materials and building techniques used by the Maya in the construction of the buildings
secured that the architectonic, sculptural and pictorial essence of Chichen-Itza would be conserved
through the centuries.
Until today the elements that convey the Outstanding Universal Value of the property have been
preserved. However, discoveries at the site that are not considered in the original protective polygon
should be officially included. Furthermore, there are a number of threats to the integrity of the site,
derived from excessive use or inadequate infrastructure development to provide services, which will
require constant control in order to avoid negative impacts.
Authenticity
The condition of authenticity met by the site at the moment of its inscription was maintained.
However, the use of the property as stage for unrelated cultural events has sparked a discussion
concerning the impact of these activities on the conservation and authenticity of the site. In order to
ensure that use and function, as well as the character of the site are maintained, enforcement of
regulatory measures and protection mechanisms are required.
Protection and management requirements
Chichen-Itza is protected by the 1972 Federal Law on Monuments and Archaeological, Artistic and
Historic Zones and was declared an archaeological monument by a presidential decree in 1986.
The site remains open to the public 365 days of the year, and received a minimum of 3.500 tourists
per day, a number which can reach 8.000 daily visitors in the high season. This means that the site
needs constant maintenance and attention in order to avoid deterioration of its prehispanic fabric.
Yucatan is the only state in Mexico where two institutions are involved in the management of
archaeological sites: the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), which is in charge
of the care and conservation of the archaeological site, and the Board of Units of Cultural and
Tourism Services of the State of Yucatan.
The Board was created in 1987 in order to manage the Units of Cultural and Tourism Services of
the archaeological sites of Uxmal, Chichen-Itza, Kabah, Sayil, Labna, Zibichaltn and the Caves of
Loltn and Balancanche.
Medium and long-term activities at Chichen-Itza, including investigation, conservation, thematic
interpretation, administration and operation of the site, are addressed in the "Management Plan of

the Pre-hispanic City of Chichen-Itza". The purpose of the Plan is to articulate and coordinate the
activities at the site, especially those geared towards the mise en valeur of the property and the
generation of participation of the different sectors involved in the management, including the
general public.
No emergency plan exists for the site and there is no long term monitoring of the state of
conservation, due to lack of personnel. This puts the site at risk from natural and anthropogenic
disasters, as well as from longer term degradation. Threats like fire and lime stone erosion have
been highlighted. Sustainable implementation of the defined planning tools and the allocation of
resources to conservation and management are necessary means to ensure the conservation of the
Outstanding Universal Value of the property in the long term.