Professional Documents
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V.M.RAJAN,M.E.(Struct),FIE,
Former CE/Civil/TANGEDCO
******
2. Estimation of Loads:
Before we design any structure, it is very necessary to understand the
complete structural system of the structure. How the load act on them,
how are they transmitted from one element to the other, etc., must be
visualized initially. If a loading diagram of the beam is given, it may be
easy to design it, however, the first part of the problem, i.e. finding out
the loads on the beam requires thorough knowledge of the structural
system and the way in which the load transfer takes place.
The buildings are designed to carry some live loads, functional loads and
many other loads during its life span. To carry the loads, we provide the
structural systems like slabs, beams, columns etc., which also have dead
loads. The functional loads may be dead loads like tiles, walls, partitions
etc., and other loads include wind, earthquake, impact etc.
The loads are usually first carried by the slabs although the beams may
be subjected to direct loads. The slabs
: 40mm/m span
= 30
Simply
supported
slab
100 mm(4)
2.03 m
( 6- 8)
2.44 m
( 8- 0)
2.84 m
( 9- 4)
1.02 m
( 3- 4)
115 mm(4)
2.29 m
( 7- 6)
2.74 m
( 9- 0)
3.20 m
( 10- 6)
1.14 m
( 3- 9)
125 mm(5)
138 mm(5)
150 mm(6)
2.54 m
( 8- 4)
3.05 m
( 10- 0)
2.79 m
( 9- 2)
3.35 m
( 11- 0)
3.05 m
3.66 m
3.56 m
( 11- 8)
1.27 m
( 4- 2)
3.91 m
( 12- 10)
1.40 m
( 4- 7)
4.27 m
1.52 m
( 10- 0)
( 12- 0)
( 14- 0)
( 5- 0)
162.5
mm(6)
3.30 m
( 10- 10)
3.96 m
( 13- 0)
4.62 m
( 15- 2)
1.65 m
( 5- 5)
175 mm(7)
3.56 m
( 11- 8)
4.27 m
( 14- 0)
4.98 m
( 16- 4)
1.78 m
( 5- 10)
3.81 m
( 12- 6)
L/20
4.57 m
( 15- 0)
L/24
5.33 m
( 17- 6)
L/28
1.91 m
( 6- 3)
187.5
mm(7)
Reference
L/10
L/d ratio
25
30
Width:
Width of beam= width of wall or 1/3 to 2/3 depth of beam for all beams
1/3 to of overall depth for Tee beams
b= 3.24(Lx)1/3 (As per Swedish Regulations) b, Lx are in cms.
Depth:
For simply supported and continuous beam=1/10 to 1/12 of clear span
Section Type
Rectangular
Flanged
Cantilever
Depth
100mm/m span
80mm/m span
120 to 150mm/m span
Doubly reinforced
2/3 D of Singly
beam
reinforced section
Simply supported Doubly reinforced beam=L/15 or 2/3 D of sSngly
reinforced beam
Continuous doubly reinforced beam= L/12 to L/15
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
Beam Depth
h
L/d ratio
15 to 20
12 to 15
12
12
16
18-6
21-0
14
18-8
21-7
24-6
16
21-4
24-9
28-0
18
24-0
27-7
31-5
18
24-0
27-9
31-6
20
26-9
30-10
33-0
22
29-4
34-0
38-6
Reference
h x 16
12
Where h is depth of beam in inches.
h x 18.5
12
h x 21
12
3. Column Design:
Size of column shall be chosen on the higher side and richer mixes and
age factor
shall be used to the lower storeys. It shall be advantage to use minimum
mix as M25
concrete and Fe 500 TMT bars
achieving
For
economy in shuttering, column size can be kept the same throughout the
height of building(or in steps of a few storeys at the least) for carrying the
reinforcement. Moments in columns change sign in each storey, so that, we
generally
provide symmetrical bar arrangement in a column section and the steel
area is kept
constant throughout a given storey. In General steel reinforcement is
equally on all
faces, in case of columns subjected to only axial load where as in case of
column
subjected to bending also in addition to axial load the longitudinal bars are
arranged
at the faces in the plane of bending.
is less but
at different floor levels. Loads are transferred slabs to beams and then to
columns.
Hence, slabs and beams
columns. This
method enables one to asses the loads on columns more accurately and
design of
column becomes realistic and economical.
However, in practice, many times situation arise which require the
design of
columns and footings to be given to the client prior to the design of slabs
and beams.
In such situations, loads on columns and footings are required to be
assessed using
judgement based on past experience or using approximate methods. The
loads on
the columns can be determined approximately on the basic floor area
shared by each
column. These loads are normally calculated on the higher side so that
they are not
less than the actual loads transferred from slabs/ beams. This method of
design of
column is likely to be uneconomical.
However as per official procedure, one should design slabs and
beams first in
order to know the actual design loads on columns. Only in case of
emergency for need
of giving the design of column and footings prior to the design of beams,
the
approximate method of assessing the load on column based on the floor
area shared
by the columns by tributary area method
reactions at
or
by summation of beam
Column Position
Residential
building
Interior column
12KN/m2
14KN/m2
17KN/m2
19KN/m2
Corner column
22KN/m2
24KN/m2
Residential Flats
16
Education/Medical hospitals
building
18
Library/Godowns/printing press
building
22
Industrial Building
20
Staircase/ Escalators
18
10
1. Extra load for sitout & Balcony: This can be separately computed
and
apportioned to the column concerned.
2. For Lift & Machine room: extra loads can be arrived from the lift &
Machine
room data.
3. Overhead Tank: extra load can be easily calculated Dead wt. of
OHT+weight of water to be stored and apportioned to the column
concerned. For example
10,000 litres capacity of OHT the dead weight of tank may be taken
as 100%
weight of water i.e 10m3 or 10tonnes. Total weight is 10t+10t =20t.
Load on
each column assuming supporting water tank column as 4,
=20t/4=5t.
Moment factors to be considered for calculating loads on columns as
per
Reynolds hand book:
Position of column
Moment factor
1.10
1.30
Corner column
1.80
Equivalent axial
column
Load with
moment factor (KN)
Column size
(mm)
Up to 500
230 x 230
230 x 300
230 x 450
230 x 600
300 x 750
Above 1950
300 x 830
External column
Internal column
M20
2000
1500
M25
1800
1200
M30
1600
900
M35
1400
600
M40
1200
300
For example for (Silt +4Floors) residential building interior column with
M20 concrete with 5m by 4m grid
Area required = (5 storey) x tributary area (5x4)x 1500 mm2
=150000mm2
Assuming width of column b=230 mm
Depth required
D=400mm;
D=500mm
For Seismic areas : Assume Pu/fck bD=0.35 for side column and 0.30 for
corner column. In case of non seismic areas, the ratio will be 0.40 for side
column and 0.35 for corner column.
For example if Pu= 2178KN, fck=20, column area for non seismic zone for
side column=2178x1000/0.40x20=272250mm2 . The size of column is
300 x 900mm. Assume 0.8% of C.S area=2160mm2. Provide 8 Nos. 20mm
dia bars. (2512mm2.2160mm2)
Method 5: Using Column load & Moment
Based on Column load & Moment;
Assume 2% of C.S area for fy=250N/mm2
(i) If the line of action of the eccentric Load is outside
C.S.area = Pu/0.4 fck
(ii) If the line of action of the eccentric Load is inside (within the section)
C.S.area=Pu /0.45 fck
Example : Pu=2460KN
Method 6:
Safe load carrying capacity of column based on % of steel and
known column section for various grade of concrete and Steel.
Steel Grade
Fe 415
Concrete Grade
Fe 500
M20
M25
M30.
M35
M40
P=(2.7005 p+ 8)
P=(3.27p + 8)
bD/1500
bD/1500
P=(2.6805 p+ 10)
P=(3.25p +10)
bD/1500
bD/1500
P=(2.6605 p+ 12)
P=(3.23p + 12)
bD/1500
bD/1500
P=(2.6405 p+ 14)
P=(3.21p + 14)
bD/1500
bD/1500
P=(2.6205 p+ 16)
P=(3.19p + 16)
bD/1500
bD/1500
II.
III.
IV.
V.
[25000 N/m3 ]
[500 N/m2]
[19200 N/m3]
[25000 N/m3]
[25000 N/m3]
B) Live Load :
It depends upon the Nature of the Structure, and it values for different
structural nature are given in the concerned Code of Practice, like in India
these are given in I.S.: 875-Part II.
For Residential Buildings it is generally considered @ 2KN/m2
Roof slab
Live Load
1.50 KN/m2
Floor Slab
2.0KN/m2
Dead load
3.0 KN/m2
3.0 KN/m2
Floor finish
2.25KN/m2
1.00KN/m2
5.25KN/m2
4.00KN/m2
6mm
2.
For an example if a Column has 16mm and 20mm both types of bar as
Longitudinal Bars or main Reinforcement then 1/4th of 20mm = 5mm
Hence we shall provide 6mm diameter Ties. But in practice we use 8 dia
RTS only.
The Spacing of Ties shall not exceed the least of the followings three
values
1.
2.
3.
300 mm
[In this case our objective is to minimize the value to reduce the spacing
and to make the structure more stable, hence we shall take least value
and suitably in a multiple of 25mm]
4. Foundation:
(i) Depth of foundation:
Minimum depth of foundation: 500 mm from G.L. ( As per I.S. 1080-1962)
Minimum depth of foundation as per Rankines theory
d = p / {1- sin / 1+ sin }2
Where p = gross bearing capacity (SBC )
= density of soil.
= angle of repose of soil.
But in practice, the foundation depth is kept at 0.90m or even more. The
depth of
foundation depends not only on the nature of soil strata but also on the
height of
building. It is customary practice to place the foundation of a simple
footing at a
minimum depth of 1.50 m from ground level or at least 1.50 times the
width of
footing. In cold climates the depth is kept at a minimum of 1.50 m below
surface
because of possible frost action. For low rise building (less than four
storeys)
a depth of foundation of 1.2m to 1.50m may be adequate. For taller
buildings (6 to
12 storeys) 2.0m to 3.0m foundation depth will be adequate. For still taller
buildings
shallow foundation may not be suitable. In these case higher capacity of
pile
foundation shall be adopted to suit the super structure of load and nature
of soil
condition. For tall isolated Structures, like water towers, the foundation
depth may
be at 3.0m also.
in
mm.
(b) Thumb rule based on side of the footing for Fe 415 / Fe 500 steel.
Net upward soil pressure
in
D / A value
t / m2
5
1/7
10
1/5.5
15
1/5.0
20
1 /4.5
25
1 /4.0
30
1 /3.50
Note :
1)
2)
3)
to IS
456-2000)
(iv) Reinforcement:
Minimum Dia. of bar : 8 RTS
Preferable
Thumb rule:
: 10 RTS
(150 mm according
Up to 2.0 m width
Above 2.0m Up to 3.0 m width
Above 3.0 m width
: use 10 RTS
: use 12 RTS
: use 16 RTS
Minimum reinforcement :
Not less than 0.15% of c.s area for mild steel &
0.12% when HYSD bars are used.
Maximum spacing of bar : 200 mm
(180 mm for Tor 40 as per IS 456-2000)