Professional Documents
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HANDBOOK
S O I L CONSERVATION SERVICE
SECTION 5
Hydraulics
General
= a c c e l e r a t i o n of g r a v i t y .
= t o t a l head.
= s p e c i f i c energy head.
= f r i c t i o n head.
=
p r e s s u r e head.
= v e l o c i t y head.
= volume of inflow t o a r e s e r v o i r .
= r a t e of inflow t o a r e s e r v o i r .
= head l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t .
= l e n g t h of a p o r t i o n of a channel o r c l o s e d conduit.
= mass
= r a t e of outflow from a r e s e r v o i r .
n2
2.2082
x4l3
= h o r i z o n t a l component of p r e s s u r e f o r c e .
H
P = r e s u l t a n t pressure f o r c e .
= v e r t i c a l component of p r e s s u r e f o r c e .
Qc = c r i t i c a l discharge.
= normal discharge.
n
c
9,=
= Reynold's number
= hydraulic radius.
= volume of temporary r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e .
= c r i t i c a l slope.
= f r i c t i o n slope.
sf
s = slope of channel bottom.
0
a conversion-time i n t e r v a l .
= time.
= volume.
= mean v e l o c i t y of flow.
= v e l o c i t y of approach.
=
c r i t i c a l velocity.
= weight.
= u n i t weight.
a h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e or abscissa; an exponent;
a variable; a time-conversion f a c t o r .
= a v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o r ordinate; a v a r i a b l e .
x, y = coordinates of t h e center of g r a v i t y of an a r e a .
z = t h e e l e v a t i o n of a s p e c i f i e d p o i n t above datum; t h e
s l o p e of t h e s i d e s of t r a p e z o i d a l s e c t i o n s expressed
as a r a t i o of h o r i z o n t a l t o v e r t i c a l .
p
8
v
(Greek b e t a )
r reek
r reek
= kinematic v i s c o s i t y .
t
o
-
Ic,
\&
k
YCE
U. S. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTURE
S T A N D A R D DWC.
NO.
ES-33
SHEET
DATE
6- 6
OF
- 50
4.
O ~ e nChannel Flow
v
r
s
n
Gradual and uniform increase or decrease i n cross section s i z e w i l l not s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t n, but abrupt changes i n s i z e or t h e a l t e r n a t i n g of small and l a r g e
sections c a l l f o r t h e use of a somewhat l a r g e r n. Uniformity of crosss e c t i o n a l shape w i l l cause r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e r e s i s t a n c e t o flow; whereas
variation, p a r t i c u l a r l y i f it causes meandering of t h e major p a r t of t h e
flow from side t o s i d e of t h e channel, w i l l increase n.
5.4-1.
I Pipe
Cast-iron, coated
Cast-iron, uncoated
Wrought i r o n , galvanized
Wrought i r o n , black
S t e e l , r i v e t e d and s p i r a l
Corrugated
Wood s t a v e
Neat cement s u r f a c e
Concrete
V i t r i f i e d sewer pipe
Clay, common drainage t i l e
.ned Channels
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.013 0.015
0.012
0.014
0.015
0.014
0.015
0.021
0.010
0,010
0.010
0.010
0.011
0.013 0.012 -
0.017
0.025
0.0225
0.025 ,
1,6
0.017
0.0255
0.014
0.017
0.0l5] 0.017
1
1
0.014, 0.017
0.0225
0.0275
0.025
0.035
0.028 0.030
0.033
0.013
0.017
0.015
0.012
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
0.017 0.017
0.015 - 0.017
0.025
0.013
0.012
0.013
References
Max.
0.025
0 033
0.030
0. a 0
0.035
1
1
1
1
1
TABU 5.4-1.
( ~ o ninued)
t
Max.
0.035
0.045
1,k
033
0 033
0.040
0.045
0.040
0 035
0.045
0.050
0.075
0 055
0.050
0.060
0.080
0.150
0.025
0.033
0.035
0.025
0.030
0
1
1
References
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
n ~ 1 ,using t h e notation
Q
= t o t a l discharge.
q
a
d
d
= Q/T =
T*
v
g
= acceleration of gravity.
= s p e c i f i c energy head, i . e . , t h e energy head
e
r e f e r r e d t o t h e bottom of channel.
3 and
a = dmT, the
C r i t i c a l discharge
The r u s x i r m discharge f o r a given s p e c i f i c energy, o r a discharge which occurs with minimum s p e c i f i c energy.
C r i t i c a l depth - The depth of flow a t which t h e discharge i s maximum
f o r a given s p e c i f i c energy, or t h e depth a t which a given discharge
occurs with minimum s p e c i f i c energy.
C r i t f c a l velocity
( f ) Through t h e s u p e r c r i t i c a l range t h e v e l o c i t y head f o r any discharge increases rapidly as depth decreasesj and changes i n depth a r e
associated with much g r e a t e r changes i n s p e c i f i c energy.
a.,
General formulas
c r i t i c a l velocity.
acceleration of gravity.
See drawing ES-33 f o r t h e symbols f o r channel dimensions.
paragraph
See
See
--
--
--
Quo f ions:
Specific Enerqy
REFENICE
Hg i n fee?
U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
S T A N D A R D DW0. NO,
ES - 3 5
snmr
DATE
6 - 28-50
OF
M35
10.0
Range of Chart
o . m s to ao4
r * a20
to 10.0
a m to 0.1
v
0.50
to 12.0
a03
s =
aatJ
a02
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
00095
am
:EFERENCE
2.0
1.0
0.0
U. 8. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTURE
S O I L CONSERVATION SERVICE
H. H. Bennett. Chief
ENGINEERING STANDARDS U N I T
ES, 34
SHEET
DATE
REVISED 3-31-51
1
7'
OF
11 ' 50
Range oC Chart
r =
n =
05
0OW
10
to
a010
to
to
to
15.0
0.M
50
v= Mean velocity f t . / s ~ .
r - Hydraulic Radrus ft.
s-Slope of the energy qradient, which in
uniform flow equals the channel slope
and also the slope o f the wuter surfbce-ff./fi.
n= Coefficienf of roughness
Range of Chclrf
= a010 to
0.5
a20 to 7.0
r
a m to 0.070
n
v
0.7
fo 16.0
--
- -
IEFERENCE
U. S. 1)EPARTMKNT O F AGltICUI.'I'UHK
SOIL C O N S E R V A T I O N S E R V I C l t
H. H . Bennett. Chief
KC,
LJ - J - f
SHEET
DATE
REVISED 3-31-51
3 OF 4
7 ' 1 1 ' 50
1.486_rFs 7
- -
[EFERENCE
U. S. DEPARTMENT O F A G R I C U L T U R E
PC,
( L V
H. H. Bennett. Chief
EXGINEERING YTANL)ARIJS UNIT
SHEET
DATE
R E V I S E D 3-31-51
x
n
J-r
4
7'
OF
11 * 5 0
Structure fSch8rnatic)
Strucfure ~ ~ c h e m o f i c )
Pressure Diagrom
Fucu o f Strucfure
Pressure Diuyram
Portion A -6 o f Fqce of Structure
Pressure Dhqrom
Porfion A-J of Foce of Structure
Pressure Diogrum
Fuce of Sfrucfure
Figure 2
U. S. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTIJRE
S O I L C O N S E R V A T I O N SERVICE:
H. H. Bennett. Chief
Revised 4-11-51
ES ,31
SHEET
DATE
2
6-8-50
OF
I HYDRAULICS:
I
(a
Sfrucfure / ~ c b e m o f / c )
Pressure D / o q r o m
of Horizon*o/ aressore
Portion A
-5
Fiqure 3
5froc;U,?
/a,+emaf;c,)
of Honzonfo/ & s u r e
Portion A - 6
N o r m / Pressure Force
P o r f i o n A -8
Fiqure 4
Symbo/s ond Definif ions
t.g
c.p.
p.
REFERENCE
Px
P,
F,y -
y,,
ye
- d/stonce f r o m given p o / n f p e r p e / d i c r / / o r f o
i i n e o f a c f i o n of
P'.
1J.8.D E P A R T M E N T O F A G R I C U L T U R K
S O I I . C O N S E R V A T I O N Sfi:HVIC,E:
H. H. Bennett, Chief
ES
SHEET
DATE
Revised 4-11-51
31
2 OF 2
6-8-50
d,
C r i f i c o l depth
- ff.
c .f s
REFERENCE
Stondords &/nif.
deve/o,oed by P u d
32.16 ff/sec.
'
SOIL CONSERVATION S l R V l C E
H. H. Bcnncn. c h i d
ESGlNEEUlSU BTANDAPIIS UNIT
ES- 2 4
SHEET
OF
am i
The
W a f e r surfoce
- c , fs
Qc = Tofol c r i f i c d dfschorge
C r i f i c d depth - f f
d,
= Bcftom w i d f h of sechbn
KRENCE
7 % ~nomog/om wus
Sfum7=7'
L/#/f,
u. R.
-ff
e
'
Ver tice/
I I I P A A T M R N T O F AoRlCuI.TuRE
~chi.1
~
STANDARO D W ~ no.
.
E S - 24
SHEET
R E V I S E D 3-30-51
Of
Qc =
d, =
b =
r =
g
Total c r i t ~ c a ldischarge
- c. F s
C r i t i c a l depfh f t
Bat t o m w i d f h o f secfion - f f
side = l o p e r o t i o
32.16 ft./sec
'
RE
FERENCE
Sfondords Un/Y.
s ; t H. H~ B ~ ~CMFI
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~; ~~ NO+. ~ ~
ES - 2 4
SUHOLRO DWG
SHEET
DATE
REVISED
3-33-51
OF
-t-
s
50
I HYDRAULICS:
r;
?
9
'3
9
?
a
$
o
5
*
b
Critico/ discharge
bottom width
0
h:
--c.f fk s.
2
ui
'i
hj
REC~NGULAR sEcr.om
For recfangular sections, fhe
ratio Z/a = 0 and vo/ues of d, can
be read direcf/y along the
coincidenf Oc/b and Z/6 = 0 sca/es.
For examp/e: /f Qch
= 10.3 for
recfangdar section, then dc /. 49
CHECK OF G R A P K A L SOLUTION
Wafer surface
QC2=s$
Qc
= Critics/
ddischarge c.fs.
depfh dc - f f:
Qc = dc
Clem:
EXAMPLE:
Qc =/5.3c.fs; b = 3 f f ; Z = 5
%=5./ -1.
=/.667
' b
b
Read dc = 0.655 ft
= bdc f zdc
=3
x (0.655) f
5/0.655)'
= bf2zdC= 3 + / 2 ~ 5 ~ 0 . 6 5 5 )
=
3 f 6.55 = 9.55ft.
QC2
= g
y3=32/6')-(
=233.8/7
i1
pE
z7
bfZzdc
- c.f s .
dc = C r i f i c a / d e p f h -ff.
b = Bof t o m w i d f h o f s e c t i o n - fi:
z = Side s/ope r o f i o
g = 32.16 f f / s e c z
Horizonfa/
Verf,.ca,
Q, = /5.29/ c. f s .
U. S. D E P A R T M E N T O F AGRICU1,TURE
ES- 24
REVISED 3-30-51
depth a', - f i!
CHECK:
EXAMPLE:
bz/Of f ; z = 4,
Q, = 302 c f s
2r30.2; f70.4
Read d,
= 2.26 ft.
Qc
bd, f z d , = / O X 2 . 2 6 f 4 ( 2 . W 2
b f Z r d , = / O f @ ~ 4 ~ ~ . 2 6 )
/Ot/8.08=28.08ft.
gf3=32./6~3=9/,252.5
=302.08
- c.f s .
dc = C r i f i c a / d e p f h -ft.
o f section - f f
b
z
= Side s/ope r a t i o
= Bof f o m w i d t h
32.16 f t./sec.
'
Ho ri'onf a/
Ver f ica/
~EFERENcE
deve/wed by Pw/
11.
Sfondords Un/;C.
I
s.
D E P A R T M E N T O F AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION S E R V I C E
H. H. Bennett. Chief
ES- 24
DATE
REVISED 3-30-51
5-O-SO
&' = g $
QC
= Crifico1
dischrge c.f s.
EXAMPLE:
Q'3217.5 cfs; 2-3.5,b = 2 5 ff.
8'128.7; 2 = . / 4
Read d,
6.04 ft.
d,
b
= Crifica/
=
depfh - f f .
Bof t o m w i d f h
o f section - f f
z = Side slope r o f i o
g = 32.16 ff./sec.
'
Horizonfa/
vert,co/
w
FERENCE
Sfandords
ES- 2 4
3
SHEET
DATE
5-2-50
REVISED 3-39-51
OF
= -1*486
n
A ss 2 , then
14.56
I f t h e channel slope
< 14.56
Formula (5.4-24) and t h e above c r i t e r i a a r e u s e f u l f o r t h e folloging purposes: locating control sections, guiding t h e s e l e c t i o n of channel section
and grade i n preliminary design so t h a t t h e unstable conditions of untform
flow a t c r i t i c a l depth may be avoided, determining t h e type of water surface curve t h a t w i l l occur i n a given reach of channel.
4.5.5 SigniTicance of C r i t i c a l Flow i n Design. C r i t i c a l , subc r i t i c a l and s u p e r c r i t i c a l flow a f f e c t design i n t h e following manner:
(a) C r i t i c a l flow. Uniform flow a t o r near c r i t i c a l depth i s uns t a b l e . This r e s u l t s from the f a c t t h a t t h e unique r e l a t i o n s h i p between
energy head and depth of flow which must e x i s t i n c r i t i c a l flow i s r e a d i l y
disturbed by minor changes i n energy. Examine t h e curve f o r q = 40 c f s
on drawing ES-35. The c r i t i c a l depth i s 3.68 f e e t and t h e corresponding
I f t h e energy head i s increased t o 5.60, t h e depth
energy head i s 5.52.
may be 3.2 or 4.2. Those who have seen uniform flow a t or near c r i t i c a l
depth have observed t h e unstable, wavy surface t h a t i s caused by appreciable changes i n depth r e s u l t i n g from minor changes i n energy. I n channel
design these conditions must be recognized. Variations i n channel roughness, cross section, slope, or minor deposits of sediment or debris may
cause fluctuations i n depth of flow t h a t are s i g n i f i c a n t t o channel operat i o n . I n many cases it i s desirable t o base design computations on t w o or
more values of n i n order t o e s t a b l i s h t h e probable range of operating cond i t i o n s . Because of t h e unstable flow, channels carrying uniform flow a t
or near c r i t i c a l depth should not be used unless t h e s i t u a t i o n allows no
alternative
...
I n paragraph 4.5 t h e s p e c i f i c energy i n flow i s discussed and i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e curves on drawing ES-35. The force of a flowing stream i s
t h e momentum force due t o velocity plus t h e hydrostatic pressure force.
The force
Fm
Q
a
-
=
=
=
=
4.6.1
Yu
force
discharye per
f o o t w/b/fh.
weiqht o f wafer
Pressure
dioyrum
z = subscripts denoting
A
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / I / / /
pJ
02
H y d d i c Jump
e p d energy
REFERENCE
U. S. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTURE
STANDAR
DWG.
D NO.
E S - 36
SHEET
OF
discharge.
mean v e l o c i t y .
c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of flow.
depth of flow.
depth t o t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y
of t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n of flow.
a c c e l e r a t i o n of g r a v i t y .
S u b s c r i p t s 1 and 2 denote c r o s s s e c t i o n s and
depths b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e jump r e s p e c t i v e l y .
"King's Handbook", t a b l e 133, gives a l i m i t e d number of values of depth
a f t e r t h e jump i n r e c t a n g u l a r channels, and "Hydraulic Tables", t a b l e 3,
f o r trapezoidal
gives a more complete s e r i e s of t h e s e v a l u e s . Values f o r
and c i r c u l a r channels f o r use i n equations (3.4-26)and (5.4-27)can be
computed more r e a d i l y by t h e use of "King's Handbook", t a b l e s 99 and 104.
4.6.2 Location of t h e Jump. When s t r u c t u r e s involve t h e hydraul i c jump, design w i l l normally be made by c r i t e r i a t h a t w i l l p l a c e t h e jump
i n a c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n and no s p e c i f i c e s t i m a t e of jump l o c a t i o n i s necess a r y . However, t h e r e w i l l b e cases i n which a determination of where the
jump w i l l occur w i l l b e valuable or r e q u i r e d . The r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e determination depends on t h e accuracy with which f r i c t i o n l o s s can be e s t i - ,
mated. The l o c a t i o n of t h e jump i s estimated by t h e following s t e p s ( s e e
Fig. 5.4-1) :
a. From a c o n t r o l s e c t i o n downstream from t h e jump compute and p l o t
t h e water s u r f a c e p r o f i l e , LM, t o a point upstream from t h e probable
p o s i t i o n of t h e jump. And from a c o n t r o l s e c t i o n upstream from t h e jump
compute and p l o t t h e water s u r f a c e p r o f i l e , NO, t o a p o i n t downstream from
t h e jump. Methods of computing t h e s e p r o f i l e s are given i n paragraphs
4.7.4 and 4.7.5.
FIG.
5.4-1
FIG. 5.4-2
Solutions
Refer t o f i g . 5.4-2.
2 is:
solving f o r
v
d
so
sf
1 gives :
= mean velocity.
= depth of flow.
= slope of channel.
= hf//
1,
1.
change i n velocity i n a reach should be held t o a m a x i m u m of 15 t o 20 percent, t h a t is, n e i t h e r vl nor vz should be allowed t o vary from t h e other
by more than 15 or 20 percent. This can be done i n t h e t r i a l and e r r o r
computation of depth by keeping t h e selected reaches s u f f i c i e n t l y s h o r t .
When distances between depths a r e being computed by formula (5.4-36) t h e
value of dl or d2, whichever i s being selected, can be taken so t h a t
n e i t h e r vl nor v2 i s greater or l e s s than t h e other by more than 15 t o
20 percent.
It i s recommended t h a t i n a l l cases t h e computations f a r surface prof i l e s be carried upstream when t h e depth of flow i s g r e a t e r than c r i t i c a l
and downstream when the depth of flow i s l e s s than c r i t i c a l . The f i r s t
s t e p i n t h e analysis of flow i n a channel should be t o l o c a t e a l l control
sections f o r the discharges t o he investigated. This s t e p s e t s out t h e
portions of t h e channel i n which depths of flow w i l l be g r e a t e r or less
than c r i t i c a l and spots the s t a t i o n s or sections from which computations
should be c a r r i e d upstream and downstream.
Note t h a t velocity head plus depth, (v2 + 2g) + d, a t sections 1 and
2 i s t h e s p e c i f i c energy a t those sections. Inspection of t h e s p e c i f i c
energy diagrams on drawing ES-35 will show t h a t when depth of flow i s l e s s
than c r i t i c a l , s p e c i f i c energy increases as depth decreasesj and when
depth of flow i s g r e a t e r than c r i t i c a l , s p e c i f i c energy increases as depth
increases. Formula (5.4-36) may be written:
= roughness c o e f f i c i e n t .
vm =
r, =
V1.
rl
%I=
r7
da
discharge.
ES-33)*
Type of
Example
X
X
Trapezoidal
1
2
X
X
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
X
X
X
X
Triangular
Parabolic
X
X
X
X
X
Parabolic
Trapezoidal
10
Rectangular
11
Triangular
12
Parabolic
13
q
No.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X - Known
0 - To be determined
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Triangular
Trapezoidal
Trapezoidal
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IHYDRAULICS:
SURFACE
Surface Convex
Surface p r o f i l e i s s t r a i g h t , and uniform flow e x i s t s downstream from the break i n grade. Surface p r o f i l e imed i a t e i y upstream from the break i n grade i s concave upward
and i s asymptotic t o uniform flow surface.
Flow i s retarded and sub-cri t i c a l
Surface p r o f i l e i s s t r a i g h t , and uniform flow e x i s t s downstream from the break i n grade. Surface p r o f i l e imned i a t e l y upstream from the break i n grade i s convex upward
an,j i s asymptotic t o uniform flow surface.
Flow i s accelerated and changes from s u b - c r i t i c a l t o
c r i t i c a l flow. This case can occur f o r on1 y one discharge
f o r a given channel cross-section, slope and roughness
coefficient.
D e t ~ v n i n ethe convex u p ~ a r dsurface p r o f i l e by computing
upstream from the break i n grade s t a r t i n g w i t h the n o m l
depth corresponding t o s2 which i s a l s o d.,
REFERENCE
IF
NOTE:
Su r f a c e p r o f i l e i s s t r a i g h t , and uniform flow e x i s t s downs tream from the break i n grade. Surface p r o f i l e imned i a t e l y upstream from the break i n grade i s convex upward
a nd i s asymptotic t a uniform flow surface.
t hrough c r i t i c a l t o super-cri t i c a l .
letermine the concave upward surtace p r o t l le
jownstream from the break i n arade, s t a r t i n g
: r i t i c a l depth. Determine the convex uoward
F i l e by camputinq lrpstream from the break i n
inq w i t h t h e c r i t i c a l depth.
by computina
w i t h the
surface proarade, s t a r t -
SURFACE PROFILES ILLUSTRATED ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE REACHES OF s AND sz ARE SUFFIC;ENTLY LONG
TO PRODUCE UNI FORM FLOI. THUS THE HORIZONTAL SCALE MUST BE VISUALIZED AS BEING GREATLY CONDENSED.
ES -38
snEa
OF
p r ~ ~6-18-50
Surfocr con
Surface p r o f i l e
downstream from
downstream from
Surface p r o f i l e
stream from the
i s s t r a i g h t , and u n i f o r m f l o w e x i s t s
t h e jump.
Surface p r o f i l e inmediately
t h e break i n grade i s concave upward.
i s s t r a i g h t , and u n i f o r m f l o w e x i s t s upbreak i n grade.
Surface p r o f i l e i s s t r a i g h t , and u n i f o r m f l o w e x i s t s
downstream from t h e break i n grade. Surface p r o f i l e
i m n e d i a t e l y upstream from t h e break i n grade i s convex
upward. Surface p r o f i l e i s s t r a i g h t , and u n i f o r m f l o w
e x i s t s immediately upstream from t h e jump.
The c r i t e r i o n t o determine whether t h e jump occurs downstream o r upstream from t h e break i n grade i s :
See 4.6.1
f o r nomenclature
The l o c a t i o n o f t h e jump i s a t t h e s e c t i o n j w i t h i n t h e
reach c o n t a i n i n g t h e concave upward s u r f a c e p r o f i l e
s a t i s f y i n g the r e l a t i o n
The l o c a t i o n o f t h e jump i s a t t h e s e c t i o n j w i t h i n t h e
reach c o n t a i n i n g t h e convex upward s u r f a c e p r o f i l e
satisfying the relation
NOTE:
SURFACE PRVFILES ILLUSTRATED ARE BASCO ON THE ASSUMPTION TiAT THE REACHES OF s l AND s, ARE SUFFICIENTLY
TO PRODUCE IJNFORM FL9W. THUS THE HORIZONTAL SCALE MUST BE VISUALIZED AS BEING GREATLY CONDENSED.
LONG
REFERENCE
U. S. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ES -38
SHEET
PATE
2 OF 5
6-18-50
General sol ti on f o r t h e discharge a t a given pool e l e v a t i d n : Each discharge over the c r e s t has i t s own pool elev a t i o n which may be determined. 1st - Determine whether flow conditions a r e shown by J o r K. 2nd
Find two t r i a l
discharges; one which has a pool elevation s l i g h t l ; higher and the o t h e r s l i g h t l y lower than the actual pool e l +
vation, H. 3rd - l n t e r p o l a t e f o r the correct discharge between the two t r i a l discharges.
1. Establ ish, c l o s e l y . whether the downstream slope s c o r >s,
by:
A. Solve f o r a t e s t disc ha ye'^^, assuming no l o s s o f head frm the channel entrance t o the c r e s t when the flow
over the c r e s t i s c r i t i c a l .
values of dc and a,
:
H;
are the c r i t i c a l q u a n t i t i e s
6;
6;
NOTE:
1
SURFACE PROFILES l LLUSTRATED ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT ME REACH OF s IS SUFFICIENTLY LONG TO PROCUCE
UNIFORM FLOW, THUS THE HORIZONTAL SCALE MUST BE VISUALIZED AS BEING GREATLY CONDENSED. ME INLET MAY BE A
NON-UN IFOW CHANNEL.
U. 9. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ES -38
SHEET
DATE
3 OF 5
6-18-50
CONTROL SECT1ONS
D e f i n i t i o n o f c o n t r o l section: A flow s e c t i o n a t which, f o r a discharge o r a range o f discharge, there i s a
f i x e d r e l a t i o n between stage u r depth o f flow and discharge. These c o n d i t i o n s a r e most comnonly met a t those sect i o n s where c r i t i c a l depth occurs. Control section, as used here, does not mean control o f discharge. Examples
(1) a weir; (2) .I cross-section o f a channel a t which the depth o f f l o w i s c r i t i c a l , thus establ i s h i n g t h a t .
are:
Qc = 5.67 bd?I2
and
Q, =
dC3"
g ( b t zd,)'
Zzd,
b
---7-7--Y
Con
r =
But i f s l - = s c > s 2 ,
or i f
I t i s important t o remember t h a t d, and s vary w i t h discharge; thereI n a given channel s l and sp a r e fixed.
i t may be found t h a t a break i n arade i s a control section f o r some discharoes but not a l l discharges i n the
REFERENCE
ES -38
SHEET
PATE
OF
6-18-50
Exampl e
Given:
I
I
To determine:
width, 20 f t . ;
2000, 1000,
would be required.
0.00498
= 14.56 n2
n = 0.018
Conclusions
sc
s,
s2 = 0.0055:
s , = 0.0025;
s l < s,<
0.00468
0.00467
s , =z s c < s 2 ,
break i s c o n t r o l section.
0.00499
s1<sc<s2,
break i s c o n t r o l section.
2 = 14.56 (0.018)
,.4/ 3
STEPS I N ANALYSIS
Is t .
Determine the control sections and the depths o f flow a t those s e c t i o n s f o r each discharge t o be investigated.
This s e t s out the reaches i n which the depth o f flow w i l l be g r e a t e r o r l e s s than c r i t i c a l and defines the
s t a r t i n g p o i n t s f o r surface p r o f i l e computations.
Revised
r
REFERENCE
4 - 19 - 51
U. S . DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE
ES -38
SHEET
ME
5
OF
5
6-18-50
EXAMPLE 1
Given:
Trapezoidal s e c t i o n
n = 0.02,
To determine:
0.006
Q i n c.f.s.
S o l u t i o n by formula
and v i n f t . / s e c .
(5.4-31)
331, K
= ( b y i n t e r p o l a t i o n ) 5.96
2.
3.
4.
Solution b y formula
a
-
ES-34 :
1.
2.
11.51
Given:
Triangular section
0.025,
n =
To determine:
s =
0.006
Q i n c.f.s.
and v i n f t . / s e c .
a/b
= -"O
-
2.
K =
3.67, t a b l e 112,
3.
d8/'
4.
sl/'
6. v
0.0
infinity
18.70,
0.006'/~
9
=
a
p.
335
table 111, p.
324
0 .O775, t a b l e 108, p.
711
infinity
2. r = c d = 0 . 4 8 5 x 3 . 0 = 1 . 4 5 5
3.
$/3
4. s1j2
=
=
1.284, from
0 . 0 0 6 ~ / =~ 0.0773
109,
p.
312
EXAMPLE 3
Given:
Rectangular section
To determine:
K'
Solution using formula (3-4-32) i n t h e form Q = n
K i n g ' s Handbook t a b l e s :
1.
baI3
= 2 0 ~ =/ 2950,
~
table 111, p.
s1/2 wfth
t a b l e 108, p. 311.
3.
2.
Trial
8.0
8.7
9.0
160.0
174.0
180.0
3
\
20
2d
36.0
37.4
38.o
4.45
4.65
4.74
r2/
2.71
2.79
2.82
434
486
508
Example 3
3.
Continued
P l o t d versus
z
=
8.95 f t .
Given: T r a p e z o i d a l section
To determine:
d in ft.
and v i n ft./sec.
2.
4.
b8/'
s1I2 w i t h King
o .OJ
In table 113, p. 336, column f o r side slopes 2:1, find K ' = 0.150
f o r d/b = 0.23 and K t = 0.139 f o r d/b = 0.22; by interpolation,
d/b =
5. a
6.
v =
4.06 f t . / s e c .
2.
a = 15d
15 + 4.47d;
2d2;
p =
Trial
1
2
3.0
3.5
3-3
15+4.47d
63.0
28 .42
77.0
30.65
71.3
29.76
3
j.
Plot
f o r a value higher
r = (15d
r
2d2)
(15 + 4.47~3)
$1'
2 .21
1.698
2.51
2 -39
1.847
1.788
d = 3.40 f t .
ar'I3
107.0
142.0
127.5
=
134.5,
EXAMPLE 5
Given:
Triangular s e c t i o n
To determine:
in
f t . and v in f t ./sec.
"
p.
=
335, col. z
38-53;
d =
4, K
38.5'j3/8
3.67
3.93 f t .
2.
Compute
a = zdZ =
3.
plot
read
the
d =
f o r d = 3 and d
7-92 ft.
hi enter w i t h
8.24dj r
a$I3
B4d2J = 0.485d
95.3 and
EXAMPLE
Given:
Parabolic s e c t i o n
Q = 400 c . f . s .
n = 0.025
s = 0.005
To determine:
K'
When T = 20,
K1 =
K'
400
O D o 2 5 = 0.0163
8690 x 0.0707
When T
2.
400 x 0.025
= 0.305
0.0707
When T = 10,
30,
464 x
When K' =
0.305,
d/T = 0.746
0.048, d/T
= 0.198
d = 10 x
and
d =
S o l u t i o n by formula
2.
0.746
20 x 0.198
and
7.46 ft.
3.96 f t .
d = 30 x 0.1002 = 3.01 f t .
(5.4-30):
3.
Plot
versus a ~ - * / ~enter
,
with
3.02 ft .
Given:
Trapezoidal section
n = 0,016
a = 0.005
To
determine:
d = 10.5 ft.
Col. 4:
Col. 3:
or
Maximum Q = 11,000 c . f . 8 .
Columns
8.5
6.4
4.4
2.4
1.4
6.66
5.62
4.48
3.30
1.99
1.24
10.5
Maximum
Q =
10,050
c.f.s.
EXAMPLE 8
Given:
Trapezoidal s e c t i o n
T o determine:
b i n f t . and v i n f t
2.
(5.4-31)
./set.
3.0 + 0.252
= 11.90
f i n d K = 7.08 f o r
Interpolating
~ t .
2.
Compute t h e following t a b l e :
Columns
3
r
+'I3
a9I3
4:
Col.
5 : Product of c o l s . 2 and 4.
3 . P l o t b vereus
b = 11.90 f t .
19,
Given:
Parabolic section
-- -- - - -
d=4.5 ff.
T i n f t . and v i n f t . / s e c .
To determine:
Solution by formula
2.
I n table
T = 4.5
(5.4-31)using
King's Handbook:
+ 0.2058
= 21.8 f t .
&n
(5.4-30)
by:
= 127.7
1.486 s l / ~
2.
Compute t h e required a r e a by a = ~ / v .
3 . Express a and
Given:
Trapezoidal s e c t i o n
Q = 500 c . f . s .
v =
4.0 f t . / s e c .
i
n = 0.03
s = 0.005
To determine:
b and
500 +
in f t .
4.0 =
125 f t .2
2.
a =
3.
Q/V
( a ) Evaluating x:
( b ) Computing d:
97.50 f t .
Given:
Rectangular section
3. Compute d and
b.
In rectangular sections
(d
Check:
60- 30
x = 2 = 2
EXAMPLE 12
Given:
Triangular s e c t i o n
To determine:
9.
d and z
This ste? i n t h e s o l u t i o n f o r t r i a n g u l a r s e c t i o n s i s t o be
accomplished by:
Carrying out t h e s o l u t i o n :
(a) a / P = 50
Check:
drawing ES-39,
z =
4.30
Given:
Parabolic section
T o determine:
d and T
( 3 )computing T from T =
(c)
Computing d from d
the
be
value of
a/?
p&
= XT
= 60 s
1.512
=JF=
J&
26.3.
=
JET
0.058.
39.4 ft.
Check:
r
3T2+8d2
4.58 x 1550
7110
(3X1550)+(8x5.24)
4691.9
1.5
O.K.
o = Cross-sectionureu - s ~f f .
:
r = Hydradic radrus - ff.
z =Side s/opercrtio=Horizonfa!
Verf ico!
U. 9. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTURE
ES
39
SHEET
DATE
7 -IT'S0
OF
REFERENCE
U. S . DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTIJRE
S O I L CONSERVATION SERVICE
ES-41
SHEET
DATE
Revised 12 -27-50
OF
7-21-50
4.7.4 Examples
+ 50 is
a control section.
From drawing
ES-24,
dc =
53 8 ft .
(57)) p . 383,
sc
< s,
therefore,
2.
Q
P
i n t h e form K T =
336.
b8/3 s
- 0.03018
( a ) For s = 0.001, K T = 1000 x 0.014 = 0.975
lo+ s1/2
0. 001112
d/b =
1:1 s i d e slopes,
0.698,
d =
6.98
(5.4-36).
- .
\
1=
+ d')
-(
+ dl)
1,
( e ) Col. 12 l i s t s
determined by d i v i d i n g t h e values i n parent h e s e s i n c o l . 7 by t h e values i n c o l . 11.
I
Sta.
2
3
Elevation
Bottom Water
Channel Surf ace
3
2g
"a3
H=d+e
50
(3
loo.05
10.417
loo.19
9 738
100.54
9.127
102.28
8-437
Q = 1000 c . f . s .
b = 10 ft.
n = 0.014
10
sf
11
So
12
Sf
l'
0.00247
0.00153
0.00119
34
0.00076
99
0.00028
368
0.549
2.1
ES-38.)
(a) Compute
d/%
2.
0.309;
113, p. 336,
by interpolating, find
therefore, dn = 20 x 0.309 =
6.18 f t .
Use formula
(5.4-36):
5 , and 6
a r e self-explanatory.
f i s evaluated by formula
(5.4-40)which
may b e w r i t t e n ,
Col. 11 i s self-explanatory.
Col. 1 2 i s computed by dividing t h e values i n parentheses i n col.
by t h e values i n col. 11.
3.
Sta.
4.
dl
V1
d;?
Bottom
Channel
Elev.
Sequent
Depth
Elev
4.7.5
Examples
wide.
~ / b
= 2000
;20 =
1UO
and z / b
= 0
00 using t h e
& , is
.
that b
( c ) I n each reach assume dl and compute vl = ~ / b d ~Note
changes from s e c t i o n t o section.
( d ) Evaluate v12/zg
( e ) Evaluate sf =
and
v22/2g.
n2
2.2082 r y s
Cob. 1, 2, 4,
explanatory.
Col. 3
from 1
ues of
d2 f o r
energy
Profile
= 2000 c f s
,v
n = 0.014
so = -0.10
v1 + v2
r,
"
( n v,)*
2.2082
2@;
ri/3
rl t r7
2
+ dl + so/
+ a, + Z s,/
A t s t a . 0 t 00 ( s o i s n e g a t i v e )
A t sta. 1
vz2
00
d2 t
3.3921
10 .PO24
z.sfk
6.77
(0.0179
0.0079 t 0.0084
0.0081)
at s t a . 0
00
Pool e l e v .
0.17
= 1119.40
I Sta. I b I
Depth
~ + O O 20
6.77
- - - -
Area l ~ e l o c i t ~
v = -Q
a
14.7710
135.40
00
I
v22 + d 2 - d
a3
- ~ e 2 -
'd'
y+
dl-sg 2g
= He=-
-a t
Q
= 2000 c f s
n = 0.014
so = -0.10
vm = v l + v2
2
r,
= 1'1
r2
A t sta. 0
00 (so i s negative)
A t s t a . 1 + 00
Eleval
Channel Surface
Profile
s f 1 Bottom
1109.20
sta. 0
00
0.17
2g
Pool e l e v .
= 1119.40
cfs
Discharges
Branch E-1 Branch E-2 Branch E
S e t s of
Conditions
Elev.Water
Surface 46 + 00
1800
600
24-00
1181.50
1200
400
1600
1180.75
600
200
800
1180.20
'
Theory:
The energy equation (5.4-35) between sections a t t h e cpper and Lower
ends of a reach
d2
sf/
2g
2g
then
dl
-&
hf
l o s s of head due t o f r i c t i o n .
= 112
(P2 + P ~ ) ,i n which
, NB
= PI
, and
Since hf t (P2 + P ~ =) ( Q ~ /)
i s ( Q ~ &+) 2.
t h e slope of AB i s
t
MN
hf
MA + NB
P, + P,
Solution:
values i n
2.
3.
No.
B Condition
C Condition
From
~~l
slope =
v e r t i c a l distance
horizontal distance
--
f
p2 + p1
@/
2
1
-
10-~
1 x
lo8
TABU
Part a ( n = 0.075)
Elev .
a
ft2
1178
1179
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
r2j3
1.486
ft
ft
ar8/3
n
1
- -
fi
3.4 8.6
49.4 55.6
103.8 60.0
6 . 4 62.6
0.396 0.540
0.888 0.924
1.762 1.46
1-91
2.64
E FTx lo6
1
Elev.
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
185
1186
23.7
1510.
4100.
8450.
14200.
22196.
34675.
51410.
71950.
42300.
764.
244.
118.2
70.5
45 1 5
28.85
19.48
13.9
7
.
-
ft2
ft
ft
1.8 1 3 . 1
36.4
go?.
3060.
6250.
.I37
.874
29.0 33.2
1.665
35.4
59.0
93.4 37.6 2.48
130.2 39.8 3.27
4.20
168. 40.
206.
40.
5.5
6.10
244.
40.
40.
282.
7.05
FT x lo1*
179 x lo7
584,000.
59,500
14,000.
4,970.
2,040.
832.
779
193
r2/3
1
-
ft2
ft
ft
23.7
1310.
4100.
8450.
14200.
21600.
30400.
40300.
71400.
0
0
I1
0.266
0.914
1.405
1.83
2.20
2.60
2.98
3.34
3.68
o
o
o
29.6 58 0.311
90.8 65 1.40
1 . 2 72 2 . 2 1
232.8 78 2.99
= area of
= wetted p e r i m e t e r
1=
fi
00
Part c (n =
P a r t b (n = G .OjO)
0
0
o
o
1180
38 +
0.050)
1s486 ar2/3
-n
?/
1
- -
0.64
1.5
1.70'
2.07
stream
hydraulic radius
xe
ar2/3 at each
elevation
560.
3370.
8050.
14300.
5.4-58
Cross S e c f h n
Sta. 38 + 00
Plan
'
WORK SHLU
5,4059
5.4-60
for
f x u m p l e 2 - .%bsecflbn 4. Z 5.
23
26
38
34
S h f i o n Number
3
c
Y