Charge particle Optics

and
Reaction Microscope
Vandana Sharma,
Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad

Atomic/molecular cross-sections have been studied along with

three fairly independent streams
Electron spectroscopy
Photon spectroscopy
Ion mass spectroscopy
The names are according to the analyzed species.
Ex: if we analyze electron then this is called electron
spectroscopy.

Ion Mass
Analyzer

ion

Photon detector

e-

photon
target

Projectile

Schematic of the various spectroscopy

Projectile = photon, charged particle, neutral particle

Early studies:
Study one fragment at a time
Study energy and angular distribution of fragments
(electron not ions)

Energy
analyzer

To get angular information of electron, we would have to keep detector rotating in small steps over
entire solid angle. And this is time consuming process.

e-

target

Projectile

Studies on electron
1. Energy analysis
2. Angular distribution
3. Energy differential in angle

Introductory remarks
Charge particle optics generally covers electrostatic and magnetic
lens systems for efficient transport of particles and analyzer systems
for the separation of charged particles by energy, mass and
momentum.
Analogy between Light Optics and Charged Particle Optics is useful
but limited.

Electrostatic lens systems: Optical Analogy

3D wavefronts
Plane wave:
The wave phase is constant along a planar
surface (the wavefront).
As time evolves, the wavefronts propagate
at the wave speed without changing; We
say that the wavefronts are invariant to
propagation in this case.

Spherical wave:
The wave phase is constant along a
spherical surface (the wavefront).
As time evolves, the wavefronts propagate
at the wave speed and expand outwards
while preserving the waves energy.

Rays

Rays are:
1) Normals to the wavefront
surfaces.
2) Trajectories of particles of
light.

Field lines <-> Ray

Equipotential surface <-> Wave front

Snells Law/ Refraction

The path of the ray of the light
refracts on crossing boundary
between two media having
refractive index n1 and n2 while the
trajectory of the charged particle
deviates on a boundary separating
regions having potentials V1 and V2.

The directions in two regions being

related by Snell's law is determined
by sina1/sina2 = n2/n1 in light optics.
In charged particle optics this
equation is formed by
sina1/sina2 = (V2/V1)1/2.

In light optics:

sin a1 / sin a 2 n2 / n1

In charged particle optics:

sin a1 / sin a 2 V2 / V1

Optical Analogy
(a)

Electrostatic Lenses
V1

In CPO, we can employ two

electrodes held at different
potentials for focusing, where the
gap between the cylinders works
as a lens. In light optics, refraction
is accomplished when light moves
from air into glass.

V2
Charged
particles

Optical Lenses

(b)

Light
rays

n1

n2

n1

Action of a Lens
Diverging Lens

Converging Lens

The
equipotential
lines in the plot
indicate the
intersection with
the plane of the
drawing of
surfaces on
which the
electrostatic
potential is a
constant.

Dispersion

Different types of lenses

Difficulty: Not being able to change the overall
acceleration ratio without changing the image position.

SOLUTION: Triple cylinder lens

We can now change V3/V1 but keep P and Q constant by

changing V2/V1 (Zoom Lens).

V3/V1>1: Accelerating lens

V3/V1<1: Decelerating lens
V3=V1: Einzel Lens (no energy change but still focusing)

Time of flight spectrometer

Ion detector

Drift region

Electric field

Question:
Arrange the ions according to their TOFs?
CO2+ , CH4+, O2+, O+, O22+, CO+, N2+, N22+, H2O+

Electron
gun

Faraday
cup
Electron detector

Reaction-Microscope

Universal Apparatus for the investigation of atomic

And molecular fermentation processes.

Helmholtz Coil
Grid

Detector

Drift Tube

Ion

Electron

E-Feld
Projectile
beam

Gas Jet

Detector

Momentum Spectroscopy
Principle
d
E

ions

Ions detected on to the

large area detector after
traveling through distance,
d.

time, t, between formation

and detection is measured.

Detector

Ions extracted by a
homogeneous electric field,
E.

z-axis

From t, d and E, the z-component of the ion momentum is calculated.

Time-of-flight ~ few sec
Resolution ~ 0.5 ns

Diameter of the detector: 80 mm

Resolution ~ 0.25 mm

How do we get the position and time information?

Large area MCP is used as the primary detector. Behind the channel
plate is the delay line anode which gives the position information.
The anode consists of two isolated bare copper wires, wound in a
tight helix on an square insulating plate, in mutually perpendicular
direction forming a co-ordinate grid behind the channel plate.

The electron cloud generated by the plates, when incident on the

anode, generates a current pulse in the wires.

start

ty2

tx2

tx1

tx1-tx2 x and ty1-ty2 y

ty1

The delay in arrival of pulses

at two ends is proportional to
the distance of the electron
cloud impact from the center of
the helix.
The arrival of these pulses is
timed wrt the channel plate
pulse.
Time difference between one
pulse pair gives x-coordinate
while the other pair gives the ycoordinate.
To get t- Pulse from the
channel plate stops the clock
which is started by ionizing
pulse.

Correspondence: (x,y,t) (Px,Py,Pz)

Px = m (x-x0) / t
Py = m (y-y0) / t
Pz = qEs (t-t0)

ENERGY

1
E (eV )
( Px2 Py2 Pz2 )
2m

Multi-hit coincidence
AB2+

A++B++2e-

time axis

break-up

AB

t=0

A+
tA

B+
tB

Several ions are formed in the fragmentation of a multiply-charged molecular ion.

Multi-ion coincidence is a powerful tool for the determination of fragmentation
dynamics of multiply-ionized molecules.
In multi hit mode we can record up to 4-ions in rapid succession
(separation>10ns), for a single start trigger
Ions arising from the same event will thus be recorded as successive hits in the
order of their m/q ratios

1st Example

Example from CO2 : Dissociation

channels

CO22+* O+ + CO+
Three-body break-up

CO22+* O+ + C + O+

CO22+* O+ + C+ + O

Tail in
state

CO+:O+

time-of-flight of second ion [us]

Two-body break-up

550
7
+
CO

distribution: metastable

ta
il

3
3
5

Lifetime = 8.30.5 s

4
5
6
time-of-flight of first ion [us]
O

counts

CO

CO2

2+

1
0

Estimation of excited state geometry of precursor molecular ion

A
Px, Py, Pz

Px, Py, Pz

PA PB
-1
a cos
| PA || PB

Px, Py, Pz

Importance
a) Geometry of the excited state is different from that of ground
state.
b) Geometry estimation of the electronically excited molecular ion is
possible by the momentum spectroscopy of fragment ions.

Example from CO2 : Bond angles of dication

CO22+* O+ + C + O+
Two lobes are seen in the
relative momentum distribution
of the ion pair.

[O-C-O]2+ angle = 86 8o
mean KER = 20.3 4.8 eV

[O-C-O]2+ angle = 157 8o

mean KER = 18.4 4.4 eV

2nd Example

The famous three step process:

recollision
Recollision model

In Time

In Space

1) High Harmonic
Generation (HHG):
Attosecond burst of
light

Ionization

2) High order above

threshold ionisation (HATI):
Interesting source for
laser characterisation

Recollision
Propagation
in the field

3) Non Sequential Double Ionization

(NSDI)

Interactions (t)

Electron electron momentum coincidence plot

Electron electron correlation

II

III

IV