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DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1

History
1876 Invention of the telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell
1879 First private switchboard
1915 Transcontinental and transatlantic phone
service begins

Data Communications: the movement of


computer information from one point to another
by means of electrical or optical transmission
systems (called networks).
Data communications networks improve the dayto-day control of a business by providing faster
LAN 3 BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS
- Servers (aka hosts or host computers)

1951 Direct-dial long distance service begins

- Clients

1962
Telstar
satellite
begins
to intransmit
Telephone
regulation
began
in 1892
Canada
international
and in
1910 when calls
the Interstate Commerce
Commission began to regulate long distance
traffic.

- Circuits

In 1934, the FCC was established to regulate


interstate the telephone business.

Client-server networks - Clients and Servers


typically work together

1950s: batch processing mainframes


1960s: data communications over phone
lines became common and mainframes
became multi-user systems
1970s:
online
real-time,
transactionoriented
systems
replaced
batch
processing. DBMSs become common
1980s: the PC revolution

NETWORK TYPES
-

Local Area Networks (LANs): typically


occupy a room or building; usually
include a group of PCs sharing a circuit.
- Backbone Networks, have a scale of a
few hundred meters to a few kilometers.
Include a high speed backbone linking
the LANs at various locations.
- Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
typically have a scale of a few kilometers
to a few tens of kilometers. MANs
connect LANs and BNs at different
locations, usually using leased lines or
other commercial services to transmit
data.
- Wide Area Networks (WANs) have a
scale of hundreds or thousands of
Intranets - private networks set up using the
same technology as the Internet (web servers,
Java, HTML) but only open to users inside an
organization
Extranets - uses Internet technologies to
provide invited users access to corporate
network resources such as information
services and databases. Extranet access is
usually controlled using passwords, but newer

OSI: Open Systems Interconnect - created by the International Organization for


Standardization (OSI) in 1984 as a network standards framework

APPLICATION LAYERS are fused to connect the application


to the network:
Application: provides a set of utilities used by application
programs.

INTERNETWORK LAYERS connect applications to the


network and as well as determine the best route for sending
messages between sender and receiver.
Transport: deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting
the message for network transport, and maintaining the
logical connections between sender and receiver.
HARDWARE LAYERS move messages from one computer
or device to another.
Data Link: deals with message delineation, error control
and network medium access control.
STANDARDS provide a fixed way for hardware and/or
THE STANDARDIZATION PROCESSES
Specification: developing the nomenclature and identifying
the problems to be addressed.

Layer
5. Application layer

4. Transport layer
3. Network layer
2. Data link layer
1. Physical layer

Identification of choices: identify solutions to the problems


and choose the optimum solution.
Common Standards
HTTP, HTML (Web)
MPEG, H.323 (audio/video)
IMAP, POP (e-mail)
TCP (Internet)
SPX (Novell LANs)
IP (Internet)
IPX (Novell LANs)
Ethernet (LAN)
PPP (dial-up via modem)
RS-232c cable (LAN)
Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)
V.92 (56 kbps modem)

STANDARDS MAKING BODIES


ISO: International Organization for Standardization
ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union
Telecom Group

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