CH 23 HW

12/8/2015
Ch23HW
Ch23HW
Due:11:59pmonTuesday,November10,2015
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
ElectricPotentialEnergyversusElectricPotential
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtherelationshipanddifferencesbetweenelectricpotentialandelectricpotentialenergy.
InthisproblemwewilllearnabouttherelationshipsbetweenelectricforceF ,electricfieldE,potentialenergyU ,and
electricpotentialV .Tounderstandtheseconcepts,wewillfirststudyasystemwithwhichyouarealreadyfamiliar:the
uniformgravitationalfield.
GravitationalForceandPotentialEnergy
Firstwereviewtheforceandpotentialenergyofanobjectofmassminauniformgravitationalfieldthatpoints
^
downward(inthek
direction),likethegravitationalfieldneartheearth'ssurface.
PartA
FindtheforceF (z)
onanobjectofmassmintheuniformgravitationalfieldwhenitisatheightz
= 0
^
ExpressF (z)
intermsofm,z ,k
,andg .
ANSWER:
F (z)
^
mgk
Correct
Becauseweareinauniformfield,theforcedoesnotdependontheobject'slocation.Therefore,thevariablez
doesnotappearinthecorrectanswer.
PartB
NowfindthegravitationalpotentialenergyU (z) oftheobjectwhenitisatanarbitraryheightz .Takezeropotential
tobeatpositionz = 0 .Keepinmindthatthepotentialenergyisascalar,notavector.
ExpressU (z) intermsofm,z ,andg .
ANSWER:
U (z)
mgz
Correct
PartC
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3924419
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Inwhatdirectiondoestheobjectacceleratewhenreleasedwithinitialvelocityupward?
ANSWER:
upward
downward
upwardordownwarddependingonitsmass
downwardonlyiftheratioofg toinitialvelocityislargeenough
Correct
ElectricForceandPotentialEnergy
Nowconsidertheanalogouscaseofaparticlewithchargeq placedinauniformelectricfieldofstrengthE ,pointing
^
downward(inthek
direction)
PartD
FindF (z)
,theelectricforceonthechargedparticleatheightz .
^
ExpressF (z)
intermsofq ,E ,z ,andk
.
Hint1.Relationshipbetweenforceandelectricfield
Theforceonaparticleofchargeq inanelectricfieldE
^
= E k
isgivenbyF =
qE
ANSWER:
F (z)
^
qEk
Correct
PartE
NowfindthepotentialenergyU (z) ofthischargedparticlewhenitisatheightz .Takezeropotentialtobeat
positionz = 0 .
ExpressU (z) intermsofq ,E ,andz .
ANSWER:
U (z)
qEz
Correct
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PartF
Inwhatdirectiondoesthechargedparticleacceleratewhenreleasedwithupwardinitialvelocity?
ANSWER:
upward
downward
upwardordownwarddependingonitscharge
downwardonlyiftheratioofqE toinitialvelocityislargeenough
Correct
ElectricFieldandElectricPotential
TheelectricpotentialV isdefinedbytherelationshipU
withchargeq .
= qV ,
whereU istheelectricpotentialenergyofaparticle
PartG
^
FindtheelectricpotentialV oftheuniformelectricfieldE = Ek
.Notethatthisfieldisnotpointinginthesame
directionasthefieldintheprevioussectionofthisproblem.Takezeropotentialtobeatpositionz = 0 .
ExpressV intermsofq ,E ,andz .

ANSWER:
V
Ez
Correct
TheSIunitforelectricpotentialisthevolt(V).Thevoltisaderivedunit,whichmeansthatitcanbewrittenin
termsofotherSIunits.Intermsofthefundamentalunitsoflength,mass,timeandcharge,thevoltcanbe
expressedasfollows:
1V =
kg m
s2 C
PartH
Theelectricfieldcanbederivedfromtheelectricpotential,justastheelectrostaticforcecanbedeterminedfrom
theelectricpotentialenergy.TherelationshipbetweenelectricfieldandelectricpotentialisE
isthegradientoperator:
V =
Thepartialderivative
V
x
V
x
^
i +
V
y
^
j+
V
z
= V
,where
^
k.
meansthederivativeofV withrespecttox,holdingallothervariablesconstant.
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ConsideragaintheelectricpotentialV
zcoordinateonly,so
V
x
V
y
= Ez
= 0 and
V
z
correspondingtothefieldE
=
dV
dz
^
= Ek
.Thispotentialdependsonthe
FindanexpressionfortheelectricfieldEintermsofthederivativeofV .
^
^
Expressyouranswerasavectorintermsoftheunitvectors^
i , j ,and/or k .Use dV /dz forthederivativeof
V withrespectto z .
ANSWER:
dV
dz
^
k
Correct
PartI
Apositivetestchargewillacceleratetowardregionsof________electricpotentialand________electricpotential
energy.
Choosetheappropriateanswercombinationtofillintheblankscorrectly.
Hint1.Directionoftheelectricfield
Inwhatdirectiondoelectricfieldspoint?
ANSWER:
fromregionsofhigherelectricpotentialtolowerelectricpotential
fromregionsoflowerelectricpotentialtohigherelectricpotential
Hint2.Formulafortheforceonachargeinanelectricfield
TheforceF onachargeq inanelectricfieldEisgivenby
F = qE
ThisissimilartotheequationF
.
mgfortheforceonamassinauniformgravitationalfield.
Hint3.Formulaforelectricpotentialenergy
TheelectricpotentialenergyU ofachargeq atelectricpotentialV isgivenby
.
,forthegravitationalpotentialenergyofaparticlewith
U = qV
ThisissimilartotheequationUg
massm.
= mVg = mgh
ANSWER:
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higherhigher
higherlower
lowerhigher
lowerlower
Correct
PartJ
Anegativetestchargewillacceleratetowardregionsof________electricpotentialand________electricpotential
energy.
Choosetheappropriateanswercombinationtofillintheblankscorrectly.
Hint1.Directionoftheelectricfield
Inwhatdirectiondoelectricfieldspoint?
ANSWER:
fromregionsofhigherelectricpotentialtolowerelectricpotential
fromregionsoflowerelectricpotentialtohigherelectricpotential
Hint2.Formulafortheforceonachargeinanelectricfield
TheforceF onachargeq inanelectricfieldEisgivenby
F = qE
ThisissimilartotheequationF
= mg
.
fortheforceonamassinauniformgravitationalfield.
TheelectricpotentialenergyU ofachargeq atelectricpotentialV isgivenby
.
ThisissimilartotheequationUg = mVg = mgh forthegravitationalpotentialenergyofaparticlewith
massm.Itworksevenfornegativecharges.Negativemassesarenotknowntoexist.
U = qV
ANSWER:
higherhigher
higherlower
lowerhigher
lowerlower
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Correct
Achargeinanelectricfieldwillexperienceaforceinthedirectionofdecreasingpotentialenergy.Sincethe
electricpotentialenergyofanegativechargeisequaltothechargetimestheelectricpotential(U = qV ),the
directionofdecreasingelectricpotentialenergyisthedirectionofincreasingelectricpotential.
ElectricPotential,PotentialEnergy,andForce
LearningGoal:
Toreviewrelationshipsamongelectricpotential,electricpotentialenergy,andforceonatestcharge
ThisproblemisareviewoftherelationshipbetweenanelectricfieldE,itsassociatedelectricpotentialV ,theelectric
potentialenergyU ,andthedirectionofforceonatestcharge.
PartA
Electricfieldlinesalwaysbeginat_______charges(oratinfinity)andendat_______charges(oratinfinity).One
couldalsosaythatthelinesweusetorepresentanelectricfieldindicatethedirectioninwhicha_______test
chargewouldinitiallymovewhenreleasedfromrest.Whichofthefollowingfillsinthethreemissingwords
correctly?
ANSWER:
(positivenegativenegative)
(positivenegativepositive)
(negativepositivenegative)
(negativepositivepositive)
Correct
NotethattheelectricfieldvectorEiseverywheretangenttotheelectricfieldlines.Likeelectricfieldlines,
theelectricfieldvectorgenerallypointsawayfrompositivechargesandtowardnegativecharges.
PartB
Wouldapositivetestchargereleasedfromrestmovetowardaregionofhigherorlowerelectricpotential
(comparedtotheelectricpotentialatthepointwhereitisreleased)?
Hint1.Potential,field,andforce
TheequationrelatinganelectricfieldtoelectricpotentialisE
= V
.Bydefinition,V pointsinthe
directioninwhichV ismostrapidlyincreasing.ThusV (ortheelectricfield)pointsinthedirectionin

whichV ismostrapidlydecreasing.Theforceonachargeq inanelectricfieldisgivenbyF =
positivechargewillexperienceaforceinthesamedirectionastheelectricfield.
qE
,soa
ANSWER:
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higherelectricpotential
lowerelectricpotential
Correct
PartC
Nowimaginethatthesignofourtestparticleischangedfrompositivetonegative,buttheelectricpotential
remainsthesame.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?
Hint1.Directionoffieldandforce
Theproblemstatesthattheelectricpotentialdoesnotchange.Theelectricfieldisdeterminedfrom
E = V
,andtheforcefromF = qE ,whereq isthecharge.Whenthesignofthetestcharge

changes,buttheelectricpotentialremainsthesame,whathappenstothedirectionoftheelectricfieldand
thedirectionoftheforceonthecharge?
ANSWER:
Boththeelectricfieldandforceareunchanged.
Theforceisunchangedbuttheelectricfieldisreversed.
Boththeelectricfieldandforcearereversed.
Theelectricfieldisunchangedbuttheforceisreversed.
Hint2.Directionofforceandpotentialenergygradient
Likeotherformsofpotentialenergy,theelectricpotentialenergyU isalwaysintimatelyrelatedtothe
electricforcebytheequationF =
.Notethatthisrelationshipdoesnotdependonthesignofthe
testcharge.Bydefinition,
pointsinthedirectioninwhichU ismostrapidlyincreasing.ThusU (or
theforce)pointsinthedirectioninwhichU ismostrapidlydecreasing.
ANSWER:
Thedirectionoftheforcewillchangeanditwillpointtoregionsofhigherpotentialenergy.
Thedirectionoftheforcewillnotchangeanditwillpointtoregionsofhigherpotentialenergy.
Thedirectionoftheforcewillnotchangeanditwillpointtoregionsoflowerpotentialenergy.
Thedirectionoftheforcewillchangeanditwillpointtoregionsoflowerpotentialenergy.
Correct
PhETTutorial:ChargesandElectricPotential
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LearningGoal:
Tounderstandthespatialdistributionoftheelectricpotentialforavarietyofsimplechargeconfigurations,andto
understandhowtheelectricfieldandelectricpotential(voltage)arerelated.
Forthisproblem,usethePhETsimulationChargesandFields.Thissimulationallowsyoutoplacemultiplepositive
andnegativepointchargesinanyconfigurationandlookattheresultingelectricfieldandcorrespondingelectric
potential.
Startthesimulation.Youcanclickanddragpositivecharges(red)ornegativecharges(blue)intothemainscreen.If
youselectShowEfieldinthegreenmenu,redarrowswillappear,showingthedirectionoftheelectricfield.Faintred
arrowsindicatethattheelectricfieldisweakerthanatlocationswherethearrowsarebrighter(thissimulationdoesnot
usearrowlengthasameasureoffieldmagnitude).
Youcandragapositivechargeintothemainscreenandplacethecrosshairsoftheelectricpotential(voltage)
measurementtoolontopofanypointforwhichyouwouldliketoseethevoltage(forthistutorial,voltagewillbetaken
tobethesameaselectricpotential).Clickingplotonthisdeviceshowsanequipotentialline.Allpointsalongan
equipotentiallinehavethesamepotential.
ClickClearAllbeforebeginningPartA.
PartA
Theelectricpotential(voltage)ataspecificlocationisequaltothepotentialenergyperunitchargeacharged
objectwouldhaveifitwereatthatlocation.Ifthezeropointofthevoltageisatinfinity,thenumericalvalueofthe
voltageisequaltothenumericalvalueofworkdonetobringinaunitchargefrominfinitytothatlocation.
SelectShownumbersandgridinthegreenmenu,anddragonepositivechargetothemiddleofthescreen,right
ontopoftwointersectingboldgridlines.
Usingthevoltagemeter,youshouldfindthat1mawayfromthecharge,thevoltageis9V.Whatisthevoltage
2mawayfromthecharge?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinvoltstotwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
4.5 V
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Unlikethemagnitudeoftheelectricfield,theelectricpotential(voltage)isnotproportionaltotheinverseofthe
distancesquared.
PartB
Whatisthevoltage3mawayfromthecharge?
ANSWER:
1V
3V
9V
Correct
Basedonthisresult,andthepreviousquestion,theelectricpotential(voltage)isinverselyproportionaltothe
distancer fromthecharge:V 1/r.RecallthatthemagnitudeoftheelectricfieldE 1/r 2 .
PartC
Anotherwaytostudyvoltageanditsrelationshiptoelectricfieldisbyproducingequipotentiallines.Justlikeevery
pointonacontourlinehasthesameelevationinatopographicalmap,everypointonanequipotentiallinehasthe
samevoltage.
Clickplotonthevoltagetooltoproduceanequipotentialline.Producemanyequipotentiallinesbyclickingplotas
youmovethetoolaround.Youshouldproduceagraphthatlookssimilartotheoneshownbelow.
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PlaceseveralEFieldSensorsatafewpointsondifferentequipotentiallines,andlookattherelationshipbetween
theelectricfieldandtheequipotentiallines.Whichstatementistrue?
ANSWER:
Atanypoint,theelectricfieldisparalleltotheequipotentiallineatthatpoint.
Atanypoint,theelectricfieldisperpendiculartotheequipotentiallineatthatpoint,anditisdirected
towardlinesoflowervoltages.
Atanypoint,theelectricfieldisperpendiculartotheequipotentiallineatthatpoint,anditisdirected
towardlinesofhighervoltages.
Correct
Allpointsonanequipotentiallinehavethesamevoltagethus,noworkwouldbedoneinmovingatest
chargealonganequipotentialline.Noworkisdonebecausetheelectricfield,andthustheforceonthetest
charge,isperpendiculartothedisplacementofthetestchargebeingmovedalongtheequipotentialline.
PartD
Equipotentiallinesareusuallyshowninamannersimilartotopographicalcontourlines,inwhichthedifferencein
thevalueofconsecutivelinesisconstant.CleartheequipotentiallinesusingtheClearbuttononthevoltagetool.
Placethefirstequipotentialline1mawayfromthecharge.Itshouldhaveavalueofroughly9V.Now,produce
severaladditionalequipotentiallines,increasinganddecreasingbyanintervalof3V(e.g.,onewith12V,one
with15V,andonewith6V).Dontworryaboutgettingtheseexactvalues.Youcanbeoffbyafewtenthsofa
volt.
Whichstatementbestdescribesthedistributionoftheequipotentiallines?
ANSWER:
Theequipotentiallinesareequallyspaced.Thedistancebetweeneachlineisthesameforalladjacent
lines.
Theequipotentiallinesareclosertogetherinregionswheretheelectricfieldisweaker.
Theequipotentiallinesareclosertogetherinregionswheretheelectricfieldisstronger.
Correct
Nearthepositivecharge,wheretheelectricfieldisstrong,thevoltagelinesareclosetoeachother.Farther
fromthecharge,theelectricfieldisweakerandthelinesarefartherapart.
PartE
Now,removethepositivechargebydraggingitbacktothebasket,anddragonenegativechargetowardthe
middleofthescreen.Determinehowthevoltageisdifferentfromthatofthepositivecharge.
Howdoesthevoltagedifferfromthatofthepositivecharge?
ANSWER:
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Thevoltagesbecomenegativeinsteadofpositiveandkeepthesamemagnitudes.
Thevoltagedistributiondoesnotchange.
Thevoltagesarepositive,butthemagnitudeincreaseswithincreasingdistance.
Correct
Thevoltageisstillinverselyproportionaltothedistancefromthecharge,butthevoltageisnegative
everywhereratherthanpositive.
PartF
Now,removethenegativecharge,anddragtwopositivecharges,placingthem1mapart,asshownbelow.
Whatisthevoltageatthemidpointofthetwocharges?
ANSWER:
Exactlytwicethevoltageproducedbyonlyoneofthechargesatthesamepoint
Zero
Greaterthanzero,butlessthantwicethevoltageproducedbyonlyoneofthechargesatthesamepoint
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Correct
Becausevoltageisascalarquantity,therearenovectorcomponentswithoppositedirectionscancelingout,
asforelectricfields.Thevoltageissimplythesumofthevoltagesduetoeachoftheindividualcharges.
Sincebothchargesarepositive,thevoltageduetoeachcharge(atalllocations)ispositive.
PartG
Now,makeanelectricdipolebyreplacingoneofthepositivechargeswithanegativecharge,sothefinal
configurationlookslikethefigureshownbelow.
Whatisthevoltageatthemidpointofthedipole?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thetotalvoltageisequaltothesumofthevoltagesduetoeachofthecharges.Thevoltageduetoeach
chargesimplydependsonthedistancefromthechargeandthechargesvalue.Voltageisascalar
quantity,soitdoesnotaddlikeavector.
ANSWER:
Thevoltageatthemidpointofthedipoleis
positive.
zero.
negative.
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Becausethevoltageduetothenegativechargehastheoppositesignofthevoltageduetothepositive
chargeatthemidpoint,thenetvoltageiszero.Theelectricfield,however,isnotzerohere!
PartH
Makeseveralequipotentiallinessimilartothefigurebelow.
Trytohavetheequipotentiallinesequallyspacedinvoltage.Then,useanEFieldSensortomeasuretheelectric
fieldatafewpointswhilelookingattherelationshipbetweentheelectricfieldandtheequipotentiallines.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
ANSWER:
Theelectricfieldstrengthisgreatestwherethevoltageisthegreatest.
Theelectricfieldstrengthisgreatestwherethevoltageisthesmallest.
Theelectricfieldstrengthisgreatestwheretheequipotentiallinesareveryclosetoeachother.
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Correct
Locationswherethevoltageischangingsteeplyarelocationswithastrongelectricfield.Themagnitudeofthe
electricfieldisequaltotheratethevoltageischangingwithdistance.Mathematically,thisideaisconveyed
by|Es | = dV /ds,whereEs isthecomponentoftheelectricfieldinthedirectionofasmalldisplacement
ds .(Asyoulearnedearlier,theelectricfieldisdirectedinthedirectionwherethevoltagedecreases.)
PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
VideoTutor:ChargedConductorwithTeardropShape
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatany
point.
PartA
TwoconductingspheresareeachgivenachargeQ .Theradiusofthelargersphereisthreetimesgreaterthan
thatofthesmallersphere.IftheelectricfieldjustoutsideofthesmallersphereisE0 ,thentheelectricfieldjust
outsideofthelargersphereis
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem.
Theelectricfieldjustoutsideofaconductorisproportionaltotheconductor'ssurfacechargedensity.The
surfacechargedensityofasphereiscalculatedbydividingthetotalchargeonthespherebythesphere's
surfacearea.
Thinkabouthowchangingtheradiusofaspherechangesthesphere'ssurfacearea.
ANSWER:
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1/3E0
3E0
9E0
1/9E0
E0
Correct
Thelargerspherehasninetimesthesurfaceareaofthesmallerone,andthisreducesthesurfacecharge
densitybyafactorofnine.
BouncingElectrons
Twoelectrons,eachwithmassmandchargeq ,arereleasedfrompositionsveryfarfromeachother.Withrespecttoa
certainreferenceframe,electronAhasinitialnonzerospeedv towardelectronBinthepositivexdirection,and
electronBhasinitialspeed3v towardelectronAinthenegativexdirection.Theelectronsmovedirectlytowardeach
otheralongthexaxis(veryhardtodowithrealelectrons).Astheelectronsapproacheachother,theyslowduetotheir
electricrepulsion.Thisrepulsioneventuallypushesthemawayfromeachother.
PartA
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthemotionoftheelectronsinthegivenreferenceframewillbetrueatthe
instantthetwoelectronsreachtheirminimumseparation?
ANSWER:
ElectronAismovingfasterthanelectronB.
ElectronBismovingfasterthanelectronA.
Bothelectronsaremovingatthesame(nonzero)speedinoppositedirections.
Bothelectronsaremovingatthesame(nonzero)speedinthesamedirection.
Bothelectronsaremomentarilystationary.
Correct
Ifatagivenmomenttheelectronsarestillmovingtowardeachother,thentheywillbecloserinthenext
instant.Ifatagivenmomenttheelectronsaremovingawayfromeachother,thentheywerecloserinthe
previousinstant.Theelectronswillbetravelinginthesamedirectionatthesamespeedatthemomentthey
reachtheirminimumseparation.Onlyinareferenceframeinwhichthetotalmomentumiszero(thecenterof
momentumframe)wouldtheelectronsbestationaryattheirminimumseparation.
PartB
Whatistheminimumseparationr min thattheelectronsreach?
Expressyouranswerintermofq ,m,v ,andk (wherek =
1
4 0
).
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Sincenoexternalornonconservativeforcesactonthesystemofthetwoelectrons,bothmomentumand
totalenergy(kineticpluspotential)areconserved.Findoneexpressionfortheenergywhentheelectrons
arefarapart,andanotherwhentheyreachtheirminimumseparationr min .Thiswillgiveyouanequationin
whichtheonlyunknownisthespeedoftheelectronsatthemomentoftheirminimumseparation.Apply
conservationofmomentum,usingthesameinitialandfinalstates,toobtainasecondequationinvolving
thespeedoftheelectrons.Solvethesimultaneousenergyandmomentumequationstoobtainr min .
Hint2.Findtheinitialenergy
WhatisthetotalenergyEinitial ofthetwoelectronswhentheyareinitiallyreleased?Assumethatthe
electronsaresofarapartthattheirpotentialenergyiszero.
Expressyouranswerintermsofmandv .
ANSWER:
Einitial
5mv
Hint3.Findthefinalenergy
WhatisthetotalenergyEf inal oftheelectronswhentheyreachtheirminimumseparationr min ?Assume
thatthe(identical)speedofthetwoelectronsisu.
Expressyouranswerintermsofm,u,q ,r min ,andk (wherek =
1
4 0
).
Hint1.Findthefinalkineticenergy
Whatisthefinalkineticenergy(bothelectrons)?
Expressyouranswerintermsofu,andm.
ANSWER:
Kf inal
mu
Hint2.Findthefinalpotentialenergy
Whatisthefinalpotentialenergyofthis2electronsystem?
Expressyouranswerintermsofk ,q ,andr min .
ANSWER:
Uf inal
kq
rmin
ANSWER:
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Ef inal
mu
kq
rmin
Hint4.Findtheinitialmomentum
Whatisthetotalmomentump initial
ofthetwoelectronswhentheyareinitiallyreleased?
Expressyouranswerasavectorintermsofm,v ,and^
i.
ANSWER:
p
initial
^
2mv i
Hint5.Findthefinalmomentum
Whatisthetotalmomentump f inal ofthetwoelectronswhentheyreachtheirminimumseparationr min ?
Assumethatthe(identical)velocityofthetwoelectronsisu.
Expressyouranswerasavectorintermsofmandu.
ANSWER:
p
f inal
2mu
Hint6.Somemathhelp
Fromthemomentumequations,u
equationtofindr min .
= v
thatis,u
= v
.Substituteforuintheenergyconservation
ANSWER:
r min
kq
4mv 2
Correct
Anexperiencedphysicistmightapproachthisproblembyconsideringthesystemofelectronsinareference
frameinwhichtheinitialmomentumiszero.Inthisframetheinitialspeedofeachelectronis2v .Trysolving
theproblemthisway.Makesurethatyouobtainthesameresultforr min ,anddecideforyourselfwhich
approachiseasier.
EnergyStoredinaChargeConfiguration
Fourpointcharges,A,B,C,andD,areplacedatthecornersofasquarewithsidelengthL.ChargesA,B,andChave
charge+ q ,andDhascharge q .
Throughoutthisproblem,usek inplaceof
1
4 0
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PartA
IfyoucalculateW ,theamountofworkittooktoassemblethischargeconfigurationifthepointchargeswere
initiallyinfinitelyfarapart,youwillfindthatthecontributionforeachchargeisproportionalto
provided,enterthenumericvaluethatmultipliestheabovefactor,inW .
kq
L
.Inthespace
TheCoulombforceisconservative.Ifwedefinethepotentialenergyofthesystemtobezerowhenthe
chargesareinfinitelyfarapart,theamountofworkneededtoplaceanyonechargeinaconfigurationis
equaltoitselectricpotentialenergy.ImaginemovingchargeA,thenB,thenC,andfinallyDintoplace.
Findtheworkrequiredtoaddeachchargetotheconfigurationbycalculatingthepotentialenergyofeach
justafteritisadded.Addtheworkrequiredforeachchargetofindthetotalworkrequired.
Hint2.Electricpotentialandpotentialenergy
Recallthattheelectricpotentialatapointatdistancer fromachargeq isV
=k
q
r
,wherek =
1
4 0
Notethatthisequationimplicitlydefinestheelectricpotentialtobezeroatr = .Theelectricpotential
energyofachargeq isequaltoqV ,whereV istheelectricpotentialatthepositionofthechargebefore
thechargeisplacedthere.Tofindthepotentialatapointduetomultiplecharges,sumthepotentialsatthat
pointduetoeachcharge.
Hint3.WorkrequiredtoplacechargeA
WhatisW A ,theworkrequiredtoassemblethechargedistributionshowninthefigure?
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesk ,q ,andL.
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Hint1.FindthepotentialatthelocationofchargeA
WhatisVA ,theelectricpotentialattheupperleftcornerofthesquarebeforechargeAisplaced
there?
ANSWER:
VA
= 0
ANSWER:
WA
= 0
Hint4.WorkrequiredtoplacechargeB
WhatisW B ,theamountofworkrequiredtoaddchargeBtotheconfiguration,asshowninthefigure?
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallof
thevariablesk ,q ,andL.
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Hint1.FindthepotentialatthelocationofchargeB
WhatisVB ,thepotentialattheupperrightcornerduetochargeA,beforechargeBisplacedthere?
ANSWER:
VB
kq
ANSWER:
WB
kq
Hint5.WorkrequiredtoplacechargeC
WhatisW C ,theamountofworkrequiredtoaddchargeCtotheconfiguration,asshowninthefigure?
Hint1.FindthepotentialatthelocationofchargeC
WhatisVC ,thepotentialatthelowerrightcornerofthesquarebeforechargeCisplacedthere?
Hint1.Howtoapproachthispart
ThepotentialatCisthesumoftheindividualpotentialsduetothechargesatBandA.
Hint2.FindthepotentialatCduetothechargeatB
WhatisthepotentialatCduetothechargeatB?
ANSWER:
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VCB
kq
L
Hint3.FindthepotentialatCduetothechargeatA
WhatisthepotentialatCduetothechargeatA?
ANSWER:
=
VCA
kq
2 L
ANSWER:
VC
kq
(1 +
1
2
ANSWER:
WC
kq
L
(1 +
1
2
Hint6.FindtheworkrequiredtoplacechargeD
WhatisW D ,theamountofworkrequiredtoaddchargeDtotheconfiguration?
Hint1.FindthepotentialatthepositionofchargeD
WhatisVD ,thepotentialatthelowerleftcornerofthesquarebeforechargeDisplacedthere?
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ANSWER:
VD
kq
L
(2 +
1
2
ANSWER:
WD
kq
(2 +
1
2
ANSWER:
= 0 (
kq
L
Correct
Thehintsledyouthroughtheproblembyaddingonechargeatatime.Alittlethoughtshowsthatthisis
equivalenttosimplyaddingtheenergiesofallpossiblepairs:
W =
4 0
1
R BA
1
R BC
1
R CA
1
R DA
1
R DB
1
R DC
).
Notethatthisisnotequivalenttoaddingthepotentialenergiesofeachcharge.Addingthepotentialenergies
willgiveyoudoublethecorrectanswerbecauseyouwillbecountingeachchargetwice.
PartB
Whichofthefollowingfiguresdepictsachargeconfigurationthatrequireslessworktoassemblethanthe
configurationintheproblemintroduction?Assumethatallchargeshavethesamemagnitudeq .
ANSWER:
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figurea
figureb
figurec
Correct
ElectricForceandPotential:SphericalSymmetry
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtheelectricpotentialandelectricfieldofapointchargeinthreedimensions
Considerapositivepointchargeq ,locatedattheoriginofthreedimensionalspace.
Throughoutthisproblem,usek inplaceof
1
4 0
PartA
Duetosymmetry,theelectricfieldofapointchargeattheoriginmustpoint_____fromtheorigin.
Answerinoneword.
ANSWER:
radial
Correct
PartB
FindE(r) ,themagnitudeoftheelectricfieldatdistancer fromthepointchargeq .
Expressyouranswerintermsofr ,k ,andq .
ANSWER:
E(r)
kq
r2
Correct
PartC
FindV (r) ,theelectricpotentialatdistancer fromthepointchargeq .
Expressyouranswerintermsofr ,k ,andq .
ANSWER:
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V (r)
kq
r
Correct
PartD
WhichofthefollowingisthecorrectrelationshipbetweenthemagnitudeofaradialelectricfieldE(r) andits
associatedelectricpotentialV (r) ?Morethanoneanswermaybecorrectfortheparticularcaseofapointcharge
attheorigin,butyoushouldchoosethecorrectgeneralrelationship.
ANSWER:
E(r) =
E(r) =
dV (r)
dr
V (r)
r
E(r) =
E(r) =
dV (r)
dr
V (r)
r
Correct
Nowconsiderthefigure,whichshowsseveralfunctionsofthevariabler .
PartE
Whichcurvecouldindicatethemagnitudeoftheelectricfieldduetoachargeq locatedattheorigin(r
= 0
)?
Lookatthegeneralexpressionfortheelectricfielddeterminedearlier.Whatsortofrdependencedoesit
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have?
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
F
Correct
PartF
Whichcurvecouldindicatetheelectricpotentialduetoapositivechargeq locatedattheorigin(r
= 0
)?
Lookatthegeneralexpressionfortheelectricpotentialdeterminedearlier.Whatsortofrdependencedoes
ithave?Howdoesitssigndependonq ?
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
F
Correct
PartG
Whichcurvecouldindicatetheelectricpotentialduetoanegativechargeq locatedattheorigin(r
= 0
)?
ANSWER:
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A
B
C
D
E
F
Correct
PartH
Foreitherapositiveoranegativecharge,theelectricfieldpointsfromregionsof______electricpotential.
ANSWER:
highertolower
lowertohigher
Correct
PotentialofaChargedRing
AringwithradiusRandauniformlydistributedtotalchargeQ liesinthexyplane,centeredattheorigin.
PartA
WhatisthepotentialV (z) duetotheringonthezaxisasafunctionofz ?
1
=
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ExpressyouranswerintermsofQ ,z ,R,and 0 ork =
1
4 0
Theformulafortheelectricpotentialproducedbyastaticchargedistributioninvolvestheamountofcharge
andthedistancefromthechargetothepositionwherethepotentialismeasured.Allpointsontheringare
equidistantfromagivenpointonthezaxis.Thisenablesyoutocalculatetheelectricpotentialsimply,
withoutdoinganintegral.
Hint2.Thepotentialduetoapointcharge
Ifyouincorporatethesymmetryoftheproblem,youwillneedonlytoknowtheformulaforpotentialofa
q
pointcharge:V (r) =
,whereV (r) isthepotentialatdistancer fromthepointcharge,q isthe
4 0 r
magnitudeofthecharge,and 0 isthepermittivityoffreespace.
ANSWER:
V (z)
4 0 R
+z
Correct
PartB
WhatisthemagnitudeoftheelectricfieldEonthezaxisasafunctionofz ,forz
> 0
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthequantitiesQ ,z ,R,and 0 ork =
1
4 0
Hint1.Determinethedirectionofthefield
Bysymmetry,theelectricfieldhasonlyoneCartesiancomponent.Inwhatdirectiondoestheelectricfield
point?
ANSWER:
^
i
^
j
^
k
Hint2.Therelationshipbetweenelectricfieldandpotential
Youcanobtaintheelectricfieldfromapotentialbythefollowingexpression:
E = V =
V
x
^
i
V
y
^
j
V
z
^
k,
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whereEistheelectricfieldvector,V istheelectricpotential,isthegradientoperator,and
thepartialderivativeoff withrespecttot.
f
t
means
ANSWER:
kQz
3
|E(z) |=
(R
+z
Correct
Noticethatwhilethepotentialisastrictlydecreasingfunctionofz ,theelectricfieldfirstincreasestill
z=
andthenstartstodecrease.
Whydoestheelectricfieldexhibitsuchabehavior?
Thoughthecontributiontotheelectricfieldfromeachpointontheringstrictlydecreasesasafunctionofz ,
thevectorcancellationfrompointsonoppositesidesoftheringbecomesverystrongforsmallz .
E (z = 0) = 0
onaccountofthesevectorcancellations.OntheotherhandE(z)0,eventhoughall
theindividualdE 'spointin(almost)thesamedirectionthere,becausethecontributiontotheelectricfield,per
unitlengthofthering
dE
dr
0as z .
EquipotentialSurfacesinaCapacitor
PartA
Istheelectricpotentialenergyofaparticlewithchargeq thesameatallpointsonanequipotentialsurface?
Foraparticlewithchargeq atpotentialV ,theelectricpotentialenergyisqV .
ANSWER:
Yes
No
Correct
Foraparticlewithchargeq onanequipotentialsurfaceatpotentialV ,theelectricpotentialenergyhasa
constantvalueqV .
PartB
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WhatistheworkrequiredtomoveachargearoundonanequipotentialsurfaceatpotentialV withconstantspeed?
Hint1.Aformulaforwork
Thetotalworkdoneonanobjectisequaltothechangeinitsenergy(potential+kinetic).
ANSWER:
Work= 0
Correct
Sincethespeedofthechargeisconstantasitmovesalongtheequipotentialsurface,andtheelectric
potentialenergyisconstantonthatsurface,thereisnochangeinthetotalenergyofthecharge.Thisalso
meansthatnoworkisdonebythechargeasitmovesalongtheequipotentialsurface.
PartC
WhatistheworkdonebytheelectricfieldonachargeasitmovesalonganequipotentialsurfaceatpotentialV ?
Hint1.Workdonebyanelectricfieldonachargedparticle
Theforceduetoanelectricfieldisaconservativeforce.Assuch,theworkdonebysuchaforceisequalto
thechangeinthepotentialenergyoftheparticleitisactingon.
ANSWER:
Workdonebytheelectricfield= 0
Correct
JustasinPartB,sincethereisnochangeintheelectricpotentialenergy,noworkisdonebytheelectricfield
asthechargemovesalongtheequipotentialsurface.
PartD
TheworkW E donebytheuniformelectricfieldEindisplacingaparticlewithchargeq alongthepathd isgiven

by
W E = qE d = q|E ||d | cos
where istheanglebetweenEandd .Sinceingeneral,

E isnotequaltozero,forpointsonanequipotential
surface,whatmust beforW E toequal0?
Expressyouranswerinradians.
ANSWER:
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= 1.57 rad
Correct
Youhaveshownthatequipotentialsurfacesarealwaysperpendiculartotheelectricfieldattheirsurface.
Nowassumethataparallelplatecapacitorisattachedacrosstheterminalsofabatteryasshownin.Theelectricfield
intheregionbetweentheplatespointsinthenegativez
direction,fromhighertolowervoltage.
E
PartE
FindtheelectricpotentialV (x, y, z)atapointX
systemO = (0, 0, 0) isatpotential0.
= (x, y, z)
insidethecapacitoriftheoriginofthecoordinate
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesE ,x,y,andz .
Hint1.Therelationbetweenelectricpotentialandtheelectricfield
ieldEinaregionofspaceis
V = E d ,
wherethelineintegralmaybetakenalonganypath .
Hint2.Expressinganinfinitesimallengthelement
Ingeneral,asmalllengthvectoralongthepathofchoicecanbewrittenas
^
d = dx ^
+ dy ^
+ dz k
SubstitutethisexpressionintotheintegralforV .
Hint3.Analysisoftheequation
^ areperpendicular(where w
^ isoneoftheCartesiancoordinateaxes),then
RecallthatifEandw
^ = 0
E w
^
,since = /2.Accordingtothesetupofthispart,onlyoneofthedirections(^
, ^
, k )willnot
beperpendiculartotheelectricfieldasdefined.
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ANSWER:
V (x, y, z)
Ez
Correct
Therefore,theequationofanequipotentialsurfaceatapotenialV0 isgivenby
z=
V0
E
Thisistheequationofaplanethatisparalleltotheplatesofthecapacitorandperpendiculartotheelectric
field.Inparticular,thelowerplate,whichisatzeropotential,correspondstothesurfacez = 0 .
PartF
Whatisthedistancez betweentwosurfacesseparatedbyapotentialdifferenceV ?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofE andV .
UsetheequationyoufoundinPartEtofindequationsthatrepresentthepotentialsV1 andV2 oftheplanes
locatedatz 1 andz 2 .Usetheseexpressionstofindanequationforz .
ANSWER:
z
V
E
Correct
Exercise23.6
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ThetwosidesoftheDNAdoublehelixareconnectedbypairsofbases(adenine,thymine,cytosine,andguanine).
Becauseofthegeometricshapeofthesemolecules,adeninebondswiththymineandcytosinebondswithguanine.
Thefigureshowsthethymineadeninebond.Eachchargeshownise andtheH N distanceis0.110nm.
PartA
Calculatetheelectricpotentialenergyoftheadeninethyminebond,usingcombinationsofmoleculesO H N
andN H N .
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
Uadeninethymine
= 9.711019J
Correct
PartB
Comparethisenergywiththepotentialenergyoftheprotonelectronpairinthehydrogenatom.Theelectroninthe
hydrogenatomis0.0529nmfromtheproton.
ANSWER:
U adeninethymine
UH
= 0.223
Correct
Exercise23.24
Atacertaindistancefromapointcharge,thepotentialandelectricfieldmagnitudeduetothatchargeare4.98Vand
V/m
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12.0V/m ,respectively.(Takethepotentialtobezeroatinfinity.)
PartA
Whatisthedistancetothepointcharge?
ANSWER:
d
= 0.415 m
Correct
PartB
Whatisthemagnitudeofthecharge?
ANSWER:
q
= 2.301010 C
Correct
PartC
Istheelectricfielddirectedtowardorawayfromthepointcharge?
ANSWER:
Toward
Away
Correct
Exercise23.23
PartA
Anelectronistobeacceleratedfromavelocityof2.50106m/stoavelocityof9.00106m/s.Throughwhat
potentialdifferencemusttheelectronpasstoaccomplishthis?
ANSWER:
V1 V2
= 213 V
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Correct
PartB
Throughwhatpotentialdifferencemusttheelectronpassifitistobeslowedfrom9.00106m/stoahalt?
ANSWER:
V1 V2
= 231 V
Correct
Exercise23.32
Averylonginsulatingcylinderofchargeofradius3.00cmcarriesauniformlineardensityof13.0nC/m.
PartA
Ifyouputoneprobeofavoltmeteratthesurface,howfarfromthesurfacemusttheotherprobebeplacedsothat
thevoltmeterreads155V?
ANSWER:
d
= 2.82 cm
Correct
Exercise23.48
Ametalspherewithradiusr a =1.30cmissupportedonaninsulatingstandatthecenterofahollow,metal,spherical
shellwithradiusr b =9.60cm.Charge+q isputontheinnersphereandchargeq ontheoutersphericalshell.The
magnitudeofq ischosentomakethepotentialdifferencebetweenthespheres440V,withtheinnersphereathigher
potential.
PartA
Calculateq .
ANSWER:
q
= 7.361010 C
Correct
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PartB
Aretheelectricfieldlinesandequipotentialsurfacesmutuallyperpendicular?
ANSWER:
Yes
No
Correct
PartC
AretheequipotentialsurfacesclosertogetherwhenthemagnitudeofEislargest?
ANSWER:
EquipotentialsurfacesclosertogetherwhenthemagnitudeofEislargest.
EquipotentialsurfacesclosertogetherwhenthemagnitudeofEissmallest.
Correct
Problem23.89
Analphaparticlewithkineticenergy14.5MeVmakesacollisionwithleadnucleus,butitisnot"aimed"atthecenter
oftheleadnucleus,andhasaninitialnonzeroangularmomentum(withrespecttothestationaryleadnucleus)of
magnitudeL = p0 b,wherep0 isthemagnitudeoftheinitialmomentumofthealphaparticleandb=1.401012m.
(Assumethattheleadnucleusremainsstationaryandthatitmaybetreatedasapointcharge.Theatomicnumberof
leadis82.Thealphaparticleisaheliumnucleus,withatomicnumber2.)
PartA
Whatisthedistanceofclosestapproach?
ANSWER:
r
= 1.411012 m
AnswerRequested
PartB
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Repeatforb=1.001013m.
ANSWER:
r
= 1.081013 m
AnswerRequested
PartC
Repeatforb=1.301014m.
ANSWER:
r
= 2.351014 m
AnswerRequested
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis92.9%.
Youreceived13.93outofapossibletotalof15points.
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12/8/2015

ExpressV intermsofq ,E ,andz .

directioninwhichV ismostrapidlyincreasing.ThusV (ortheelectricfield)pointsinthedirectionin

,andtheforcefromF = qE ,whereq isthecharge.Whenthesignofthetestcharge

ExpressyouranswerintermsofQ ,z ,R,and 0 ork =

ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthequantitiesQ ,z ,R,and 0 ork =

TheworkW E donebytheuniformelectricfieldEindisplacingaparticlewithchargeq alongthepathd isgiven

W E = qE d = q|E ||d | cos

where istheanglebetweenEandd .Sinceingeneral,

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