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Converse (logic) - Wikipedia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(logic)

Converse (logic)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In logic, the converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two parts. For the
implication P Q, the converse is Q P. For the categorical proposition All S is P, the converse is All P is S.
In neither case does the converse necessarily follow from the original statement.[1] The categorical converse of a
statement is contrasted with the contrapositive and the obverse.

Contents
1 Implicational converse
1.1 Converse of a theorem
2 Categorical converse
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading

Implicational converse
Let S be a statement of the form P implies Q (P Q). Then the converse of S is the statement Q implies P (Q
P). In general, the verity of S says nothing about the verity of its converse, unless the antecedent P and the
consequent Q are logically equivalent.
For example, consider the true statement "If I am a human, then I am mortal." The converse of that statement is
"If I am mortal, then I am a human," which is not necessarily true.
On the other hand, the converse of a statement with mutually inclusive terms remains true, given the truth of the
original proposition. Thus, the statement "If I am a bachelor, then I am an unmarried man" is logically equivalent
to "If I am an unmarried man, then I am a bachelor."
A truth table makes it clear that S and the converse of S are not logically equivalent unless both terms imply each
other:
P Q P Q Q P (converse)
T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T

Going from a statement to its converse is the fallacy of affirming the consequent. However, if the statement S
and its converse are equivalent (i.e., if P is true if and only if Q is also true), then affirming the consequent will
be valid.

Converse of a theorem

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Converse (logic) - Wikipedia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(logic)

In mathematics, the converse of a theorem of the form P Q will be Q P. The converse may or may not be
true. If true, the proof may be difficult. For example, the Four-vertex theorem was proved in 1912, but its
converse only in 1998.
In practice, when determining the converse of a mathematical theorem, aspects of the antecedent may be taken
as establishing context. That is, the converse of Given P, if Q then R will be Given P, if R then Q. For example,
the Pythagorean theorem can be stated as:
Given a triangle with sides of length a, b, and c, if the angle opposite the side of length c is a right
angle, then a2 + b2 = c2.
The converse, which also appears in Euclid's Elements (Book I, Proposition 48), can be stated as:
Given a triangle with sides of length a, b, and c, if a2 + b2 = c2, then the angle opposite the side of
length c is a right angle.

Categorical converse
In traditional logic, the process of going from All S are P to its converse All P are S is called conversion. In the
words of Asa Mahan, "The original proposition is called the exposita; when converted, it is denominated the
converse. Conversion is valid when, and only when, nothing is asserted in the converse which is not affirmed or
implied in the exposita."[2] The "exposita" is more usually called the "convertend." In its simple form, conversion
is valid only for E and I propositions:[3]
Type

Convertend

Simple converse Converse per accidens

All S are P

not valid

Some P is S

No S is P

No P is S

Some P is not S

Some S is P

Some P is S

Some S is not P not valid

The validity of simple conversion only for E and I propositions can be expressed by the restriction that "No term
must be distributed in the converse which is not distributed in the convertend."[4] For E propositions, both
subject and predicate are distributed, while for I propositions, neither is.
For A propositions, the subject is distributed while the predicate is not, and so the inference from an A statement
to its converse is not valid. As an example, for the A proposition "All cats are mammals," the converse "All
mammals are cats" is obviously false. However, the weaker statement "Some mammals are cats" is true.
Logicians define conversion per accidens to be the process of producing this weaker statement. Inference from a
statement to its converse per accidens is generally valid. However, as with syllogisms, this switch from the
universal to the particular causes problems with empty categories: "All unicorns are mammals" is often taken as
true, while the converse per accidens "Some mammals are unicorns" is clearly false.
In first-order predicate calculus, All S are P can be represented as
.[5] It is therefore clear that
the categorical converse is closely related to the implicational converse, and that S and P cannot be swapped in
All S are P.

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Converse (logic) - Wikipedia

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See also
Aristotle
Contraposition
Inference
Obversion
Syllogism

Converse (semantics)
Term logic
Transposition (logic)
Inverse (logic)

References
1. Robert Audi, ed. (1999), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press:
"converse".
2. Asa Mahan (1857), The Science of Logic: or, An Analysis of the Laws of Thought, p. 82 (https://books.google.com
/books?id=J_wtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82).
3. William Thomas Parry and Edward A. Hacker (1991), Aristotelian Logic, SUNY Press, p. 207
(https://books.google.com/books?id=3Sg84H6B-m4C&pg=PA207).
4. James H. Hyslop (1892), The Elements of Logic, C. Scribner's sons, p. 156.
5. Gordon Hunnings (1988), The World and Language in Wittgenstein's Philosophy, SUNY Press, p. 42
(https://books.google.com/books?id=5XXz7B2PLRsC&pg=PA42).

Further reading
Aristotle. Organon.
Copi, Irving. Introduction to Logic. MacMillan, 1953.
Copi, Irving. Symbolic Logic. MacMillan, 1979, fifth edition.
Stebbing, Susan. A Modern Introduction to Logic. Cromwell Company, 1931.
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Categories: Immediate inference
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