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Roop Lal

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Delhi Technological University, (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
New Delhi
Rama Kant Rana
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
New Delhi

Dedicated to
My wife Veena

Roop Lal

All my Teachers and Almighty


Rama Kant Rana

Copyright 2012, Authors


All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Making copies of this
book or any portion thereof for any purpose other than your own is a violation of copyright law.
ISBN: 978-93-80408-91-0
First Edition: New Delhi, 2011
Second Edition: New Delhi, 2012

Published by

ACME LEARNING PRIVATE LIMITED


2/8, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi-110 002
Printed at Rajive Book Binding, Delhi-110040

Detailed Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition

xv
xvi

Chapter 1. Drawing Instruments and their Uses


1.1
Introduction
1.1.1 Drawing
1.1.2 Classification of Drawing
1.2
Drawing Instruments
1.2.1 Drawing Board
1.2.2 TSquare
1.2.3 Set Squares
1.2.4 Instrument Box
1.2.5 Pencils
1.2.6 Protractors
1.2.7 Rubbers or Erasers
1.2.8 French Curves
1.2.9 Drawing Sheets
1.2.10 Mini Drafter
Review Questions

1
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
5
8
10
10
10
11
12
14

Chapter 2. Sheet Layout

15

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12

15
15
16
18
19
19
20
21
21
21
21
22

Introduction
Sizes of Drawing Sheet
Layout of Drawing Sheet
Margin
Borders and Frame lines
Title Block
List of Parts
Additional Information
Revisions of Drawing
Zone System
Numbering of the Sheet
Fixing the Drawing Sheet on the Board

A Test Book of Engineering Graphics

2.13

Preparation of Drawing
Review Questions

22
23

Chapter 3. Conventions

25

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

25
25
25
27
28
29
30
31
31
33

Introduction
Conventions or Codes
Conventions for Lines
Comparative Thickness of Lines According to BIS
Applications of Various Types of Lines
Conventions for Materials
Conventional Breaks
Shape of Cylindrical Pipe Breaks or Ends
Important Conventional Signs
Review Questions

Chapter 4. Lettering

33

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10

35
35
35
36
37
37
37
37
41
42
44

Introduction
Lettering
Types of Letters
Spacing of Alphabets into Words and Words into Sentences
Spacing Between Two Lines
Style of Alphabets
Uniformity in Lettering
Types of Lettering
Free Hand Lettering
Problems for Practice
Review Questions

Chapter 5. Scales

45

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

45
45
45
46
46
47
56

Introduction
Scale
Sizes of Scale
Representative Fraction (R.I.)
Procedure for Drawing Scales
Classification of Scales
Review Questions

Chapter 6. AutoCAD

57

6.1
6.2
6.3

57
57
57

Introduction
How to start AutoCAD
Things to Know About AutoCAD

viii

Detailed Contents

6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12

6.13

Opening or Creating a New Drawing File


Opening an Existing File
Drawing Limits
Commands in AutoCAD
Drafting Seting [Dsetting] of AutoCAD
Function Keys
Saving a File
Types of Coordinate System in AutoCAD
Drafting Commands
6.12.1 Line Command
6.12.2 Arc Command
6.12.3 Circle Command
6.12.4 Pline Command
6.12.5 Erase Command
6.12.6 Constructional Command
6.12.7 Offset Command
6.12.8 The Fillet Command
6.12.9 The Chamfer Command
6.12.10 The Trim Command
6.12.11 The Extend Command
6.12.12 Modificational Commands
Dimensioning
6.13.1 Dimension Types
Review Questions

58
59
61
61
61
63
63
64
64
64
66
67
69
72
73
73
75
77
80
82
83
90
91
93

Chapter 7. Orthographic Projections


7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14

95

Introduction
Projections and Projectors or Projection Lines
Types of Projection
Pictorial Projection
Planes of Projection
Orthographic Projection
Four Quadrants
Types of Orthographics
Symbols of First Angle Projection
Symbols of Third Angle Projection
Comparison of First and Third Angle Projections
Common Rules Followed While Drawing the Orthographic Projections
Sequence of Steps Followed While Making Orthographic Projections
Solved Problems

95
95
96
96
98
99
99
99
103
103
103
104
104
105

ix

A Test Book of Engineering Graphics

7.15

Problems For Practice


Review Questions

112
118

Chapter 8. Orthographic Projections

119

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

119
119
120
121
122
123
131

Introduction
Position of a Point
Projections of a Point
Projections of a Point
Projections of a Point
Projections of a Point
Review Questions

in the First Quadrant


in the Second Quadrant
in the Third Quadrant
in the Fourth Quadrant

Chapter 9. Projections and Traces of Lines

133

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

133
133
133
133
134
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
146
146
147
149
152
152
152
155
168
172

9.5
9.6

9.7

9.8

Introduction
Line
Projections of a Straight Line
Possible Positions of a Straight Line
9.4.1 Projection of a Straight Line Parallel to Both the Reference Planes
9.4.2 Projection of a Straight Line Perpendicular to H.P. and Parallel to V.P.
9.4.3 Projection of a Straight Line Perpendicular to V.P. and Parallel to H.P.
9.4.4 Projection of a Straight Line Contained in the H.P.
9.4.5 Projection of a Straight Line Contained in the V.P.
9.4.6 Projection of a Straight Line Contained in Both the H.P. and V.P.
9.4.7 Projection of a Straight Line Inclined to H.P. and Parallel to V.P.
9.4.8 Projection of a Straight Line Inclined to V.P. and Parallel to H.P.
9.4.9 Projection of a Straight Line Inclined to both V.P. and H.P.
9.4.10 Straight Line Inclined to Both the Planes with One end on X-Y Line
Solved Problems
Methods to find the True Length and True Inclinations of a Straight Line
9.6.1 Rotation Method
9.6.2 Auxiliary Plane Method
9.6.3 Coordinate Geometry Method
Traces
9.7.1 Types of Traces
9.7.2 Different Positions of a Straight Line for its Traces H.P. and V.P.
9.7.3 Problems on True Length, True Elevations and Traces
Problems for Practice
Review Questions

Detailed Contents

Chapter 10. Projections of Planes

173

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

173
173
173
173
174
174
174
177
199
201

Introduction
Plane
Types of Planes
Location of a Plane
Traces of Planes
Types of Traces
Representation of Perpendicular Planes
Solved Problems
Problems for Practice
Review Questions

Chapter 11. Projections of Solids

203

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

203
203
203
207
239
242

Introduction
Solid
Types of Solid
Solved Problems
Problems for Practice
Review Questions

Chapter 12. Sections of Solids

243

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.5

243
243
248
253
257
261
261
264
265
267
278
286
305
309

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

Introduction
Horizontal Section
Vertical Section
Oblique Section
Sectional Projections of Horizontal Solids with Axis at Right Angle to V.P.
Sectional Projections of Horizontal Solids with Axis Parallel to V.P.
12.5.1 Horizontal Section
12.5.2 Vertical Section
12.5.3 Oblique Section
Sectional Projections of Solids Inclined to V.P.
Sectional Projections of Solids inclined to H.P.
True Shape of Section
Problems for Practice
Review Questions

Chapter 13. Development of Surfaces

311

13.1
13.2
13.3

311
312
312

Introduction
Development of Surfaces
Engineering Applications of Development of Surfaces

xi

A Test Book of Engineering Graphics

13.4
13.5
13.6

Principle of Development
Methods for Development of Surfaces
13.5.1 Parallel Line Method
13.5.2 Radial Line Method
Problems for Practice
Review Questions

312
312
312
316
328
336

Chapter 14. Isometric Projections

337

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

Introduction
Isometric View
Theory of Isometric View
Isometric Scale
14.4.1 Construction Method of Isometric Scale
14.4.2 Construction Method of Horizontal Isometric Scale
14.5 Some Important Terms
14.6 Different Positions of Isometric Axes
14.7 Difference between Isometric Projection and Isometric View
14.8 Methods of Drawing Isometric Projection of Square Prism
14.9 Isometric View of Various Objects
14.9.1 Objects with Isometric Lines, Non-Isometric Lines and Curved Surfaces
14.10 Objects with Isometric and Non-Isometric Lines
14.11 Isometric Projections of Plane Figures
14.12 Isometric Drawing of Shpere
14.13 Problems for Practice
Review Questions

337
337
337
338
338
340
340
341
341
342
342
343
343
363
368
369
379

Chapter 15. Geometrical Constructions

381

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13

381
381
384
385
385
389
392
395
400
402
410
413
425

Introduction
Bisecting a Line
To Bisect an Angle
To Trisect an Angle
To Find the Centre of an Arc
Parallel Lines
Division of Line
To Construct Equilateral Triangles
Squares
To Construct Regular Polygons
Tangents to Circles and Arcs
Inscribed Circles
Review Questions

xii

Detailed Contents

Chapter 16. Conic Section and Engineering Curves

427

16.1
16.2
16.3

427
427
428
429
430
432
433
433
439
439
440
440
441
442

16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
16.17
16.18

16.19

16.20

Introduction
Right Circular Cone
Sectioning of a Cone with a Plane
16.3.1 When the Intersecting Plane Passes Through the Vertex V
16.3.2 When the Intersection Plane does not Pass Through the Vertex V
Definition of Conic Section with Respect to the Cone
Ellipse
Methods for Construction of Ellipse
To Draw a Normal and Tangent to an Ellipse at a Given Point P
To Draw Tangents to an Ellipse from a Given Point P Outside the Ellipse
To Determine the Centre, Major Axis and Minor Axis of a Given Ellipse
To Draw an Ellipse Parallel to Given Ellipse at a Given Distance from it
Parabola
Methods of Drawing Parabola
To Draw the Tangent and Normal at the Given Point P on the Curve when the
Focus is Known and Directrix is not Given
To Draw the Tangents from a Given Point P Outside the Curve
To Draw Tangent and Normal to a Parabola when the Focus and the Directrix
Known and Point Lies on the Curve
To Draw Tangent and Normal to a Parabola when the Focus and the Directrix
are not Known and Point Lies on the Curve
Hyperbola
To Draw a Hyperbola when the Distance between Two Fixed Points and Transverse
Axis is Given
16.18.1 To Draw Tangent and Normal at any Point on the Hyperbola
16.18.2 Rectangular or Equilateral Hyperbola
16.18.3 To Draw a Hyperbola Directrix and Eccentricity
16.18.4 To Draw a Hyperbola when the Distance Between Two Foci and the
Length of the Transverse Axis are Given
16.18.5 To Draw a Hyperbola when the Semi Transverse Axis and a Point on
the Curve are Given
Tangent to a Hyperbola
16.19.1 To Draw a Tangent to a Curve at a Point P on it
16.19.2 To Draw Tangent and Normal to a Curve at a Point P When F and F1
are Given
16.19.3 To Draw a Tangent to a Curve Point P Lying Outside it
Cycloidal Curves
16.20.1 Method of Drawing the Cycloid of a Circle of Diameter D

xiii

446
446
447
448
448
449
450
450
451
452
453
454
454
455
455
456
456

A Test Book of Engineering Graphics

16.21

16.22
16.23

16.24
16.25

16.20.2 Method of Drawing the Epicycloid and Hypocycloid of a Circle of


Diameter D
16.20.3 Method of Drawing the Hypocycloid and Hypocycloid of a Circle of
Diameter D
Involute
16.21.1 Method of Drawing the Involute Curve of a Circle of Diameter d
16.21.2 Method of Drawing the Involute Curve of an Equilateral Triangle
16.21.3 Method of Drawing the Involute Curve of a Square
16.21.4 Method of Drawing the Involute Curve of a Right Hexagon
Helix Cylindrical
16.22.1 To Draw Helix Curve
Archemedian Spiral
16.23.1 To Draw Archemedian Spiral
16.23.2 To Draw Archemedian Spiral for One Revolution when Two Small and
Big Radius of Concentric Circles are Given
Logarithmic Spiral
16.24.1 Construction of Logarithmic Spiral for One Revolution, when
Small Radius, Ratio of Vector Radius and Enclosing Angle are Given
Problems for Practice
Review Questions

457
458
459
459
460
460
461
461
461
462
462
463
464
464
465
468

Chapter 17. Interpenetration of Solids

471

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

471
471
472
472
473
473
474
487
490

17.6

Introduction
Interpenetration of Solids
Application of Interpenetration of Solids
Important Rules Followed While Finding the Line of Intersection
Methods of Finding Lines of Intersection
17.5.1 Line Method
17.5.2 Cutting Plane Method
Problems for Practice
Review Qusetions

Index

491-- 492

xiv

Preface to the Second Edition


We are pleased to present the second edition of A Textbook of Engineering Graphics which is an
important core subject for undergraduates pursuing B.Tech/B.E./Diploma. Engineering Graphics or
Drawing is the language of Engineers. Any engineering student as well as working professional/engineer
irrespective of their branch/field requires sound knowledge of Engineering Drawing in order to
understand the basics and technical terms of Engineering Graphics. This book provides a comprehensive
and practical overview of Engineering Drawing through simple and well-explained solved examples and
exercises.
The book covers the latest and complete syllabus of Engineering Graphics of all major Technical
Universities across the country. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to cater to
the varied needs of the first-year engineering students of all branches. The entire text is systematically
divided into 17 chapters that contain relevant information on the fundamentals of Engineering Graphics.
Three new chapters have been added in this edition, namely, Geometrical Constructions, Conic Section
and Engineering Curves and Interpenetration of Solids.
Mostly the First Angle of Projection has been followed in this book. The Third Angle of Projection has
also been used in some solved problems purposely to explain the basic concepts to the students. The
basic principles and applications have been explained in simple and systematic manner. The drawings
and illustrations have been updated as per students' requirements. Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS)
Drawing Codes and ISO standards are followed throughout the book. All dimensions are in mm.
This new edition contains a large number of solved problems in each chapter and the concepts are
illustrated with neat and simplified illustrations to facilitate learning. It also contains plenty of Problems
for Practice and Review Questions at the end of each chapter to help students develop their drawing
skills easily and quickly. To sum up, this is an examination-oriented and a student-friendly book with
"Step-by-Step" approach containing immensely valuable information on the subject.
All errors that might have crept in the previous edition have been rectified. However, if you have any
comments/suggestions/corrections/criticism or want to opine, please email us at rooplalrana@dce.ac.in
or ramakantrana@gmail.com. If we are made aware of any error, we can have them corrected in future
edition.
Roop Lal
Rama Kant Rana

Preface to the First Edition


All Technical Universities in India have realised the importance of the subject Engineering Graphics
and have made it an important core subject for undergraduate engineering course. An Engineer should
not only be proficient in the language used in his/her profession but should also know the language of
other professions. Engineering Graphics or Drawing is the language of Engineers. Any Engineer,
irrespective of his branch of specialization should possess sound knowledge of Engineering Graphics in
order to design and manufacture any product for usage of society. Engineering graphics and the skills
associated are developed early in an engineer's education and are used repeatedly in successive courses.
This book has been designed for first year engineering students of all branches. The text covers the
complete syllabus of the subject catering to the needs of First Year B.E./B.Tech courses of various
universities all over the country, particularly, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University New Delhi,
Gautam Buddha Technical University, Lucknow and Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi
College of Engineering), New Delhi. This book provides a detailed study of geometrical drawing through
simple and well-explained world-out examples. It explains in a simple and systematic manner, the basic
principles and applications of Engineering Graphics. The drawings have been updated as per the latest
specifications prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. A large number of figures used in the book,
have been drawn on AutoCAD. All examples and problems are presented using first angle projection.
The practicing engineers would also find this book to be a valuable reference source.
As much as necessary care has been taken to prepare this book, however, if any mistakes crept in,
valuable suggestions and feedback from readers will be highly appreciated.
Roop Lal
Rama Kant Rana

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