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The sinking of the Titanic was caused primarily by the brittleness of the steel used
to construct the hull of the ship.
In the icy water of the Atlantic, the steel was below the ductile to brittle transition
temperature.
Example-3:The temperature and strain rate dependence of yield stress in MN m-2 for
molybdenum is given by
173600
At T = Tc
= =
1
2 2
Fatigue
Fatigue is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic and
fluctuating stresses. e.g. bridges, aircraft etc.
Symmetrical
m = 0
a = max = min
R=1
r = 2max = 2min
Asymmetrical
Some terminology
, =
+
2
, =
, =
=
2
2
, =
( )
( )
The SN curve
S = a = stress amplitude
Fatigue limit or endurance limit
Typically, for steel fatigue limits
range between 30-60% of tensile
strength (y)
Some ferrous (iron base) and titanium
alloys
Nf - Fatigue life
Final failure: Occurs very rapidly once the advancing crack has reached a critical size
- this is either ductile or brittle
Protection:
- materials with low thermal expansion
- improve design
B) Corrosion fatigue:
- Small pits chemical reaction
- Stress concentration crack nucleation site
Protection:
- using protective coating
- reduces corrosiveness of the environment
- Impose residual compressive stress