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Behistan Secrets of
Ancient Aryan Language 34
ANIMALS
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EGYPT
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Contents
Features
6 Dating the Shroud
Volume 22 Issue #2
March/April 2015
of Turin
An image of a crucified
man with similarity to
accounts of Jesus of
Nazareth. But is it real?
Regular Features
5 Editors Comment
Reflections of a
Curious Traveller
56
12 From Jerusalem
With Danny Herman
47 The Archaeologist
22 Animals of Ancient
Egypt
65 Your Letters
65 The Agora
66 Archaeological
PuzzlePicture this
34 Behistan Secrets
of Ancient Aryan
Language
A fascinating tale of ancient
kings and their queens,
and their place in history.
22
42 Claudius, a Political
Emperor
Conquering hero or
brow-beaten emperor?
50
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EDITORS COMMENT
Volume 22 Issue #2
(March/April 2015)
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EDITOR
Gary Webster
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Reflections of a
Curious Traveller
eading the recent Diggings Tour to Egypt, Rome, Mexico and Peru has left
me more than a little curious about some things we saw. How can we account for similarities in religious practices among people living half a world
away from each other? Here are some samples.
1. Widespread sun worship: in ancient Egypt (the largest sun temple complex
in the world is the Karnak Temple at Luxor); in Rome (a Mithraic altar in the
excavations beneath the Church of St Clemente); at Teotihuacan just outside
Mexico City; by the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan; by the Maya at Chichen Itza; and at
Cusco by the Incas who worshiped Inti the sun god.
2. Feathered or winged serpents: in ancient Egypt and among the Aztecs and
Maya
3. Human sacrifice: in the Roman Empire in the cult of Diana; by the Mayans,
Incas and especially the Aztecs.
4. Pyramids: in Egypt; and in the Mayan, Aztec, Inca and other
Mesoamerican civilisations.
How can we account for such similarities in religious practices among people
living so far from each other, in some cases, separateds by vast periods of time?
To have just come up with similar beliefs, practices and objects of worship
totally independent of each other would seem to be a stretch. Perhaps the
biblical claim that the human race spread across the world from the region of
Mesopotamia (Genesis 11:19) has merit. Maybe the concept of winged snakes
(see Genesis 3:4; Isaiah 14:29; 30:6) in ancient times should be taken seriously.
And could it be that human sacrifice likewise arose as a counterfeit to the
promise that God would sacrifice His only Son to remove human sin and guilt
(Isaiah 53:612)?
Anyway, enough of my curious musings. You have in your hand very interesting material in this issue of DIGGINGS. For example, Matthew Williams will
reveal why the controversy surrounding the Shroud of Turin just wont go away,
Alison Buckley brings some fascinating insights on the Behistun Inscription,
Erich Anderson takes us to Mesopotamia to reveal why ancient gods were
abducted (or appropriated) and Titus Kennedy brings to light fascinating
evidence in support of the biblical proposition that Hebrews were in Egypt prior
to the time of the Exodus.
Now, I hope that you enjoy your read!
Gary Webster
Editor
Dating
the
Shroud
In this analysis of archaeological, historical and scientific
methods, Matthew Williams reviews the processesand
outcomesof science applied to archaeology.
Church and viewed by many to be the actual burial cloth that covered
Jesus after His death, and found lying in the garden tomb (Luke 24:12;
John 20:5). It was not until 1988, when a team of scientists were able to
radiocarbon-date the Shroud, that it was determined to be a product
of the mediaeval period, dating between a.d. 12601390 (1000 years
after the death of Christ), hence bringing into question its authenticity.
Since the initial scientific dating, however, many challenges have
arisen against the radiocarbon procedure, both for sampling accuracy
and dating calibration. One of those challenges proposes that organic
contamination of linen fibres can produce an altered date, although
while organic contamination has been observed on Egyptian mummified ibis, it has yet to be observed on the Shroud of Turin.
6
The Shroud of
Turin A full length
negative of a
centuries old linen
cloth that bears the
image of a crucified
mana man that
many believe to be
Jesus of Nazareth.
But what does
science say?
The Arca Santa (Holy Ark or chest) is an oak reliquary that contains the relics of several saints, the most notable being the Sudarium of
Oviedo, a piece of cloth measuring approximately 84 x 53 cm that tradition claims was used to cover and clean the face of Jesus after His
crucifixion. Unlike the Shroud of Turin which has an image of a crucified man, there is no image on the Sudarium, only stains of blood and
lymph. The Sudarium is preserved in a purpose-built chapel in the Cathedral in Oviedo, Spain.
10
Discussion
The practice of archaeological science utilises multiple
lines of evidence to answer complex questions of the
past. Regarding the question of the date of the Shroud of
Turin, archaeological evidence in the form of artefacts,
historical written documents and scientific analysis such
as radiocarbon and isotope analysis have all been utilised
to try and piece together an answer.
Using strictly the historical and archaeological evidence,
a reasonable case could be made for a late first century
origin for the Shroud, but with the inclusion of the original
radiocarbon dating ages, this seemed no longer the case.
However, with further investigation of the questionable
nature of the sample used for the radiocarbon dating, it
appears that once again, the pendulum has swung back
to the zone of uncertainty.
When the body of evidence is brought together, it creates
a number of indisputable facts: (1) Based on the initial
radiocarbon dates, chemical analysis of the Shroud and
historical documentation, the Shroud was in existence
during the Middle Ages and underwent fire damage but
was later repaired through the sewing of new cotton mixed
with the original fibres. What is of less certainty is that: (2)
as a result of the repairs, if the sample taken for the initial
radiocarbon analysis was part of the original Shroud; and
that organic contamination of bacteria and fungi could
affect the radiocarbon results. The lowest category of
certainty is left for arguments that are contingent upon
the results of the more reliable facts.
The argument that the Shroud of Turin is the very
Shroud mentioned in the Hungarian Pray Manuscript
is only possible if the initial radiocarbon dates are not
representative of the main body of the Shroud. Thus, the
Hungarian Pray Manuscript, Image of Edessa and Sudarium
of Oviedo arguments are all classified amongst the lowest
category of certainty.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, further analysis needs to be done to
bring any more clarity upon the question of the origin
of the Shroud, which entails receiving the permission of
the Vatican. Due to the difficulties faced getting the first
and second samples of the Shroud, it seems unlikely that
a third investigation will be permitted anytime soon. So
what can be concluded from the available evidence is that
the 1989 radiocarbon age range of a.d. 12601390 is no
longer the terminus post quem for the origin of the Shroud
of Turin. It is our most secure reference point, but due to
the questionable nature of the sample, its radiocarbon
date does not exclusively prohibit an earlier origin.
Although a definitive origin date could not be established,
the archaeological, historical and scientific dating methods,
instead of being in conflict, were complementary towards
one another. The significance of the conclusion is that,
as with many scientific investigations, the mysteries
regarding the origin of the Shroud of Turin remain open
to further discovery. u
Dating the Shroud
11
12
Danny Herman
Israeli archaeologist
and tour guide
with a passion for
sharing the history
of his country with
visitors.
Engraved graffiti left by Australian soldiers: The initials RAE at the bottom right
stand for Royal Australian Engineers. Above them the name Walsh can be read, and
above that his military number (NX9168). To the right is Marshalls name and number.
Australian
WWII graffiti
13
Kh. El-Jiljil
14
carried to Jerusalem.
n a previous report, I wrote on Beit
In 2003, near this same circular
Jimal, a monastic complex in the
structure, a stone lintel with a tabula
Shephela, about 20 km (12 miles)
ansata was discovered. Traces of
south west of Jerusalem, believed
Greek text on the stone were read
to be the place where the burials of
by epigraphist Emile Peuch, as:
Rabbi Gamliel and Saint Stephanus,
DIAKONIKON STEPHANOU PROTOMARthe first Christian martyr, were reTYROS. Diakonikon means a place
covered. I mentioned briefly another
for conserving relics. If the reading is
site next to Beit Jimal that might be
related to the local Christian tradition, correct, then this is strong evidence
in support of Struss theory.
which I will expand on.
Yet in 2007, Dr Shimon Gibson,
The site is Kh. Jiljil, about 300
who co-directed the dig at the site
metres south of Beit Jimal. Kh. Jiljil
with Strus, and epigraphist Dr Leah
was discovered and eventually excavated in 1999 by Polish archaeologist Di-Segni, published an article criticising the conclusions of both Puech and
and Selesian father, Andrzej Strus.
Strus.
There he unearthed remains of a
Gibson and Di-Segni argue that only
circular structure, which undoubtedly
functioned as a winepress in the Byz- six letters of the original inscription
are legible, and so reconstructing the
antine Period. But Strus suggested
that its original use was a funeral
original text is impossible. Furthermore, the site itself was re-examined
monumenta mausoleumbuilt in
honour of an important person or
by Gibson and his conclusion was
that the circular site was never more
even the Christian saint Saint Stethan a well-built wine press! He also
phen, when his bodily remains were
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The
Papyrus
Brooklyn
16
Hebrews
in Egypt and an
Egyptian policy of slavery towards Asiatics or Semites,
the larger ethnic groups to which the
Hebrews belonged, if the Exodus account is historical.
According to the narrative in the Bible, near the end of
the patriarchal period calculated at approximately 1680
b.c., Jacob (who is eventually renamed Israel by God) and
his family had settled into the northeastern Nile Delta
region known as Goshen, with their livestock and various
possessions (Genesis 46:6, 47:1). Earlier, Abraham had
resided temporarily in Egypt but he moved back to Canaan
for the remainder of his life (Genesis 12:1013:1). Around
the time of these patriarchs, during the periods called the
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period in Egypt,
and the Middle Bronze Age in Canaan, many people from
western Asia or Canaan immigrated into Egypt. A famous
PAPYRUS BROOKLYN. When complete, the papyrus to which this fragment belonged measured 2 metres (7 ft) long. Its importance lies in
the papyruss record of an Egyptian noblewomans desire to establish legal ownership of 95 household servants, whose names indicate
that 45 were of Hebrew origin. This prior to the Exodus by approximately 120 years, confirming Israelites were in Egypt.
17
Khnumhotep II tomb at Beni Hasan, Egypt. The scenes decorating the walls of Khnumhoteps decorated rock-cut tomb are more
colourful and lively than others around Beni Hasan and make this perhaps the most interesting and distinctive of the Beni Hasan tombs.
On the north wall is a famous scene depicting a caravan of Semites from Canaan in their striped robes, bringing gazelle and other items to
trade. These are sometimes considered Hyksos or at least their forerunners. Could this be depicting the Hebrew migration?
LAND OF
GOSHEN
tanis
rameses
bubastis
Pithom?
Pyramids of Giza
On (Heliopolis)
memphis
EGYPT
Minya
Beni Hasan
18
Relief of King Sobekhotep III offering vessels to the goddesses Satis and Anukis. This relief is a basic element of Egyptian temple
decoration and devoid of indications of time or setting and is only intended to convey the kings religious beliefs. Sobekhotep is named on
the Papyrus Brooklyn but due to the fragmentary history surrounding the Second Intermediate Period it is difficult to establish the precise
date of his kingdom and thus the papyrus that speaks of him.
19
TOMB OF REKMIRE in Thebes. Rekmire was the highest ranking official under pharaoh Tuthmosis III. In this fifteenth century B.C. tomb
the walls depict Semitic slaves making mud bricks. A combination of clay and sand were the basic ingredients, while the straw which the
Israelites sought in the fields held the clay together.
20
AUS
Mud bricks made from mud and straw from the Temple of
Rameses III at Medinet Habu. Such bricks, as mentioned in
Exodus 5, are found in many ancient Egyptian sites
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Animals
of Ancient
Egypt
For the ancient Egyptians, animals have always been a significant part of
their lives, either as adored pets, a food supply or worshipped in temples
as gods. Suzette Hartwell unwraps the history of animals in Egypt.
Mummified Birds. Archaeologist Salima Ikram flicks away caked mud to free a mummified ibis from the earthenware jar it was buried in
2700 years ago at Abydos, when millions of stilt-legged ibises lived along the Nile. Symbol of the god Thoth, the birds were mummified in
greater numbers than any other animal discovered at sites in Egpyt.
22
23
MUMMIFIED Cats, estimated to be from the first century A.D currently on display at the British Museum. Animals associated with deities
were regularly mummified in ancient Egypt. The main concentration of cat burials was at sites with an association with a feline deity, the
goddess Bastet, whose cult centre was at Bubastis in the Delta, although there were other feline deities elsewhere in Egypt. Unfortunately,
many cat cemeteries were plundered before archaeologists could work in them. A shipment of as many as 180,000 mummified cats was
brought to Britain at the end of the nineteenth century to be processed into fertiliser.
temple walls, ploughing the land for their owner in the and was found within the spoil heap of a mastaba near
afterlife and their meat was valued as temple offerings. the Great Pyramid of Khufu, Giza. It is not known which
Indeed, on many tomb walls, the food offerings for the pharaoh the dog served, but he was held in such esteem it
afterlife depict a haunch of beef, geese and ducks, and is likely that Abuwtiyuw was mummified, as the ancient
actual mummified haunches of beef have been preserved text (translated by Reisner, 1936) relates:
from ancient Egypt. Their function was to serve as an
The dog, which was the guard of His Majesty, Abueternal food source for the deceased.
wtiyuw is his name. His Majesty ordered that he be
For their playful antics and ability to be domesticated,
buried [ceremonially], that he be given a coffin from
many animals such as cats, dogs, monkeys, baboons, birds
the royal treasury, fine linen in great quantity, [and]
and geese became domestic pets. The ancient Egyptians
incense. His Majesty [also] gave perfumed ointment,
adored cats, so much so that when a pet cat died the owner
and [ordered] that a tomb be built for him by the
would shave off their eyebrows as a sign of mourning! And
gangs of masons. His Majesty did this for him in
similarly for dogs, with their natural guarding ability, as
order that he [the dog] might be Honoured [before
Herodotus noted:
the great god, Anubis].
The occupants of a house where a cat has died a
The inscribed text typifies Abuwtiyuws breed to be
natural death shave their eyebrows and no more;
comparable to a greyhound or sight hound, with its curly
where a dog has died, the head and the whole body
tail and erect ears. Ancient Egyptians identified the breed
are shaven. (Histories II, 66)
as Tesem and a drawing of this dog appears very early in
The tale of a dog known as Abuwtiyuw is quite extraordi- the Egyptian archaeological record, back in the Predynastic
nary. Although no picture or body remains, this particular period of Egypt in Naqada.
dog is identified from an inscribed stone tablet discovered
The Egyptian museum in Cairo houses an incredibly
in 1936. Abuwtiyuw was so special that he had gifts be- well preserved, mummified saluki dog, with the hairs
stowed upon him from the pharaoh! The tablet dates to of the pelt of the magnificent animal still visible! Many
the Sixth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom (c. 23452181 b.c.) other mummified animals are on display, including cats,
24
Tomb painting in the Valley of the Kings. On the right is Anubis, a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife
in ancient Egypt. On the left is Horus god of vengeance, sky, protection and war. Horus is one of the oldest and most significant deities in
ancient Egyptian religion and is most often depicted as a falcon, or as a man with a falcon head as seen above.
25
26
27
THE
CORVUS
of the Roman Marines
It was a solution that allowed the Roman legionaries
to become the most successful marines of the age,
as Erich B Anderson explains
Pictured
Roman bireme fitted with a corvus for grappling enemy vessels, attributed to Duilius.
28
Ships prow
Roma
A Roman coin featuring the prow of a galley, possibly a quinquereme with a Corvus,
illustrating the importance of naval power during that period of Romes history.
29
IL
R
LY
II
Ad
CORSICA
Aleria
ROME
IT
AL
Y
BALEARIC
ISLANDS
tic
Se
Capua
Nora
Panormos
Segesta
Mylae
Lilybaeum
Utica
Agrigento
NU CARTHAGE
MI
DIA
Battle of Hermaeum,
255 B.C.
Thapsus
Rome
US
Paestum
IR
Mediterranean Sea
Carales
EP
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Tharros
SARDINIA
Carthage
ria
Croton
Messana
Tyndaris
i
on
an
Se
SICILY
Syracuse
Battle of Ecnomus, 256 B.C.
MALTA
Battle of Agrigentum, 261 B.C.
Mediterranean Sea
30
Remains from Carthage Military shipyards. According to Roman historians, the shipyards of the military harbour could house more
than 200 ships and was protected by high walls. The fleet was the main defence of Carthage and the citys most trusted protector.
31
32
2015
The tour was fabulous. I had such a wonderful experience. I have
learned so much history. Great accommodations, professional and
knowledgeable tour leader, and I will definitely join in next years tour.
Banje Blanch, Casino, NSW
TOUR 1
Adding the Archaeological Dig to Tour 1 above will give you a taste of the excitement of
discovering objects thousands of years old in our dig at the famous ancient Biblical city of
Lachish in Israel. During this Dig also visit archaeological sites generally unseen by tour
groups.
TOUR 2
Come on an unforgettable journey to lost civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas in Mexico &
Peru. Visit amazing sites connected with sun worship and human sacrifice.
Optional extra: See beautiful Lake Titicaca and the Iguazu Falls in Argentina.
BEHISTAN
SECRETS
34
35
The Behistun Inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyph. Authored by Darius the Great sometime
between 522 and 486 B.C., it describes his conquests in three different languagesOld Persian, Elamite and Babylonian.
HE BEHISTAN (ALSO KNOWN AS BEHISHTUN, place in history are described. The placement of the writing
Behistan or Bisotun) Inscription carved into around the pictorial material has created a spectacular
a rock face in western Iran is one of the most objet dart of great beauty within the minimalistic confines
remarkable monuments of the ancient Middle of the ancient Median and Persian traditions. Further,
East. Fifteen-metres- (50 ft) high by 25-metres- (82 Darius claim that parchment copies of his account were
ft) wide, it is situated 100 metres (330 ft) up a limestone made was verified by the discovery of some in Aramaic
cliff near an ancient road that once connected two major on the island of Elephantine in the Nile River near the
cities of the sixth and seventh centuries b.c.: Babylon (the city of Aswan in Egypt.
capital of Neo-Babylonia) and Ecbatana (the capital of its
The eastern approach to Behishtan features twin, rugged
ally, Media). The monument stands on a branch of the peaks towering above the flat landscape. At the base of the
great Aryan trade route, the Silk Road, later renamed the mountain, the visitor looks up to a pronounced scar on
Royal Road of Darius the Great. Opposite, a caravanserai the steep slope, emblematic of the inroads Darius made
still provides rest for travellers.
on history in his era. Part way up the mountain, a statue of
In his third volume of The Seven Great Monarchies, the Greek god Heracles, whose presence was noted by the
historian George Rawlinson reported that, the unusual Greek physician Ctesias of Cnidus as an Assyrian sacred
combination of a copious fountain, a rich plain and a rock site, sits in sublime contemplation. Depicted satiating his
suitable for sculptures, must have attracted the attention thirst from a large cup, Heracles statue is considered the
of the great monarchs who marched armies through the youngest Seleucid artistic piece in Iran. It commemorates
Zagros range, as a place where they might conveniently set the victories of the Seleucid Greek, Nicator Demetrius II,
up memorials of their exploits. His analysis is supported over Mithridates I of Parthia. Some writers have argued
by the 16 other monuments also occupying the 116-hectare that the figure displays a synthesis between an ancient
World Heritage site near todays city of Kermanshah.
Iranian legend and the Greek religion that supplanted it.
Three texts telling the same story in three different
Other reliefs include the larger than life Parthian reliefs
languages comprise this largest cuneiform document in of King Volgash hewn sometime between 50 and 200
the worldBabylonian (or old Akkadian); Elamite, the b.c., located near an altar on the Balash stone at the base
language of the administration of the Achaemenid Empire; of the mountain, which hints at the carvings religious
and Aryan, now called Old Persian by western scholars importance. Mystery surrounds a Sassanid inscription
to avoid the original Aryan nomenclature. Its discovery mentioning the Romeo and Juliet-style love affair of King
by Europeans in 1598 led to the translation of the ancient Khosrow and his wife Shirin. A relief of Mithridates I was
script on the monument, which has sometimes been partially obliterated by an arched niche ordered by the
referred to as the Rosetta Stone of cuneiform writing. Savafid Sheikh Ali Khan Zangenahat, a governor of the
Sculptures in the limestone cliff depict the supremacy of province of Kermanshah, in the seventeenth century
Darius the Great of Persia, whose ancestry, exploits and a.d. Another relief shows Gotarzes, the other Parthian
36
statue of the Greek god Heracles part way up the mountain at Behistun, which according to the inscription, was carved in 148 B.C. to
commemorate the victories of the Seleucid Greek, Nicator Demetrius II, over Mithridates I of Parthia.
holds political sway over all other figures. The five-bythree-metre bas-relief shows his foot on his opposition,
Gaumata, and reflects his subjection of the other nine
figures, whose hands are tied and necks roped. Two
servants, Intaphrenes, his bow carrier, and Gobyrus, his
lance bearer, attend Darius, and a symbolic faravahar,
a winged angel-like figure over his head, indicates the
spiritually based hierarchical nature of the Mede and
Persian governments. Two pieces of the composition, one
of the figures and Darius beard, are thought to be later
additions, as earlier copies of the original can be found
further along the road.
Early translations emphasize Darius self-righteous claim
that several imposters posing as legitimate candidates
for the throne threatened his kingship and were duly
eliminated. But the sculpture tells the real storyDarius
eliminated all the rightful heirs to the Median Empire,
one by one, as follows in the translation from the ancient
Aryan language:
1. Gaumta, the figure under his foot, was the last Shahanshah (king of kings) of the Median Empire; he was
Bardiya (Smerdis) son of Cyrus the Great, but it seems
likely that Darius the Great and his co-conspirators
called him Gaumata to hide their crime;
2. First standing in line is ina king of vja (Elam);
3. Second is Naditabaira king of Bbirush (Babylon);
4. Third is Martiya king of Prsa (Persia);
5. Fourth is Fravartish king of Mda (Media), grandson
of King of Kings Cyaxares the Great;
6. Fifth is Ciataxma king of Parthava (Parthian), grandson of king of kings Cyaxares the Great;
Behishtan Secrets: Deciphering the Ancient Aryan Language
37
Mithridates II relief
38
PHOTO: DYNAMOSQUITO
Gotarzes Relief,
vandalised in 1673
Above: At the base of the Behistun Inscription site is a composite rock relief consisting of a relief of Parthian king Mithridates II (12488
B.C.), a relief of another Parthian king Gotarzes II (A.D 3851), and a destructive panel authored by Safavid Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh in the
seventeenth century a.d. Fortunately, we have a drawing (above, right), which French traveller Guillaume-Joseph Grelot sketched in 1673,
before this act of vandalism, so we know what the relief originally looked like. The sketch depicts the Mithridates II relief as being of an
individual, thought to be King Mithridates II, standing on the right with four individuals standing before him.
39
RUINS OF ANCIENT ECBATANA (also called Achmetha). In December 522 B.C., the Median rebel Phraortes occupied Ecbatana and
made it his capital; he was defeated, however, by the Persian king Darius the Great in May 521 B.C. Darius celebrated this victory and
other events in the famous Behistun inscription. According to the Bible (Ezra 6:25), a copy of the decree of Cyrus the Great to rebuild the
Hebrew temple was discovered by Darius the Great in this city.
On the Behishtan Inscription, Darius declared his allegiance and indebtedness to the singular, uncreated god
of light and wisdom, Ahura Mazda, and celebrated his
rule over an empire stretching from Armenia in the north,
south to Egypt; west to Cappadocia (in todays Turkey)
and east to the border with India. Darius elimination of
all his competitors, including the rightful heir, Bardiya,
son of Cyrus the Great and brother of Cambyses II, was
intended to attack three royal lines: the Lydian, the Persian
and the Median. However, Bardiyas grandmother, Aryenis
(princess of Lydia, daughter of King Alyattes), was the
second wife of Ahasuerus the Mede and their daughter,
Princess Mandane of Mede, became Queen Mandane of
Persia after her marriage to Cambyses I of Persia. This
resulted in only the Median line being destroyed, as per
the list above.
Heightened by Darius claim that Cambyses II (Bardiyas
brother) later died naturally of his own hand, the intrigue
then shifted to the mysterious figure of Gautama, who
Darius accused of being an interloper and magiian, or
member of the priestly component of the six Median
tribes. His subsequent massacre of the magi advisors
to the Median and Persian shahs heralded the moral,
spiritual and eventual political demise of both kingdoms.
Fortunately, their surviving descendants knowledge of
astronomy enabled them to follow a guiding star to Judea,
where they welcomed the expected Saoshyant or Deliverer
in around 5 b.c.
After crossing of the Tigris River on rafts of inflated animal
skins on his way to Babylon to investigate a secessionist
movement there, Darius explanation of how he quelled a
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EMPERORS OF ROME
CLAUDIUS
A Political Emperor
Disfigured, awkward and clumsy is how history paints Emperor
Claudius, but is that really who he was? Daryn Graham looks
into this supposed unwilling leader.
Bust of Roman emperor Claudius. This head was reworked from a bust of emperor Caligula in A.D. 50 to represent his successor and
uncle, Claudius. He is depicted wearing the corona civica, an oak wreath sacred to the god Jupiter to emphasise the emperors power. The
bust was discovered in 1779 in the so-called Otricoli basilica in Latina, Italy, and now stands in the Round Hall in the Vatican Museum.
42
PHOTO: ABXYZDREAMSTIME.COM
43
Atlantic
Ocean
BRITAIN
London
RH
BELGICA
INE
LA
ND
Paris
Frankfurt
GERMANIA
GAUL
Vindobona
Augsburg
IL
AQUITANIA
Venice
Lugdunum
IA
SARMATIA
Y
AL
IT
Orange
LY
R
SPAIN
Odessus
SARDINIA
Olisipo
Caralis
Valencia
Gadir
Abyla
Icosium
NUMIDIA
The BibleAmisos
records Paul took
Byzantium donations,
from Ephesus back
A
I
Philippi
to
ATJudea, to assistIAin a famine
MACEDONIA
L
C of droughts.
N
Thessalonica
Pergamum GA caused by a series
DO
IA
Troas
PA
TH IRE
P
R
A
Smyrna
C
SICILY
ASIA
PA MP
Athens
Tarsus
E
Agrigentum
Antioch
Corinth
Ephesus
SYRIA
Syracuse
Sparta
Carthage
Rhodes CYPRUS
ROME
Latina
Pompeii
Me
Regio Syrtica
AFR
Phoenix
dite
CRETE
Paphos
r r a n e a n SCYRENE
ea
Cyrene
PALESTINE
Alexandria
ICA
Tyre
Damascus
JUDEA
EGYPT
Jerusalem
Petra ARABIA
Memphis
00
1000
44
Dyrrhachium
MALTA
Sites of battles
CLAUDIUS EMPIRE
Black Sea
PHOTO: KONSTANTIN32DREAMSTIME.COM
Colchester Castle, England. This eleventh century castle was built out of, and on, the remains of the earlier Roman temple of Claudius.
The original temple was built between A.D. 5460 to honour Claudius conquest of Britannia. Its foundations, with their massive vaults, have
since been uncovered and can be viewed today on a castle tour.
PHOTO: NUMISTA
A LETTER FROM CLAUDIUS. This Greek inscription is a copy of a decree of Emperor Claudius commanding L. Lunius Gallio, the governor, to
assist in settling people in Delphi in an effort to revitalize the city. The inscription dates between April and July A.D. 52, and helps to date
Claudius expulsion of Jews from Rome, as mentioned in Acts 18:118.
46
Yigael Yadin
PHOTO: ZEV RADOVAN/BIBLELANDPICTURESALAMY
47
King Solomons Gate at Tel Gezer. In 1957, Yigael Yadin identified this wall and gateway, identical in construction to remains excavated
at Megiddo and Hazor, as Solomonic, making it as the first archaeological proof of a biblical historical reference since the building of this
wall was mentioned in 1 Kings 9:1517. This discovery Yadin would nominate as his greatest achievement as an archaeologist.
48
49
IRAN,
JORDAN,
GREECE
AND
TURKEY
50
LED THE GROUP VISITING THE MIDDLE EAST, THROUGH IRAN, JORDAN,
Greece and Turkey, in August and September 2014. Our biggest surprise
was Iran, which I had twice before visitedbut that was before the days
of Ayatollah Khomeini, who closed its borders to Westerners. In those
days, it was a long journey to get to the Behistun Rock carvings, the tombs
of Esther and Mordecai at Ecbatana and the palaces of Shushan where the
prophet Daniel is buried. Things have changed considerably, including the
roads, which are very good, allowing us to more quickly see these special
places and much, much more.
IRAN
A big surprise to the group was the friendliness of the Iranian
people. For instance, we would be walking through a covered bazaar
or downtown Tehran or Shiraz, when people would stop and talk to
TEHRAN
us in very good English. They wanted to be photographed with us, on
Hamadan
their iPad or smart phone. They had the latest versions of the technolBehistun
ogy available in the West. Iran is supposed to be under sanctions, but
Shush
a visitor would never know it.
The women in our group were forewarned of the necessity to wear a
Pasargadae
Bishapur
Persepolis
headscarf to cover most of their hair. Although it was somewhat a relief
Shiraz
to them to be able take them off when we entered Jordanian territory, the
experience was novel. Iranian women have become used to them over the past
40 years or so; in my earlier visits, headscarves were seen only occasionally.
0
400 mi
Our first major destination was the Golestan Palace in Tehran, a World
Heritage site and former home of the royal family of Iran. On my previous
0
500 km
visits, one could only photograph the buildings outside; you could not see
inside the palace at all. But since the Shahs rule has long since ceased, access
is permitted, although photographs are not. It is a magnificent palace, and
together with the crown jewels, a visit to the country is a reminder of some
of the opulence of the rulers of ancient Persia.
When our children were young, they often had me read the story of Esther
and Mordecai from the book of Esther found in the Bible. So during this tour
of Iran by bus, the visit to their tombs was quite a spiritual experience. A
Jewish caretaker opened up the courtyard and tomb area for us and we could
photograph as much as we wished. The city of Hamadan, or Ecbatana, was once
a stronghold of Jews and there are still quite a number who live in the area.
Iran is known for its hills and mountains, many of which are covered in snow
during the winter. Our journey through Iran took us on roads that traversed
some of them and our bus laboured at times to ascend some of the higher
altitudes. On one range of mountains are the famous Behistun (Bisotun)
rock carvings by Darius the Great. He had his achievements inscribed in the
rock face in three languages (Babylonian or old Akkadian, Elamite and Old
Persian) enabling the British archaeologist, Henry Rawlinson, to decipher
the writings, opening up other ancient records. These are a massive 15m (50
ft) high by 25m (82 ft) wide, being the largest of its kind in the world. As they
are located some 100 metres (300 ft) up a cliff face, it took a real effort for the
archaeologist to take the imprints that he needed. Even today, its no mean feat
to reach the carvings. The area below the inscriptions is well preserved and
today it is a popular tourist destination for local Iranians as well as visitors.
The archaeological diggings and restorations at Shushan (Shush or Susa)
were vast and this amazing area has so much to offer those interested in
archaeology and biblical history. It was here, and near here, that the story
of Esther unfolded (see Esther 1:2, 5; 2:3, 8) and the prophet Daniel appeared
in the palace of the Persian kings and received his visions of the future (see
Daniel 8:2; Daniel 10:4). It is without doubt that it was at this palace that Daniel
served as prime minister for the Persians, having also served in a similar
position in Babylon, particularly under King Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 6:13).
IRAN
In 2014, Diggings
conducted two tours.
In the previous issue,
DIGGINGS editor Gary
Webster reported on the
Lost Civilizations Tour he
led to Egypt, Italy, Mexico
and Peru. Now David
Currie, a tour leader with
a lifetime of experience
in the Middle East and
North Africa, reports on
the second tour, which
visited Iran, Jordan,
Greece and Turkey.
51
Left to right: This brick dome in Hamadan, Iran, is believed to hold the tomb of the Jewish queen Esther and her uncle Mardecai; the tour
group found the visit to this tomb quite a spiritual experience. In the heart of modern Susa (above) is the tomb of the prophet Daniel; Jews,
Christians and Muslims alike revere him, and when we visited, it was in the care of Muslims. The Forum or oval plaza of Jerash, Jordan, one
of the best preserved Roman cities in the Near East; Greek inscriptions have Alexander the Great founding the city in 331 b.c.
JORDAN
Jerash
AMMON
Madaba
Petra
Maan
0
0
52
100 mi
100 km
JORDAN
Aqaba
53
ABOVE: The theatre at Delphi, built in the fourth century b.c. can
accommodate around 5000 spectators, where in ancient times they
enjoyed plays, poetry readings and musical events.
Left: The Holy Monastery of Varlaam, the second largest
monastery in the Metora complex, built in 1541 by hermit monks,
seeking a retreat from the expanding Turkish occupation of Greece.
More than 20 monasteries were built, with only six remaining today.
Vergina
Thessalonica
Meteora
GREECE
GREECE
54
Delphi
The original
Diggings tour
ATHENS
Corinth
itinerary was to
Olympia
take us to Israel, but
due to conflict along
the Gaza border at the
time of final planning, it was
decided to change to Greece. Ill
concentrate on the less well-known
0
places visited outside of Athens,
0
Corinth and Thessalonica.
Delphi is well up in the foothills
of Mount Parnassus at an elevation of some 600 m (2000
ft) about 180 km (110 miles) northwest of Athens. It is
probably one of the most famous of historical cult sites
in the world, with its Sanctuary of Apollo and the oracle
Sibyl, sometimes called Pythia. Rulers and army generals
consulted the oracle, originally a young virgin but later
a more senior woman with an impeccable background.
The oracle was alleged to have a gift of prophecy, able to
tell leaders how to conduct their wars. Interestingly, they
were very often successful!
Istanbul
Gallipoli
TURKEY
ANKARA
Pergamum
TURKEY
Smyrna
Ephesus
Laodicea
Bogazkoy
Hattusa
Cappadocia
Carchemish
This country is rich in
Antioch
0
300 mi
history, archaeological sites
0
500 km
and fascinating natural beauty. After a side trip
to Gallipoli, we went to Bergama with its ancient city of Pergamos towering
on the hill above. There is a cable car conveying visitors to the old city and its
archaeological diggings on top. We could only wonder at the funds spent by
the Turks in making their archaeological sites attractive to tourists. This was
evident at many of the sites visited, including ancient Smyrna and Laodicea,
all three cities being mentioned in the biblical book of Revelation as part of
a sisterhood of seven Christian churches of the wider area established in first
century a.d. Our travels included a stop at Antioch (in Pisidia, see Acts 13:1444)
as we made our way to most fascinating of Turkish destinations, Cappadocia.
Ah, Cappadocia! One of the most wonderful places in the worldabove and
below ground. Its underground cities, tunnelled vertically deep underground
for protection, were first built by the Hittites and then expanded by the areas
persecuted Christians. Some are as many as 10 storeys deep, connected by many
kilometres of tunnels to homes, communal cooking areas, even churches with
baptisteries. Its fascinating, but not for the claustrophobic. But the most attractive part of Cappadocia is visible above ground, with its hundreds of pinnacles
that once excavated became the homes of thousands of refugee Christians for
many centuries. Each pinnacle is different, and best viewed from a balloon of
which more than 100 might be in the air during the tourist season.
Last on our list were two sites of the ancient Hittites at Hattusa and Bogazkoy.
The first Hittite city to be found was at Carchemish in 1905. Prior to that discovery, many authorities felt that the Hittites, although mentioned numerous
times in the Bible, were a mythical race and non-existent. Today some 36 Hittite
cities have been identified. The centre of their activities appears to have been
Hattusa, where sanctuaries and temples have been discovered. The Anatolian
Museum in Ankara is home to many of the artefacts found in these sites.
And there our journey came to its end, returning to Istanbul for a flight home.
Some of the group went to other European destinations, while some joined
the Great Museums Tour in London with DIGGINGSs editor, Gary Webster.
Our tour was well organized and trouble-free, and I would invite readers to
join Diggings for one or both of its two 2015 tours (see page 68), through the
Middle East or Central and South America for the journey of a lifetime. u
55
Part 4
Baalbek:
In Sight of
the Promised Land
56
The temple of Bacchus, Baalbek. Twain knew this by its neoclassical name, the Temple of the Sun, although he mixed the temples up.
The much older temple of Jupiter is the bigger one but with just six columns still standing, while the temple of Bacchus, commissioned by
Roman emperor Antoninus Pius and constructed between a.d. 150 and 250, is the smaller.
BA
LE
dite
rran
ea
Se
ON
Al Kiswah
Tyre
dan
area
Enlarged
SYRIA
hazor
Sea of
Galilee
57
JORDAN
Above: Diggings editor Gary Webster stands next to one of the many massive stones found in Baalbek.
right: The temple of Jupiter at Baalbek with six of its huge columns. Eight more were disassembled and
shipped to Constantinople on Emperor Justinians orders in the sixth century for the Hagia Sophia. The
Temple of the Sun, also known as the Temple of Bacchus, is in the background.
58
Above: Photograph taken sometime between 1900 and 1920 of the quarry of Baalbek. Twain was
impressed by the size of the stones used in the building of the temples and remarked on this enormous 21.3
metre- (70 ft) long block known as Hajjar al-Hibla (Stone of the Pregnant Woman). Recently a larger block
was discovered beneath this one, as reported in News from the World of Archaeology (see page 62).
horses might die, but they must enter upon holy soil next week, with no
Sabbath-breaking stain upon them. Thus they were willing to commit a
sin against the spirit of religious law, in order that they might preserve
the letter of it. It was not worthwhile to tell them the letter kills. I am
talking now about men who are good citizens; who are honourable,
upright, conscientious; but whose idea of the Saviours religion seems
to me distorted. . . . Apply the Testaments gentleness, and charity, and
tender mercy to a toiling, worn and weary horse?Nonsensethese
are for Gods human creatures, not His dumb ones.
Not content with doubling the legitimate stages, they switched off the
main road and went away out of the way to visit an absurd fountain called
Figia, because Baalams ass had drank there once. So we journeyed on,
through the terrible hills and deserts and the roasting sun, and then far
into the night, seeking the honoured pool of Baalams ass, the patron
saint of all pilgrims like us. I find no entry but this in my note-book:
Rode to-day, altogether, thirteen hours, through deserts, partly,
and partly over barren, unsightly hills, and latterly through wild,
rocky scenery, and camped at about eleven oclock at night on the
banks of a limpid stream, near a Syrian village. Do not know its
namedo not wish to know itwant to go to bed. Two horses lame
(mine and Jacks) and the others worn out. Jack and I walked three or
four miles, over the hills, and led the horses. Funbut of a mild type.
Twelve or thirteen hours in the saddle, even in a Christian land and
a Christian climate, and on a good horse, is a tiresome journey; but in
an oven like Syria, in a ragged spoon of a saddle that slips fore-and-aft
on a horse that is tired and lame, and yet must be whipped and spurred
with hardly a moments cessation all day long, till the blood comes from
his side, and your conscience hurts you every time you strike if you are
half a man,it is a journey to be remembered in bitterness of spirit and
execrated with emphasis for a liberal division of a mans lifetime. u
EDITORS NOTE
Since many of our readers will be unfamiliar with the term Sabbath, we felt a
little explanation would be helpful. Sabbath is a biblical word meaning rest.
It was given to humankind during the
creation week nearly 2000 years before
the time of Abraham and nation of
Israel to remind them they were created
by God in His likeness (Genesis 1:26,
27; 2:13; Exodus 20:811). Humans
were to rest in fellowship with God and
others for the whole of the seventh
day of each week. Since it was called
the Sabbath of the Lord, it became
known as the Lords Day, and was
observed by leaders and people in both
Old and New Testament times (Exodus
16; Ezekiel 20:12,20; Mark 2:27,28; Luke
4:16; Acts 13:42,44; 17:2; Revelation
1:10). By Twains time, most Christians
were observing the first day of the
week as the Sabbath, and like the Bible
Sabbath, keeping it carefully. Since
Jesus Christ taught it was lawful to do
good on the Sabbath, Twain rightfully
objected to the mistreatment of both
man and animal by the pilgrims in their
quest to keep the Sabbath sacred.
59
ANTIQUITIES
ROBBERY FOILED
Dead sea, Israel
60
Excav
license ating without
an
a
antiqui d destroying a
tie
n
a prison s site carries
ter
to five y m of up
ears.
Over the
years, many of the plundered finds
reached the antiquities markets in
Israel and abroad, but it has been decades since perpetrators were caught
red-handed. This is mainly due to the
difficultly in detecting and catching
them on the wild desert cliffs.
What makes the Judean Desert so
unique is its dry climate that enable
the preservation of rare leather, bone,
and wooden objects, including the
Judean Desert scrolls, pieces of parchment and papyrus, on which various
texts were written, among them the
Holy Scriptures, books of the Bible,
legal contracts and historical stories.
The IAA invests a vast amount
of resources and effort in order to
safeguard and protect the heritage
values of Israel. Excavating without a
license and destroying an antiquities
site carries a prison term of up to
five years.
Member of the Unit for the Prevention of Antiquities Robbery inspecting the
damage caused to the Cave of the Skulls by the robbers.
One of the 21 metres-tall Memnon colossi, twin statues of Amenhotep III showing the
pharaoh seated. Although the newly restored statue of Amenhotep III is smaller at
12.9 metres, it is still the highest effigy of a standing Egyptian king.
Farm
house find
Jerusalem, Israel
61
Baalbek, Lebanon
(6
19.6 m
6 m (19.6 ft)
THE BIGGER
BLOCK
G
4 ft)
london, uk. Every year, more than three million people get to see British
Museum exhibitions and objects on show as part of its touring exhibitions, spotlight
loans or through partner galleries. Now until May 30, 2015, an exhibit of some 160
items and artefactsRoman Empire: Power and Peoplefrom the museum will tour,
first at The McManus, Dundee (to May 10), then at Segedunum Roman Fort and Baths
(to May 30).
And continuing at the London museum itself, is its Ancient Lives, New Discoveries
exhibit, which due to public demand has been extended until April 19, 2015. Ancient
Lives is a face-to-face encounter with eight people who lived in ancient Egypt and Sudan, and
uses the latest in digital technology to reveal new information about each mummy, helping visitors
to better understand the mysteries of mummification and giving an insight into their lives.
62
PHOTO: CZGURISTOCKPHOTO.COM
Aeolian Island, Italy. Divers from the nonprofit Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) discovered a 2000-year-old sacrificial altar while
exploring an ancient shipwreck in 120 metres (400 ft) of water. The
ship, dubbed Panarea III, is believed to have sailed around 218210
b.c., during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage. The
ship was discovered in the Mediterranean Sea, off the Aeolian Island
of Panarea near Italy, in 2010 by US archaeologists.
The artefact is one of many unique discoveries that promise to help redefine what we
understand about ancient trade routes
and commerce in the third century b.c.,
says GUE.
GUE technical divers working in
tandem with submersibles from
Brownies Global Logistics were able to
identify and recover 16 unique artefacts, including a number of amphora. The
recovery is likely the deepest ever archaeology
accomplished by volunteer technical divers.
Global Underwater Explorers, Florida, USA
Watch a short video on the
discovery of the sacrificial altar
on our iPad edition of DIGGINGS.
63
Halai, Greece
John Barnes from the University of Missouri says this ancient Greek cup depicts
constellations. From left to right, are a bull (Taurus), snake (Hydra), rabbit or small
dog (Lepus) and a larger dog (Canis Major or Canis Minor). If confirmed it would be
one of the earliest records of Greek astronomy.
64
CORRECTION
I must compliment you on the
articles on Tiberius and Agatha
Christie, which I found fascinating.
Havent yet read the issue with
Caligula, but expect to enjoy that too.
Also, I couldnt agree more about
what you say about Christians in past
times. But I couldnt help noticing
your map (page 36), though, showing
Orange in Belgium. The only Orange
I know is in the south of France, close
to Arles and Nimes. I visited it as a
small boy in the fifties and saw the
theatre with a statue of Augustus. I
begged my parents to go to Arles and
Nimes. Wanted to see the amphitheatre and the Pont du Gard. But they
wouldnt go!
Colin McCulloch
LONG-TERM SATISFACTION
I have subscribed to ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIGGINGS from the very
first issue, and for the past
22 years I have always
CUDOS
Thanks for your letter regarding all
the latest news about the ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIGGINGS magazines and
the up-grading of the internet. Love
the magazinesgreat informative
reading with some wow in it.
Solange Court, Qld
CONTACT US
Have cudos or a question? Then write and tell us: The
Editor, Diggings, Locked Bag 1115, Wahroonga NSW
FREE DIGGINGS CAP!
2076, Australia, or email editor@diggings.com.au.
All published letters will
Include your full name and address (and email,
receive a DIGGINGS cap, so
if possible). Keep your letter briefaround
please include a postal address,
100 words or so. Letters may be edited for
particularly in emailed letters.
clarity and length.
65
THE AGORA Public notice board of items of interest and readers comments
EVENTS
6
5
3
2
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picture portions
to identify the person,
object, place or time.
4
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1. Who
2. What?
10
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4. When?
5. Who?
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8. When?
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13
12
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15
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(Answers on page 67)
66
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