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The philosophy of nursing states our thoughts on what we believe to be true about the
nature of the profession of nursing and provide a basis for nursing activities..
2. 3. Naturalism is the oldest known philosophy in the western world , which can be traced
back to Aristotle, in the fourth century formulated by Thomas Aquinas(1225 and 1274).
NATURALISM is "the philosophical belief that everything arises from natural properties and
causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are excluded or discounted. Adherents of
naturalism (i.e., naturalists) assert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure
and behavior of the natural universe, that the changing universe at every stage is a product
of these laws.
3. 4. The nature of things can be discovered by reason. An action is good if it is accord with
human nature; bad if it is contrary to the nature
4. 5. The natural of totality: according to the roman catholic version of natural law, individual
can ethically dispose of their organs or interfere with those organs ability to function only to
the extent that the well of the whole body requires. Principle of double effect: health care
professionals may become involved in the situation s that result in evil consequences
regardless of what courses of action is taken. Decision of administer a drug to relieve a
cancer patients pain; for example remove of pregnant woman cancerous uterus will result in
the death of the foetus There are two principles of natural law ethics have special
importance for health care. These are principle of double effect and principle of totality.
5. 6. Weaknesses: the primary weakness of naturalism is its simplicity. Life and existence is so
simplified that deep insight and adequate explanation cannot be formed. The strength of
naturalism is its simplicity. It offers individual freedom from presumption and decreases the
influences of the influence of confusion in our society today.
6. 7. Jean Buridan Jonathan Barnes Thales Thomas Aquinas
7. 8. In nursing behavior: naturalism brings about signing the form of consent with the patient
before any treatment practice that modifies the nature of the patient. In nursing
management : the nurse manager supervise the staff in order to see if their practice is
according to naturalism philosophy principle. In nursing research: many researches have
been conducted to asses patients conceptions about natural methods in family planning and
the acceptance of organ ablation. In nursing education: in nursing school, student learn
professional mortality, ethnics principles in order to show them what is accepted and
unaccepted in their professional practice. In nursing practice: the nurse practionner should
the good and the evil of the care administered to the patient and make sure the good is
higher than ever.
8. 9. Naturalism is science-based. Naturalists believe that science is the most reliable
descriptor of the world. Phenomena that cannot be scientifically proven (including
fate(death), heaven and hell) are seen as imaginary. In addition, naturalists do not believe in
the soul, instead postulating that biology, neurology and psychology fulfill the soul's
supposed function.
9. 10. Philosophical Naturalism is the idea that nature is all there is. Also known as
metaphysical naturalism, it is an outright rejection of all supernatural. Even in the presence of

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a seemingly supernatural situation, metaphysical naturalism will claim that there is a natural
explanation underlying it.
11. Religious Naturalism is a fast-growing movement within the free-thought community. It is
essentially scientific naturalism coming together with religious language. This movement,
which boasts Ursula Good enough as one of its intellectual heavyweights, includes the
diverse community of Pantheists. Religious Naturalism is based on the knowledge that, for
the majority of human history, social rules and practices have been reinforced by religion
12. is the process of reconciling facts about the natural world with social and emotional
states that shape human behavior. The facts about the natural world are best revealed to us
through science. In essence, cultural naturalism attempts to reconcile scientific facts with
human emotions, by placing the naturalistic facts in the context of human social life.
13. Methodological naturalism posits that the naturalistic method is the only way for us
humans to understand the universe. By definition, it concedes that there might exist nonnaturalistic entities but the tools that we as humans possess can only identify natural entities.
This is an epistemological claim (a claim about the nature and acquisition of knowledge). The
scientific method as a refined systematic process is the culmination of a long history of
honing the tools that we possess in order to understand reality. It is based on the philosophy
of naturalism. Scientific Naturalism requires that hypothesis be formed and tested under the
assumption that there are natural causes for all phenomena.
14. In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as
we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.
Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any
mind-independent thing.
15. R.Fith Emmanuel Kant David Hume Gorge bakeley
16. For nursing education: students learn consider the patient holistically; the body, mind
and the influence of the environment because one aspect may affect the other. For nursing
practice: The argument developed here begins by aligning by aligning medicine and related
conception of nursing with materialism.
17. For nursing behavior: the alternative , idealism, brings with it a new set of problems,
particularly the tendency to react against the perceived dominance of the medical profession
instead of positing a philosophy of nursing that reflects a more considered response. For
nursing management research: Nurse manager supervises the staff to make sure the care
given to the clients in consideration of holistic principles. For nursing research: the
research has been conducted and revealed that necessity to care holistically to the patient,
considering the body, mind and the environment.
18. CLASSICAL IDEALISM: Monistic idealism holds that consciousness, not matter, is the
ground of all being. It is monist because it holds that there is only one type of thing in the
universe and idealist because it holds that one thing to be consciousness.
19. Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between
experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense
data in the perceiver.

19. 20. Transcendental idealism, founded by Immanuel Kant in the eighteenth century, maintains
that the mind shapes the world we perceive into the form of space-and-time
20. 21. Objective idealism asserts that the reality of experiencing combines and transcends the
realities of the object experienced and of the mind of the observer. Proponents include
Thomas Hill Green, Josiah Royce, Benedetto Croce and Charles Sanders Peirce.
21. 22. Schelling (17751854) claimed that the Fichte's "I" needs the Not-I, because there is no
subject without object, and vice versa. So there is no difference between the subjective and
the objective, that is, the ideal and the real. This is Schelling's "absolute identity": the ideas or
mental images in the mind are identical to the extended objects which are external to the
mind.
22. 23. Actual Idealism is a form of idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a
"grounded" idealism contrasting Kant and Hegel.
23. 24. Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz[44] takes the view that there are
many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make
possible the existence of the physical universe.Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism
does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or "Absolute". Leibniz' form
of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views "monads"
24. 25. It also defined as a way of approaching situation or solving problems that emphasisis
practical applications and consequences. It comes from a Greek word pragmata which
means, act, affairs, or business it a method of logic for determining the meaning of
intellectual concept. DEFINITION
25. 26. John Dewey( 1859-1952) prominent philosophers of education referred to his brand of
progmatism as instrumentalism. William James( 1842-1910) Charles Sander Peirce
(1839-1904) was the founder of American pragmatism( later called pierce pragmatism)
26. 27. INFLUENCE OF PRAGMATISM TO EDUCATION Rather than aphilosophy ,pragmatism
is a way of doing philosophy that has major implictions for solving disputes in involving
nursing science,theory , and practice that may other wise beinterminable. INFLUENCE OF
OF PRAGMATISM TO PRACTICE The action of an organisation in its environment is the
basic perspective from which the pragmatist proceeds,and our human capacity of theorizing
is seen easy integral to intelligent practic,not on a separate sphere altogether.
27. 28. INFLUENCE OF PRAGMATISM TO BEHAVIOR OF NURSING In pragmatism,Man is the
measure of things,truth is what works. Pragmatism requires its adherent to look at specific
practical consequences of act ,ideas or concept. CONCLUSION The philosophy of
thepragmatist is helpful in day living. It promotes the idea that one should live through one
experience at time.
28. 29. Romanticism is a broad movement of thought in philosophy, the arts, history, and
political theory, at its height in Germany, England and France towards the end of the 18th
and in the earlier part of the 19th centuries.
29. 30. Nature Rom Individualism The Romantics focused on the individual. They viewed the
Self as a divine spark linking all human beings to one another and to a Greater Truth.
Romantic musicians, poets and visual artists created art that reflected personal experiences,

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but represented universal themes. antic artists, musicians and poets saw nature as a
dynamic teacher that helped humans understand their place in the universe.
31. Transcendentalism In the United States, Romanticism gave rise to the
transcendentalists, an offshoot of liberal Christianity. Transcendentalists, such as Ralph
Waldo Emerson, explored the role of individual thought in the perception of the world, the
creative power of the consciousness and the unification of the human soul with the Universal
Spirit or the One. Emotions The Romantics explored emotional extremes in their work. For
example, rather than simply depicting the subject's likeness, Romantic painters created
portraits that explored their emotional and psychological states.
32. Introduction Realism, the philosophy of science which asserts that science can provide
us with access to structures that exist independently of us (Bhaskar, 1997), has been gaining
an increasingly significant position within both the natural and social sciences over
33. Nursing education: nurses are in continuous pursuit for further studies to fulfill their
pleasure in education since there are permanent possibilities of happiness.
34. DEF: is the belief that God exists (or must exist) independent of the teaching or revelation
of any particular religion. It represents belief in a personal God entirely without doctrine.
Some philosophical theists are persuaded of God's existence by philosophical arguments,
while others consider themselves to have a religious faith that need not be, or could not be,
supported by rational argument. Philosophical theism has parallels with the 18th century
philosophical view called Deism.
35. Agnosticism-the opinion that it is not possible to know whether gods or deities exist, or
the opinion that one does not know. Deism- the belief that a god exists, but does not
interact with events at the scale of human being. Atheism- an absence of belief in any
gods or deities, or belief that gods or deities do not exist at all. Theism- is belief that one
god exists.
36. Kat henotheism-The belief that there is more that one deity, but only one deity at a time
should be worshipped. Each is supreme in turn Henotheism- the belief that there may be
more than one deity, but one is supreme. Monolatry: the belief that there may be more
than one deity, but not only one should be worshipped.
37. Philosophical theism conceives of nature (science), humanity (logic), and rational thought
(reason), although possibly never completely understandable. Here are some theistic
religion: Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Atheistic religion Are
Confucianism and Buddhism
38. Gordon Olson Joseph Mecabe David Hume Walter Kaufmann Martin Garener
Winkie Pratney Martin Freeman David Basinger Thomas jay Oord
39. Theism in nursing management: A Theism in nursing education: the curriculum
includes the different beliefs and how to manage patient/clients beliefs Theism in nursing
practice: nurse are always with patients who have different believes about God and deities.
Nurse should respect the belief of each patient in providing health care.
40. is a philosophy based on the idea that God is real, acts in the universe, and is knowable
through the senses and reason. As such, theistic realism stands as a middle ground between
philosophical naturalism and fideism. While philosophical naturalism holds that the universe

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is self-explanatory, theistic realism holds that the universe can only be comprehensively
explained with reference to God.
41. Professors at Baylor college of Medicine Gerard L. Gutek Phillip Johnson St.
Thomas Aquinas Paul
42. Influence to nursing education: about theistic realism, true knowledge begin with
acknowledgement of God and fear Influence to nursing practice: in defining nature, theistic
realistic stated that the purpose of science is to understand nature and God acts naturally,
then, the purpose of science is to understand God Florence nightingale said that caring is to
put patient in good condition then the nature will act on him.
43. Influence to nursing behaviors: The true knowledge begin with the acknowledgement of
God and his power, since , to be good and knowledgeable nurse you have to believe in
God. Influence to nursing management: to manage others, nurse manager have to be wise
and knowledgeable.
44. Is abroad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people,
based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities
particularly rationalism.
45. Josephine Peterson and Loretta Zderad Corliss Lamont(1997) Aristole(384322BCE) Plato(384-345 BCE), Socrate(470-399 BCE),
46. In Nursing practice: many theorists have used the humanism philosophy as the bases of
their theories. Benner&Wrubel;Green-Hernandez; Leininger;Paterson&Zderad; Watson;
noted that humanism is a philosophy that is strongly held as a value of the profession. The
human-centered theory of life is easily recognized in the views of the earliest nursing
professionals who described nursing as professionalized , humanistic care, or a way of
caring for the patient as a unique person.(Henderson ,nightingale). Florence Nightingale
claimed that the essence of nursing rested on the nurses capacity to provide humane,
sensitive care to the sick, which she believed would allow healing.
47. In Nursing behavior: The practice of nurses must ensure the great good of client in the
natural world according to the six tenets of humanism philosophy: As health care givers
nurses are cognizant of the client in the clients beliefs religious and beliefs and learn to
evaluate how those beliefs influence the response to his environment. - Ensure that the
quality of life for the client is maintained up to death. - Using the scientific method to resolve
the problem of client (nursing process) - Encouraging the patients for making their own
choice concerning their care plan. - The nurse must be careful in ethical and moral values,
and to make an effort not to impose our values system on the others. - Ensuring a good life
for the client in providing an internal and externla environment conducive to health.
48. In nursing education: principle of humanism are taught in nursing school. A humanism
philosophy allow fluidity in nurse students beliefs and encourages them to consider the
humanness of the along which the scientific and technological advances of their care. In
nursing readership: Humanistic leaders are those with emotional intelligence who constantly
question themselves and seek awareness of themselves and others.