INTRODUCTION ON

MATERIALS
tranhaiung@gmail.com
Department of Oil and Gas processing

Introduction
More than 50,000 materials
How to choose the best suiting the purpose?
Mistakes can causes disaster. Ex1 Welded merchant ship breaking in
half at sea because of wrong fracture toughness of steel. Ex2: The
Comet aircraft lost because of wrong fatigue strength
Materials properties is very important
Materials classification: Metals and Alloys [] Polymers [] Ceramics []
Composites [] Natural materials ( wood / leather)

Introduction
Example 1: Selection of materials for Plastic-handled screwdriver
The shaft and blades: High carbon steel (because of high modulus)
Modulus: the resistance of material to elastic deflection of bending
Yield strength: high resistant of bending or twisting
Hardness: high
Fracture toughness: high

Introduction
Example 1: Selection of materials for Plastic-handled screwdriver
The handle: Plastic (PMMA) -Wood
PMMA: ease of fabrication, aesthetic reason, low density, cheap

Introduction
Example 2: Turbofan aero-engine
powered large plane

Introduction
Example 2: Turbofan aero-engine powered large plane
Turbofan blades: titanium alloy: good modulus, yield strength, fracture
toughness, surface wear, corrosion, density
Turbine blades: about 950oC, requiring resistance to creep and
oxidation. Nickel based alloy is chosen
Spark electrode of spark plug: requiring
resistance to thermal fatigue, wear, oxidation,
Corrosion. Tungsten alloy is chosen.
The insulation: requiring resistance to thermal
Fatigue, corrosion, oxidation. Alumina is chosen.

Introduction
Example 3: sailing cruiser
Hull: GFRP
Mast: aluminium alloy
Sails and ropes: Terylene, Kevlar
Manmade composites: GFRP, BFRP,
CFRP

Introduction
Classes of properties

Introduction
Classes of materials

Introduction
Classes of materials

Introduction
Classes of price

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Introduction

Introduction

Elastic moduli
The elastic modulus measures the resistance of a material to elastic (or
springy) deformation
Low modulus materials: floppy and easily deflected.
High modulus materials: hard and difficultly deflected.
The modulus is reflected in natural frequency of vibration of a
structure.

Elastic moduli
Definition of stress:

Elastic moduli
Definition of stress:

Elastic moduli
Definition of stress:

Elastic moduli
Definition of strain:

Elastic moduli
Definition of strain:

Elastic moduli
Hooks law:
Normal tension:
Shear:
Dilatation:

with E is Young modulus

with G is shear modulus
with K is bulk modulus

Most solids are elastic only to very small strains: up to about 0.001
Most materials have

Elastic moduli
Measurement of Young modulus: through natural frequency of
vibration and velocity of sound

Elastic moduli
Data for Young modulus

Elastic moduli
Data for Young modulus

Elastic moduli
Data for Young modulus

Elastic moduli
Data for Young modulus

Bonding between atoms

Bonding between atoms

Bonding between atoms

Ionic bond

Bonding between atoms

Ionic bond

Bonding between atoms

Covalent bond

Bonding between atoms

Covalent bond

Bonding between atoms

Metallic bond

Bonding between atoms

Van der Waals bond

Bonding between atoms

Condensed states of matter

Bonding between atoms

Interatomic forces
F is zero at the equilibrium point r=r0
The stiffness S of the bond
When the stretching is small, S is constant:

Bonding between atoms

Interatomic forces

Packing of atoms in solids

Three dimensional packing pattern:
(1) Packing atoms two-dimensionally in atomic planes
(2) Stacking these planes on top of one another to gives crystal

Packing of atoms in solids

Close-packed structures (the least volume) and crystal energies:

Packing of atoms in solids

Close-packed structures
(the least volume) and
crystal energies:

The ABC stacking gives

The face-centred cubic
(f.c.c)
Al, Cu, Ni

Packing of atoms in solids

Close-packed structures
(the least volume) and
crystal energies:

The ABAB stacking gives

The hexagonal close packed
(c.p.h)
Mg, Zn, Ti

Packing of atoms in solids

Close-packed structures
(the least volume) and
crystal energies:
The stacking always gives The least energy

Packing of atoms in solids

Crystallography:
The face-centred cubic (f.c.c) structure

Packing of atoms in solids

Crystallography:
The close packed hexagonal (c.p.h) structure

Packing of atoms in solids

Crystallography:
The close packed hexagonal (c.p.h) structure v.s face centred cubic (f.c.c)

Packing of atoms in solids

Plane indices:

Packing of atoms in solids

Plane indices:

Packing of atoms in solids

Plane indices:

Packing of atoms in solids

Direction indices:

Packing of atoms in solids

Structures:

Packing of atoms in solids

Structures:

Packing of atoms in solids

Structures:

Packing of atoms in solids

Structures:

Packing of atoms in solids

Atomic packing in polymers:

Packing of atoms in solids

Atomic packing in polymers:

Packing of atoms in solids

Atomic packing in polymers:

Packing of atoms in solids

Atomic packing in polymers:

Carbon nanotube

Rubber

Packing of atoms in solids

Atomic packing in polymers:
Inorganic glasses
Silica glass (1000oC)

Soda glass (600oC)

Packing of atoms in solids

:

Packing of atoms in solids

:

Packing of atoms in solids

:

Packing of atoms in solids

:

Packing of atoms in solids

:

Data for density

Data for density

Data for density