Dien Tu Cong Suat

cng bi ging in t cng sut
Ngh CN
BI 1: TNG QUAN V IN T CNG SUT
1. Gii thiu chung v in t cng sut.

1.1. Khi nim:
in t cng sut l chuyn ngnh nghin cu cc phng php v cc thit b dng bin i v iu
khin nng lng in.
Cc thit b sn xut ca chng ta s dng cc loi nng lng in khc nhau, c loi dng in mt
chiu, c loi dng in xoay chiu, cc mc in p khc nhau, cc tn s khc nhau, v c bit l iu
khin hot ng ca cc thit b , ta cn iu khin ngun nng lng in cp cho n. Nh vy, bin i
v iu khin nng lng in l mt nhim v hng u trong t ng ho sn xut.
Vic bin i v iu khin nng lng in trong cng nghip trc y ch yu s dng cc relay (rle), da vo vic ng m cc relay m c c ngun in nng theo mun. Tuy nhin, do yu cu ngy
cng cao ca thc tin sn xut, km theo l s tin b ca cng ngh bn dn cho php ch to cc
phn t ng ct bn dn (khng tip im) cng sut ln nhm thay th cc mch relay tip im >> ngnh
in t cng sut.
Nh vy, theo ti, c th ni rng in t cng sut tc l dng cc thit b in t c cng sut ln vi
cc thut ton iu khin nhm bin i v iu khin nng lng in.
1.2. Nguyn tc bin i tnh
Cc b bin i in t cng sut c phn loi da vo cc in xoay chiu >> in mt chiu: Cc
b Chnh lu (Rectifier) iu khin (dng Thyristor) hoc khng iu khin (dng Diode) tu theo vic ta c
cn iu khin gi tr ca dng in mt chiu u ra hay khng.
in mt chiu >> in xoay chiu: Cc b Nghch lu (Inverter). Cc b nghch lu c kh nng
bin mt dng in mt chiu thnh mt dng in xoay chiu c gi tr in p v tn s thay i c tu
vo lut ng m cc van bn dn.
in mt chiu >> in mt chiu: Cc b Bm xung mt chiu (cn c tn l iu p mt chiu,
bin i in p mt chiu DC to DC converter, DC chopper). Cc b bin i ny bin dng in mt
chiu c gi tr c nh thnh dng in mt chiu c gi tr in p, dng in iu khin c.
in xoay chiu >> in xoay chiu: Cc b Bin tn (Frequency Drive) trc tip (Cycloconverter)
hoc gin tip (Inverter). Cc b bin tn c kh nng bin ngun in xoay chiu c gi tr dng in, in
p v tn s c nh ca li in thnh dng in xoay chiu c gi tr dng, p v tn s iu khin c
theo mun.
ch l s phn loi mang tnh cht c bn v rt chung chung, khi i su vo tng kha cnh ta s thy
s phong ph ca cc loi thit b bin i in t cng sut.
2. Cc linh kin chuyn mch dng trong in t cng sut (Diode, SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, IGBT, GTO).
2.1. Diode.
2.1.1. Cu to:
2.1.2. c tnh V-A:

Diode l tng
gm 2 trng
thi ng m
Hnh 2.1 c tnh ca
Diode l tng
Diode thc t:
Vi rR =
Ngh CN
: in tr ngc trong diode
UBR: in p nh thng
UTO: in p ri trn diode
rF =
: in tr thun trong diode
Cc thng s chnh ca diode:

Gi tr in p nh thng UBR
Gi tr in p ngc lp li URRM.
Gi tr in p ngc khng lp li: URSM.
Dng in, nhit lm vic.
Gi tr trung bnh cc i dng in thun I F(AV)M.
Gi tr cc i dng in thun khng lp li I FSM.
-

Ngh CN
2.1.3. o, Kim tra v kho st Diode
2.1.3.1.
o. Kim tra Diode
2.1.3.2. Kho st c tuyn Volt Ampe ca Diode
2.2. DIAC: (Diod Ac Semiconductor Switch)
- Cau tao, ky hieu.
T2
T2
T1
T1
Hnh 1.70a: Cau

Hnh 1.70b: Ky hieu,
tao
- Nguyen ly, ac tnh va cac
thong so ky thuat.
hnh dang
Xet mach ien nh hnh 1.71a:
I
R
T2
T2
T1
T1
T2
-VBO
VDC
Hnh 1.71a
IBO
-IBO
VBO V
T1
Hnh 1.71b: ac
Vi nguon ien VDC co the ieu chnh c t

thap len cao. Khi V DC =
tnh
0V th Diac khong dan, dong ien qua no bang khong. Khi tang V DC tr so
nho th dong ien qua Diac ch la dong ien r co tr so nho. Neu ta
tang VDC en mot tr so u ln th ien the tren Diac tang en gia tr V BO
th ien the tren Diac lai giam xuong va dong ien qua diac bat au tang
len nhanh. ien the nay goi la ien the ngap (Breakover) va dong ien
tng ng vi no la dong ien ngap IBO. ien the VBO cua Diac co tr so
trong khoang t 20V en 40V. Dong ien IBO co tr so khoang t vai chuc
A en vai tram A. Khi oi chieu dong ien ngc lai va tang nguon V DC
theo chieu am th Diac cung dan theo chieu ngc lai va ta ve c ac
tuyen cua Diac nh hnh 1.71b. Nhn vao ac tnh Von Ampe cua Diac ta thay
Diac giong nh hai diode zener au oi au nhau nh hnh 1.7a.
- ng dng: Dng trong cng ngip m hoc kch cho SCR, TRIAC iu khin cc mch ng c, qut
xoay, n bn, n ng
THC HANH VE DIAC
Noi dung :
o v kim tra tt hay xu, xc nh chn ca DIAC.
oc trc tiep tren than DIAC.
Nhn dng hnh dng DIAC.
2.2. Transistor lng cc cng cch ly- IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
c tnh ng
Hnh 2.6
Hnh 2.7
IGBT thc t:
1MB-30-060- Fuji Electric
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.9
Hnh 2.8
2.3. Thyristor
2.3.1. Trng thi:
M.
ng.
Kha.
2.3.2. K hiu: (Hnh 2.9)
T: thun
D: kha
R: ngc
iu kin m Thyristor
UAK > 0
Xung iu khin a vo cc iu khin
iu kin ng : in p ngc t ln A-K
c tnh V-A
Thyristor l tng
Ba trng thi: ng- m- kha
Hnh 2.10
Thyristor thc t
UBR: in p ngc nh thng.
UBO: in p t m Th
UTO: in p ri trn Th

IH: dng duy tr (holding).
IL: latching
2.3.3. c tuyn ca SCR
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.11
c tnh iu khin Thyristor
Hnh 2.12 S iu khin Thyristor
Hnh 2.13 c tuyn V-A ca Thyristor

c tnh ng:
M Thyristor
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.14 c tuyn V-A khi m Thyristor

Kha Thyristor
Hnh 2.15 c tuyn V-A khi kha Thyristor

ng Thyristor
Hnh 2.16 c tuyn V-A khi ng Thyristor

Thyristor thc t;
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.17 Thyristor thc t

2.2.4. KhO st c tuyn Volt Ampe ca SCR
2.4. GTO
(Gate Turn Off Thyristor)
Hnh 2.18 k hiu GTO

c tnh ng:
M GTO
Hnh 2.19 c tnh GTO khi m

ng GTO
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.20 c tnh GTO khi ng

GTO thc t:
2.5. Triac
2.6.1. K hiu
Hnh 2.22 K hiu Triac

2.6.2. c tuyn ca Triac
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.23 c tuyn V-A ca Triac

Triac thc t:
Hnh 2.24 Hnh dng ca Triac

2.6.3. Kho st c tuyn ca Triac
3. Cc tn hao trong mch in t cng sut.

Yu t c trng cho hiu qu ca 1 thit b cng sut chnh l h s cng sut.
nh ngha:
H s cng sut l t s gia cng sut tch cc P v cng sut ton phn S
-
(3.1)
i vi dng in v in p sin l tng th h s ny c dng n gin:

PF = cos
Trong l gc lch pha gia dng in v in p, hiu chnh h s cng sutchnh l hiu nchnh
hay b cos. Trong thc t dng in v in p thng c dng sin khng l tng. H s cng sut
theo cch hiu n gin khng cn ph hp v trong cc phn tch cng nh tnh ton phi xut pht t nh
ngha chung (3.1). d tnh ton mi dng in thc t c coi l tng ca cc dng sin l tng, v
mi dng sin thnh phn c gi l mt hi. Hi c tn s thp nht, bng tn s dng thc t, c gi l
hi c bn, cc hi khc, c tn s cao hn, c gi l hi bc cao. Khi mc hay tnh cht sin ca
mi dng in thc t c nh gi bng tng quan gia tng nng lng ca cc hi bc cao v nng
lng ca hi c bn. Tng quan ny c gi l h s mo dng tng v thng c vit tt l TDH,
l t s gia tr hiu dng ca tt c cc dng bc cao v tr hiu dng ca dng c bn:
Ngh CN
(3.2)
Dng in c h s ny cng ln th c dng cng khc nhiu so vi sin l tng, dng sin l tng c
THD=0. in p thc t cng c biu din tng t nh biu din dng in trn.
Trong cc ng dng thc t in p v dng in c coi nh sin l tng nu h s mo dng tng
khng ln hn 3% [1], tuy nhin theo tiu chun ca hip hi k thut in th gi tr ny l 2% [2]. Nhn
chung in p li tn s cng nghip chun, l trng hp c cp y, c coi nh c dng sin l
tng. Khi , theo cch hiu hay nh ngha chung nht v h s cng sut th (1.1) c dng sau:
(3.3)
trong h s Uhd, I1hd, tng ng l tr hiu dng ca in p ngun,
ca dng in c bn v gc lch pha gia dng in c bn v in p;
Kp =I1hd/Ihd v K = cos.
Quan h gia h s mo hi tng THD v h s Kp c dng:
(1.5)
(3.4)
Cui cng nhn c:

(1.6)
(3.5)
Biu thc trn cho thy h s cng sut ph thuc vo thnh phn hi bc cao, gc lch pha gia
dng in c bn v in p. T d thy rng c h s cng sut ln th phi gim thiu hm
lng cc hi bc cao trong thnh phn ca dng in vo ca cc thit b in t cng sut.
Thc hnh lp rp mch cng tc DC dng BJT
10
Ngh CN
Thc hnh mc mch cng tc xoay chiu s dng Triac

* Mch dung Triac nh hnh sau (Hnh 1.22):
a. Ln lt bt SW v v tr 1, 2, 3 quan st led v gii thch kt qu.

b. t SW v v tr 2 quan st ti, xong bt v v tr 1. Nhn xt gii thch.
c. i cc ca ngun VI, lp li cu a v b, gii thch kt qu.
Trnh t rp mch:
Bc 1: chun b dng c: km, ko, test-board, in tr, dy ni, ti, sw, led, ngun,..
Bc 2: rp mch theo hnh v: theo th t t trn xung di, t tri qua phi.
Bc 3: kim tra li s , chnh sa li ln cui cho chnh xc.
Bc 4: cp ngun cho mch chy.
Bc 5: nhn xt kt qu ca mch v bi hc kinh nghim c c.
Hng dn thng xuyn
Hc sinh thc hin vic lp rp mch
Gio vin hng dn, kim tra, nh gi
* Mch dng Triac nh hnh sau (Hnh 1.23):

a. Gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca mch (nu r chc nng cc linh kin trong mch iu khin pha).
b. Chnh VR, quan st ti, v li dng sng hai u ti.
c. Th nu vi ng dng ca mch ny.
11
Ngh CN
R 1
2K2
Vin
VR
R 3
R
D 1
50K
C 1
D 5
DEN
D 4
LED
D 6
LED
R 5
D 2
D 3
47
TR IA C
Hng dn thng xuyn

Hc sinh thc hin vic lp rp mch
Gio vin hng dn, kim tra, nh gi
Hnh 2.4
Transistor thc t
Hnh 2.5
3.1. Transistor lng cc cng cch ly- IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
c tnh ng
12
Ngh CN
Bi 2: CHNH LU
1. Khi qut chung.

1.1. Khi nim c bn
nh ngha: chnh lu l thit b bin i dng in (in p) xoay chiu thnh dng in (in p)
mt chiu.
Cu trc nh hnh v
1.2. Phn loi

- Theo s pha: mt pha, hai pha, ba pha, su pha..
- Theo loi ngt in
- Mch ch dng ton diode l chnh lu khng iu khin.
- Mch ch dng ton Thyristor l chnh lu c iu khin.
- Mt na chnh lu, mt na diode l chnh lu bn iu khin (chnh lu iu khin khng i xng)
- Phn loi theo s mc.
- Phn loi theo cng sut.
1.3. Cc thng s c bn ca chnh lu.
Nhng thng s c ngha quan trng nh gi chnh lu bao gm:
-
in p ti: Ud =
(t).dt
Dng in ti: Id = Udc/Rd

- Dng in chy qua ngt in: IND = Id/m
- in p ngc ca ngt in: UN= Umax
-
Cng sut bin p: SBA =
= kad.Ud
S ln p mch trong mt chu k m

- p mch (nhp nh) ca in p ti.
-
1.4. Nguyn tc dn ca cc ngt in bn dn:

Nhm ngt in ni chung Kathode:
in p anode ca diode no dng hn th diode y dn. Khi in th im A bng in th anode

dng nht
Nguyn tc dn v iu khin Thyristor:
13

Nhm ngt in ni chung anode:
Ngh CN
in p cathode ngt in no m hn hn th diode y dn. Khi in th im K bng in th

anode m nht.
Nguyn tc dn v iu khin Thyristor:
Ph thuc vo in th cc dng trn cc anode v tn hiu iu khin.

2. Chnh lu mt na chu k.
2.1. Chnh lu khng iu khin bn k.
2.1.1. Chnh lu khng iu khin ti thun tr R
* S mch
* Cc thng s s :
in p ti: Ud =
dt =
U2 = 0,45 U2

- Dng in chy qua diode: ID = Id
-
in p ngc ca ngt in:
Cng sut bin p: : SBA =
= 3,09 Ud.Id
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
14
Ngh CN
2.1.2. Chn lu khng iu khin ti thun tr R, L

* S mch
Do c tch ly v x nng lng ca cun dy, do dng in v in p c dng nh hnh v

* Cc thng s s :
in p ti: Ud =
dt = 0,45 U2

Dng in chy qua diode: ID = Id
in p ngc ca ngt in:UN =
Cng sut bin p: : SBA =
= 3,09 Ud.Id
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
2.2. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k.
2.2.1. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k ti thun tr.
* S mch
* Cc thng s s :
in p ti c tnh:
Ud =
dt = 0,45 U2
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
2.2.2. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k ti R, L.
* S mch
in p ti c tnh: Ud =
dt = 0,45 U2
* Lp rp v kho st
15

- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
Ngh CN
2.2.3. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k ti R, L c diode x nng lng.

* S mch
*
Lp
rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
3. Chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh.
3.1. Chnh lu khng iu khin.
* S mch
16
Ngh CN
* Thng s ca s :
in p, dng in chnh lu v ngt in.
-
Udtb =2.
I\Dtb =
dt = 2
U2 = 0,9 U2
; IDhd =
UND = 2
SBA =
= 1,48 UdId
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
3.2. Chnh lu c iu khin
* S mch
3.2.1 Ti thun tr: Udtb =.
dt = 0,9 U2
17

3.2.2. Ti in cm: Ud =
Ngh CN
dt = 0,9 U2
Khi dng lin tc: = 0

Ud = 0,9 U2
3.2.3. Chnh lu c diode x nng lng
* S v cc ng cong
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
3.2.4. Hin tng chuyn mch
Ch xt chuyn mch khi dng ti lin tc
4. Chnh lu cu 1 pha.
Chnh lu khng iu khin
Chnh lu iu khin i xng.
Chnh lu iu khin khng i xng.
4.1. Chnh lu khng iu khin
* S :
18
Ngh CN
* Thng s ca s
in p v dng in ti c hnh dng ging nh chnh lu c chu k vi bin p trung tnh, do
thng s ging nh trng hp trn
Ud =.
dt = 0,9 U2
Ud0 = Ud + UBA + 2UD + Udn

SBA = 1,23 UdId
Un =
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
4.2. Chnh lu cu iu khin i xng

* S v cc c tuyn
* c im iu khin ng thi hai SCR

* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
19
Ngh CN
4.3. Chnh lu iu khin khng i xng.

4.3.1. c im iu khin
Khc phc nhc im v iu khin ng thi hai SCR: ti mi thi im ch m 1 SCR
4.3.2. S
Ty theo cch mc SCR c 2 loi s :
4.3.3. Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
20
Ngh CN
5. Chnh lu tia 3 pha.

Chnh lu khng iu khin.
Chnh lu c iu khin
Hin tng trng dn
5.1.1. S chnh lu tia 3 pha khng iu khin
21
Ngh CN
5.1.2. S v c tuyn
5.1.3. Thng s ca s
in p, dng in chnh lu v ngt in
Udtb =
-
dt =
U2f = 1,17 U2f
I\Dtb =
; IDhd =
UND = 2,45
SBA =
= (2,45/1,17)Ud
=
UdId = 1,35 UdId
m=3
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
22

- Tnh ton cc thng s
Ngh CN
5.2. Chnh lu c iu khin

5.2.1. S
nh ngha v gc thng t nhin
5.2.2. Nguyn tc iu khin
23
Ngh CN
5.2.3. Hot ng ca s khi ti thun tr.
Thng s ca s
Khi ti thun tr gc m nh hn 300
Udtb =
dt =
U2f .
= 1,17 U2f
Khi gc m ngt in ln hn 300

Udtb =
dt = 1,17 U2f
Cc thng s cn li nh chnh lu khng iu khin

5.2.4. Hot ng ca s khi ti in cm
24
Ngh CN
Thng s ca s
in p chnh lu Udtb =
dt =
U2f .
= 1,17 U2f
5.2.5. Hot ng ca s khi c diode x nng lng.

Udtb =
dt = 1,17 U2f
5.3. Hin tng trng dn (tham kho thm ti liu)

Xt s c ti in cm ln cho dng in ti lin tc
5.4. Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
6. Chnh lu cu 3 pha
6.1.1. S
25
Ngh CN
Hai nhm ngt in NA mc chung cathode cho in p dng, NK mc chung anode cho in p m.
6.1.2. Hot ng ca s .
6.1.3. Thng s ca s .
Udtb =
-
dt =
U2f = 2,34 U2f
I\Dtb =
; IDhd =
UND = 2,45 f = (2,45/234)Ud

SBA = 1,05 UdId
m=6
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
6.2. Chnh lu iu khin i xng.

6.2.1. S
26
Ngh CN
Ba cch cp xung iu khin

Cp 2 xung iu khin ng th t pha, 2 xung iu khin khng ng th t pha, ba xung iu khin
nh bng di
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
27

Ngh CN
Bi 3: BIN I DC-DC (DC - DC CONVERTER)
1. i cng v bin i DC - DC.
1.1. Khi qut v iu p mt chiu
nh ngha: l b iu khin dng in v in p mt chiu khi ngun cp l 1 chiu.
*Cc phng php iu p 1 chiu
-iu khin bng cch mc ni tip vi ti mt in tr.
-iu khin lin tc bng cch mc ni tip vi ti 1 Transistor.
-iu khin bng bm p (xung p).
1.1.1. iu khin bng cch mc ni tip vi ti mt in tr
S
Dng in v in p c tnh:
Id=
;
Ud=
. Rd
Nhc im ca phng php l hiu sut thp v khng iu chnh lin tc khi dng ti ln
1.1.2. iu khin lin tc bng cch mc ni tip vi ti 1 transistor
S v nguyn l iu khin
IB ; UT = U1 IC.Rd
IC =
in p qua Rd:
Ud = Ic.Rd = IB
Rd
ln,
1.1.3.
Cc
Nhc im ca phng php l tn hao trn transistor

pht nhit nhiu lm transistor d hng.
iu khin bng bm p (bm xung).
Bm p mt chiu l b bin i in p mt chiu thnh
xung in p. iu chnh rng xung in p, iu chnh
c tr s trung bnh ca ti.
b bm p mt chiu c th thc hin theo s mch ni
tip) phn t ni tip ng ct vi ti) hoc theo s
mch song song.
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.1.1.
Ngun cp trong bm xung 1 chiu

nh ngha v ngun dng v ngun p
Ngun p: l ngun m dng sng v gi tr in p ca n
khng ph thuc vo dng in)k c gi tr cng nh tc
bin thin).
c trng c bn ca ngun p l in p khng i v
in tr trong nh st p trong ngun nh.
1.2.1.2. Ngun dng: l ngun m dng sng v gi tr dng in ca n khng ph thuc vo in p
ca n (k c gi tr cng nh tc bin thin).
c trng c bn ca ngun dng l dng in khng i v in tr ln st dng trong ngun
nh.
1.2.2. Tnh thun nghch ca ngun
- Ngun c tnh thun nghch
- in p c th khng o chiu (acquy) hay o chiu (my pht in mt chiu)
- Dng in thng c th o chiu
- Cng sut p = u.i c th i chiu khi mt trong hai i lng u, i o chiu.
1.2.3. Ci thin c tnh ca ngun
28

Ngh CN
- Ngun p thng c Ro, Lo, khi c dng in R0i, L(di/dt) lm cho in p trn cc thay i. ci
thin c tnh ca ngun p ngi ta thng mc song song vi ngun 1 t.
- Tng t, ngun dng c Z0 = . Khi c bin thin du/dt lm cho dng in thay i. ci thin
c tnh ngun dng ngi ta mc ni tip vi ngun 1 in cm.
- Chuyn i ngun p thnh ngun dng v ngc li:
1.2.3. Quy tc ni cc ngun

1.2.3.1.
i vi ngun p:
- Khng ni song song cc ngun c in p khc nhau
- Khng ngn mch ngun p.
- Cho php h mch ngun p.
1.2.3.2.
i vi ngun dng:
- Khng mc ni tip cc ngun dng c dng in khc nhau.
- Khng h mch ngun dng.
- Cho php ngn mch ngun dng.
2. B n p.
2.1. S lc v l thuyt
Mch n p mt chiu cn c gi l mch bin i DC-DC, y l mt mch bin i t in p mt
chiu ny thnh in p mt chiu khc.
Thng thng, ngi ta chia n p mt chiu ra lm 2 loi:
- n p tuyn tnh,
- n p ngt m (switching regulator).
D l loi no, mt mch n p cng phi t 2 chc nng:
- n nh in p ng ra khi in p ng vo thay i v khi dng ti thay i.
- Gim n mc thp nht sng d ng ra.
Vi
V0
n p
RL
2.2. n p tuyn tnh

Trong bi th nghim ny ta kho st mch n p tuyn tnh dng ni tip. S khi nh sau:
Phan t
iu khin
Vi
ieu khien
Phan
t so
sanh
Tao ien
ap
chuan
Uo
Phan
t lay
mau
Vo
UV
Phan t
ieu
khien
Phan
t so
sanh
Phan
t lay
mau
Tao ien
ap
chuan
Hnh 2.14a: S o khoi mach on ap Hnh 2.14b: S o khoi mach on

noi tiep
ap song song
29
Ngh CN
- Cng sut n p (phn t iu khin): Thng l mt transistor cng sut ln, hot ng nh mt in
tr thay i.
- So snh(d sai): So snh in th ly mu v in th chun to thnh in th iu khin V DK iu
khin mch kch to dng kch cho cng sut.
- To in p chun: To in th chun Vref cho mch so snh (thng dng zener).
- Ly mu: Ly mt phn in th ng ra so snh vi in th chun (in th ly mu thay i theo in
th ng ra vo).
Nguyn tc hot ng: vo=vi-AV
Gi s khi vo thay i (v l do no ), in th ly mu thay i theo trong khi in th chun khng i
nn ng ra VDK ca mch so snh thay i, in th V DK ny iu khin mch kch v cng sut thay i
hot ng (chy mnh/chy yu) thay i AV sao cho vo n nh.
Mch cn bn c dng:
Q1: Cng sut ;

Q2: Thc (kiu darlington) ;
Q3: So snh
Zener D: to in th chun
R3, R4,VR: Ly mu
C3: Gim sng d ng ra
Do dng ti IL chy thng v thng trc qua Q 1 nn Q1 phi c cng sut ln v phi c gii nhit cn
thn. Mch thng c mt in tr R cng sut ln chia bt dng qua Q1
2.3. n p ngt
m
- Tuy c rt
nhiu
dng,
nhng a s u
dng
phng
php bin iu
rng xung.
- Nguyn l
chung vn nh
mch n p
tuyn tnh nhng
thay
mch
khuch i kch
bng mt mch
dao ng to
sng vung. Tn
hiu ra ca mch
dao ng kch
vo
transistor
cng sut n p
(thng l BJT
hoc MOSFET
cng sut ln),
mc cao ca xung vung lm transistor bo ha, mc thp lm transistor ngng. Nh vy cng sut n p
hot ng nh mt chuyn mch (switch).
30
Ngh CN
- Dao ng to xung vung c th l a hi (cng sut c lp vi mch dao ng) hoc thng dng hn
l dao ng blocking (cng sut tham gia vo mch dao ng) do cch ly c mass in.
- Khi cha mc t lc ng ra, v0 c dng xung vi bin nh bng vi khi SW trng thi ON v v0=0
khi SW trng thi OFF. Tr trung bnh ca v0 l
Ta thy: thay i tr trung bnh ng ra vo ta c th:
- Thay i thi gian SW trng thi ON (Transistor dn bo ha)
- Thay i tn s ca mch dao ng (Tc thay i chu k T)
- Hoc thay i c hai
Thc t, tin vic thit k v kim sot, thng ngi ta gi nguyn tn s dao ng (thc t trong my
thu hnh, monitor my tnh. Ngi ta dng xung qut ngang a v gi cho tn s dao ng bng
vi tn s qut ngang), tn hiu ly mu ch lm thay i rng ca xung vung tc thay i thi gian
dn-ngng ca transistor cng sut, tc Tx.
- n nh vo, th d khi vi cao ngi ta gim Tx, khi vi gim ngi ta tng Tx.
- Mch thng c thit k tn s kh cao (hn 10KHz) nn t lc ng ra khng cn ln m vn bo
m c vic gim ti a sng d (vo gn l tng).
- to ra nhiu loi in p khc nhau, nht l cch ly c mass in v mass my (chng git), ngi
ta thng thit k b ngun c bin p xung. Ty theo tn s hot ng ca mch v s vng cun s cp,
th cp m ta c c cc in p khc nhau theo yu cu.
31
Ngh CN
ZC
2.4. PHN THC HNH

2.4.1. n p tuyn tnh
Mch dng thc tp c dng:
Vi vi c cp t mt ngun thay i bn ngoi

a/ Gii thch vn tt nguyn l hot ng ca mch (khi vi v IL thay i)
b/ Cp vI = +18V, o in th ng ra vo , chnh VR theo hai chiu. Nhn xt v gii thch.
c/ Chnh VR vo=+12V, cho vi thay i t +15V +20V, o v o, lp bng theo mu sau v v th V 0 =
f(vi). Nhn xt th vo=f(vi). Nhn xt.
32

Ngh CN
d/ Cp vi=+18V, o vo khi thay i IL (bng cch thay i RL)
e/ Khng mc t C vo mch, quan st sng d ng ra. Lp li th nghim. Khi mc t C vo mch. Nhn
xt v gii thch.
f/ Gi s khng mc Co vo mch, vo b nh hng g? Gii thch?
33
Ngh CN
2.4.2. n p ngt
m
34
Ngh CN
Ghi ch quan trng:

* Trong mch c 2 mass, mt mass in v 1 mass my. Sinh vin khi lm thc tp phi tht cn
thn, trnh b in git.
* Trong bi thc tp dng SCR v E-MOSTFET knh N vi s chn nh sau:
35

3. B bm p (chopper).
3.1. Bm p ni tip
3.1.1. Nguyn l bm p mt chiu ni tip.
- S
Ngh CN
S nguyn l bm p mt chiu ni tip gii thiu nh hnh 3.1. theo phn t chuyn mch to
cc xung in p mc ni tip vi ti. in p mt chiu c iu khin bng cch iu khin thi gian
ng kha K trong chu k ng ct. Trong khong thi gian 0t1 (hnh b) kha K ng in p ti bng
in p ngun (Ud = U1), trong khong thi gian t1 t2 kha K m th in p ti bng 0.
Tr s trung bnh in p 1 chiu c tnh
Ud =
Nu coi =
Ud = .U1
f = 1/Tck
3.1.2. Hot ng ca s vi ti in cm.

S in hnh c dng:
Dng in c xc nh bi phng trnh vi phn: U1 = Rd.i + Ld.

Trong :
I: dng in ti.
Rd: in tr ti
36

Ngh CN
Ld: in cm ti
Ib: dng in ban u ca chu k ang xt (m hay ng kha K);
I XL: dng in xc lp ca chu k ang xt.
Khi kha K ng ; khi kha K m IXL = 0
i = Ibd.
+ IXL
Hng s thi gian in t ca mch: Td =

nhp nh c tnh:
T biu thc thy rng, bin dao ng dng in ph thuc vo bn thng s: in p ngun
cp (U1); rng xung in p (); in cm ti (Ld) v chu k chuyn mch kha K (Tck). Cc thng s:
in p ngun cp, rng xung in p ph thuc vo yu cu iu khin in p ti, in cm ti L d l
thng s ca ti. Do ci thin cht lng dng in ti ( gim nh I) c th tc ng vo Tck.
Nh vy, nu chu k chuyn mch cng b (hay tn s chuyn mch cng ln ) th bin p mch
dng in cng nh, cht lng dng in 1 chiu cng cao. Do b iu khin ny thng c thit
k vi tn s cao hng chc khz.
C th minh ha bng gin dng in in p cho hai tn s khc nhau
3.1.3. lp rp v kho st.

3.2. Cc s ng lc bm p ni tip
Dng Thyristor:(hnh a) hoc dng Transistor
Dng Transistor trng (hnh c).

Dng IGBT (hnh d)
Bm p o chiu
S nh hnh v:
37
Ngh CN
Theo chiu chy thun, iu khin T1, T3, dng in ti iT c chiu hng xung nh hnh v, UAB >
0. Theo chiu chy ngc, iu khin T2, T4, dng in ti iN c chiu di ln nh hnh v, UAB < 0.
3.3. Bm p song song

- Nguyn l bm p song song.
- Tn hao cng sut khi bm p song song.
- Bm p c hon tr nng lng v ngun.
3.3.1. Nguyn l bm p song song
S :
Dng in v in p c tnh tng ng khi kha K ng: is =

V kha k h: iT =
; Ud =
; Ud = 0
Rd
38
Ngh CN
3.3.2. Tn hao cng sut khi bm p song song.

Trng hp tng qut
Khi iu chnh, chu k xung in p khng i. Khi , c tng t1 th gim t2 v ngc li. Khi
cn gim in p ti, cn tng t1 v gim t2, cng sut tn hao trong biu thc tng
Do , bm p song song khng thch hp khi ti nhn nng lng t li.
3.3.3. Bm p c hon tr nng lng v ngun
Trng hp ny ch xt khi ti c sc in ng (v d cp in mt chiu v ngun ti thun tr)
Xt trng hp khi ti in cm v c sc in ng (v d ng c lm vic ch h ti)
39

3.4. Bm p ni tip kt hp song song.
Ngh CN
Trong trng hp ti lm vic c ch nhn nng lng v tr nng lng, s phi hp ni tip
v song song c s dng.
Khi nhn nng lng v tr nng lng t li, iu khin KN.
Khi tr nng lng v li, iu khin KS.
2.5. Bm p tch ly nng lng
- Bm p tch ly in cm.
- Bm p tch ly in dung.
2.5.1. Bm p tch ly in cm
Khi b bm nm gia ngun p vi ti ngun p, phn tch ly nng lng phi l in cm
Hot ng
Khi T dn: iN = iT = iL , iR = iD = 0, UD = -(U+UR),
U = L.di/dt, iL tng tuyn tnh
Khi D dn: iN = iT = 0, iL = iR = iD, UD = -(U+UR),
UR = - L.di/dt, iL gim tuyn tnh.
Tr s trung bnh dng in ngun: IN = IL
Tr s trung bnh dng ti: IR = (1-)IL.
B qua tn hao ta c: UR.IR = UN.IN hay:
=
2.5.2. Bm p tch ly in dung (B bm tng p)

- S v hot ng.
- Cc biu thc c bn.
- S ng lc.
40
Ngh CN
Trong khong 0t1 transistor dn c dng in iT chy qua cun dy; diode kha v chu mt in p
bng in p ngun.
Trong khong thi gian t1t2 transistor kha, cun dy x nng lng qua ti bng dong iD. Dng
in ny ng thi np cho t C.
Khi transistor dn li, t x qua ti duy tr dng in trn ti. Coi in dung ca t ln, dng in iC
qua ti by gi gn nh khng i
Cc biu thc c bn
Khi T dn, diode chu mt in p:
UD = UN + UC = UN +Uti
Khi T kha, n chu mt in p:
UT = UN + UC = UN +Uti
Cc gi tr dng in
iN =
Id ; IL = I N + I d =
Id
Ud = UC =
E0 Nu coi R0 = 0, ta c:
Ud =
Id
E0; UN = E0 -
3.6. iu khin mt chiu cc ngt bn dn

-Nguyn l iu khin
-S khi mch iu khin
-Cc khu c bn
-Mch v d
3.6.1. Nguyn l iu khin
Mch iu khin bm p mt chiu c nhim v xc nh thi im m v kha van bn dn trong mt
chu k chuyn mch. Nh bit trn, chu k ng ct van nn thit k c nh. in p ti khi iu
khin c tnh
Uti = U1
41
Ngh CN
3.6.2. S khi mch iu khin

S khi
- Khu to tn s; c nhim v to in p ta rng ca Urc vi tn s theo mun ngi thit k. Tn s

ca cc b iu p mt chiu thng chn kh ln ( hng chc KHz). Tn s ny ln hay b l do kh
nng chu tn s ca van bn dn. Nu van ng lc l Thyristor tn s ca khu to tn s khong 1-5
KHz. Nu van ng lc l transistor lng cc, trng, IGBT tn s c th hng chc kHz.
- Khu so snh: c nhim v xc nh thi im in p ta bng in p iu khin. Ti thi im
in p ta bng in p iu khin th pht lnh m hoc kha van bn dn.
- Khu to xung, khuch i: c nhim v to xung ph hp m van bn dn. Mt xung ccoi l
ph hp m van l xung c cng sut ( dng in v in p iu khin), cch ly gia mch
iu khin vi mch ng lc c s dng.
Cc khu c bn
3.6.2.1. Khu to tn s
3.6.2.2.To in p tam gic bng dao ng a hi
42
Ngh CN
R1 =R2 = R ; T= 2RCl.ln3 = 2RC.1,1 = 2,2.RC

3.6.2.3.To in p ta bng mch tch phn
3.6.3. Mch tch thot (UJT)
f=
3.6.4. Mch dao ng bng IC566
43
Ngh CN
Mch dao ng bng IC 566
3.6.5. Mch ta in p bng 4046
3.6.5.1. Khu so snh
3.6.5.2. Khu khuch i
44

Ngh CN
3.6.5.2.1. Mch khuch i cho iu p mt chiu bng Thyristor
S mch
S mch khuch i (tip)
3.6.5.2.2. Mch khuch i cho van ng lc l transistor
45
Ngh CN
46
Ngh CN
Bi 4: PHNG THC IU RNG XUNG (PWM)
4.1. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG SIN (SIN PWM)
4.1.1. S nguyn l
4.1.2. Nguyn l ca mch
Ve nguyen ly, phng phap thc hien da vao ky thuat analog. Gian o
kch ong cong tac bo nghch lu da tren c s so sanh hai tn hieu c
ban:
- Song mang up (carrier signal) tan so cao
V du: cong tac le c kch ong khi song ieu khien ln hn song
mang (ur>up). Trong trng hp ngc lai, cong tac chan c kch ong.
Song mang up co the dang tam giac. Tan so song mang cang cao,
lng song hai bac cao b kh bt cang nhieu. Tuy nhien, tan so ong
ngat cao lam cho ton hao phat sinh do qua trnh ong ngat cac cong tac
tang theo. Ngoai ra, cac linh kien oi hoi co thi gian ong ton, va ngat
toff nhat nh. Cac yeu to nay lam han che viec chon tan so song
mang.
Song ieu khien ur mang thong tin ve o ln tr hieu dung va tan
so song hai c ban cua ien ap ngo ra. Trong trng hp bo nghch
lu ap ba pha, ba song ieu khien cua ba pha phai c tao lech nhau ve
pha 1/3 chu ky cua no. Trong trng hp bo nghch lu ap mot pha, tng
ng vi hai pha tai tng tng hnh (H5.9), ta can tao hai song ieu
khien lech pha nhau 1/2 chu ky (tc chung ngc pha nhau). e n gian
mach kch hn na, ta co the s dung mot song ieu khien duy nhat e
kch ong, v du: cap cong tac (S1S4) c kch ong theo quan he gia
song ieu khien va song mang, con cap (S3S2) c kch ong ngc lai
vi chung. Luc o, hnh thanh trang thai kch ong (S1S2) hoac (S3S4).
Goi mf la t so ieu che tan so (Frequency modulation ratio) : tria carrier
47
f
f
carrier
reference
f
f
Ngh CN
tria
sin e
Viec tang gia tr mf se dan en viec tang gia tr tan so cac song
hai xuat hien. iem bat li cua viec tang tan so song mang la van
e ton hao do ong ngat ln.
Tng t, goi ma la t so ieu che bien o (Amplitude modulation
ratio):
ma
m
m
m reference
m carrier
m
m
m sin e
m tria
tri m carrier m
Neu (bien o song sin nho hn bien o song mang) th quan he gia
bien o thanh phan c ban cua ap ra va ap ieu khien la tuyen tnh.
4.2. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG CAI BIEN
(MODIFIED SPWM)
Nhc iem cua phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin (SPWM) la
kha nang ieu khien tuyen tnh ch thc hien c vi ch so ieu
che m nam trong pham vi 0 m 0.785 (tng ng ch so ma 1). Luc
o, bien o song hai c ban ien ap pha tai nam trong gii han
(0,U/2).
e m rong pham vi ieu khien tuyen tnh, phng phap ieu che
o rong xung sin cai bien co the c s dung.
Phng phap nay cho phep thc hien ieu khien tuyen tnh ien ap
tai vi ch so ieu che nam trong pham vi 0 m 0. 907, bien o song
hai bac mot ien ap at gia tr cc ai bang
U
3
va ch so ieu
che luc o bang 0.907

Nguyen ly thc hien: gian o kch ong linh kien cung da vao ket
qua so sanh cac tn hieu ieu khien va song mang (dang tam giac) tan
so cao. Song ieu che (ur1,ur2,ur3) c tao thanh bang cach cong
thanh phan tn hieu dang sin vi mot thanh phan song hai boi ba
(thanh phan th t khong). Khi tang o ln song ieu khien e at
ch so ieu che m ln hn 0,907, quan he ieu khien tr nen phi
tuyen.
Song ieu che co the chon dang lien tuc hoac gian oan.
4.2.1.Trng hp song ieu che lien tuc di dang ham ieu hoa gom
cac thanh phan ham ieu hoa bac 1 va ham ieu hoa bac boi ba
nh sau, v du oi vi pha th nhat (xem o th ur1a, hnh H5.11a):
4.2.2.Trng hp song ieu che lien tuc dan giai t tng quan gia
phng phap ieu che o rong xung lay mau (sampling PWM) va phng
phap ieu che vector khong gian.
Ham mo ta song ieu khien ba pha oi vi pha th nhat co the
viet di dang nh sau (xem o th ur1b, hnh H5.11b):
4.2.3.Trng hp ham ieu che gian oan: ton tai nhieu dang song
ieu che dang khong lien tuc c a ra e thc hien phng phap
ieu che o rong xung cai bien. Mot trong cac dang song ieu khien
dang gian oan c mo ta bi ham sau ay oi vi pha th nhat:
(xem hnh H5.11c):
48

Ngh CN
u iem cua song ieu che dang gian oan la so lan chuyen mach
trong mot chu kyb giam xuong, do o cong suat ton hao do qua trnh
ong ngat cung giam theo. Do tn hieu song ieu che c thiet lap
gia tr cc tr trong mot phan ba chu ky nen so lan chuyen mach se
giam i mot phan ba so vi phng phap ieu che vi tn hieu lien tuc.
3. IEU CHE THEO MAU (REGULAR SAMPLING TECHNIQUES)
Nguyen ly cua phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin da vao ky
thuat analog.
Viec ieu che o rong xung cung co the thc hien tren c s ky
thuat so. Luc o, tn hieu ieu khien c so hoa trong tng chu ky
lay mau. Mau tn hieu sau o c so sanh vi song rang ca v du
thc hien bang mach em. Ky thuat lay mau co the thc hien oi
xng hoac khong oi xng. Ky thuat oi xng c thc hien vi chu
ky lay mau bang chu ky song tam giac (H5.12a), trng hp lay mau
khong oi xng xay ra khi viec lay mau dien ra moi na chu ky
song tam giac (H5.12b).
Khi ap dung phng phap lay mau oi xng, khong can thiet tao ra
song tam giac nh tren hnh ve 5.12a. Goi T1, T2 la cac khoang thi gian
(xem hnh H5.12a) dung e xac nh thi iem kch ong linh kien, T1,T2
co the xac nh trong thi gian thc (real time) bang phep tnh n gian
(5.58), (5.59) nh sau:
2
Trong o, 2Ts la khoang thi gian cua chu ky lay mau, tsn, ts(n+1) la
cac thi iem thc hien viec lay mau, u* a (ts ) la ham song ieu khien
dang analog.
4. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG TOI U (OPTIMUM
PWM)
Anh hng cua mot so song hai bac thap cha trong ap ra co the
kh bo hoac han che bang phng phap ieu che o rong xung toi
u. Gian o kch ong cac cong tac c thiet lap tren c s phan tch
ham toi u theo cac bien la goc kch ong cac linh kien.
Trong trng hp ham toi u c thc hien bang cach triet tieu mot
so song hai bac cao, phng phap tren c goi la phng phap triet
tieu cac song hai chon loc (Selective Harmonic Elimination- SHE).
Bien o cac song hai co the xac nh qua khai trien chuoi Fourier
dang song ap ra:
49

U = U ( , ...., )
U3=U3(1,2,...,n)
(5.60)
U2k+1=U2k+1(1,2,...,n)
Ngh CN
Vi SHE, gian o kch ong c chon se kh bo (n -1) song hai

bac cao va ieu khien song hai c ban, ham toi u quan he gia cac
goc 1,2,...,n c bieu dien qua he n phng trnh sau:
Giai he cac phng trnh xac nh goc kch 1,2,...,n ta se thiet lap
c gian o kch ong cac cong tac.
Neu dang ien ap tai la ham le, he so bk trong phan tch chuoi Fourier
se triet tieu va ta co:
Pham vi ieu khien ien ap cua phng phap SHE:

Trong pham vi ieu khien PWM tuyen tnh (m<0.907), phu thuoc vao so
lan chuyen mach cua linh kien, nghiem he phng trnh (5.61) luon ton
tai va phng phap SHE cho phep thc hien triet tieu song hai vi so
lan ong ngat toi thieu.
50
Ngh CN
Khi tang ch so ieu che bien o ln hn gia tr 0,907 (m>0.907),

phng phap SHE chuyen sang pham vi ieu khien ieu che m rong
(qua ieu che). Nghiem cua he phng trnh (5.61) khong the luon luon
ton tai vi yeu cau triet tieu cac song hai cho trc. Do o,
vi yeu cau triet tieu mot so song hai chon loc, ton tai mot gii
han toi a cua ch so ieu che mmax tng ng. o th tren hnh H5.14
minh hoa quan he gia ch so ieu che cc ai at c theo SHE va
so song hai (n) c triet tieu kem theo.
Tai gia tr m=1, cac thanh phan song hai ton tai ay u nh cua
trng hp ieu khien theo phng phap ieu khien sau bc.
V du 5.1: Thiet lap he phng trnh lng giac e tm nghiem la cac
goc chuyen mach e ieu khien bien o song hai c ban va kh bo
4 song hai bac 5,7,11 va 13. Xac nh gia tr cu the cac goc chuyen
mach khi ch so ieu che m=0.8.
Giai:
Ta can thc hien 5 lan chuyen mach (n=5) trong chu ky ap ra. He
phng trnh xac nh goc chuyen mach se la:
Vi m=0.8, s dung phng phap Newton-Raphson va giai he phng

trnh tren bang
may tnh, ta thu c he nghiem sau:
5. PHNG PHP IU CH RNG XUNG KHNG BIN

S mch :
51
Ngh CN
Nguyn l : Phng php thc hin da vo k thut analog. Gin kch ng cng tc b
nghch lu da trn c s so snh 2 tn hiu c bn :
Sng mang up (carrier signal) tn s cao.
Sng iu khin ur (reference signal) hoc sng iu ch (modulating signal) dng sin. V d :
cng tc l s c kch ng khi sng iu khin ln hn sng mang (u r> u p). Trong trng hp cn
li, cng tc chn s c kch ng.
Sng mang up c th dng tam gic. Tn s sng mang cng cao, lng sng hi bc cao b kh
bt cng nhiu. Tuy nhin, tn s ng ct cao lm cho tn hao pht sinh do qu trnh ng ngt cc
cng tc tng theo. Ngoi ra, cc linh kin i hi c thi gian ng ton v thi gian m toff nht
nh. Cc yu t ny lm hn ch vic chn tn s sng mang.
Sng iu khin mang thng tin v ln tr hiu dng v tn s sng hi c bn ca in p
ng ra. Trng hp b nghch lu p ba pha, 3 sng iu khin ca 3 pha phi c to lch nhau v
pha 1/3 chu k ca n. Trong trng hp b nghch lu p 1 pha, ta cn to 2 dng sng iu khin
lch pha nhau chu k (tc l chng ngc pha nhau). n gin mch kch hn na, ta c th s
dng mt sng iu khin duy nht kch ng, v d : cp cng tc (s1s4) c kch ng theo quan
h ca sng iu khin v sng mang, cn cp (s 3s2) c kch ng ngc li vi chng. Lc hnh
thnh trng thi kch ng (S1S2) hoc (S3S4).
Gi mf l t s iu ch tn s (frequency modulation ratio) :
Vic tng gi tr mf s dn n vic tng gi tr tn s cc sng hi xut hin.im bt li ca vic

tng tn s sng mang l vn tn hao ng ngt ln.
Tng t, gi ma l t s iu ch bin (Amplitude modulation ratio) :
Nu ma
1 (bin sng sin nh hn bin sng mang) th quan h gia bin thnh phn
c bn ca p ra v p iu khin l tuyn tnh.
i vi b nghch lu p 1 pha, bin sng hi c bn U t(1)m = ma.U/2
52
Ngh CN
Khi gi tr ma > 1, bin tn hiu iu ch ln hn bin sng mang th bin hi c bn in

p ra tng khng tuyn tnh theo bin ma. Lc ny, bt u xut hin lng sng hi bc cao tng dn
cho n khi t mc gii hn cho bi phng php 6 bc. Trng hp ny cn c gi l qu iu
ch (overmodulation) hoc iu ch m rng.
Trong trng hp b nghch lu p ba pha, cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao s c gim n
cc tiu nu gi tr mf c chn bng s l bi ba
Nu n h thc tnh ch s iu ch, ta thy phng php SPWM t c ch s ln nht
trong vng tuyn tnh khi bin sng iu ch bng bin sng mang. Lc , ta c :
Phn tch sng hi :
Vic nh gi cht lng sng hi xut hin trong in p ti c th c thc hin bng phn tch
chui Fourier . y, chu k ly phn tch Fourier c chia thnh nhiu khong nh, vi cn ly tch
phn ca tng khong c xc nh t cc giao im ca sng iu hin v sng mang dng tam
gic.
Bi 5: B BIN TN (CYCLO-CONVERTER)
5.1. Khi nim v b bin tn
Bo bien tan dung e chuyen oi ien ap hoac dong
ien xoay chieu au vao t mot tan so nay thanh ien ap
hoac dong ien co mot tan so khac au ra.
ng dung: Bo bien tan thng c s dung e ieu khien
van toc ong c xoay chieu theo phng phap ieu khien tan so,
theo o tan so cua li nguon se thay oi thanh tan so bien
thien. Ngoai viec thay oi tan so con co s thay oi tong so pha.
T nguon li mot pha, vi s giup cua bo bien tan ta co
the mac vao tai ong c ba pha. Bo bien tan con c s dung
rong rai trong ky thuat nhiet ien. Bo bien tan trong trng hp
nay cung cap nang lng cho lo cam ng.
5.1.1. Phn loi bin tn.
5.1.1.1. Bin tn quay.
Khi nim: bin tn quay l my pht in xoay chiu
53
Vi
Ngh CN
np wp
60 2 p
Trong :
f: tn s in p tnh bng Hz;
n: tc quay tnh theo vng/pht;
p: s i cc my in
5.1.1.2. Bin tn tnh
Khi nim: l loi bin tn c ch to t cc linh kin bn dn cng sut. C 2 loi bin tn
tnh thng gp:
-
Bin tn trc tip.

Bin tn c lp.
Bin tn trc tip: bin i trc tip ng cong li in xoay chiu cng nghip, n c dng:
Bin tn c lp: l loi bin tn i t in 1 chiu thnh in xoay chiu. in p ngun

cp mt chiu nn khi bin i in p xoay chiu l nhng xung vung c dang nh hnh v sau:
5.1.1.3. Bin tn trc tip

Khi nim: ngi ta trc tip bin i ng cong li in cng nghip, khi ta thu c
in p vi tn s khc tn s in li.
C th dng mch in vi ngun cp mt pha hay ngun cp 3 pha.
Bng cch ng m Thyristor theo quy lut no ta c c in p xoay chiu.
Bin tn trc tip ngun cp 1 pha
S mch in
54
Ngh CN
Mt s khc ca bin tn 1 pha
5.1.1.4. Bin tn c lp 1 pha

Bin tn c lp ngun p dng bin p c trung tnh.
S nguyn l
Hot ng ca s c gii thch theo c tuyn nh hnh v sau:
Bin tn c lp ngun p dng na cu

S nguyn l:
55
Ngh CN
Dng sng dng in v in p
5.1.1.5. Bin tn c lp ngun p dng cu

S nguyn l:
Dng sng dng in v in p
56
Ngh CN
5.2. Bo bien tan gian tiep

5.2.1. Khai niem va ng dung
Bo bien tan dung e chuyen oi ien ap hoac dong ien
xoay chieu au vao t mot tan so nay thanh ien ap hoac
dong ien co mot tan so khac au ra.
ng dung: Bo bien tan thng c s dung e ieu khien
van toc ong c xoay chieu theo phng phap ieu khien tan so,
theo o tan so cua li nguon se thay oi thanh tan so bien
thien. Ngoai viec thay oi tan so con co s thay oi tong so pha.
T nguon li mot pha, vi s giup cua bo bien tan ta co
the mac vao tai ong c ba pha. Bo bien tan con c s dung
rong rai trong ky thuat nhiet ien. Bo bien tan trong trng hp
nay cung cap nang lng cho lo cam ng.
5.2.2. Phan loai
* Theo tong so pha, cac bo bien tan
- Mot pha
- Ba pha
- m pha
* Theo cau truc mach ien, cac bo bien tan
- Gian tiep (mach cha khau trung gian mot chieu), trong o
ta phan biet bien tan dung bo nghch lu ap va bien tan dung
bo nghch lu dong vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc mach
nguon hoac vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc.
- Trc tiep (khong co mach trung gian mot chieu)- con goi la
cycloconvertor. Bo
bien tan trc tiep co the hoat ong - Vi qua trnh chuyen mach
phu thuoc ben ngoai: tn hieu ieu khien co dang hnh thang hoac
dang ieu hoa:
- Voi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc (t gap).
57
Ngh CN
Trng hp qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc mach nguon co

the chia lam hai trng hp: trng hp vi dong ien can bang
va trng hp khong co dong ien can bang
5.2.3 S o bo bien tan gian tiep
Cau tao cua bo bien tan gian tiep gom co bo chnh lu
vi chc nang chnh lu ien ap xoay chieu vi tan so co nh
ngo vao va bo nghch lu thc hien viec chuyen oi ien ap
(hoac dong ien) chnh lu sang dang ap hoac dong xoay chieu
ngo ra.
Bang cau truc nh tren, ta co the ieu khien tan so ra mot cach
oc lap khong phu thuoc tan so vao
Cac bo bien tan gian tiep thng hoat ong vi cong suat
khoang t kW en vai tram kW. Pham vi hoat ong cua tan so
khoang vai phan chuc Hz en vai tram Hz. Cong suat toi a cua
chung co the len en vai MW va tan so toi a khoang vai chuc
kHz (trong ky thuat nhiet ien - lo cao tan).
Cau truc mach c ve tren hnh H5.56
Mach trung gian mot chieu: co cha tu loc vi ien dung kha
ln Cf (khoang vai ngan F) mac vao ngo vao cua bo nghch lu.
ieu nay giup cho mach trung gian hoat ong nh nguon ien ap.
Tu ien cung vi cuon cam Lf cua mach trung gian tao thanh mach
loc nan ien ap chnh lu. Cuon khang Lf co tac dung nan
dong ien chnh lu.
Trong nhieu trng hp, cuon khang Lf khong xuat hien trong
cau truc mach va tac dung nan dong cua no co the c thay
the bang cam khang tan may bien ap cap nguon cho bo chnh
lu. Do tac dung cua diode nghch ao bo nghch lu, ien ap at
tren tu ch co the at cac gia tr dng. Tu ien con thc hien
chc nang trao oi nang lng ao gia tai cua bo nghch lu va
mach trung gian bang cach cho phep dong id2 thay oi chieu nhanh
khong phu thuoc vao chieu cua dong id1.
58
Ngh CN
Bo nghch lu ap: dang mot pha hoac ba pha. Qua trnh chuyen
mach cua bo nghch lu ap thng la qua trnh chuyen oi cng
bc. Trong trng hp ac biet bo nghch lu lam viec khong co
qua trnh chuyen mach hoac vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc
ben ngoai. T o, ta co hai trng hp bo bien tan vi qua trnh
chuyen mach oc lap va qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben
ngoai .
Bo chnh lu: co nhieu dang khac nhau, mach tia, mach cau
mot pha hoac ba pha.
Thong thng ta gap mach cau ba pha. Neu nh bo chnh lu
mot pha va bo nghch lu ba pha, bo bien tan thc hien ca chc
nang bo bien oi tong so pha.
Khi ap dung phng phap ieu khien theo bien o cho ien ap
tai xoay chieu ra bo chnh lu phai la bo chnh lu ieu khien.
Thong thng, bo chnh lu co dang khong ieu khien, bao gom
cac diode mac dang mach cau. o ln ien ap va tan so ap ra
cua bo nghch lu con co the ieu khien thong qua phng phap
ieu khien xung thc hien trc tiep ngay tren bo nghch lu.
che o may phat cua tai (chang han khi ham ong c khong
ong bo), nang lng ham c tra ngc ve mach mot chieu va
nap cho tu loc Cf. Nang lng nap ve tren tu lam ien ap no tang
len va co the at gia tr ln co the gay qua ap. e loai bo
hien tng qua ien ap tren tu Cf, mot so bien phap sau ay co
the thc hien. Phng phap n gian nhat la tac dung ong mach
xa ien ap tren tu qua mot ien tr mac song song vi tu. Viec
ong mach xa tu thc hien nh cong tac ban dan S- hnh H5.56
(chang han ieu khien ap tu gia hai gia tr bien) da theo ket
qua so sanh tn hieu ien ap o c tren tu vi mot gia tr ien
ap at trc cho phep Mot bien phap khac la thc hien a
nang lng qua ap tren tu Cf ve nguon li ien xoay chieu. Trong
trng hp nay, bo bien tan c trang b bo chnh lu kep (hnh
H5.57). Kha nang bo chnh lu kep cho phep thc hien ao chieu
dong ien qua bo chnh lu va bang cach nay, trong ieu kien
chieu ien ap tu loc khong oi dau, nang lng c tra ve li
ien xoay chieu qua bo chnh lu.
59

Ngh CN
Xu hng nang cao chat lng ien nang bang cach s dung loai
chnh lu ieu rong xung (boost PWM Rectifier) a cho phep thc hien tra
cong suat ve nguon vi he so cong suat cao (gan nh bang mot)
(hnh H5.58). Dong ien i qua nguon li xoay chieu co dang gan nh sin
va cung pha vi ien ap xoay chieu.
5.3. Bo bien tan trc tiep (cycloconverter)

5.3.1. Khai niem
Bo bien tan trc tiep-Cycloconverter, tao nen ien ap xoay chieu
ngo ra vi tr hieu dung va tan so ieu khien c. Nguon
ien ap xoay chieu vi tan so va bien o khong oi cung cap
nang lng cho bo bien tan nay.
Bo bien tan trc tiep dung e ieu khien truyen ong ong c
ien xoay chieu.
Theo qua trnh chuyen mach, bo bien tan trc tiep c phan
biet lam hai loai: bo bien tan co qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc
va bo bien tan co qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc.
Bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc
cha cac linh kien t chuyen mach nh GTO, transistor. Chung c
trnh bay ve nguyen ly hoat ong trong chng bo bien oi ma
tran (Matrix conveter).
Bo bien tan vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc c s dung
nhieu trong cong nghiep. Tnh phu thuoc ay bieu hien kha
nang ngat dong ien qua linh kien thc hien nh tac dung cua
ien ap nguon xoay chieu hoac sc ien ong xoay chieu cua tai.
Do o, mach ch can trang b thyristor thong thng. Vi tai cong
suat ln, viec s dung linh kien chuyen mach t nhien nh SCR co
y ngha rat quan trong v hieu qua kinh te cua thiet b.
Do phu thuoc vao ien ap xoay chieu cua nguon nen tan so
ien ap ngo ra b gii han mc thap hn tan so ien ap
nguon. Bo bien tan nay c ng dung trong cac truyen ong
ong c cong suat ln toc o cham.
5.3.2. Bo bien tan trc tiep mot pha
* Phan tch hoat ong bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh
chuyen mach phu thuoc ien ap nguon xoay chieu
S o cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong.
Xet bo bien tan trc tiep mot pha tren hnh ve H5.61.
60
Ngh CN
61
Ngh CN
Bo bien tan co cau tao cua bo chnh lu kep. Do o, phan

tch hoat ong va phng phap ieu khien bo bien tan giong nh
bo chnh lu kep. ieu khac biet so vi chc nang cua bo chnh
lu kep la bo bien tan co qua trnh ien ap tren tai - tc ien
ap chnh lu oi dau mot cach lien tuc va tuan hoan.
S o ieu khien bo bien tan trc tiep
theo phng phap
ieu khien rieng c ve minh hoa tren hnh H5.63. Mach logic lien
quan en cac tn hieu c mo ta kem theo bang B5. Qua trnh
ien ap va dong ien cac phan t mach c ve tren hnh
H5.62a.
Theo o, ton tai mot khoang thi gian dong tai bang zero khi
no thc hien oi dau t dng sang am va ngc lai.
62
Ngh CN
o th ien ap va dong ien tai cung nh o th cac dong

ien thanh phan i qua cac bo chnh lu tia 3 xung trong trng hp
ieu khien ong thi cac bo chnh lu c ve tren hnh H5.62b.
ien ap tai xoay chieu tao thanh co the phan tch thanh song
hai c ban co tan so bang tan so yeu cau cua ap tai va cac
song bac cao vi tan so phu thuoc vao so xung ien ap chnh
lu.
Chat lng ien ap va dong ien tai c cai thien ro ret
vi bo chnh lu nhieu xung, v du trng hp cycloconverter gom
cac bo chnh lu cau ba pha tao nen co dang song ien ap va
dong ien tai cho tren hnh H5.64.
Quan he gia ien ap ieu khien va ien ap tai.
ien ap ieu khien cho moi tai nghch lu co the chon dang sin
(hoac dang ch nhat, dang hnh thang....). ien ap ieu khien va
song hai c ban cua ap tai co tan so bang nhau va bien o t
le vi nhau.
Ta gia thiet rang, chu ky ap ieu khien ln hn nhieu so vi
chu ky ap chnh lu (s dung bo chnh lu 24,36....xung ). Do do, co
the xem qua trnh ap ieu kh ien khong thay oi trong chu ky ang
xet, tng t nh vay song hai c ban ien ap cua tai tao thanh
co o ln khong oi trong chu ky ang xet va bang chnh tr trung
bnh ien ap chnh lu.
63
Ngh CN
ieu nay co ngha la tr tc thi cua song hai c ban cua ap

ra la tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu tai thi iem ang xet.
Goi: - ut(1) la song hai c ban cua ien ap tai
- uk la ham song ieu khien
- Ud0...tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu khi goc ieu khien
bang 0
- UpM bien o ien ap ong bo dang rang ca hoac dang
cosin
Neu ap ieu khien dang sin co bien o la UkM va tan so :

Uk = UkM.sin(t)
ien ap tai co song hai c ban thay oi theo he thc:
Khi song ieu khien co bien o bang bien o song rang ca,
song hai c ban cua ap tai co bien o bang Ud0.
5.3.3. Bo bien tan trc tiep ba pha
Bo bien tan trc tiep co cac cau hnh dang ay u, oi xng
(H5.65a,b), trong o phu thuoc kieu au cua nguon, ta phan biet
cau truc s dung chung nguon t mot cuon th cap may bien
ap va cau truc co nguon rieng cho tng pha tai. Cau truc co
chung cuon th cap may bien ap oi hoi mach tai ba pha co
iem trung tnh e h . Neu cac pha tai khong the phan cach oc
lap, co the s dung cau truc mach bien tan trc tiep co nguon
rieng (H5.65b). Vi cau truc mach bien tan hnh H5.65b s dung
nguon chung, khi thc hien chuyen mach cac linh kien nhom na
tren cua mach cau, hien tng ngan mach nguon co the xay ra.
Bo bien tan trc tiep ba pha co qua trnh chuyen mach phu
thuoc ap nguon xoay chieu.
Cac cau truc tiet kiem linh kien se tao nen s khong oi xng
cua cac nhanh linh kien. Hai dang bien tan trc tiep khong oi
xng c ve minh hoa tren hnh H5.65c va H5.65d.
64
Ngh CN
Tren hnh H5.66 ve s o mach cong suat bo bien tan trc tiep
gom cac bo chnh lu tia ba pha vi nguon chung. Cac bo chnh
lu kep co the c ieu khien theo phng phap rieng le hoac
ong thi (co dong can bang). Tuy nhien, viec s dung chung
nguon tren trong thc te se co nhng kho khan do qua trnh
chuyen mach trong tng nhom bo chnh lu tao nen. Do o, vi
yeu cau chat lng cao, cac bo chnh lu cho tng pha tai se
c au vao tng pha nguon cach ly rieng (hnh H5.65b).
65
Ngh CN
Tan so hai c ban cua c ban cua ien ap ra f2 cho bi he thc:
vi: l la tong so xung ap chnh lu cha trong

na chu ky ap tai m la so pha f1 la tan so ap nguon xoay chieu
Neu bo bien tan do cac bo chnh lu kep mach tia ba pha tao
thanh, ta co: f2max 0,43 f1 (thc te s dung en gii han f 1 / 3) va
trong trng hp do cac bo chnh lu kep mach cau ba pha tao
thanh, ta co:
f2max=0,6 f1 (thc te khoang f1/2 )
u iem cua bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach
phu thuoc ien ap nguon la mach ch can thyristor thong thng.
Neu so xung ap chnh lu ln, dang ap tren tai co dang gan nh
sin. Ton hao phat sinh do ong ngat linh kien thap, bo bien tan
khong can mach loc trung gian nen co hieu suat cao.
Neu s co xay ra trong qua trnh chuyen mach mot pha nao o,
bo bien tan van tiep tuc hoat ong bnh thng du li ien b
bien dang. Bo bien tan co kha nang lam viec tan so thap.
Khuyet iem cua mach la so linh kien s dung nhieu va do o
mach ieu khien phc tap. Do bo bien tan lam viec tren nguyen
ly ieu khien pha cua bo chnh lu nen he so cong suat thap.
5.3.4. Bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach

phu thuoc vao ap tai
S o mach cong suat giong nh tren hnh H5.65, tuy
phng cach ieu khien linh kien SCR khac biet.
nhien
Bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc co
the cho ien ap tai vi tan so cao hn tan so nguon ap xoay
chieu neu ien ap chuyen mach lay t ien ap cua tai. Trong
66
Ngh CN
trng hp nay, tai co tnh dung khang, chang han ong c ong
bo kch t d.
Cac bo chnh lu kep A,B,C c ieu khien e tao dong ien
qua tai dang 6 bc. Do o, tai moi thi iem, ch ton tai dong
ien qua hai nhanh thyristor trong cac bo chnh lu, chang han dong
qua mot thyristor nhom A+ va mot thyristor nhom B - Trang thai (A+
B-) . S thay oi vai tro dan ien gia cac nhom tao nen cac trang
thai mach
Thi
iem chuyen mach
gia cac nhanh chang han t (A + C-) sang (B+ C-) c chon sao cho
ap khoa ton tai tren thyristor can ong. V du khi A 1 ong, ta co ap
tren B1 bang:
UVB1 = Ut1 - Ut2
bang).
(gia s bo qua ap tren cac cuon khang can
Khi UVB1 > 0 : xung kch ong se lam B1 ong.

Do ien ap chuyen mach cua A1 cung chnh la ap khoa tren
thyristor B1 phu thuoc vao ien ap cac pha tai nen qua trnh
chuyen mach ay c goi la qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc
vao ap tai.
Khi ien ap tren tai nho (chang han ong c chay vi van
toc cham), ien ap chuyen mach khong u tin cay, viec kch ong
va ngat thyristor co the da vao ien ap nguon xoay chieu. Luc
o, qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ap nguon xoay chieu. V du
e ngat dong ien ang dan qua thyristor A1 cua nhom A+ va
ong thyristor B3 cua nhom B+ , xung kch a vao B3 tai thi iem
ma ien ap tren UB3 dng tc la:
UB3 = U3 - U1 + Ut1 - Ut2 U3 - U1 > 0 (do Ut1, Ut2 nho )
5.3.3.
So sanh bo bien tan trc tiep va bo bien tan
gian tiep
Pham vi hoat ong cua ien ap ra: tng oi nho trong trng
hp bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc
ben ngoai (0 en 25Hz) va kha cao trong trng hp bo bien tan
gian tiep ( vai phan chuc cua Hz en vai ngan Hz)
Dang cua song ien ap ra: thuan li hn trong trng hp bo bien
tan trc tiep, oi vi chung, ta co the dung cac mach ieu khien
n gian e at c dang dong ien tai gan nh hnh sin.
Phng phap chuyen mach: rat thuan tien trong trng hp bo
bien tan trc tiep.
Do tac dung cua qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben ngoai
trong cac bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu
thuoc, ta co the at cong suat rat ln hang chuc MW so vi
trng hp bo bien tan gian tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach oc
lap (khoang n v MW). Qua trnh chuyen mach oc lap cua cac
bo bien tan gian tiep oi hoi t chi tiet ban dan so vi trng
hp bo bien tan trc tiep. Chang han, bo bien tan gian tiep ba
67
Ngh CN
pha gom 12 thyristor chnh va cac bo chuyen mach. Bo bien tan

trc tiep ba pha gom cac bo chnh lu 6 xung oi hoi en 36 thyristor
He so cong suat: tot nhat trong bo bien tan gian tiep s dung
phng phap ieu khien o xung rong cua ien ap ra (PWM).
68
Ngh CN
Bi 6: B nghch lu (inverter)
6.1. Gii thiu v ngun in p nghch lu.
Bo nghch lu co nhiem vu chuyen oi nang lng t nguon ien
mot chieu khong oi sang dang nang lng ien xoay chieu e cung cap
cho tai xoay chieu.
ai lng c ieu khien ngo ra la ien ap hoac dong ien. Trong
trng hp au, bo nghch lu c goi la bo nghch lu ap va trng
hp sau la bo nghch lu dong.
Nguon mot chieu cung cap cho bo nghch lu ap co tnh chat nguon
ien ap va nguon cho bo nghch lu dong co tnh nguon dong ien.
Cac bo nghch lu tng ng c goi la bo nghch lu ap nguon ap va
bo nghch lu dong nguon dong hoac goi tat la bo nghch lu ap va bo
nghch lu dong.
Trong trng hp nguon ien au vao va ai lng ngo ra khong
giong nhau, v du bo nghch lu cung cap dong ien xoay chieu t nguon
ien ap mot chieu, ta goi chung la bo nghch lu ieu khien dong ien
t nguon ien ap hoac bo nghch lu dong nguon ap.
Cac bo nghch lu tao thanh bo phan chu yeu trong cau tao cua bo
bien tan. ng dung quan trong va tng oi rong rai cua chung nham
vao lnh vc truyen ong ien ong c xoay chieu vi o chnh xac cao.
Trong lnh vc tan so cao, bo nghch lu c dung trong cac thiet b lo
cam ng trung tan, thiet b han trung tan. Bo nghch lu con c dung
lam nguon ien xoay chieu cho nhu cau gia nh, lam nguon ien lien tuc
UPS, ieu khien chieu sang, bo nghch lu con c ng dung vao lnh
vc bu nhuyen cong suat phan khang.
Cac tai xoay chieu thng mang tnh cam khang (v du ong c khong
ong bo, lo cam ng), dong ien qua cac linh kien khong the ngat
bang qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien.
Do o, mach bo nghch lu thng cha linh kien t kch ngat e co
the ieu khien qua trnh ngat dong ien.
Trong cac trng hp ac biet nh mach tai cong hng, tai mang
tnh chat dung khang (ong c ong bo kch t d ), dong ien qua cac
linh kien co the b ngat do qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien phu thuoc
vao ien ap nguon hoac phu thuoc vao ien ap mach tai.
Khi o, linh kien ban dan co the chon la thyristor (SCR).
6.2. Bo nghch lu ap
Bo nghch lu ap cung cap va ieu khien ien ap xoay chieu
ngo ra. Trong cac trng hp khao sat di ay ta xet bo nghch lu ap
vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc s dung linh kien co kha nang
ieu khien ngat dong ien.
Nguon ien ap mot chieu co the dang n gian nh acquy, pin
ien hoac dang phc tap gom ien ap xoay chieu c chnh lu va
loc phang.
Linh kien trong bo nghch lu ap co kha nang kch ong va kch ngat
dong ien qua no, tc ong vai tro mot cong tac. Trong cac ng dung
cong suat nho va va, co the s dung transistor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT lam
cong tac va pham vi cong suat ln co the s dung GTO, IGCT
hoac SCR ket hp vi bo chuyen mach.
Vi tai tong quat, moi cong tac con trang b mot diode mac oi
song vi no. Cac diode mac oi song nay tao thanh mach chnh lu cau
69

Ngh CN
khong ieu khien co chieu dan ien ngc lai vi chieu dan ien cua
cac cong tac. Nhiem vu cua bo chnh lu cau diode la tao ieu kien
thuan li cho qua trnh trao oi cong suat ao gia nguon mot chieu va
tai xoay chieu, qua o han che qua ien ap phat sinh khi kch ngat cac
cong tac.
6.2.1. Bo nghch lu ap mot pha

Bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang mach cau (con goi la bo nghch lu
dang ch H) (hnh H5.1a) cha 4 cong tac va 4 diode mac oi song.
Gian o kch ong cac cong tac va o th ap tai c ve tren hnh

5.1b.
Bo nghch lu cung co the mac di dang mach tia (hnh H5.2).
Mach gom hai cong tac va hai diode mac oi song vi chung. Mach
tai va ngo ra cua bo nghch lu cach ly qua may bien ap vi cuon s
cap phan chia. Pha Trong trng hp khong s dung may bien ap cach
ly pha tai, nguon ien ap mot chieu can thiet ke vi nut phan the
gia (hnh H5.3), ay la dang mach nghch lu ap na cau.
70
Ngh CN
6.2.2 Bo nghch lu ap ba pha

Trong thc te mach bo nghch lu ap ba pha ch gap dang mach cau
(hnh H5.4a)
Mach cha 6 cong tac S1,S2....S6 va 6 diode oi song D1,D2....D6.
Tai ba pha co the mac dang hnh sao (H5.4b) hoac tam giac
(H5.4c).
6.2.3. Bo nghch lu ap a bac (Multi-level Voltage source Inverter)
71

Ngh CN
Cac bo nghch lu va c mo ta phan 5.1.1 va 5.1.2 cha 2
khoa ban dan (IGBT) tren moi nhanh pha tai. Chung c goi chung la
loai nghch lu ap 2 bac (two- level VSI), c ap dung rong rai trong pham
vi cong suat va va nho. Khai niem hai bac xuat phat t qua trnh
ien ap gia au mot pha tai (v tr 1,2,3) en mot iem ien the
chuan tren mach dc (iem 0) (pole to phase voltage) thay oi gia hai bac
gia tr khac nhau, v du khi chon iem co ien the chuan la tam
nguon dc th ien ap t pha tai en tam nguon thay oi gia (+U/2) va
(-U/2) trong qua trnh ong ngat cac linh kien. Bo nghch lu ap 2 bac co
nhc iem la tao ien ap cung cap cho cuon day ong c vi o doc
(dV/dt) kha ln va gay ra mot so van e kho khan bi ton tai trang
thai khac zero cua tong ien the t cac pha en tam nguon dc
(common-mode voltage) (xem dang ien ap uNO). Bo nghch lu ap a bac
c phat trien e giai quyet cac van e gay ra neu tren cua bo
nghch lu ap 2 bac va thng c s dung cho cac ng dung ien ap
cao va cong suat ln.
u iem cua bo nghch lu ap a bac: cong suat cua bo nghch lu
ap tang len; ien ap at len cac linh kien b giam xuong nen cong
suat ton hao do qua trnh ong ngat cua linh kien cung giam theo; vi
cung tan so ong ngat, cac thanh phan song hai bac cao cua ien
ap ra giam nho hn so vi trng hp bo nghch lu ap hai bac.
oi vi tai cong suat ln, ien ap cung cap cho cac tai co the
at gia tr tng oi ln,
Cac cau hnh c ban cua bo nghch lu ap a bac:
Cau hnh dang cascade (Cascade inverter):[28],[48] -hnh H5.5b, s dung
cac nguon dc rieng, thch hp s dung trong trng hp nguon dc co san
v du di dang acquy, battery. Cascade inverter gom nhieu bo nghch lu
ap cau mot pha ghep noi tiep, cac bo nghch lu ap dang cau mot pha
nay co cac nguon DC rieng.
Bang cach kch ong cac linh kien trong moi bo nghch lu ap mot
pha, 3 mc ien ap (-U,0,U) c tao thanh. S ket hp hoat ong cua n
bo nghch lu ap tren mot nhanh pha tai se tao nen n kha nang mc
ien ap theo chieu am (-U,-2U,-3U,..,-nU), n kha nang mc ien ap theo
chieu dng (U,2U,3U,..,nU) va mc ien ap 0. Nh vay, bo nghch lu ap
72

Ngh CN
dang cascade gom n bo nghch lu ap mot pha tren moi nhanh se tao
thanh bo nghch lu (2n+1) bac.
Tan so ong ngat trong moi modul cua dang mach nay co the giam
i n lan va dv/dt cung giam i nh vay. ien ap tren ap at len cac
linh kien giam i 0,57n lan. Cho phep s dung linh kien IGBT ien ap
thap.
Ngoai dang mach gom cac bo nghch lu ap mot pha, mach nghch lu
ap a bac con co dang ghep t ngo ra cua cac bo nghch lu ap 3 pha
(H5.5c). Cau truc nay cho phep giam dv/dt va va tan so ong ngat
con 1/3. Mach cho phep s dung cac cau hnh nghch lu ap ba pha chuan.
Mach nghch lu at c s can bang ien ap cac nguon dc, khong ton
tai dong can bang gia cac module. Tuy nhien, cau tao mach oi hoi s
dung cac may bien ap ngo ra.
Cau hnh nghch lu cha cap diode kep: (Neutral point Clamped Multilevel
Inverter (NPC) hoac- diode clamped multilevel inverter):-hnh H5.5a, s dung
thch hp khi cac nguon dc tao nen t he thong ien ac. Bo nghch lu
a bac cha cac cap diode kem co mot mach nguon DC c phan chia
thanh mot so cap ien ap nho hn nh chuoi cac tu ien mac noi
tiep.
Gia s nhanh mach dc gom n nguon co o ln bang nhau mac noi
tiep. ien ap pha nguon dc co the at c (n+1) gia tr khac nhau
va t o bo nghch lu c goi la bo nghch lu ap (n+1) bac. V du
chon mc ien the 0 cuoi day nguon, cac mc ien ap co the at
c gom (0,U,2U,.,nU). ien ap t mot pha tai (v du pha a) thong en
mot v tr bat ky tren mach dc (v du M) nh cap diode kep tai iem o
(v du D1, D1). e ien ap pha- nguon dc at c mc ien ap neu
tren (ua0=U), tat ca cac linh kien b kep gia hai diode (D1, D1) gom n
linh kien noi tiep lien tuc ke nhau, phai c kch ong (v du S1,
S5,S4,S3,S2), cac linh kien con lai se b khoa theo qui tac kch oi
nghch. Tng ng vi 6 trng hp kch ong linh kien b kep gia 6
cap diode (hai cap diode kep hai v tr bien la trng hp ac biet), ta
thu c 6 mc ien ap pha- nguon dc : 0,U,2U,..,5U. V co kha nang tao
73

Ngh CN
ra 6 mc ien ap pha- nguon dc nen mach nghch lu tren hnh H5.5a con
goi la bo nghch lu 6 bac.
Dang mach nghch lu ap a bac dung cap diode kep cai tien dang
song ien ap tai va giam shock ien ap tren linh kien n lan. Vi bo
nghch lu ba bac, dv/dt tren linh kien va tan so ong ngat giam i mot
na. Tuy nhien vi n>3, mc o chu gai ap tren cac diode se khac
nhau. Ngoai ra, can bang ien ap gia cac nguon dc (ap tren tu) tr
nen kho khan, ac biet khi so bac ln.
6.3. Phan tch bo nghch lu ap
6.3.1. Phan tch ien ap bo nghch lu ap 3 pha
Gia thiet tai ba pha oi xng thoa man he thc:
ut1 + ut2 + ut3 = 0
Ta tng tng nguon ap U c phan chia lam hai na bang nhau vi
iem nut phan the O (mot cach tong quat, iem phan the 0 co the
chon v tr bat ky tren mach nguon DC).
Goi N la iem nut cua tai ba pha dang sao. ien ap pha tai ut1,ut2,ut3.
Ta co:
Ut1= U10- UNO
Ut2 = U20- UNO
ut3 = u30-uNO
u10, u20 , u30 c goi la cac ien ap pha -tam nguon cua cac pha
1,2,3. Cac ien ap ut1, ut2, ut3; u10, u20, u30 va uNO co chieu dng qui
c ve tren hnh H5.4a
Cong cac he thc tren va e y rang ut1+ut2+ut3=0, ta co:
0 = U10 +U20 +U30 3.UNO
T o:
Thay uNO vao bieu thc tnh ien ap moi pha tai, ta co:
ien ap day tren tai:
* He qua: Qua trnh ien ap ( va do o qua trnh dong ien) ngo ra

cua bo nghch lu ap ba pha se c xac nh khi ta xac nh c cac
ien ap trung gian u10, u20, u30.
74

Ngh CN
* Xac nh ien ap pha - tam nguon cho bo nghch lu ap. Cap cong
tac cung pha: gom hai cong tac cung mac chung vao mot pha tai, v du
(S1S4), (S3,S6) va (S5,S2) la cac cap cong tac cung pha.
Qui tac kch ong oi nghch: cap cong tac cung pha c kch ong
theo qui tac oi nghch neu nh hai cong tac trong cap luon trang thai
mot c kch ong va mot c kch ngat.
Trang thai ca hai cung kch ong (trang thai ngan mach ien ap
nguon ) hoac cung kch ngat khong c phep.
Neu bieu dien trang thai c kch cua linh kien bang gia tr 1 va
trang thai khoa kch bang 0, ta co the viet phng trnh trang thai kch
cua cac linh kien trong mach nghch lu ap 3 pha nh sau:
* Qui tac: Gia thiet bo nghch lu ap ba pha co cau tao mach va

chieu ien the cua cac phan t trong mach cho nh hnh ve H5.4. Gia
thiet cac cong tac cung pha c kch ong theo qui tac oi nghch va
gia thiet dong ien cua cac pha tai co kha nang oi dau.
ien ap pha tai en tam nguon cua mot pha nguon nao o co gia
tr +
U
U
neu cong tac le cua pha c kch ong va 2
2
neu cong tac
chan c kch khong phu thuoc trang thai dong ien.

* He qua:
1/- ien ap tren tai c xac nh hoan toan neu ta biet c gian
o kch ong cac cong tac va ien ap nguon. Do o, ta co the ieu
khien ien ap ngo ra cua bo nghch lu ap bang cach ieu khien
gian o xung kch ong cac cong tac.
2/- Neu cac cap cong tac cung pha khong c kch ong theo qui tac
oi nghch, dang ien ap tai se thay oi phu thuoc vao trang thai dong
ien tai (va tham so tai ). ay la trng hp kch
ong do y muon oi vi tai dang cong hng. Dong ien co the
trang thai lien tuc hoac gian oan.
Ta can chu y rang, mot cong tac c kch ong khong co ngha la
no se dan ien. Phu thuoc vao chieu dong ien dan qua tai co the
xay ra trng hp cong tac kch ong khong dan ien ma dong ien
lai dan qua diode mac oi song vi cong tac c kch ong.
3/- Dang dong ien c xac nh da tren phng trnh mach tai. V du
oi vi tai oi xng ba pha gom RL mac noi tiep, ta co phng trnh
dong ien ba pha tai it1, it2, it3.
Thi gian chet (dead- time): la khoang thi gian can thiet ap at trong
gian o ong ngat cap linh kien cung pha tai, trong khoang thi gian
nay hai cong tac cung pha tai se b khoa kch (v du S1,S4). Thi gian
chet bat au qua trnh chuyen mach cua hai cong tac cung pha tai e
75

Ngh CN
tranh xay ra hien tng ngan mach nguon. Do thi gian chet nho khong
ang ke, trong qua trnh phan tch hoat ong mach, ta thng gia thiet
bo qua giai oan nay.
6.3.2. Phan tch bo nghch lu ap mot pha
Ta co the phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang
mach cau tng t nh bo nghch lu ap ba pha. Hai cap cong tac (S1,S4)
va (S2,S3) tng ng vi he thong hai pha tai oi xng tng tng (hnh
H5.6).
Ro rang :
ut =ut1/2=-ut2/2=u10 - u20
(5.10)
Neu cac cong tac c kch theo qui tac oi nghch, ta co the xac
nh dang ap tren tai da tren gian o kch cong tac va ien ap
nguon.
Phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang na cau:
ien ap bang vi ien ap pha tai - tam nguon, bai toan tr nen n
gian.
Phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang cau: Qua
trnh ien ap va dong ien c ve tren hnh (H5.8)
Xet qua trnh cac ai lng trong mot chu ky hoat ong che o
xac lap. Gia thiet rang tai thi iem t=0, thc hien ong S1 va S2,
ngat S3 va S4. ien ap tai bang U, dong ien tai chay qua mach (U-S1S2) tang len theo phng trnh:
Nghiem dong ien co dang:
A la hang so, =L/R la hang so thi gian.
76

Ngh CN
Tai thi iem t=T/2, thc hien ngat S1,S2 va ong S3,S4. ien ap
xuat hien tren tai bang U, dong ien qua mach (U,RL,S3,S4) giam theo
phng trnh:
trang thai xac lap, dong ien bien oi theo dang xoay chieu, tuan
hoan. Cac hang so A,B co the xac nh t ieu kien dong ien tai
tai cac thi iem t=0, t=T/2 va t=T.
Luc o, tai thi iem t=0:
Tai thi iem t=T/2:
Tai thi iem t=T:
Nh vay, qua trnh dong tai trong mot chu ky hoat ong se co the
bieu dien nh sau:
77
Ngh CN
Gia tr Imin va Imax co the xac nh t qua trnh oi xng cua hai
na chu ky ien ap va dong ien tai, t o suy ra rang Imax=-Imin. Ap
dung quan he tren vao cac he thc tnh I, ta thu c:
Cong suat tai:

Cong suat tieu thu tren tai R-L co the xac nh theo he thc R.I t2
vi It la tr hieu dung dong ien qua tai c tnh theo bieu thc:
Cong suat tai co the xac nh theo tr trung bnh dong qua nguon dc
Is neu ta bo qua ton hao cua linh kien bo nghch lu:
Phan tch song hai:

Qua trnh ien ap tai qua phep phan tch Fourier co dang:
Ap tai ch cha cac thanh phan hai bac le.

o meo dang ien ap c tnh theo he thc sau:
De dang suy ra rang:
78

Ngh CN
o meo dang ien ap cua bo nghch lu cau 1 pha kha ln trong
trng hp ap ra dang vuong nen co tac dung khong tot. ieu nay
giai thch v sao loai ien ap nay khong c s dung pho bien trong thc
tien.
o meo dang dong ien phu thuoc vao tai va xac nh theo he
thc:
6.3.3. Phan tch ien ap bo nghch lu ap a bac

Xet bo nghch lu ap 6 bac dang cha cap diode kep (NPC) tren hnh
ve H5.5a.
Goi U la o ln ien ap tren moi tu rieng le. Phu thuoc o ln
ien ap pha nguon dc can thiet lap, cac linh kien b kep gia cap
diode noi en mot ien the tren mach dc can thiet lap se trang thai
kch. ien ap pha-tam nguon dc (phase -to- pole voltage), tnh t iem au
day cua pha tai en mot ien the tren mach dc, trong trng hp tren
hnh ve la iem 0, co the at cac gia tr cho trong bang B5.1 sau ay:
Vi x=1,2,3.
Trang thai ong ngat cua cac khoa ban dan tren mot nhanh tai
cua cac pha a,b,c thoa man ieu kien kch oi nghch:
S1j+S1j=1 ; S2j+S2j=1 ; S3j+S3j=1 ; j=1,2,3,4,5
(5.28)
ien ap pha tai trong trng hp 3 pha tai oi xng au dang Y co

the thiet lap tng t nh trng hp bo nghch lu ap hai bac:
Trong trng hp 3 pha tai dang tam giac, ien ap pha tai bang ien ap
day do bo nghch lu cung cap:
ut12 =u10 - u20; ut23 = u20 - u30; ut31 = u30 - u10
(5.30)
6.3.4. Cac phng phap ieu khien bo nghch lu ap a bac

Cac phng phap ieu khien ap dung cho bo nghch lu ap hai bac
nh phng phap ieu che o rong xung va cac dang cai bien cua no,
phng phap ieu khien vector, phng phap kh song hai toi u, cac
phng phap ieu khien dong ien (hay vector dong ien). co the c
ieu chnh e co the ap dung cho bo nghch lu ap a bac. Bo nghch
79

Ngh CN
lu ap a bac co pham vi hoat ong chu yeu oi vi tai cong suat
ln. Do o, van e giam bt tan so ong ngat va giam shock ien
ap dv/dt tren linh kien cong suat co y ngha quan trong. Cac thuat
toan ieu khien co gang thc hien duy tr trang thai can bang cac
nguon ien ap dc va kh bo hien tng common-mode voltage, nguyen
nhan gay ra mot so hien tng lam sm lao hoa ong c.
Phng phap ieu bien tuy khong phat huy c ng dung trong ieu
khien bo nghch lu ap hai bac nhng lai to ra hieu qua trong ng dung
bo nghch lu ap a bac cho tai cong suat ln, nhat la trong cac he
thong ieu khien nang lng ien ac.
6.3.4.1. Phng phap ieu rong
Ap dung cho cac bo nghch lu a bac co cap diode kep en nguon
va bo nghch lu ap a bac cascade.
Xet bo nghch lu ap ba bac tren hnh H5.41, viec ieu khien ien ap
tai co the thc hien theo gian o tren hnh H5.35 oi vi pha a bang
cach thay oi o rong goc .
ien ap pha- tam nguon:
T ien ap pha tam nguon, s dung he thc (5.5), ta co the dan

giai qua trnh ien ap cac pha tai. ien ap tai co dang 12 bc. Khi
goc ieu khien giam en gia tr zero, ta thu c dang ap 6 bc nh
trong bo nghch lu ap hai bac.
80

Ngh CN
Phng phap ieu khien 12 bc co he so meo dang ln khi ch so
ieu che thap, khi o cac phng phap ieu che o rong xung co dang
chat lng hn.
6.3.4.2. Phng phap ieu bien
Tng t nh phng phap ieu bien bo nghch lu ap hai bac, ien
ap nguon dc c ieu khien thay oi o ln. ien ap ngo ra c
ieu khien theo dang bac thang nhieu bc (H5.35b). Goc chuyen mach
cua cac linh kien c tnh toan e song hai c han che toi a. Cac
gia tr goc chuyen mach co the thiet lap san va xung kch ong thc
hien theo dang tra bang (look-up table). Phng phap ieu khien nay n
gian, tan so ong ngat rat thap. Phng phap nay c s dung chu
yeu trong he thong bu nhuyen cong suat phan khang cho li (static
var compensator). S mat can bang cac ien ap nguon dc khong con
la van e tr ngai trong ng dung va neu.
6.3.4.3 Phng phap ieu che o rong xung

Phng phap con co ten Subharmonic PWM (SH-PWM), Multilevel carrier
based PWM. e thc hien tao gian o kch ong cac linh kien trong cung
mot pha tai, ta s dung mot so song mang (dang tam giac) va mot tn
hieu ieu khien (dang sin). oi vi bo nghch lu ap m bac, so song
mang c s dung la (m-1). Chung co cung tan so fc va cung bien o
nh-nh Ac. Song ieu khien (hay song ieu che) co bien o nhnh bang Am va tan so fm va dang song cua no thay oi chung quanh
truc tam cua he thong (m-1) song mang. Neu song ieu khien ln hn
song mang nao o th linh kien tng ng song mang o se c kch
ong, trong trng hp song ieu khien nho hn song mang tng ng
cua no, linh kien tren se b khoa kch.
Bo nghch lu a bac dang mach b diode kem
81
Ngh CN
Chang han, xet pha a cua bo nghch lu ap ba bac tren hnh H5.41.
Xung kch cho cac linh kien Sa1,Sa2,Sa3,Sa4 c thiet lap tren c s so
sanh song ieu khien ura cua pha a vi song mang up1 (oi vi xung
kch cho cap Sa1 va Sa3) va up2 (oi vi xung kch cho cap Sa2 va S ). Cu
the la:
T gian o thiet lap tren, ien ap pha- tam nguon c xac nh, v
du cho pha a:
T o, s dung cac he thc (5.5), (5.6) e xac nh cac ien ap

tai.
Ch so bien o ma va t so tan so mf trong bo nghch lu a bac
c nh ngha nh sau:
82
Ba dang phoi hp
(xem hnh H5.36a):
Ngh CN
gia cac song mang thng c s dung gom
a. Hai song mang ke can lien tiep nhau se b dch 180 o APOD (Alternative
Phase Opposition Disposition)
b. Bo tr oi xng qua truc zero (POD- Phase opposition Disposition). Cac
song mang nam tren truc 0 se cung pha nhau, ngc lai, cac song mang
nam di truc 0 se b dch i 180 o.
c. Bo tr cung pha (DP- In phase disposition): tat ca cac song mang eu
cung pha.
83
Ngh CN
Trong cac phng phap bo tr song mang, phng phap bo tr cac

song mang a bac cung pha cho o meo dang ap day nho nhat. oi
vi bo nghch lu ap ba bac, phng phap POD va APOD cho cung ket
qua dang song mang.
Bo nghch lu a bac dang cascade: phng phap ieu che o rong
xung s dung song mang dch pha (Phase Shifted Carrier PWM-PSCPWM) la
phng phap ieu che c ban c s dung. Theo o, moi bo nghch lu
ap cau mot pha trong mach cascade co nguyen ly ieu che PWM giong
nhau cua mot bo nghch lu cau mot pha. Cac song mang cua cac bo
nghch lu co cung bien o va tan so va o dch pha gia cac song
mang nay bang /m, m la so bo nghch lu cau mot pha.
Tren hnh ve H5.37 la bo nghch lu dang cascade 5 bac. moi
nhanh pha, co 4 song mang lech pha nhau mot goc /2 c s dung.
Gian o kch cac linh kien c thiet lap tren c s so sanh song mang
va tn hieu ap ieu khien (dang sin) va qui tac kch oi nghch. ien
ap tao thanh ngo ra cua moi bo nghch lu ap mot pha (ua,ua) co
dang ba bac. Chung ket hp tao thanh ien ap pha- tam nguon (uao)
dang 5 bac.
6.3.4.4. Phng phap ieu che o rong xung cai bien
(Modified PWM hoac Switching Frequency Optimal PWM method- SFO-PWM))
Co ky thuat thc hien phng phap ieu che o rong xung va trnh
bay. iem khac biet la song ieu che c cai bien. Theo o, moi
song ieu che c cong them tn hieu th t khong (song hai boi
ba). Ton tai nhieu kha nang tao nen thanh phan th t khong, Mot
trong cac tn hieu th t khong co the chon bang tr trung bnh cua gia
tr tn hieu ln nhat trong 3 tn hieu ieu che vi tn hieu nho nhat trong
3 tn hieu ieu che- phng phap SFO-PWM.
Goi Va*,Vb*,Vc* la cac tn hieu ieu khien cua phng phap ieu
che PWM. Tn hieu ieu khien theo phng phap SFO-PWM va c mo
ta co the bieu dien di dang toan hoc nh sau:
84
Ngh CN
S o thc hien tao tn hieu ieu che cai bien t tn hieu ieu che
dang sin c ve tren hnh H5.39. Tn hieu ien ap ieu che va ien ap
ngo ra bo nghch lu c ve tren hnh H5.40.
Phng phap ieu che o rong xung cai bien ch c s dung cho
tai ba pha 3 day. He qua cua phng phap la ien ap pha tai c
tang len khoang 15% so vi phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin
phan tren, trc khi
at en
pham vi
ieu che m rong
(overmodulation).
6.3.4.5. Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian
Vector khong gian cua bo nghich lu ap a bac:
Qua trnh ong ngat cac linh kien tao ra ien ap ba pha tai vi vector
khong gian cua no thay oi nhay cap tren hnh luc giac a bac. V du,
oi vi bo nghch lu ap ba bac, kha nang ieu khien kch dan linh
kien tao nen 27 trang thai khac nhau, moi trang thai c minh hoa bi
to hp (kakbkc),vi ka=0,1,2 ;kb=0,1,2; kc=0,1,2 .la he so trang thai tng
ng cua cac pha a,b,c. V du: xet he so ka cua pha a ta co:
Trong qua trnh kch dan, qui luat sau c tuan thu:
85

Ngh CN
T o, chang han, trang thai (200) co ngha la: Sa1=Sa2=1;
Sb3=Sb4=1;Sc3=Sc4=1.
Theo nh ngha vector khong gian, tng ng 27 trang thai kch dan linh
kien ta thu c 19 v tr vector khong gian cua vector ien ap tao thanh,
bao gom 12 vector nam tren nh va trung iem cua hnh luc giac ln
bao ngoai, 6 vector ien ap nam tren 6 nh cua hnh luc giac ben trong
va vector khong tai tam cua hnh luc giac (hnh H5.41). oi vi cac vector
nam tai nh cua hnh luc giac ben trong, ton tai hai trang thai kch dan
khac nhau cua linh kien nhng lai co cung chung v tr vector khong gian.
Ngoai ra, ton tai 3 trang thai kch dan khac nhau cho cung v tr vector
khong.
ieu che vector khong gian cua bo nghch lu ap a bac:
Ve nguyen ly, phng phap ieu che vector khong gian oi vi bo
nghch lu ap a bac c thc hien tng t nh oi vi bo nghch lu
ap hai bac. e tao vector trung bnh tng ng vi mot vector v cho trc,
trc het can xet xem vector v nam trong v tr nao cua nh luc giac
(hexagon). e thuan tien, thong thng dien tch hnh luc giac c chia
nho anh cac hnh tam giac con. V du, goc phan sau th nhat cua hnh
luc giac gii han bi ba vector v0, v 2 va v 6 c chia nho thanh cac
dien tch (1), (2),(3) va (4) nh hnh ve H5.42.
Vector v ang khao sat can ieu khien e at c co v tr nam
tren phan dien tch (2). Bc tiep theo, ta xac nh cac vector khong gian
can thiet- goi la cac vector c ban, can s dung e tao nen vector
trung bnh nam trong dien tch (2). Ro rang, trng hp nay, cac vector c
ban tng ng la v 1 , v 2 va v 3. Nh vay, vector tng ng vi vector
v co the thc hien bang cach ieu khien duy tr tac dung theo trnh t
vector v 1 trong thi gian T1, vector v 2 trong thi gian T2 va vector v 3
trong thi gian T3 theo he thc:
Van e con lai la xac nh thi gian tac dung T1,T2 va T3 cua cac
vector c ban. Neu ta biet c vector v di dang cac thanh phan
vuong goc V ,V trong he toa ong yen (stationary frame), quan he
86

Ngh CN
gia cac thanh phan vector V ,V vi thi gian duy tr trang thai
vector v 1 , v 2 va v 3 co the bieu dien di dang ma tran sau:
Vi V1 ,V2 ,V3 ,V1 ,V2 ,V3 la cac thanh phan theo truc toa o
va cua cac vector tren hnh luc giac v 1 , v 2 va v 3 T o, thi
gian c xac nh (ap dung ma tran ngc):
hay dang thi gian tng oi: dj=Tj/Ts; j=1,2,3
Ap dung cu the vao 4 dien tch hnh tam giac trong goc phan sau th
nhat cua hnh luc giac, chu y en vector c ban trong moi dien tch
tren, ta thu c ket qua sau (xem hnh H5.42):
Trong dien tch (1), vector c ban v0,v1 va v4
87
Ngh CN
Neu vector nam goc phan sau th i so vi goc phan sau th

nhat cua hnh luc giac tnh t v tr truc thc , ta co the qui oi no
ve goc phan sau th nhat e xac nh thi gian tac ong cua cac
vector c ban theo he thc:
Thc hien ky thuat ieu che vector khong gian cho bo nghch lu ap
ba bac:
Gian o kch dan cac linh kien bo nghch lu ap ba bac c minh
hoa tren hnh H5.43, ap dung cho goc phan sau th nhat cua hnh luc
giac. Chu y do trang thai kch dan cac linh kien tren cung nhanh pha
tai cho bi qui luat oi nghch nen tren gian o ch can trnh bay
trang thai cua Sx1 va Sx2, x=a,b,c. T gian o ta thay cac trang thai
kch dan tng ng 3 vector c ban V 1 , V 3 va V 4 . Thi gian kch dan
cua cac vector nay co the suy ra t bieu thc tnh toan T1,T2,T3 hoac
tren ky thuat ieu che o rong xung da vao song mang nh tren hnh
ve H5.43.
88
Ngh CN
Ghi ch quan trng:

* Trong mch c 2 mass, mt mass in v 1 mass my. Sinh vin khi lm thc tp phi tht cn
thn, trnh b in git.
* Trong bi thc tp dng SCR v E-MOSTFET knh N vi s chn nh sau:
89
cng bi ging: in t cng sut
Ngh: in cng nghip
61

Dien Tu Cong Suat

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dien Tu Cong Suat

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

cng bi ging in t cng sut

BI 1: TNG QUAN V IN T CNG SUT

1. Gii thiu chung v in t cng sut.

2.1.2. c tnh V-A:

cng bi ging in t cng sut

: in tr ngc trong diode

: in tr thun trong diode

Cc thng s chnh ca diode:

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Hnh 1.70a: Cau

Vi nguon ien VDC co the ieu chnh c t

cng bi ging in t cng sut

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Hnh 2.12 S iu khin Thyristor

Hnh 2.13 c tuyn V-A ca Thyristor

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Hnh 2.14 c tuyn V-A khi m Thyristor

Hnh 2.15 c tuyn V-A khi kha Thyristor

Hnh 2.16 c tuyn V-A khi ng Thyristor

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Hnh 2.17 Thyristor thc t

Hnh 2.18 k hiu GTO

Hnh 2.19 c tnh GTO khi m

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Hnh 2.20 c tnh GTO khi ng

Hnh 2.22 K hiu Triac

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Hnh 2.23 c tuyn V-A ca Triac

Hnh 2.24 Hnh dng ca Triac

3. Cc tn hao trong mch in t cng sut.

i vi dng in v in p sin l tng th h s ny c dng n gin:

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Cui cng nhn c:

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Thc hnh mc mch cng tc xoay chiu s dng Triac

a. Ln lt bt SW v v tr 1, 2, 3 quan st led v gii thch kt qu.

* Mch dng Triac nh hnh sau (Hnh 1.23):

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Hng dn thng xuyn

cng bi ging in t cng sut

1. Khi qut chung.

1.2. Phn loi

Dng in ti: Id = Udc/Rd

Cng sut bin p: SBA =

S ln p mch trong mt chu k m

1.4. Nguyn tc dn ca cc ngt in bn dn:

in p anode ca diode no dng hn th diode y dn. Khi in th im A bng in th anode

cng bi ging in t cng sut

in p cathode ngt in no m hn hn th diode y dn. Khi in th im K bng in th

Ph thuc vo in th cc dng trn cc anode v tn hiu iu khin.

Dng in ti: Id = Udc/Rd

in p ngc ca ngt in:

Cng sut bin p: : SBA =

cng bi ging in t cng sut

2.1.2. Chn lu khng iu khin ti thun tr R, L

Do c tch ly v x nng lng ca cun dy, do dng in v in p c dng nh hnh v

Dng in ti: Id = Udc/Rd

in p ngc ca ngt in:UN =

Cng sut bin p: : SBA =

cng bi ging in t cng sut

2.2.3. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k ti R, L c diode x nng lng.

cng bi ging in t cng sut

Dng in ti: Id = Udc/Rd