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The Deluge system is designed to protect high hazard areas containing a severe fuel hazard with a high heat
release rate by bringing a large number of open sprayers into action simultaneously in the event of a fire.
The most common approach of detecting a fire is the use of a sprinkler detection line permanently charged by
air. In the event of a fire, the sprinkler detector heads directly affected by the fire will operate. The immediate
drop in air pressure within the detector line releases the pressure against the Deluge valve diaphragm unit
causing the Deluge Valve to open and discharge water through all the open water spray nozzles to rapidly
control and extinguish the fire.
The fire fighting properties of the Deluge valve system can be considerable enhanced with the introduction of
foam solution into the systems water supply. Enhanced foam Deluge systems are ideal for the protection of
hazards such as the storage and handling of flammable liquids in aircraft hangars, oil refineries and chemical
plants etc.
A typical Deluge valve system comprises of a control valve, a sprinkler operated detection system and a
dedicated water supply system. For small or confined high hazard risk areas, Multiple Controls can be used
instead of sprinklers. The Multiple Control is a distribution valve containing its own detection element. When
this element is triggered, it supplies water to a small number of nozzles located within its zone of protection.
They are available in 20, 25, 32 40 or 50mm sizes.
The size of the Deluge valve, its flow rate, the system water supply pressure and type of detection system are
all determined by the size and type of fire risk involved
Conventional sprinklers
These can be mounted in either the upright or the pendent position and the deflector is designed to spray a
proportion of the water discharge on to the surface of the ceilings.
Sidewall sprinklers
These are primarily used to keep ceilings clear of pipework for aesthetic reasons or to avoid having to disturb
existing ceilings when installing pipework. Each sprinkler protects up to 17m2 in light hazards and 9m2 in
ordinary hazards.
Deluge Verification
Overview
Deluge verification is the testing and maintenance of deluge systems to ensure compliance to design and
performance criteria. Tyco Fire & Integrated Solutions provide the best range of services and expertise to meet
the desired standards on Deluge Verification comprising:
Inspections
Wet and dry performance testing
Engineering and maintenance
Pipework cleaning
We have a comprehensive team of experienced, highly trained engineers to carry out this specialised work
worldwide.
09/06/2013
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operate on demand is much lower. Neither 1oo1 nor 1oo2 has any ability to
reduce the potential for nuisance trips.
2oo2These systems have the outputs wired in parallel, requiring both
contacts to operate to initiate a process shutdown. Since the contacts are in
parallel, nuisance trips by one contact are reduced but the obvious drawback
that a dangerous failure scenario with a failure to operate on demand is
doubled, making the system less safe.
As shown, 1oo2 and 2oo2 systems are not effective for both safety and
nuisance trips. However, with SIS diagnostics it is possible to achieve higher
availability, referred to as 1oo2D (1oo2 with diagnostics).
Advanced SIS architectures
2oo3 or triple modular redundancy (TMR) safety shutdown systems are
commonly used for applications such as gas turbines, compressors, and
heaters, and for individual process units within a refinery such as coker units.
As the switching diagram indicates, the 2oo3 configuration requires two out of
three channels to agree as to the output even though the third does not. If
only one SIS trips its pair of contacts, one of the legs still remains closed so
the process continues operating. Real-world systems use a voting scheme to
maintain the output when 2oo3 are OK but the third signal is ignored, allowing
for a fault tolerant configuration.
Industrial implementations
Industrial installations built by major vendors use more sophisticated versions
of these basic concepts. The examples that follow describe how two major
SIS suppliers provide diagnostics to achieve their 2oo3 and 2oo4
configurations. These companies and other suppliers that use similar
approaches can provide the necessary data for MTBF (mean time between
failures), failure probabilities, and failure to operate on demand, which serve
as the basis for a complete SIS implementation evaluation.
2oo3 as triple modular redundancy
Every Trident system contains three main processors (MPs), A, B, and C.
Each MP controls a separate channel and operates in parallel with the other
two. A dedicated I/O control processor on each MP manages the data
exchanged between the MP and the I/O modules. A triple I/O bus, located on
the base plate, extends from one column of I/O modules to the next using I/O
bus cables.
The I/O control processor polls the input modules and transmits the new input
data to the MPs. The MPs then assemble the input data into tables, which are
stored in memory for use in the voting process. The input table in each MP is
transferred to its neighboring MP by the TriBus. After this transfer, voting takes
place. The TriBus uses a programmable device with direct memory access to
synchronize, transmit, and compare data among the three MPs.
If a disagreement occurs, the signal value found in two out of three tables
prevails, and the MPs correct the third table accordingly. One-time differences
which result from sample timing variations are distinguished from a pattern of
differing data. The MPs maintain data about necessary corrections in local
memory. Built-in fault analyzer routines flag any disparity and use it at the end
of each scan to determine whether a fault exists on a particular module.
Three good, four better?
One question to consider is whether the double redundancy concept, 2oo4, is
considered safer or less safe due to the additional hardware and software
involved.
Quadruple modular redundant (QMR) architecture is based on 2oo4D (D
refers to inherent diagnostics) voting, dual-processor technology in each QPP
(quad processor pack, the processing module of the system). This means that
it is characterized by an ultimate level of self-diagnostics and fault tolerance.
The QMR architecture is realized with a redundant controller. This redundant
architecture contains two QPPs, which results in quadruple redundancy
making it dual fault tolerant for safety.
The 2oo4D voting is realized by combining 1oo2 voting of both CPUs and
memory in each QPP, and 1oo2D voting between the two QPPs. Voting takes
place on two levels: on a module level and between the QPPs.
Process safety practitioners have debated the pros and cons of various
redundant configurations for many years. Have you been part of these
conversations? Send us your thoughts on maintaining the delicate balance of
overall safety vs. avoiding nuisance trips. Comment online or send me an
email.