Exam AE2105 Instrumentation & Signals

Delft University of Technology

Monday January 23 2012, 9:00 - 12:00 h
Version A
The exam consists of 12 multiple choice questions and 3 open questions. Points per question
are specified behind each question. The total number of points equals 45.
Your grade will be equal to the number of points you gain plus 5, then divided by 5. Of course,
when you have deserved a bonus-point in the studio-classroom, we add it to the end result.
A formula sheet is provided, only our formula sheet is permitted!
Use of calculators is permitted, no PDAs, cell phones, etc.
For the open questions, use a separate sheet for each question.
Write on each sheet your name, student ID, course code (AE2105), and question number.
For the multiple choice questions, mark you student ID and VERSION character on the answer form. If you want to correct your answer, mark a new box and draw a box through the
originally marked box. In case of more corrections, just ask for a new form. Please note that
the forms are processed automatically. So dont mess-up your form, that may harm your result!
Good luck!

Please do not turn over the page before 9 AM!

AE2105 Examination (AE2105 January 23, 2012)

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1 (2 points)
Fourier transform
The signal x(t) is illustrated in the figure below
x(t)
A
t

The Fourier transform X(f ) of this signal can be calculated.

Which of the following statements is correct?
a) X(f ) will be a purely imaginary function of f
b) X(0) equals A
c) X(f ) will be a purely real function of f
d) None of the other answers is correct
Question 2 (2 points)
A signal x(t) is defined as: x(t) = 3sinc(6t), its Fourier transform is X(f ).
A signal y(t) is defined as: y(t) = 4x(t/2), its Fourier transform is Y (f ).
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Y (f ) = 6sinc(12f )
b) Y (f ) = 4sinc(3f )
c) Y (f ) = 4(f /3)
d) Y (f ) = 6(3f )

AE2105 Examination (AE2105 January 23, 2012)

Question 3 (2 points)
Energy and power
A voltage signal is given by x(t) = 4 (r(t + 1) 2r(t) + r(t 2) + 1).
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) x(t) is a power signal, its power equals 16 Watt
b) x(t) is an energy signal, its energy equals 64 Joule
c) x(t) is a power signal, its power equals 8 Watt
d) x(t) is neither an energy nor a power signal
Question 4 (2 points)
Systems, time domain
2
Rt
x()d.
+
ty(t)
=
A system H is given by: 4 d y2 + 5 dy
dt
dt

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) H is linear, fixed, dynamic, and its order is three
b) H is non-linear, time-varying, causal, and its order is three
c) H is linear, time-varying, causal, and its order is two
d) H is non-linear, time-varying, dynamic, and its order is two
Question 5 (2 points)
Systems, frequency domain
A signal is given by x(t) = 2 + 10 sin2 (4t) + 8 cos(20t + /12)
The signal is passed through an ideal band-pass filter h(t), with a bandwidth of 4 Hz and centered around 5 Hz, resulting in output signal y(t), i.e.: y(t) = h(t) x(t).
Both x(t) and y(t) are voltage signals.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) The power of the output signal y(t) equals 61.5 Watt

AE2105 Examination (AE2105 January 23, 2012)

b) The power of the output signal y(t) equals 12.5 Watt

c) None of the other answers is correct.
d) The power of the input signal x(t) equals 73.5 Watt
Question 6 (2 points)
Sampling
A signal x(t) (spectrum X(f )) is being sampled with 20 Hz, yielding the sampled signal xs (t).
The spectrum X(f ) and also three possible spectra (I, II and III) of the sampled signal, Xs (f )
are shown in the plot below.
X(f )
10

10

Xs (f )

spectrum I
200

200

200

50

30

10

200

200

50

30

50

30

50

30

Xs (f )

100

100

30

10

spectrum III

50

10

spectrum II

50

10

30

100

10

Xs (f )

200

10

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) None of the spectra that are shown is correct
b) Spectrum (I) is correct
c) Spectrum (II) is correct
d) Spectrum (III) is correct

10

AE2105 Examination (AE2105 January 23, 2012)

Question 7 (2 points)
Sampling
A signal x(t) = 4sinc(6t) cos2 (20t) needs to be sampled.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) This signal cannot be sampled
b) The signal needs to be sampled with at least 23 Hz in order to be able to reconstruct the
original signal from its samples
c) The Nyquist rate of this signal equals 40 Hz
d) None of the other answers is correct.
Question 8 (2 points)
Power-level
Doubling the power of a signal, expressed in Watt, corresponds to
a) Adding 2 dB in terms of dBW
b) Adding 3 dB in terms of dBW
c) Adding 10 dB in terms of dBW
d) Adding 20 dB in terms of dBW
Question 9 (2 points)
Quantization
The light-sensor of the StudioClassRoom practical delivers a voltage to the A/D-convertor, in
the range [0.0, 5.0] Volt.
The A/D-convertor uses a binary representation of the signal-level, and uses 10 bits to quantize
the incoming signal.
What is the maximum quantization error?
a) 2.4 103 Volt
b) 4.9 103 Volt

AE2105 Examination (AE2105 January 23, 2012)

c) 2.5 101 Volt

d) 5.0 101 Volt
Question 10 (2 points)
Bit error probability
For a baseband polar signal binary 1 represented by signal level +A,
binary 0 by signal
q and
2A2 Tb
level A the bit error probability expression reads P (E) = 1 ( N0 ).
How does the bit error probability change when the bit-duration Tb is doubled, i.e. when each
bit lasts as twice as long?
The bit error probability:
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Decreases by a factor of

d) Decreases by a factor of 2
Question 11 (2 points)
Signal power - to - noise power ratio
A sensor provides through a wire an on-off voltage signal to the flight-instrumentation computer. For instance, it represents the landing-gear in and out status.
The null-state Ho is that the landing-gear is locked-away, and the sensor provides a zero amplitude signal.
The on-state H1 is that the landing-gear is engaged, and the sensor provides a DC-signal with
amplitude A Volt.
The flight-instrumentation computer receives the transmitted signal (either zero amplitude, or
amplitude A), plus in both cases just ordinary noise.
Random variable y represents the observable voltage at the computer. Hence Ho : y = e and
H1 : y = A + e, and the variance of the noise e is 2 .
Suppose that the landing-gear is activated (state H1 ), and consider the observed signal y over a
1 second duration. What is the Signal power-to-noise power?

AE2105 Examination (AE2105 January 23, 2012)

a)

A
2

b)

A2
2

c)

d)

A2
2

Question 12 (2 points)
Signal detection probabilities
For the sensor of the previous question, suppose that the decision at the computer, between
landing-gear is in (Ho ), and out (H1 ), is taken using a threshold voltage of A2 (thus y < A2
yields decision in, and y A2 yields decision out).
With A = 5 and 2 = 4, what is the probability of missed detection, i.e. the gear is in fact out,
but in the cockpit it is decided that it is not?
a) 0.0071
b) 0.0228
c) 0.1056
d) 0.2643

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Open Questions
Note For each question, please carefully show how you arrived at your result. Include comments
whenever possible, or needed, as if you are explaining what you are doing to a fellow student.
Question 13 (7 points)
Fourier Series
Consider the triangular wave form, defined by:
4t ) :
A(1 + T
0
:
x(t) =

4t

A(1
T ) :

T20 t < 0,
0t<

T0
,
2

and periodically extended outside this interval (i.e., x(t) = x(t + T0 ) for all t).
For your convenience, the figure below shows what this signal looks like in time. It has amplitude A and repeats itself every T0 seconds.
x(t)
A
T0
2

T20
A

T0

Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series of this waveform.

Question 14 (7 points)
Signal and system analysis, frequency domain
The voltage input signal:
x(t) = 6sinc(3t) cos2 (12t)
is applied to a linear time-invariant (LTI) system H.
a) Give the Fourier transform X(f ) of x(t).
b) What is the energy of this input signal x(t)?
c) Determine and plot the frequency response of the system H, H(f ), such that its response
will be y(t) = 12sinc(3t) cos(24t).

AE2105 Examination (AE2105 January 23, 2012)

d) What is the energy of the output signal y(t)?

e) Are there any alternative frequency response functions that you may choose to arrive at y(t)
from x(t)? Explain your answer.
Question 15 (7 points)
Link budget
Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) is a cooperative surveillance technique for aviation. Aircraft determine their positions, for instance through satellite navigation,
and periodically broadcast the positions (and other information) to ground stations and other
aircraft.
Over remote areas, without ground infrastructure, like oceans, deserts and tropical forests, the
idea is to monitor global air traffic by means of orbital surveillance. A Low-Earth Orbiting
(LEO) satellite would capture all the ADS-B broadcasts.
For reliable operation (i.e. a small enough bit error rate), the receiver on-board the satellite
would need to see at least about 18 dB of signal to noise ratio.
An ADS-B transceiver on board an aircraft broadcasts about 250 W of signal power, using an
omni-directional antenna (isotropic).
The antenna on the LEO-satellite is directional (as it is looking only downward to the Earths
surface) and this directivity yields an amplification of the received signal power by a factor of
10 (as compared to the use of an isotropic antenna).
Half of the transmitted power gets lost in the transmitter cabling. And half of the signal power
received at the satellite antenna, gets lost in the cabling to the receiver.
To analyse the link budget from aircraft to satellite, it is assumed that the distance between aircraft and LEO-satellite is 670 km.
Signal loss due to interaction with particles in the atmosphere is neglected. The speed of light
is 3 108 m/s, and the carrier frequency of ADS-B is 1090 MHz.
a) Compute the signal power the receiver on-board the satellite gets from its antenna, expressed
in dBW.
b) Assuming a (n equivalent) bandwidth of operation of 2 MHz, and an effective noise temperature of 362 K for the receiver, compute the noise power at the receiver
c) Finally compute the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (in dB) at the receiver, and check whether the
required 18 dB is met.