Chng IV

Kh c in ng ct in p cao
1 cc thng s k thut c bn ca my ct
in
1.1. Cng dng:
My ct in l mt loi kh c in cao p, dng ng ct mch in cao p ti ch
hoc t xa, khi li in ang vn hnh bnh thng, khng bnh thng, hoc khi b s c ngn
mch trong h thng in.
My ct ang ng

My ct ang ct

1.2. K hiu my ct in trn s mch:

1.3. Phn loi my ct in:
a. Phn loi theo cu to: gm
My ct mt hng v my ct nhiu hng.
My ct mt bung dp h quang v my ct nhiu bung dp h quang trn cng mt pha.
My ct c l xo tch nng v my ct khng c l xo tch nng.
b. Phn loi theo v tr lp t:
My ct lp t trong nh.
My ct lp t ngoi tri, phi chu kh hu khc nghit, chng c n mn ho hc.
c. Phn loi theo phng php dp tt h quang:
My ct in nhiu du khng c bung dp tt h quang.
My ct in nhiu du c bung dp tt h quang.
My ct in khng kh
My ct in t du
My ct in kh SF6
My ct in t sinh kh
My ct in chn khng
My ct in t (dp tt h quang bng t trng).
1.4. Cc yu cu k thut c bn ca my ct in:
My ct in phi c kh nng ct ln, thi gian ct b (ct nhanh) trnh c h quang chy
phc hi.
tin cy cao : khi ng ct khng c gy chy n v cc h hng khc.
Phi c kh nng ng ct mt s ln nht nh phi a ra bo dng, sa cha.
Kch tht gn, trng lng nh, kt cu n gin, d lp t, d vn hnh, gi thnh hp l.
1.5. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca my ct in:
a. in p nh mc : Um l in p cao nht t vo my ct, m my ct c th vn hnh an
ton (cn c gi l in p danh nh ca my ct).
b. Dng in nh mc : Im l tr s hiu dng ln nht chy qua my ct khi n vn hnh lu
di, nhng vn m bo gi nhit cc b phn ca my ct thp hn nhit cho php.
c.

S cdm = 3.I cdm .U dm

Dng in ct nh mc: Icm t trng cho kh nng ct ca my ct, l dng in ngn mch
ba pha hiu dng ton phn m my ct c th ct c an ton.
d. Dng in ng nh mc: Idm trong vn hnh c trng hp my ct ng lc mch in
ang b ngn mch (ng lp li). Kh nng ng ca my ct khi mch in ang ngn

mch, c c trng bi Idm l dng in ngn mch ba pha hiu dng ton phn ln nht chy
qua my ct, n c th ng vo m khng lm h hng my ct.
e. Dng in n nh ng nh mc: Im l dng in ln nht chy qua my ct m lc
in ng do n sinh ra khng lm h hng my ct.
f. Dng in n nh nhit nh mc: Inm l dng in ngn mch hiu dng ln nht khng
thay i theo thi gian, chy qua my ct m khng lm nhit ca my ct tng qu tr s
cho php.
g. Thi gian ct : Tc l khong thi gian tnh t khi cun dy nam chm in iu khin ct c
in, n khi h quang b dp tt hon ton.
Tc = ttruyn ng + tkh ion
Tt c cc thng s k thut trn u c trong l lch ca my ct in.
cl

mc

cl

ba

cl

mc

cl

Ti
110/35 KV

h.
V tr lp t my ct in:

2 cc loi my ct in
2.1. My ct in nhiu du khng c bung dp h quang:
a. c im cu to : Mt ct mt pha nh hnh v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Cc bt dy ngun ti my ct
S xuyn
Np my ct
ng ch mc du
Thanh truyn dng
Van x du

7. Tip xc ng
8. Tip xc tnh
9. V my ct
10. L xo tch nng
11. Cc bt dy ti ra
loi my ct ny du cha mt lng ln va cch in va dp tt h quang(hng
trm lt).
b. Nguyn l lm vic :
Nu my ct ang v tr ng, tip xc ng 7 ng cht vo tip xc tnh 8, l xo tch
nng 10 trng thi nn, n tn hiu ch mu , dng in t ngun bt qua cc bt dy 11 v
ti. Khi c tn hiu ct t rle hoc t kho iu khin th b truyn ng c gii phng khi v
tr ng, l xo tch nng y thanh truyn ng 5 sp xung, a tip xc ng ri khi tip xc
tnh 8, mch in c ct, h quang pht sinh gia hai u tip xc ng v tnh khi ct t nng
cc b lm du b phn tch thnh hi l hn hp kh cc bon hyr nh, trong hyro chim

ti 70%, p sut c th t ti(100-140 N/Cm2) lm cho du b xo trn mnh, y tia h

quang vo sau trong du. Mt khc lc in t do dng in chy ngc chiu cng y tia h
quang vo su trong lp du ngoi. V vy h quang b lm ngui v dp tt, tuy vy tc lung
kh khng mnh dp tt h quang nhanh, nn loi my ct ny thi gian ct thng b ko di.
c. u nhc im v phm vi s dng:
u im: Cu to n gin, d lp t, gi thnh khng cao.
Nhc im: Sau mt s ln ng ct du nhanh chng bn, do mt phn cacbonhiroxit b
chy, cht lng du gim nn phi lc du, thay du gy ra tn km, mt khc loi my ct ny
thi gian ct khng nhanh, nguy c chy n cao, v cha nhiu du cho nn thng c ch to c
cng sut ct khng ln, in p vn hnh nh hn 15 KV.
2.2. My ct nhiu du c bung dp h quang:
a. c im cu to:
Ngun
1
2
3
5
4

Ti

khc phc nhng nhc im c bn ca my ct in nhiu du khng c bung dp

h quang, ngi ta ci tin ch to ra loi my ct ny, bung dp h quang c lp t c nh
bao ly tip xc ng v tnh ca my ct nh hnh v.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Thanh truyn ng
Bung dp h quang
Tip xc tnh
Tip xc ng
L thot du
Dy dn mm
L xo tch nng
in tr phn p
in tr phn p s 8 c tc dng phn u in p trn cc in p trn cc im ct, trnh
hin tng in p cc b cc im ct khng u, gy ra h quang chy phc hi sau khi ct, lm
qu in p v h hng my ct.

b. Nguyn l lm vic:
Nu my ct ang v tr ng, dng in t ngun qua thanh dn s xuyn qua tip xc
tnh 3 qua tip xc ng 4 qua dy dn 6 v ti. Khi c tn hiu ct t rle hoc kho iu khin,
b truyn ng c gii phng khi v tr ng, l xo tch nng 7 y thanh truyn ng 1 xp
xung, a tip xc ng 4 ri khi tip xc tnh 3, mch in c ct. H quang pht sinh gia
tip xc ng v tnh, t nng v phn tch du trong bung dp thnh hn hp kh

cacbuahiroxit lm cho p sut trong bung dp tng ln rt ln t ti (400-500)N/cm2 pht qua

l 5 to thnh lung kh thi ngang ct t tia h quang. Sau mt s ln ng ct, mui du do
cc bua hir chy sinh ra bm li trong bung dp cho nn phi a my ct ra bo dng lm
sch mui du.
c. u nhc im v phm vi s dng:
Loi my ct ny, dp h quang bng hi du p sut cao, thi gian ct nhanh, mui du
bm li trong bung dp h quang nn du t b bn. Nguy c chy n gim, nn c th ch to
my ct c cng sut ln, in p vn hnh cao. Loi my ct du in p vn hnh t 100-220
KV c ch to nhiu bung dp h quang ni tip nhau trn cng mt pha.

2.3. My ct in t du :
a. c im cu to :
1. Bung phn ly du
2. V my ct
3. Tip xc ln
4. Cc bt dy ra ti
5. Mt bch
6. Bung dp h quang
7. Bung hm xung
8. Cc bt dy ni ngun
9. Van x du
10. Tip xc tnh
11. ng ch mc du
12. Tip xc ng
13. B truyn ng
14. Np du

MC t du

 my ct t du: du ch yu dng dp tt h quang v ng vai tr cch in tng cng

cho cc loi cch in rn khc nh nha bxi, tchtlt.
Cu to bung dp h quang : v bng thp hnh tr, bn trong lt vt liu cch in rn l
nha bxi v si thu tinh, lp k theo l cc tm cch t, c ch to t vt liu cch in rn.
Htinc, tchtlit ghp song song vi nhau theo mt phng ngang. Gia chng c khe hp cha
du nh hnh v. my ct, in p vn hnh t 110 KV tr ln, c nhiu im ct trn mi pha.
Bung hm xung 7 c tc dng gim rung ng va p khi my ct hoc ng mch. Bung phn
ly du 1 c tc dng ngng t hi du thot ra theo sn phm chy lc v tit kim du.
b. Nguyn l lm vic :
10
9
8

1
2

K1

3
Bnh
nn
kh

5
K2

Nu my ct v tr ng, n tn hiu ch mu , tip xc ng 12 ng cht vo tip

xc tnh 10, khi dng in t ngun qua cc bt dy s 8 qua tip xc tnh, qua tip xc ng
qua tip xc ln3 qua cc bt dy 4 ra ti. Khi c tn hiu ct t rle hoc kho iu khin th b
truyn ng c gii phng khi v tr ng, ko tip xc ng ri khi tip xc tnh. H quang
pht sinh gia hai u tip xc, t nng phn tch du trong cc khe hp cha du. Bi v trong
cc khe hp du b phn tch thnh hi, lm cho p sut trong bung dp h quang tng ln rt
ln c th t ti 15-20 at p du dn vo bung hm xung 7 cn hi du trong bung t nn li.
Khi tip xc ng chuyn ng ln khi khe h, hi du c thot ra, pht qua cc rnh hp to
thnh lung kh thi ngang dp tt h quang. Sn phm chy v hi du thot ln bung phn ly 1
hi du c ngng t, lc sch a tr v bung cha du, cn sn phm chy thot ra ngoi.
Sau khi gii tr s c, ng li my ct qua kho iu khin.
c. u nhc im v phm vi s dng:
Cu to gn nh, t du, t nguy c chy n khi dng ct mch, thi gian ct nhanh, cng
sut ct ln, phm vi s dng rng ri, ch to nhiu cp in p vn hnh t 3 KV tr ln, cng
sut ct ti 12000MVA. Loi my ct in p vn hnh t (6-35) KV thng c ch to hp b
vi dao cch ly to thnh cc t in phn phi gi l t hp b, cn cp in p vn hnh t
110KV tr ln c ch to nhiu im ct ni tip nhau trn mi pha m bo ct nhanh, an
ton.
Nhc im c bn ca loi my ct ny l xung va p v ting n khi ng ct ln, gi
thnh cao.
2.4. My ct in khng kh :
a. c im cu to :
Mt cch mt pha nh hnh v :
1. Tip xc tnh
2. Tip xc ng
3. Bung dp h quang
4. Pt tng
5. Xi lanh

6. Cc bt dy ra ti
7. Tip xc ln
8. Cc bt dy ti ngun
9. L van x kh
10. Np quy lt
K1 van ct
K2 van ng
loi my ct ny iu khin truyn ng v dp tt h quang in dng khng kh
sy kh lc sch nn p sut cao ti 20 at. Do khng cn thi gian to ra sn phm kh nh cc
loi my ct du nn qu trnh dp h quang rt nhanh. Thi gian ct khong 0,17, cng sut ct
c th t ti 15000MVA.
b. Nguyn l lm vic :
Nu my ct v tr ng th van K2 m, van K1 ng, tip xc ng 2 ng cht vo
tip xc tnh 1, n tn hiu bo mu , dng in t ngun qua cc bt dy 6 ra ti. Khi c tn
hiu ct t rle hoc kho iu khin, van K1 s m kh nn p sut cao vo ngn trn ca xilanh
y pittng 4 chuyn ng xung pha di ko tip xc ng 2 ri khi tip xc tnh 1. H quang
pht sinh gia hai u tip xc ng v tnh c kh nn p sut cao thi trc tip dp tt, sn
phm kh chy thot ra ngoi qua l 9. Khi ng my ct, van K2 m kh nn p sut cao vo
ngn xilanh y pitng 4 chuyn ng ln trn a tip xc ng ng cht vo tip xc tnh.
Cc cch thi dc trong my ct khng kh

c. u, nhc im v phm vi s dng :

Loi my ct ny c thi gian ct nhanh, cng sut ct ln nhng nhc im c bn cu to

cng knh v phi c thm h thng sy, lc v nn kh, nn mt bng lp t i hi phi ln.
Khi ng ct vn gy ting n ln, gi thnh cn cao. Loi my ct ny ch thch hp lp t
nhng trm hoc nh my in c nhiu my ct khng kh ging nhau dng chung mt h thng
lc, sy v nn kh, mi c hiu qu kinh t, do loi my ct ny c phm vi s dng cha rng
ri.

3 dao cch ly
K hiu
cl

mc

cl

3.1. Cng dng :

Dao cch ly l mt loi kh c in cao p, c s dng ng ct mch in cao p khi
khng c in, to ra khong ct an ton trng thy c gia cc b phn mang in v b phn
ct in. Khi cn kim tra sa cha, bo dng b phn khng mang in. Trong iu kin nht
nh c th dng dao cch ly ng ct ng dy hoc my bin p khng mang ti cng sut nh,
hoc ng ct mch in ng th i ni phng thc kt dy ca s . V dao cch ly khng
c b phn dp tt h quang cho nn nghim cm dng dao cch ly ng ct mch in khng
mang ti.
3.2. Yu cu k thut i vi dao cch ly :
Dao cch ly phi lm vic tin cy, tip xc phi m bo chc chn.
Phi m bo n nh ng v n nh nhit khi c dng in ngn mch cc i chy qua.
Kt cu dao cch ly phi gn nh, n gin, d lp t, d thao tc, phi lin ng vi my
ct dao cch ly ct in v ch ng c cch ly trc khi ng in cho my ct.
Khong cch gia cc li dao sau khi ct ht hnh trnh phi ln, m bo khng b
phng in khi c xung in p.
3.3. Phn loi :
a. Phn loi theo v tr lp t :

Dao cch ly lp t trong nh v dao cch ly lp t ngoi tri. cng cp in p vn

hnh th yu cu k thut ca dao cch ly ngoi tri cao hn, v dao cch ly ngoi tri phi chu
c tc ng ca mi trng khc nght nh ma, nng, bc x, tc nhn ho hc, bi bn ...
b. Phn loi theo cu to :
Loi dao cch ly c li dao tip t v dao cch ly khng c li dao tip t.
Loi dao cch ly c li dao ng quay trn mt phng ngang v loi dao cch ly c l dao
ng quay trn mt phng thng ng.
Loi dao cch ly c b lin ng lp km vi my ct v cch ly khng c b lin ng
( cch ly phn on).
A. Dao cch ly lp t trong nh :
1. c im cu to nh hnh v :
1. Li dao tip xc ng
2. L xo
3. S thanh truyn ng
4. Tip xc tnh
5. Cc bt dy ni ngun

6. Gi
7. Trc truyn ng
8. Cn thao tc
9. S li dao ng
10. Cc bt dy ni ti
2. Nguyn tc thao tc vn hnh :
Nu dao cch ly v tr ng th tip xc ng 1 s ng cht vo tip xc tnh 4. Sau khi
ng my ct ni tip cch ly, th dng in ti t ngun qua cc bt dy 5 qua tip xc tnh 4
qua tip xc ng 1 qua cc bt dy 10 v ti.
Mun ct cch ly, trc ht phi ct in my ct ni tip vi dao cch ly, sau s dng
ng c hoc tay, tc ng vo cn thao tc s 8. Ko xung l cch ly, y ln l ng ct ly.

Nguyn tc thao tc : mun ct cch ly phi ct in my ct ni tip vi dao cch ly

trc, sau mi c ct n cch ly, khi ng th ng dao cch ly trc, sau mi ng in
my ct ni tip vi cch ly dao cch ly mang ti.
3. u nhc im v phm vi s dng : Loi dao cch ly ny c u im cu to n gin, gn, d lp
t v thao tc. Phm vi s dng lp t trong nh, ch yu lp t cho li in trung p.
B. Dao cch ly lp t ngoi tri :
1. c im cu to : Cu to mt pha nh
1. Li dao tip xc tnh
2. Li dao tip xc ng
3. Dy dn mm
4. Cc bt dy ni ti
5. S li dao
6. Thanh truyn ng
7. Gi
8. Cc bt dy ni t an ton
9. Trc quay
10. Cc bt dy ni ngun
2. Nguyn tc thao tc vn hnh :
Khi dao cch ly v tr ng li dao 1 v 2 ng cht vo nhau dng in t ngun qua
cc bt dy 10 qua dy dn mm 3 qua li dao 1 v 2 qua cc bt dy 4 ra ti. Mun ct cch ly
trc ht phi ct in my ct ni tip vi dao cch ly. Khi ct cch ly, dng ng c hoc quay
tay, tc ng vo b truyn ng lm cho trc quay 9 v s 5 quay, ko li dao ng 1 v 2
tch ri nhau quay ngc chiu cng mt pha, trn cng mt mt phng ngang n khi chng

song song vi nhau mi ct ht hnh trnh.

Nguyn tc thao tc : Mun ct cch ly phi ct in my ct ni tip vi dao cch ly.
Khi ng dao cch ly th ng trc khi ng in cho my ct ni tip cch ly. (ng v ct cch
ly u khng c dng in ti).
3. u nhc im v phm vi s dng :
Loi dao cch ly ngoi tri thng c thit k li dao ng quay theo mt phng ngang
hoc mt phng thng ng, m bo an ton v nhng dao cch ly cng sut ln, ngi ta thng s dng ng c truyn ng ng ct t xa v t ng. Phm vi s dng dao cch ly
mi cp in p t 3KV tr ln.
C. Dao ngn mch :
K hiu : KZ
110kv

kz

35kv

kz

K hiu trn s in :
1. Cng dng :
1

Dao ngn mch l mt loi kh c in cao p c s dng to ra im ngn mch

nhn to, trong trng hp ngn mch my bin p dng in khng ln cho rle bo v u
ng dy tc ng. KZ thng c lp t thay th v tr my ct pha cao p my bin p.
2. Cu to nh hnh v :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Cc bt dy ni ngun
S cch in
Gi
B truyn ng
Dy ni t
Trc quay
Li dao tip xc ng
Cc bt dy ni ti
Li dao tip xc tnh

3. Nguyn l lm vic :
Ph ti loi 2,3
rl1

mc1

rl2

kz
ba
110/35
kv

Ti

Pha s cp my bin p 110/35 KV nh trn hnh v, l ra phi trang b my ct. Nhng nu

lm thth gi thnh xy dng li in tng. tit kim vn u t xy dng c bn m vn m
bo yu cu k thut, ngi ta c th cho lp dao ngn mch pha cao p my bin p cp in cho
ph ti loi 2,3.
IN =

U
(Z d + Z BA )

Gi s khi xy ra ngn mch my bin p th tr s dng ngn mch s chy qua l :

V ng dy di Zd ln nn IN < IkRL1 cho nn h thng rle bo v u ngdy khng
khi ng iu khin my ct MC1 c, v vy phi lp t dao ngn mch KZ pha s cp my
bin p trn hnh v.
Khi c ngn mch xy ra my bin p th h thng rle 2 s khi ng iu khin ng
dao ngn mch KZ gy ra ngn mch nhn to xp chng lm tng tr s dng in ngn mch
trn ng dy, v vy h thng rle 1 s khi ng c, iu khin ct MC1 u ng dy, loi
my bin p b ngn mch ra khi h thng in.
Sau khi ct dao cch ly (t ng hoc trc tip) nhn vin vn hnh trm, thng tin cho
iu ch huy ng li my ct MC1. Nh vy cc ph ti khc ni vo ng dy ch mt in
tm thi trong thi gian thao tc.

4 CuN KHNG IN
4.1. Khi nim chung v khng in :

Khng in kpKhng in n
a. Cng dng : Khng in l mt loi kh c in cao p c s dng hn ch dng in ngn
mch trong h thng in, gim bt tnh trng lm vic nng n ca cc thit b in khi c s c ngn
mch hay hn ch dng in m my ca ng c cao p cng sut ln, m bo in p trn thanh gp
gim st qu mc, khi xy ra ngn mch hoc khi ng c cao p khi ng.

b. Phn loi :
Phn loi theo cu to gm : Khng in n, khng in kp, khng in kh, khng in
du.
Phn loi theo v tr lp t : lp t ngoi tri hoc lp t trong nh.
c. Yu cu k thut :
Khng in lm vic phi tin cy, vn hnh tt trong iu kin khc nghit : ma, nng, bi
bn...
Phi n nh ng v n nh nhit khi c dng in ngn mch cc i chy qua.
in tr phi rt nh so vi in khng ca n gim tn tht cng sut cho h thng in.
Kt cu phi gn nh, n gin, d lp t vn hnh v bo dng, sa cha.
d. Nguyn l lm vic : Xt mch in nh hnh v :
n
Tha

p
hg

U1

in
iN

iL

U2

Zt

eL

Khi c dng in bin thin tng chy qua cun dy th trong cun dy s xut hin sc
in ng t cm eL nh hnh v. ta c phng trnh cn bng in p
di N
di
di

U 2 = U 1 + e L U 11 = U 22 + L
eL = U 2 L N = U 2 + L N
dt
dt
dt

Vy :
Khi c ngn mch xy ra pha sau cun khng th dng in ngn mch qu chy qua
khng in bin thin tng, do mc d u2 gim nhng (diN/dt) tng, cho nn in p u1 trn
thanh gp gim khng ng k. Mt khc trong thi gian qu , khi dng in ngn mch bin
thin tng th eL sinh ra iL chng li s bin thin tng ca dng in ngn mch. V vy dng
in thc t chy qua im ngn mch nh hn dng in ngn mch khi khng lp khng in.
eL

iN

Da vo c s l thuyt ny, ngi ta ch to khng in hn ch dng in ngn mch trong

thi gian qu trc thi im my ct ct loi tr phn t b s c ra khi h thng in.
ng c tnh k thut ca khng in nh hnh v.
4.2. Cun khng kh :

Dng cho cc trang b in trong nh in p n 35 KV l cun khng c s dng rt

rng ri. Cun t h trong khng kh lm mt t nhin bng cc lung kh ca phng. Cc vng
dy c c nh qua cc tr bng b tng hoc g.
Hnh v cun khng kh tr btng in p 35KV. Cun dy s 3 l cun dy nhm hoc
ng, tit din ln, cch in bng giy du v lp si bng tt bn ngoi, cc vng dy c lng
vo tr b tng 1.
Cun khng qun xong c tm vo sn chu m, thng 3 pha c chng ln nhau, gia
cc pha cch in bng s 2. Cun dy pha gia phi qun ngc chiu vi hai cun dy trn v
di nhm cn bng lc in t gia cc vng dy trong cc pha chng bin dng ca cc vng
dy khi c dng in ngn mch chy qua, khi lp t v sa cha cn ch n chiu cng nh
th t pha ca cun khng.
Ngoi ra khi lp t cn trnh cc b phn st thp t qu gn cun khng lm thay i
tr s in khng ca n. Cun khng kh phi c t trong phng thng gi tt, nhit khng
qu 350C v khng thay i t ngt. Trong qu trnh cun khng lm vic cn gi cho lp sn
mt ngoi lun sch s.
Nu mt ngoi b bn, hi nc ng li s lm gim in tr b mt gy phng in mt
ngoi, c hi cho cun khng v d dn ti s c ngn mch gia cc pha, Nhc im ca cun
khng in b tng l nng n, cng knh.
4.3. Cun khng ngm du :
Thng dng cho cc thit b in ngoi tri, in p t 35 KV tr ln. N gm c mt
hoc ba cun dy, qun trn li cch in, t trong thng du v thp, ng y du cch in.
Trng b ngoi cun khng ging my bin p ch khc cc s xuyn dn in vo v ra c kch
tht nh nhau v khng c bnh du ph.
(1) s xuyn
(2) v thng du
(3) mn chn t
1
(4) cun dy khng in
(5) du cch in
2

3
5
4

Cu to cun khng ngm du

So vi cun khng kh th khng ngm du c u im l trnh c m t, bi bn, thu gn
kch tht v khi lng, t c mi v tr, gn cc vt st thp khng s b nh hng t tnh. Tuy
nhin cu to ca n phc tp gi thnh cao hn cun khng kh cng cp in p.
Khi cun khng c dng in xoay chiu chy qua t thng ca cc cun dy s mc
vng qua v thp. (v cun khng kh khng c mch t bng li thp) sinh ra dng in xoy
lm nng v v gy tn hao ln. khc phc hin tng trn ngi ta dng cc phng php sau
y :
- Dng mn chn t : Bng cch t gia cc cun dy v v thng du mt tm knh loi ba
dn in, bng ng hay nhm. Khi cun dy c t thng bin thin qua, trong tm knh s
cm ng ra mt sc in ng. Do tm kim loi v vng dy kn mch, nn sc in ng
cm ng s to ra dng in chy trong vgn kn . Theo nh lut Lenx, dng in ny
sing ra t thng ph chng li s bin thin ca t thng trong lng n. Kt qu l t thng
tn qua v thng du gim i rt nhiu.
- Dng mch t ph : bng cch lt trong v thng mt lp thp l k thut in to ra mch
t ph cho t thng cun dy mc vng qua. V l thp dn t tt hn rt nhiu so vi v my
nn t thng mc vng qua v my gim i rt nhiu.

5 chng st
5.1. Chng st van c khe h dp h quang :
CSV

K hiu
a. Cng dng : Chng st van l mt loi thit b in cao p c s dng bo v chng
st xm nhp t ng dy vo trm bin p hoc nh my
in, chng qu in p cho trm bin p v nh my in.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

b. c im cu to : Loi chng st van c khe h dp h quang nh hnh v

u cc bt dy ra
np v m trn
L xo
Khe h dp h quang
in tr vilit
V s
Np v m di
Bulng bt dy ni t
Bch bt x (ai m)

Cu to chnh ca loi chng st van ny l in tr vilit v khe dp h quang. Hai b

phn ny t ni tip nhau, dng st qua khe dp tia la qua in tr vilit xung t.
in tr vilit c ch to t bt kim cng hoc graphic c thnh hnh tr c b dy t
20-30 mm, ng knh t 75-100mm chu c dng in cng t 30-40 KA chy qua m
khng h hng. in tr vilit l loi in tr phi tuyn c ng c tnh nh hnh v :
u

Um
Rvilit

Mica
ng

Khi t in p vo in tr l in p li (Uvh Um) th in tr vilit c in tr rt ln

(Rvl ) ngn khng cho dng ti trn ng dy tho xung t. Khi da t ln in tr l in

p st, c tr s rt ln th in tr vilit t ng gim v gn bng khng. Mi khe h dp h
quang gm hai a ng mng dp nh hnh p vo tm mica dy t (0.5-1)mm dng hnh vng
khn nh hnh v, chnh tm mica ny to nn khe dp tia la h quang.
c. Nguyn l lm vic :
Chng st van c lp t song song vi my pht in hoc my bin p nh hnh v :

fco
CSV

Ti

Khi c st nh trn trn ng dy hoc cm ng vo ng dy ti in, th dng in st s lan

truyn trn ng dy di dng sng chy. Sng st l loi sng xung cao tn, dc ln tc
bin thin nhanh, khi xm nhp vo thanh gp ca nh my in hoc trm bin p th in p
t vo my bin p v chng st van s l in p st
c tr s rt ln (nu khng c chng
st van bo v th my bin p s b h hng). Khi in p t vo in tr vilit l in p st th
in tr vilit t ng gim v khng. Cho nn dng in st c tho qua van chng st xung h
thng ni t.
Khi xem nh chng st van tr thnh mt dy dn ni t, u song song vi my bin

p, v vy trit tiu c in p d trn my bin p bo v an ton cho my bin p. Sau

khi dng in st c tho xung t, in p t vo van chng st gim dn v gn in p li,
do in tr vilit li t ng tng dn tr s, lm cho dng in phng qua cc khe h dp h
quang gim xung rt nh, v vy h quang nhanh chng b dp tt hon ton trong cc khe hp.
Khi in p t vo chng st van gim dn v bng in p li th in tr vilit tng ln tr s v
cng ln, ngn khng cho dng in ti tho xung t. V vy chng st van c tnh la chn
ch tho dng in st xung t, ngn khng cho dng in ti xung t, nn cn c gi l
van thu st. Khi lp t chng st van khng c hi nc lt v trong lm thay i c tnh
ca in tr vilit s mt tc dng chng st.
5.2. Chng st ng :
a. Cng dng :
L mt loi kh c in cao p c s dng bo v chng qu in p do st nh vo
ng dy ti in trung th cp in p t (3-35)KV.
b. c im cu to : cc b phn chnh nh hnh v :
L loi chng st c khe h. B phn dp h quang gm : Khe h trong d1 c bao bc
xung quanh bng vt liu sinh kh, t trong ng sinh kh 2 ch to t cht phi brbaktit hoc
cht do viniplast. Mt u ng c np kim loi gi in cc thanh 7 u cn li lp in cc
hnh xuyn 6, trn in cc hnh xuyn c gn l thp li g 5 ch th tnh trng lm vic ca
chng st ng. Khe h ngoi d2 gia in cc kim loi 3 v 4 c tc dng cch ly thn ng chng
st vi ng dy khng b h hng v tn hao do dng in r.

3
4

1
8

d2

d1

d1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

d2
6

Np kim loi
ng sinh kh
in cc kim loi
in cc kim loi
Li g ch th
in cc hnh xuyn
in cc kim loi
Cc bt dy ni t

c. Nguyn l lm vic :
trng thi bnh thng ng dy dn in cch in vi t nh khe h trong d1 v khe h
ngoi d2. Khong cch gia cc in cc ca cc khe h d1 v d2 ph thuc vo loi chng st
ng v cp in p ca ng dy.
E=

U
(U E )
(d1 + d 2 )

Khi c st nh trc tip vo ng dy hoc sng st cm ng vo ng day ti in, th in p

gia ng dy v mt t tng ln gp nhiu ln in p nh mc lm cho in trng gia cc

khe h tng d1 v d2 ln rt ln

Khi E Ei (Ei l gii hn in trng ion ho) th lp khng kh gia cc khe h d1, d2 b
ion ho do va chm, gy ra phng in qua cc khe h d1 v d2. V vy nng lng st trn ng
dy c tho xung t lm cho bin sng st trn ng dy gim i nhanh chng, tr v trng
thi bnh thng, do cch in ca ng dy vi t khng b h hng. Trong qu trnh phng
in qua khe h d1 h quang t nng cht sinh kh lm cho cht sinh kh b phn tch do nhit,
chuyn t th rn sang th hi do p sut trong ng sinh kh tng ln rt ln, c th t ti
hng chc at thi dp tt tia h quang. Sn phm chy kh mu pht ra ngoi theo l h ca
cc in hnh xuyn, y l thp li g 5 bt khi v tr ng. Khi i kim tra ng dy thy l
thp li g bt lch ra ngoi, th ngi qun l bit c chng st ng tc ng. Thi gian
phng in v dp h quang ca chng st ng khng qu 0,02s. Sau nhiu ln chng st ng tc
ng, lp vt liu sinh kh s b mn dn. Khi kim tra nu thy mn qu gii hn cho php th
phi thay chng st ng mi.
d. Phm vi s dng :
Chng st ng ch yu dng bo v chng st cho ng dy trung th : Um = (3-35)
KV. Ngoi ra chng st ng cn c ch to n cp in p 110KV s dng chng st tng cng cho trm bin p hoc nh my in c cp in p tng ng, nhng vng thng c mt
st ln, nhm mc ch gim bin sng st lan truyn trn ng dy vo trm bin p hoc
nh my in, hn ch tnh trng lm vic qu ti cho chng st van.

6-10KV

PTB

PBC
PT

PT

d1
PTB

PT1

PT2

300m

300m

PBM

PT1

PTB
35-110KV

PTB

d2

6-20 KV

PBC

PT2

Thng c lp t trn ng dy cch nh my in v trm bin p t (100-300)m.

e. u nhc im :
- u im : cu to n gin, gn nh, d lp t, d kim tra v qun l.
- Nhc im : do khe h d1 v d2 nn ch khi E Ei th chng st mi tc ng v vy in p
d trn ng dy vn cn kh ln.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh in cc 3 v 4 c th b x dch do nhiu nguyn nhn lm thay i
khong cch d2. Dn ti lm tng gi tr in p d khi qu in p trn ng dy. V nhng nhc
im c bn trn cho nn chng st ng khng c dng bo v chng st lan truyn t ng
dy vo trm bin p hoc nh my in l nhng thit b quan trng v nhy cm.
f. V tr lp t :
3-35KV

d1
d2

Nu lp t cng mt v tr trn c 3 pha th tit kim c dy ni t v cc tippp

nhng nguy c gy ngn mch khi c 3 chng st ng cng tc ng s tng ln.

Nu mi khong ct ch lp mt chng st ng, mun lp ht trn c 3 pha phi ht 3

khong ct lin tip, th s gim c nguy c ngn mch khi co tc ng, nhng chi ph cho cc
tip t v dy ni t tng.
Loi chng st ng

Khong cch d2

PT6
PT10
PT3

(10-15)mm
(15-20)mm
(20-25)mm

6 m phng in
6.1. Cng dng:
M phng in l mt loi kh c in cao p c th c s dng bo v chng qu
in p do st nh vo ng dy ti in lp t h thng t ng ng lp li.
6.2. Cu to: nh hnh v
Khong cch gia hai u m phng ph thuc vo cp in p ca ng dy ti in.
1. S cch in
2. Kp bt dy

3.

Dy dn
4. M phng
5. Dy ni t

6.3. Nguyn l lm vic:

c ch to da trn nguyn l hiu ng mi nhn, bnh thng ng dy ti in cch
in vi mt t qua khe h ca m phng.
ng dy c TL

Khi c st nh vo ng dy, th in p trn ng dy v mt t tng ln gp nhiu ln

in p nh mc, lm cho in trng E gia khe h ca m phng tng ln c th t ti 107108 V/cm. Di tc dng ca in trng mi u m phng, mt in tch cng du trn mt
n v din tch tp trung rt ln, chng y nhau lm tng kh nng gii phng in tch t do ra
khi u in cc mi nhn, cho nn khong khng kh gia hai u m phng tp trung mt
in tch t do c gii phng ra rt nhiu, chng chuyn ng vn tc cao, gy ra ion ho va
chm cc phn t kh, lm phng in gia hai u m phng. Qu trnh xy ra phng in gia
hai u m phng nng lng st trn ng dy c tho xung t, ti cng in trng gia
hai u m phng E < Ei th kt thc qu trnh phng in. Khi TL iu khin my ct ng
in li cho ng dy.
6.4. V tr lp t:
6.5. u nhc im:
- u im: cu to n gin, d lp t, gi thnh thp so vi chng st ng.
- Nhc im: m phng in khng c b phn dp tt h quang cho nn khi m phng, phng
in thi gian b ko di, gy ra s c ngn mch vnh vin, lm cho my ct ng dy tc
ng, ct ng dy ang vn hnh ra khi h thng in, do ng dy phi trang b thit b
TL. Khi c st in p d gia hai u m phng cn ln.