[= HOUSES: PORCHES AND ENTRANCE HALLS Porches play a crucial part in sheltering the entrance hall from inclement weather conditions. They should be designed as far as possible with the prevailing local wind direction taken into account. In addition, they should be visible from the street or garden gate. The key rooms withthe highest levels of circulation, and, in particular, stairways, should be immediately accessible from the hall 2) @. For instance, an effective design ould have the hall providing a direct connection between the kitchen, stairs and WC +8) CORRIDORS Where a long corridor is necessary, the width is established according to its position, whether the doors are on one or both sides, the arrangement of the doors, and the anticipated Volume of circulation, Appropriate coridor widths ate shown in +. Hf possible all. doors should open into the Door open ita mee codons 245LANDINGS AND HALLWAYS aSTORAGE SPACE MOUSES AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGSUTILITY ROOMS In uitility rooms there must be adequate cupboard space for storing cleaning materials and equipment, tools and ladders ~ <= @. Each cupboard should, if possible, be no less than Bem wide. In some circumstances, and particularly in multistorey housing units, chutes made of stainless steel or galvanised steel sheet can be used for discharging household waste or collecting laundry db- a3. They will require @ ventilation shaft with a cross-sectional area of 30-35% of the waste chute. For safety, chute insertion points can have electrical doors so that only one load at a time can be @ Dimension: bucket and wee dropped, temgrhendnd broahimop Linen chutes are most likely to be worth considering in houses on sloping sites with utlity rooms in the basement. Household waste should ideally be collected and transported in portable containers 3 +48, the dimensions ‘of which need to be taken into account when planning the ‘standing and movement areas required. These intermediate ‘waste containers are made of stool shest or polyethylene ‘and have capacities up to 110m? (11001), More common household dustbins of polyethylene or galvanised sheet steel are free-standing and have no wheels £3, They range {rom $0 to 1101 capacity and can be contained in a purpose: built outhouse). irre ed © Wares apna and unary election sya @ comer vaing ar @ vor caine ihe @) mann apn none fA | ore 248UTILITY ROOMS “The best position for utility rooms is facing north. They should ideally be near the side or rear door and be adjacent 10 or accessible from the kitchen ~~. Utility rooms are used for a variety of purposes, including storage, laundry and ironing, sewing and possibly also for hobby activities. To be of real value, the length available for standing space or work surface should be & ‘minimum of 380m (preferably 460m) 2 The arrangement of the equipment should allow safe and convenient use: for example, an ironing board when Used standing needs to be at different height than when seated = ¢2- ©. © Satan aa @ tips mene] enerttosng renin @ ein at 249PANTRIES, LARDERS When planning houses oF flats, space should be allocated {for rooms such a¢ larders, panties or cold stares. The most practical solution isto have a larder in or beside the kitchen +(2)-@ It must be cool, well-ventilated and shaded from the sun. Connections for 2 freezer unit and a drinks cooler should also be provided i the larder is of sutficient size and storage shelves are best arranged right up tothe ceiling Tn very large households, there may be a need for a cold store. These are supplied in modular form in a renge of sizes +@) and include separate cooling and freezer sections. reve ed = \ en) u © Beate scene Serra natn @ Seman vars / 4 D A @ rae aticant to We © Landry ttn antance —@) S40 cl store STORAGE ‘Apart from the cellar and attic rooms there should be at least one storeroom (1m? or more, with a minimum internal wiath of 75em and good ventilation) in the house. For larger dwellings at least 2% of the living area should be planned 23s storage room. The space is needed for storing cleaning equipment and materials, tools, ironing board, shopping baskets and bags, cases, stepladder etc. Doors should open ‘outwards to give more space and internal lighting must be provided, peraps by a contact switch on the door A recess close to kitchen for builtin cupboards is desirable 3 cpiaard in omrence aren © uncon treaErik keane KITCHENS @ ceramamm © g 251KITCHENS and Fitted Units Despite increasing standardisation, the dimensions and manufacturing. ranges, of tenon tinge sl very Considerably Bulan unity are generally aveleble om 40-120cm in Sem stops, uvaly th 9 height of ern Ina erehitect designed kitchen, the various elements are assembled ina way that cannot be altered th Mrorfope and. storage surfaces, possibly incltng” on tier oven with cutouts for Roplats! ond continuous cover plat, The materials used in tichen units include, wood. ti tert plywood hipbood and plastic Esposea wood sraces ae an ‘arnsed or liad th ples holes af of wood o Pecos plasecomed chipboard, metal shelves are best for pos ” and pans. Sliding or folding doors are useful if space is = rented because they requ no eaionl space when opened } Floor units » @ + @ are for storing large, heavy or J seldom sed ktcheneqipmet Wall meurted canes Gs @ have a small dopth so that the worKops beneath them can be used without hindrance, Thay alow cocker {De rathed winout vending Fulthowht cupboetds 8) can be used for storing EXERREE] cloning metorato brooms ot. but ar ar avo sutabe for housing verigeratore, overs, or microwaves at ¢ © cose matnnetes nt Convenient neh Sinks and dining boards should be fied imo floor seen, Sg meme -—7 anita whieh may alse ince a woste in heater ood Se ete | 4ispesal units (and if necessary, an electric water heater) Special equipment such ay vtrecablebreedins with vera ating bona equipment cupboords wi seca Dulout or hinged compartment, retractble kitchen tcaloe, ice drawers, pullout towel tale et save tine ted eon ‘anextactor above the cooker is recommended +2 and extractor hoods are most stable forth tek. Thre fo Giterentaton to be made beween ait onracon end ctslaton systems, Extractor systems require vent fo the ouside but are more effective tan receuaion systems and soar the preferred ype 1) so Pi A 4 A S H F H 2 i H H A Es F F H H H © ‘inte wate @ Seuss cotmae wim Eagan apart ane 252KITCHENS rere ey © vom outa sie © ik ania 283KITCHENS Kitchens should face north-east or north-west and be ‘adjacent to any vegetable/her® garden and cellar. ldealy the kitchen should look out on the garden gate, house door, children’s play area and the patio ~(D. They should be well located internally with respect to the pantry, dining room ‘and utility room, Although the kitchen is primarily a workplace within the house, itis @ room in which the householder may spend long periods so careful design is important. The kitchen is also often a meeting point for the family if it contains a dining or snack area ~ When fitting out the kitchen arrange the units in a way that follows the sequence of tasks to reduce the amount of walking required, and ensure there is sufficient room for {free movernent. Where possible, seek to reduce the amount of work done standing and ensure no activity requires an unfavourable body posture by matching working heights to body sizes. Good lighting of the work surfaces is another ‘essential provision (= p. 251), ‘An appropriate arrangement to ease workin the kitchen would be, from right to left: storage surface, cooker, preparation area, sink, draining surface ~.@)~@. (Note that left-handed people often prefer to work from left to right) A ‘width of 120m betwen the sides is essential for free movement and using appliances and fitings. With a depth of 60cm on each side this gives a minimum kitchen width of 240m -8) The minimum area for a cooking recess is 5-8m?; for rormal kitchens it is B-10m?, and 12-14m? for normal kitchens with dining or snack areas» @)- For planning purposes, the following width requirements for fitings and equipment may be used: ‘cooker 60cm, twin sinks and draining surface (including dishwasher) 150cm, refrigerator 60cm, freezer 60cm, ‘cupboards (provisions, cleaning materials, crockery and appliances) 170cm. With a worktop surface width of 200¢m, ‘this gives a total requirement of 700em of standing area, © Twositea sehen Bevery ~- 6 254 a] @® een wa sti © saearm. Cre Tp sal 1 @ etrsctadie adie © Printed able HA: Od BY a jo AB + ites Oma foausne nore mene @ cnn room tapout scheme 256. ® © sveahtn br a_i © Mapa torte @© Mest comfortable seating erangement in dning rom for 12 soncreera” DINING AREAS It ie ofen desirable to have space in the kitchen for eating shacks, breakfast ef. and use the dining room for main ‘meals only. This can be provided by including a Fetratable rable, witha height of 70-750m, which is pulled fut of a Base unit» A dem is needed to the to and Fight of the table. sufficient Space is available a fixed table ‘against 2 free-standing unit fan be used» @). Another ‘iterative ie the breakfast bar frrangement > (@). This Fequies loss depth than the fixed table, even though the surlace is also 40cm deep, because of its elevation but this also means that special stools are requied. Depending design, full dining 0 far more space but they can obviate the need for an additional ining room =D) + @. A comer seat and ining table take up the least amount of space =. Tis usetul to Be able to extend “the. dining room through wide doots or a feling wall for special occasions +) + 4, To eat comfortably an. individual heeds 2 table area of 80. Adem. A strip of 20cm is needed in the centre of the table for dishes, pote and bowis ~ D. Lighting should not be dazzing Gistance from lowe the tight to the ta around 60 em Suitable locations for dining rome are shown in 13 — 68 @) Pinna room and ting Sav ce nme soBEDROOMS To ensure comfort white sleeping, the bed length be. 250mm longer individuals height Based on average height, beds are produced in a range of standard sires: 900 som, 10001800 4000 «'2000 mm, 3600 ~ 2000 mm and. 2000 ~ 2000 mm. the. bedroom layout should give atleast 00mm, preferably 750mm, found th bed. Ths is storage teste tie @) in anbowd with nportant tallow the Bes toa doors to be made easily and also, if thore isa cupboard Standing parallel tthe bed to give enough space for movement. even it the Cupboard doors are open Thera should always be a bedside abinet othe lt and ght of double beds and ‘a headboard, onto which one ean fix clip ghts for reading, i also weal @. Bedside lamps. should Be provided in ation *0 genera iohting ‘About Im of cupboard length should be panne ter person. If there isnt fnough room in the bed fom, then space can be found in the coridor > Atleast one miro in which fone car see oneal from head 10 fe, shouldbe fied in bedroom: mirrored Cupboard fronts are. oven batter g ® ‘at bedroom to © Ranma" 257BEDROOMS Types of Bed Sri kee ot @ ingen tla @ Matenrbond tortion) Bade @ tong bod on estore 258BEDROOMS Bed Positions A self-assured person is happy to sleep anywhere in the room whereas somebody with an anxious disposition may prefer to sleep next to a wall pp 1 Sky. pk © Wrcemer arom © ens ot room In addition to room decoration and furnishings, a restful atmosphere also depends on the orientation of the bed ihead best towards north, position with respect to the light (looking away from window) and the door {looking towards door). Where there is more than one bed thei position with respect to each other is important: © Piwnde @ sisters @© eroners @® ovens Different arrangements of beds may be desirable if fronds, sisters, brothers or quests sleep in one room: @ ontisned snpemetiene © dostres werutvenes @ trreansryeie — @ ‘The arrangement of double beds (and single beds placed side by side or as bunks} has more to do with personal preference than space. Separate beds have now become common for couples whereas an enclosed double bed was customary in the past © sox vea @ @® canopy vet The last example is formed like a basilica and lit by 9 special ceiling light when the curtains are closed. These last four ‘examples show how the room and furniture decoration has depended strongly on the customs of the era. 259BEDROOMS So keeneBEDROOMSa BATHROOMS 1. Wall-mounted units are preferable for hygiene Feasons and for ease of loaning. Deep-fiush WCs reduce odours. 2. In contrast to showers, baths may be used medicinally (e.g. muscle rolaxation) as well as for washing, 3, Bath tubs are usually installed as builtin units and_may have convection heating inside, 4. Urinals .<)-@ are often found in todays Should be of a suitable size ‘and have ample surround ing flat storage surfaces. Flush-mounted fitings save space and are easy to clean, Mixer taps save water and energy. Note that 120m wide double wash-basins do rot really provide enough free arm movernent when washing: better is @ layout with two basins, towel rails in between and storage to the sides ~ p. 262 08 array 263rere ety @ santero twat @) sey wat BATHROOM Cubicles Traditional wet room installations usually involve substantial expenditure and a lot of time, Because the roquirements are largely standardised, prefabrication is desirable, especially for terraced and multi-family housing projects, holiday homes, apartments, hotel facities and for @, a6 wel as utility walls oF complete with premounted piping as well as units ies. Prefabricated compact cubicles are Supplied in a range of fixed dimensions. Prefabricated cubicles are mostly sandwich construction with wooden frame and chipboard or fibre-cement panels, They use aluminium, moulded stainless stee! or glass-fibre reinforced plastic to match the unite and accessories,BATHROOMS Location The most convenient location for the bathroom is adjacent to the bedrooms and the WE if it is not incorporated in the bathroom itself, Although showers are compact and often preferred by younger people, baths are generally more Suitable for the elderly If the house has no utility room and a small kitchen, spaces and connections can be provided in the bathroom for washing machines and laundry baskets. @ Bathcoom accenible fom ectoome sad broom con (@) atv and vpmete ® @ Net naer romani: emenatire and wap ie for ry i Hy 3 S a Py rt — = Hi 2 ry cy ry FY < Py rH Mr Fy S = 2653) tor drat wit © Somme © Setga ace tom oe 266 PF nee O} @® desea aceite om owe © roe vot ren © rete round " Gta ream an BATHROOMS Location Bathrooms with WCs are self-contained rooms which are ‘equipped with all of the fitings necessary to meet all the sanitary needs of the occupants. However, the plan should ideally include two separate lockable rooms for the bathroom and WC and this is essential in dwellings for more than five people. A bathroom with WC can be directly ‘accessible from the bedroom as long as another WC can be Teaches from the corridor + 2)» 62. ‘A bathtub andjor shower tray plus a wash-basin are installed inthe bathroom, while a flushing toilet, bidet and hand washing basin are installed inthe WC. For cost efficiency and technical reasons the bathroom, WC and kitchen should be planned such that they can share the same service ducts + @) + @, @ ~ @. In multistorey homes, an arrangement such that the utility walls for the bathrooms and WCs are directly above one another helps to sep installation costs and the necessary sound insulation measures as low as possible. However, adjacent bathooms in two different flats must not be connected to a single supply or discharge pipe system. ‘The bathraom and WC should be orientated towards the north, and should normally be naturally lit and ventilated. At last four air changes per hour are required for internal rooms. For comfort. a bathroom temperature of 22 to 26°C is about right. A temperature of 20°C is suitable for WCs in homes. This is higher than that encountered in office buildings, where 15 to 17°C is the Bathrooms are particularly susceptible to damp so appropriate sealing must be provided. Surfaces must be easy to clean because of high air humidity and condensation, and the wall and ceiling plaster must be able to withstand the conditions. Choose slip resistant floor coverings. Consider the required noise insulation: the noise levels from domestic systems and appliances heard in neighbouring flats oF adjoining rooms must not exceed 35 BIA {Atleast one sealed electrical socket should be provided fat a height of 1.30m beside the mirror for electrical equipment. tis also necessary to consider the following for ‘the bathroomAWC: cupboards for towels, cleaning items. medicines and toiletries (possibly lockable), mirror and lighting, hot water supply, supplementary heater, towel rails, drier, handles above the bathtub, toilet paper holder within easy reach, toothbrush holder, soap container and storage surfaces. ‘Spacious bathroom @ saroom and saneBATHROOMS Planning Examples 267ry i Zz F A ry Fs = H S re Hy = 2 Hy cI 4 2 Hy & 2 268 ® owe with carport © Sane win weary © corn wit sareroom CARPORTS Covered parking spaces (preferably with a solid wall on the weather side) provide an economical and space-saving way fof providing adequate weather protection for vehicles, ‘A.combination of carport and lockable store (for bicycles tc) is recommended -@. Carports are delivered as complete building kits, including post anchors, ironmongery and serews, as well ae gutters and downpipes ~ (3-0. Examples of the lay-out and design of houses with covered parking bays are shown -®-® au © (ormarcarhPilih ttt kik HOLIDAY HOMESSHEDS/SUMMER HOUSES Factors to take into account when assessing a plot are: prevailing wind direction, groundwater, drinking water supply, drainage, heating, access and parking space for cars. Whenever possible, construction should be from natural local materials (stone or wood). For security reasons, furnishings should be secured and entrances fited ‘with lockable shutters to protect against thet. © rate ee @ Hotday nove a Belgium @ seetion 3 tel ® erento a aey : Hotty howe in Borla,TIMBER HOUSES ® @ verte ting an* H Fi A Hy e Hi H A 22 HOUSE ORIENTATION © ramets Pane © Favourant rete and Optimal residential sites As. rule, sites to the west and south of towns and cities are preferred for residential development in areas where the prevailing winds are generally southerlies or westerios (e.g. many parts of western Europe). This means the houses receive fresh ar from the countryside while urban pollution is dissipated to the north and east, These latter areas, therefore, are not desirable for housing and should instead be considered for industrial buildings. Note that in mountainous areas or by lakes the wind behaviour described above may be different. For exemple, sunny ‘southern and eastern slopes in the north and west of a city located in a valley basin could be sought-after locations for the construction of private homes. Plots located on mountain slopes Plots locatad on the lower side’ of mountain roads are particularly favourable because they offer the possibilty of driving directly up to the house, where a garage can be located, and leave a tranquil rear garden with an Uninterrupted view and sun. On the upperside ofthe street, this i far harder to provide and walls and conerete ditches are usually necessary behind the house to guard against falling rocks and collect rainwater running off the mountain, Plots located by water The potential nuisance from mosquitoes and foggy Conditions make it inadvisable to build too close to rivers and lakes. Orientation relative to the street For separate houses with boundary walls, the most favourable plots are usually situated south of the street so ‘that all auxiliary rooms, together with the entrance, are then automatically positioned facing the steoet. This solves any privacy problems because it leaves the main living and Sleeping areas located on the quiet, sunny side feast-south ‘west), facing away from the street and overlooking the garden, I the plot has sufficient width, large French windows, terraces and balconies can be used to good tect. or © Pretare hune oettion Plots are generally narrow and deep inorder to keep the stot side as short as possibe If he plots situated tothe north of the street the building shoul be located towards the rear, despite the extra costs ofa longer access, This sin forder to take advantage of the sunny front garden area Builaings on such plats canbe impressive when seen from the street." Plots on the east of streets running north-south» @ are the most favourable in areas with westerly prevailing winds because gardens and living areas then face east, which is the most sheltered. Adiionally, its Tess likely that there will Be neighbouring buildings close enough to abstuct tow sun inthe east. To take advantage of winter sun (ow in the southern sky) the buildings must be situated cise to the northern boundary 20 a large area of terrace can bi south-facing. Pots on the west of a north-south steet shouldbe planned in a way that maximises the amount of southern sunlight received and gives an unobstructed view. from th werrace. This might require the use to be built on the rear boundary ~» @. The most favourable plots for houses in streets running in other divections are shown in 6. Plots adjacent to existing houses built onthe sunny side have the advantage thatthe postion and ground: plan ofthe ne Rouse can be designed in a way that ensures the sun will not be obstructed at ony time in the future Room orientation Whenever possible, al living and sleeping areas should face towards the garden on the sunny side of the house, ‘with the utility areas on the opposite side »@). This allows, Fooms that are occupied for the most time to take Advantage of natural solar heating. Use of a local sun diagram (pp. 164 and 165) will indicate when the sun will shine into a room, or a part thereot, at @ particular hour for Any season. This information may also be used to decide which way the building should be orientated and where it should be placed to avoid being shaded by neighbouring buildings, trees and the lkeriiiki tt kee HOUSING TYPES D samen oti Nolan dane ae ® te tine ute dtings sn urundngs i ' i i i i ; i ® 273HOUSING TYPESHOUSING TYPES Examples of Typical Designs @ semi-setscresnoutog Frequently employed by developers and. based on the use of identical designs ‘Also used on single-plot projects but rarely are the {wo halves. individually designed. Garages or car ports are often included on the side boundaries. © tnt owion Usually used only by devel fopers “undertaking. large scale residential projects, The groups of houses are built with uniform plans and designs and can be son ose ves layed out in compact or spacious configurations, Garages or parking spaces an be incorporated in the plots or a parking area © Haan nt cogs Can be planned as individual buildings or a¢ groups with coordinated design. Groups are usually considered only for large developments Include individual garages ‘ra communal parking area © reread houses A shared building form that ‘ives rows of identical (or Slightly varied) houses, Parking is usually on-street ‘or in communal car parks. © town noses Another shered building form resulting in rows of houses that are dential or Contain a matching variety of designs. Parking space ‘may be on the plot, on Street, oF in communal car parks. As with all these examples, design coordin —— ation and regulatory agree ments are necessary Bie mmr 12 10 vocseeau ‘ug isAis104A sdi68- 9 and regulatory agree Shu summer ottomye ents are necessary.HOUSING TYPES Examples of Typical Designs @) Semiaetched novi Frequently employed by developers and. based on {he use of identical designs Also used) on single plot projects but rarely are the {wo halves. individually designed. Garages or car ors are often inched on the side boundaries. ee Ror @ tines roving Usually used oniy by devel fopers “undertaking large scale residential projects, The groups of houses are built with uniform plans and designs and can be layed out in compact or spacious configurations, Garages or parking spaces fan be incorporated in the tual plots or a te parking area © town wit cours Can be planned as individual buildings oF a8 groups with coordinated design. Groups are usually considered only for large developments Include individual garages or acommunal parking area, @ mm A shared building form that ‘ives rows of identical (or slightly varied! houses. Parking és usually on-street for in communal car parks houses that are identical or contain a matching variety fof designs. Parking space may be on the plot. on parks. As with all these examples, design coordin ation and regulatory agree ‘ments are necessaryDETACHED HOUSESHOUSES WITH CONSERVATORIES Conservatories are nat simple glass buildings, but complex systems that must be designed with technical precision. Depending on the different” uses of the conservatory, the glass system, the ventilation and shading must be harmon sed in order to make it ‘work satisfactorily, A conservatory provides 2 buffer zone between the outside climate andthe interior of the house. Glass energy collectors and. in favourable climatic circum stances the potential eneray savings for the whale house can be about 25%. A westward orientation of the conservatory can substan tially raise the environ: mental quality of the habitat It is recommended that lass doors are incorporated between the house and the conservatory in order to Separate both spaces from 3 heating point of view and for reasons of comfon within the house and energy efficiency, ® Sepia or onary taminates wont @Pi H i F A H FS Fy Hy Hy rH Hy A A i : H A H A i] ci @ count toor ECOLOGICAL BUILDING The timber house is the epitome of natural, tradi ional and healthy living, This form of construction conforms to many clients ecological, biological and not least, economical requirements. it uses selected solid timbers, natural insulation materials (eg, cotton, wool or cork, natural materials for the roofing (e.g clay tiles), and plantbased paints for Secoration, all leading to a © vv ter high standard of eco friendliness, 1 Usually, only the slow ‘growing timbers trom northern counties are used for this type of construction, Unlimited life and. tow maintenance are the rule: for example, red cedar, a8 it ie commonly known, contains 8 tannin which acts as 3 natural wood preservative, making impregnation un: necessary. Deeply over hhanging roofs are used to shelter the fagades, Manufacturers offer several types of external wall construction. Double-block Construction consists usually fof two. identical leafs containing an insulation layer between. Single-leat og walls produce the typical traditional atmosphere of the log cabin, The purchaser ores has the choice of round logs (or squared blocks. Many timber houses can be freely planned to meet the client's requirements, The client also has a choice of which type of timber to use (spruce, larch, cedar) Many suppliors offer sel build options together with assistance from the firm's Construction specialist, @ agra of eneray systems»)HOUSE TYPES: EXAMPLES F H Es A 3 H FY Hy A $ A : H 8 Fy I : H H H 4HOUSE TYPES: EXAMPLES itu aedHOUSE TYPES: EXAMPLES Pi H g FI 3 Hl FY Fy H ¢ A Hy H A A i Fy H H H 4 287HOUSES ON SLOPESPi rol LARGE HOUSES ispiearenS TR PAY © Hosen tery te, Cat 289roe 290 INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLESINTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES. ryt edMULTISTOREY HOUSING layered building form (ether single buildings or in groups) that gives high occupancy densities. The external spaces within and around the building are clearly differentiated in relation to form and function. (2) Linear arrangement ‘A spacious building configuration: either groups of identical block types or of buildings of completely diferent designs. ‘There is litle or no differentiation of the external spaces {around the buildings (3) Slab-blocks This building form is often used in an isolated configuration. it can be extended both in length and height but allows litle scope for variety among the room layouts. Differentiation of the surrounding areas is difficult (4) Large-scale developments By expanding and interconnecting slab buildings to create large forms stretching out over @ wide area it is possible to develop large tracts Differentiation between spaces defined by the buildings is almost impossible o achieve, (5) Point-blocks These are distinctive individual buildings, often standing isolated in open spaces. A ‘dominant element’ in town planning, this building type is frequently designed in combination with low-rise developments wae - etry © setaig taxon AvsbarsMULTISTOREY HOUSING 2 i g Fy Fy 3 = = H s rs FH cy ry 2 < Hy e 3 s =* ry Ly Fy 5 ry z Hs — i A rH = ry FY i 4 ry Fy A ES 294 a 4 | vv MULTISTOREY HOUSING Developments with only one dwelling per floor » (7) ithe basic form for town houses) are often uneconomical. Four storey buildings without lits are the usual form. Housing with two dwellings per floor around a central core + 2) provides a good balance between living quality ‘and economy, allowing a variety of plans with satisfactory ‘solar orientation and flats with different numbers of rooms, Buildings up to four storeys can have stairs only whereas those with five or more requite a lift, For flats over a height ‘of 22m, high-rise building conditions apply. Having three dwellings per floor and a central staircase | again offers a good mix of economy and living avality, and this form is suitable for building corner units. Two. three- and fourroomed dwellings can be considered. Housing with four dwellings per floor and a shared staicase -- @ requires appropriate planning to provide a satisfactory relationship between economy and living Quality Different types of flat on each floor are possible. With point-blocks -» the three-dimensional design is determined by the plan form. [Bbw enter * a a Es @ ore sero svs 8 © comer bateony © Oven oncom win sean © (ntmadite torte pace te © ove acon BALCONIES Balconies offer an tfoctive means of proving the atactivenses ot domestic accommedaton units. They also give a0 extended! work space 95 well 3 an easily supervised outdoor childrens play area, Typical uses include relaxation, sunbathing, slecing, reoding, In addition to the requited functional ving space plant boxes shouldbe provided wherever posable (8) ‘Corner balconies (offer privacy and good shelter and are therefore preferable to open balconies. Open balconies rele @ protective screen on the side facing the prevailing wind = Where there are groups of balconies (as in blocks of Mat), and give sheer from the ne Balconies with part ofthe Sucre bocause this makes possible to include some storage Space (69 for balony furture, sunshade e @. ar jutible in hot clmatos propriate in are for lovation can make fogades less severe but tf dificult fo provide privacy ana protacton from the weather and sun ‘which ae offen tei plan layout on he othor han privacy and sheer» ‘During planning specity +" good orientation in elation tothe the path ofthe sun and the + appropriate location with respect to neighbouring fats and elective spatial location with respect to adacent living “sufficient size, privacy protection from noise and the weather (bend ain and direct sunshine! stable materials for parapets (e.g. opaque glass, plastic oF The balcony fame is best made from ght sta! protiles or tubes with 0 good anchorage in the masonry. Balcony balusters made from verti! stool ods nate that har canal rods con be climbed by Children) can be considred tut are not desirable because they So not offer sheer fram the wind and lack privacy. Where they ate Used hey are aten covered by te tenants thameelves wth ll torts of ferent materi, ‘Draught can occur inthe Intarmadlate spaces between parapets and the concrete slab + @), si betor to extn he parapet dows in ont ofthe balcony sib oro havea sod parapet. This must be Keptiow to avoid a roughike character and there must bea set ai above i atthe repulation height (2900mm. Allow space for ower boxes posse fet Mei | of ny © eater cot and pram ss es 1 of jo} i . RAE HF =] aa Tavera pan ss "Ma pu) i 4| q nh 7 oa | [ae fern te ry © roctning oars @ rates trots Trcic 295,oat c © vere connection @ Prenine coir srangmants © (rind on tee alco 298 ACCESS CORRIDORS/DECKS {An alternative to the centralised layout (i.e. buildings with ‘dwellings on each floor around a central staircase o itis to have the dwellings accessed from an internal corridor oF a covered external walkway. This is more economical in large housing projects. Each level is served by one ot more vertical connection points (lifts andior stats) which also lead to the main entrance to the building. In addition to stairways and lifts, vertical systems of service shafts are ‘needed and there should be a clear differentiation of built in, added and free-standing constructions. Dwellings on either side of an interior corridor have @ single orientation and this makes it desirable to employ @ design that uses two or more levels = (QA similar ‘arrangement can be exploited in buildings with an access ‘deck running alang the exterior ~ (+ 2). Note that open ‘access decks can cause problems in harsh climates. It is considerably better if the dwelling is on two or more levels because it allows the functional requirements to be met more satisfactorily and halt storey split levels, for example, can be stacked easily » 2. Dwellings on only fone level are particularly suitable as studio flats») To improve the tealtionship between circulation and walling areas the goal should be to minimise the length fof horizontal access routes. Planning corridors on alternate floors provides the best arrangement for larger ‘multilevel dwellings and good solutions can be attained by siting the deck access on alternate sides. The number of corridors can also be reduced with a mirrored staggering of maisonettes or a similar arrangement of split-level dwellings. © hoot storeySTEPPED HOUSING Plots on steep slopes are highly suitable” for” the construction of stepped housing. The rake ofthe front J afthe bulging (ratio of storey ‘#4 Fight to terrace depth) can 1 vary widely (e.g, 8°40") depending "onthe slope. Where the terraces are large (ie. above 32m doep) the builsings are usually south facing and enjoy uninterrupted views, However, consideration ‘must then be given to privacy have special regulations governing stepped housing ‘Stepped houses offer ‘open space for relaxation and @® Sinatestorey —_(Z) Twostorey ® Asymmetrical @® bsraves children’s. play similar to a ‘wetioae ne mt Conventional house with © macy comtdeaons or tases Garden. Plants on the terrace Wall further improve living ‘quality. These advantages have led to stepped Rousing being built on fat sites » od (Band projects to provide large internal spaces also lnvite the integration. of stepped housing ~ a Privacy ean be improved by using an overnang. = 2 @ oF progressively. setting Back bach floor However, the key factor ca be the width of the terrace wal, which can be calevtated Using the folowing equation. @ eraced housing, oper @ section through «convention centreeer © Fron vom tnd ttde Eesszousss BUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE ‘An environment for disabled people needs to be designed to accommodate whaolehais and allow sufficient space for moving around in safety (see (@)-@) and @-@ for dimensions and are requirements). Exemple door and corridor width are given in (@.-. All switches, handles, window ‘itings. telephone points, paper roll oF towel holders, ft controls, et must-be within reach of an outstretched arm @-(@, The layout of the WC, in Particular, requires careful planning: assess how many oor, light switches ote. are needed. Consider technical ass (e.g. magnetic catches on doors and remote controls) ‘Access paths tothe building should be 1.20-200m wide and be az shor as possible. Ramps should ideally bo Straight, with 8 maximum incline of 5-7%, and shoul be no longer than 6m (The ramp wisth between the handrails should be 120m. Corridors should beat least_1.30m {preferably 200m wide: clear opening of doors, 0950: height of ight switchos and electrical sockets, 1.00-1.05 m {use switches and contol devices which have large buttons cor surfaces. During urban planning. consideration should also be siven to providing wheelchair users with easy access t0 ‘eneral amenities such 95 supermarkets, restaurants, post Dies, pharmacies, doctors’ surgeries, car park, public transport et © raw aneation @® nian tring cele smoBUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE Houses and Apartments yaa a amet aff eeeedf encieers eee eet Clie E Condor te prefrebe. The entrance trea should be fan fsoproprite ae, wih shelves and com hooks planned in, The ‘minimum area of entrance halle 50 130mm, and 170180 mm for 2 por with «angle! door. tt shoud be coed ‘however. het inimum recommended dimensions are aten ot ‘ery generous and in pracice can prove to be too smal) For bind recent tie mporant to have an intercom pytem et he spartmont door andthe bulding’s main entrance, O mmmanr Living area: Living rooms should allow adequate free ‘movement for wheelchair users ang have sufficient space fortwo ‘or three more visitors’ wheelchairs, For bind people, addtionel space shouldbe provided for their iterature and tape equipment Braille books and newspapers ae roughly tvee times bulkier than their printed equivalents. Single disabled people need more: Space than those in shared households. In apartments recommended minimum areas for lving rooms with @ dining {area are: 22m! for one person: 24 m? for wo to four people, 26-mi for fiver anc 28 m for six. The minimum room with is '3.75m for a ane. or two-person home — an adltional study area ist be incorporated the floor area ‘must be increased by atleast 2 3 H : F A H FY é 5 H A A Hy Hy A A 1 rH H A H H a ee ee Kitchen: Ergonomic planing is of great importance in the © Prech nite wots door — @ Peas xachen tallow disabled people tole ther capabiites tothe an, os {ull The rangement ofthe storage, preparation, cooking and washing areas should be convenient and streamlined. The cooker, main worksurface and taps should be placed as close togathor a5 possible. Storage spaces must be accessible t0 whoeichait users (2. no high cupboards). The reach ofthe arm is roughly 600mm horizontally and between 400 and 1400mm Vericaly. The optimal working height must be adapted to suit ‘each cisabled person, within the range 750-800 mm, so itis desirable to have a simple adjustment mechanism Single-family houses: The single-storey family house with ‘ardon is often the preferred form of residence for disabled people. Thor requirements can be satisfied easily inthis type of ‘accommodation: L2.no stops atthe entrance and na difference in level between te individual rooms ang the garden; rooms can be Connected without doors and custom designed to best suit the Fesidents. However, two-storey family houses can also be Suitable, even fr wheelchair users, fa suitable mesns of moving between floors (vertical elevator oF sari) is incorporated -Multigpartment dhelings: The grouping of apartments in ‘multiple occupancy dwellings isa housing solution that offers ‘disabled people an environment which is both sociable and Supportive. In economic terms, iis rarely possible to convert ‘ordinary apartments into adequate homes for the severely bled, 60 they need tobe included at the preliminary planning ‘stage. I is once again preferable to situate apartments for ‘disabled people a ground-floor level to avoid the necessity of 7) One room apartment for instaling itsolevators. a iO § i ferences ao coca micas alone Seeeasrere ‘Stteroseee 299Omang MOUSES AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS St ©) amin @ BUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE Conversions ‘The needs of dssbled people ave often not taken into account Suitable bulings have a generous floor sree and er simple ‘apertures for aeration in teordanco withthe cocupants needs ‘The conversion masses required can include aeration fo the lan, including building work (which is limited by stuctural ‘measures, such at the installation of ramps, Its and additonal Slecral equipment. tanton shoul also be paid to acces orm tne 2 car parking spaco with ample alowences for wheeler users. The fwtent of the aterstons depends onthe dayiee of caabity of the the conversion moasures wal aften be specified in conjunction with the asabied porson and nore to hs or her needs 2ddionat services (pasting trough the basement can be installed ‘more cheaply and entrance modiiestons ete was Extent ofthe conversion work Three groups of disabled people ‘can be sdmtifed, each with coresponding requirements +” pjsabied members of amily (husbands, wives, children) who provision of aulcient eedom of movement inthe ving and bathroom". Disebied persons who carry out hovsohold tasks. Hor, to simpy workin th home, oly asabled persons who ae only partly independent ibn hus equie permanent care Extra space must be provided for menaeuvring whaschsre and faites o aid the Work of carers should be added. Note that sel propelled Comparison of ses of living a faery are no larger in ara than sta consisting only of adjusting door widths and toring the functional arash, living areos for disabled people need to be increased Sporoptatey, parteulary for wheelchair users and the vsualy Immpated. Regulations ten require adsitonal rooms in these sparments a well a8 modified bathraam with WC for wheechat person nousehl 30-55 Fortwo peopl. @D woreom aarimen i m2) @) Ra 0 x cher 200 @ Threeroom apermant 96m)Somatiag Iwiimnaisay anv sasnon BARRIER-FREE LIVING 301sat | pnewreeenene [=] FY > : om a Ey Sie | y= 3 zl ws | fem] |e s ee) ry H EE emoreau monnene s T Hy sermon | [scene ||| actin | | sesey FH Hy = nner Oo Q jo 302 OLD PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION Depending on the degree of support required, there are thes ‘main types of accommodation and care forthe eer: (1) old people's housing (2 ole people's homes and (3 nursing homes. In the United Kingdom, depending, inter alia, on type of ‘dwelling and faites provided, housing or elderly people can be classified into: category one housing, category two housing, sheltered nousing, very sheltered hovsing, retirement housing, extr-care housing, residential care homes, nursing caro homes, and dual registration homes. inthe United States, although similar building types have boon developed, the terminology dlifers. The building types that house elderly people in the United States can be described as independent Fetirement housing units, congregate housing, personal care housing, skilled nursing home, and ie care communities. ‘Old people's housing ~ @)- @) consists of self-contained flats or apartments which cater for the needs ofthe elderly 30 that they ean avoid moving into an old people's home for as long as possible. Such housing is usually seatered around residential areas, witha density of 2-10%. Fats for one person are 25-35m:; for two people 45-55m?, Sheltered balconies 2am, Sheltered housing is generally a group of flats (each 220m’) in one building, with common rooms and @ tea kitchen. A good solution is to build these facilities close to @ rursing nome for the elderly which offers meals, Iesure, recreation and various therapies, Provide one car parking space por 5-8 residents. Note that heating costs wil be 2% higher than normal (ld peoples homes offer residential care facilities and ‘must conform to regulations on planning, licensing. The large amount of ancillary space required means the mast economic Size is about 120 places. Meals, entertainment and therapies are provided and an integrated nursing section for short-term care. General design features: stairs 10cm without open riser; edges of stops detined with a colour; handrails on both Sides of stairs and in corridors; where necessary, lifts for moving patients on stretchers or in folding chairs. ‘The buildings should all be adapted for the disabled and have open spaces with benches. Homes should be sited close tothe infrastructure of a town ‘or village and to public anspor, The inlusion of a daycare centre should be considered to provide opportunities for people living independently to make contact and receive non: residential care (approximately one daycare contre is needed per 1600 elderly people) © Se oe een wing od peop meOLD PEOPLE’S ACCOMMODATION Nursing homes forthe elderly provide care for people who are chronically il and in need of medical attention. The residential area consists of a 50:50 split of single and double @, It must be clearly separated from the ion and office areas. @. Residents are frequently split into groups consisting of 8-10 people. with 2 shared lounge and possibly a tea kitchen where meals ‘may also be eaten 3). Provide one treatment room pet ‘wo groups, Central facilities are best grouped together on ground floor. Rooms are required for administration, consultation, ‘occupational therapy, physiotherapy. chiropady. In addition, rooms for. entertainment, common. rooms, cafeteria and hairdressing should be provided. ena @ one-sed nursing rooms affecting design 19 building layout, measures will be required to reduce the risk of cross-infection. Changes in level are best avoided but if this is not possible. camp's must be provided inside and outside building. Circulation distances for residents should be kept to a minimum and a main routes will need handrails. Corridors must be wide {enough to allow two people in wheelchairs or walking with frames to pass each other comfortably. Careful interior design is necessary. Doors must not restrict the residents’ ability to get around automatic ‘opening may be required. Furniture and fitings must be suitable for older people Consistent temperatures are required and contingency plans for providing heating in the event of power failures should be considered. The ability to control temperature ‘and sunlight penetration, particularly in bedrooms, arid sitting rooms, is important to residents. Hot pipes and heaters must be protected: the maximum acceptable surface temperature is around 43°C, Hot water systems must be designed to resist infection such as that causing Legionnaire’s disease. ew ® ona ed nursing rome © roma arog’ ome and using home 303OLD PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION Sto keke @© Fist oor +) © round Moor, od people's home in MihoFol po © Laan sete wating le | LAUNDRIES washing ariing por week i kof dry laundry Domest approx 3kaiparson (proportion for raning approx. 40%) (Gedeiothes and hand towels changed day) approx 12-15kqibad (chonge of bedeiatnes×\weck) spprox £10 ughoed (chonge of bedlothes 2-2 timesinesh) approx Sigibed (orist noel, change of bedeothes onceiwock) ‘Tho values given include restaurants Guesthouses: approx. kg bed Pestaurats approx. 15-30Kq/e00t ‘Te proportion of roning is about 75% or hotels, guesthouses and (4 peoples’ hom Residents approx. akgibed Nursing nome: spprex Skgined Ineootinent: approx. 28kgibed Children's home: approx. Akgbed for babes: approx. 10-12kgbed e 3 = Ht 2 a H = Hy 8 3 rH cs ry Fy ti PY Hy FH A = homes: npr kgtoed Inecontinent approx. 25kgibes The proportion of ironing ie about 6% forthe above homes Hospitals and lines (up to about 200 bed: General hospta—12-19kg/bed Gynaecological maternity uni approx. 18kgibed Childrens cnie: approx. T8xglbed ‘The proportion of ironing is about 70% or hospitals, Nursing stat approx. 3.5 kgperson Wiashing dayaweok = number of washestiay Example calculations: 1) Hotel with 20 beds utilisation BOX = 48 beds Four changes of bedcotheswesk end daly change of hand towels = approx. 12kabed £8 beds at 124g leunary = S78 kg wee Table and kitchen washing, appro Tahgiweek Fequied washing capacity = 186g per wach 2) Hotel with 150 beds utiiation 60% = 99 bas Daily changes of bedlothes snd hand towels - 20kgbed 80 beds a 209 lnnay 00 tatweck Twos andhitchen washing. approx, “200 aghwesk 200saweck aquired washing capacity = 2000 57.149 per wasn 3) 01d peopl and nursing Rome: 80 rset Beds 70 ring TDrursng beds at 2hgclohes = ADH ask (soseeed of being infect equiv washing apsciy. = 242 «33649 par mash 50 old pools be at kg nundey = 90 koa Table ana hichen washing apron 10 kgwesk 25D eg weok {1 suspected of Required washing capacity - 28° ~ 8.349 per wash 305irre etsy LAUNDRIES ‘Some laundries may have to be separated into ‘clean and ‘soilea’ sections (@.. in hospital, each with its own entry point + 6)-@ + ® ‘On the soiled side, the floors, walls and surfaces of all installed equipment must be suitable for wet cleaning and disinfection, Walkways between the soled and clean areas should be designed as personnel airlock systems with facilities for hand disinfection and space for protective clothing. The ‘doors in the airlock system must be linked such that only fone door can be opened at a time. © Sten soe nary © tener an od pope homeGeneral guidet Secondary school (with no 6th form) 9.2 0r3 classes per year 10 (12) oF 18 (18) classrooms 1 extra:large classroom (can be divided) 3 classrooms for special courses ‘each 65-70m? 5m? 40-45me Science rooms 1 or 2 for demonstrations & practicals, or each 70-75m? ‘Mor physics demonstrations & practicals 0-75m? ‘Mor chemistry and biology demonstrations & practicals, or 70-78m? Mor chemistry demonstrations & practical 70-75m? ‘or biology demonstrations & practcals 70-715m? 110r 2 preparation rooms, plus rooms for collections and materials,or each 4m? 1 preparation room for physics and chemistry {also used for collections and materials)or 30-35? 1 physics preparation room 30-35m? 1 chemistry preparation room 20m? 1 biology preparation room 30-35m2 10r2 science rooms each 30-35m? 1 r00m for photography 20-25m? Domestic science Veitenen 70-15m2 1 classtoomidining room 30-40m? rooms for provisions, materials and household appliances 30-40m? 1 washroomichanging room 15-20? Ant, crafts and textiles 1 drawing studio tarts and crafts) 1 0F 2 rooms for technical eras 1 oF 2 rooms for materials 1 washroomichanging room total of approx. 180-220m? 1 room for textile design 70-75m? 3 rooms for teaching materials ‘each 10-15m? 1 musie room 65-70m? 1 storeroom (instruments, music, stands) 15-20m? Language lab 1 room for language teaching system 20-85m2 1 room for materials and equipment 10-15m? 1 00m for library and magazines 60-65m? (or 70-75? 1 00m for pupils’ commit 15-20m? 1 recreation room (to accommodate a maximum fof haf the total no. of pupils at 1m/pupill Administration 1 staffroom {meeting room) 80-85m? 1 staff study (staff library) 100-1052 (or can be combined) 1 office for headteacher 20/25? 1 office for deputy head 20-25m2 1 office 15-20m? 100m for meeting parents, doubles as sickroom 20-25? 1 caretakers room (also for milk distribution) 20-25m? Spon Gymnasium (per 10-18 classes) ‘exercise area of 15 x 27m Sports grounds according to requirements SCHOOLS ‘Secondary schoo! (with 6th form) ‘2g. 2 classes per year 18 classrooms: 12 classrooms 65-70m2 6 classrooms (upper level) 50m? 5 classrooms: 2 supplementary classrooms 65-70m? 3 supplementary classrooms 50m? 1 extra-large classroom (history, geography) 11 room for socal sciences som? Science rooms Physics and biology 1 classroom each 55-60? 1 room each for collections and materials 30-35m? 1 100m each for preparation 30-35m? 1 100m each for demonstrations & practical 70-75m? Chemistry 1 100m for theory and practical work 80-85m? 1 100m for preparation 30-35m? 1 room for collections and materials 30-35m? 2 rooms for science groupe ‘each 30-35m? 1 room for photography 20-25m? Domestic science Vkitehon 70-75m? 1 classroomidining room 30-40m? Rooms for provisions, materials and household appliances 20-40m? 1 washroomichanging room 36-20m? Ant 1 drawing studio 80-85m? 2 rooms for crafts 60-65m? 2 rooms for materials each 20-25m? 4 washroomichanging room 46-20m? 100m for textile design 70-75m2 1 musie room, 65-T0m? 1 storeroom 15-20? Language lab 1 100m for language teaching system 80-85m? 1 room for materials and equipment 10-15m? 3 rooms for teaching materials each 10-15? 1 room for schoo! library 70-75m? 1 room for pupils’ committee 15-20m? 1 recreation room to accommodate @ maximum of half the total no. of pupils at 1mpupi Administration 1 staffroom {meeting room) 80-852 1 staff study (staff ibrery) 100-105? {or can be combined) 1 office for headteacher 20-252 1 office for deputy head 20-25? 1 office 15-20m? 1 room for meeting parents (doubles as sickroom) 20-25? 1 caretakers room (also for milk distribution) 20-25? Sport Gymnasium (per 10-18 classes or part of) 1 exercise area of 15 x 27m Sports ground according to requirements 307Ertan ece er 308 ply = @cnamawe netic 2) tame ine for 80 boys, dome 332 SCHOOLS Cloakroom facilities can be decentralised by allocating space outside the classrooms but directly linked to them, ‘The number of toilets, urinals and wash-basins required, based on total number of pupils and separated according 10 sex, should be as set out in the focal schoo! building ‘Quidelines (e.g. ~ 63). Sanitary installations with direct daylight and ventilation are preferable, and there must be separate entrances for boys and girls. Examples of different toilet facilites for schools are shown in ()- Horizontal and vertical circulation usually doubles as ‘an emergency escape route. Escape routes must have @ clear width of min, 11/180 people, but min. width of corridors in classroom areas is 2.00m of 1.25m for less than 180 people. Stairs in classroom areas must be 1.25m, other escape routes 1.0m. Max. length of escape routes: 25m measured in a steaight line from the stairwell door to the furthest workplace, oF 30m in an indirect line to the centre of the room. Capacity of stairs is dependent fon number of users, average occupancy, etc. Width of stairs: 0.80m/100 people (minimum 1.25m, max. 2.50) Alternatively: 0.10m/15 people. (Only the top floor is calculated at 100% occupancy, remaining floors at 50%.) General-purpose teaching area includes standard Classrooms, supplementary classrooms, extra-large Classrooms, rooms for special courses, rooms for teaching languages and social studies, language labs, rooms for teaching material, maps and ather ancillary ‘Space requirements: classroom for traditional teaching 2.00m2/pupil; for teaching in sets 3.00m%/pupil, for open plan teaching 4.50m%iplace including ancillary areas heeded for each subject Standard room shape: rectangular or square (12x20, 12% 18, 12% 12, 1210}; with a max. room depth of 7.20m itis possible to have windows on one side only. - 7) Floor areas are: traditional classroom, 1.80-2.00m/ pupil: open plan 3.00-8,00m*ipupil. The clear height should be 2.70-3.40m, Language labs should be within or directly related to the general-purpose teaching area, and close to media centre and library. Approximately 30 language lab. places per 1000 pupils will be needed ~@) - 69. The size of LT Ulistentalk) and LSR listenfalkirecord) labs is. approx. Bom2: booths 1x2m, number of placesilab. 24-30, ie 48-60mz, plus ancillary spaces (e.g. studio, recording ‘oom, archive for teachers’ and pupils’ tapes). Artificially lit internal language labs with an environmental control system are also possible. ne sh ~ Seem tote Pe @ trees @ © commanded WE facing© et dso fr eee shina Te ii nt Piensa nd Room and sree for technical subject, economies, mule and add seen tr chi wie tD1ga| ‘SCHOOLS Science area includes rooms for teaching of theory and practice, practicals, preparation and collections, Photographic studios and labs. Classrooms for biology. Physics and chemistry 2.50mtiplace. For lectures and demonstrations in practical work 4.50m/place including special-purpose ancillary space but not including ancillary Room sizes for demonstrations and precticals in chemistry and biology, physics, or combinations should be 70-801? (D ldeall, for physis, biology and chemistry lectures (possibly including demonstrations) 60m? is needed, with fixed raked seating. Second entrancefexit. Possibility of internal classroom with artificial lighting Room for practical work, group work in biology and physics and as well as interdiseiplinary work, space divisible into smaller units. 80m? per individual room or space. Fooms for preparation, collections and materials for individual subjects or combinations of subjects. Total of 30-40 or 70m? depending on the size of the school and the science area Internal rooms with artificial light allowable. Fooms for photographic work and photographic labs ave best associated with the science rooms. Ideally, they should be in the form of a studio, witha lobby between the ab and teaching area. Dark room with areas for printing (1 enlarging table for 2-3 pupils, combined with wet processing places), for developing negatives and rooms or farea for loading fil, Position of rooms: best north-facing with constant room temperature. Space required depends on number of pupils, or 6-14 pupils per group, at least 3-4m? per workplace. Type of photo lab depends on areas and sizes ‘© one-room lab 20-30m?, minimum size with separate bay of 1.50-2.0m for loading film. ‘+ two-room lab 30-40m?, consisting of lit room, light Tock and dark room (positive and negative work, fi loading room 2m, + three-room lab, printing room, lit room with necessary light locks, light locks 1-2m? without furniture, dark room lamps only For exhibitions, etc, shared use of other rooms is po Py 5 5 : Py Hy Hy Ft Hy = ry Hy Ci FY Fy e HI Py 5 Hy 309