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Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Delhi Technological University, (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
New Delhi
Rama Kant Rana
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
New Delhi
Dedicated to
My wife Veena
Roop Lal
Published by
Detailed Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
xv
xvi
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
5
8
10
10
10
11
12
14
15
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
15
15
16
18
19
19
20
21
21
21
21
22
Introduction
Sizes of Drawing Sheet
Layout of Drawing Sheet
Margin
Borders and Frame lines
Title Block
List of Parts
Additional Information
Revisions of Drawing
Zone System
Numbering of the Sheet
Fixing the Drawing Sheet on the Board
2.13
Preparation of Drawing
Review Questions
22
23
Chapter 3. Conventions
25
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
25
25
25
27
28
29
30
31
31
33
Introduction
Conventions or Codes
Conventions for Lines
Comparative Thickness of Lines According to BIS
Applications of Various Types of Lines
Conventions for Materials
Conventional Breaks
Shape of Cylindrical Pipe Breaks or Ends
Important Conventional Signs
Review Questions
Chapter 4. Lettering
33
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
35
35
35
36
37
37
37
37
41
42
44
Introduction
Lettering
Types of Letters
Spacing of Alphabets into Words and Words into Sentences
Spacing Between Two Lines
Style of Alphabets
Uniformity in Lettering
Types of Lettering
Free Hand Lettering
Problems for Practice
Review Questions
Chapter 5. Scales
45
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
45
45
45
46
46
47
56
Introduction
Scale
Sizes of Scale
Representative Fraction (R.I.)
Procedure for Drawing Scales
Classification of Scales
Review Questions
Chapter 6. AutoCAD
57
6.1
6.2
6.3
57
57
57
Introduction
How to start AutoCAD
Things to Know About AutoCAD
viii
Detailed Contents
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
58
59
61
61
61
63
63
64
64
64
66
67
69
72
73
73
75
77
80
82
83
90
91
93
95
Introduction
Projections and Projectors or Projection Lines
Types of Projection
Pictorial Projection
Planes of Projection
Orthographic Projection
Four Quadrants
Types of Orthographics
Symbols of First Angle Projection
Symbols of Third Angle Projection
Comparison of First and Third Angle Projections
Common Rules Followed While Drawing the Orthographic Projections
Sequence of Steps Followed While Making Orthographic Projections
Solved Problems
95
95
96
96
98
99
99
99
103
103
103
104
104
105
ix
7.15
112
118
119
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
119
119
120
121
122
123
131
Introduction
Position of a Point
Projections of a Point
Projections of a Point
Projections of a Point
Projections of a Point
Review Questions
133
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
133
133
133
133
134
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
146
146
147
149
152
152
152
155
168
172
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
Introduction
Line
Projections of a Straight Line
Possible Positions of a Straight Line
9.4.1 Projection of a Straight Line Parallel to Both the Reference Planes
9.4.2 Projection of a Straight Line Perpendicular to H.P. and Parallel to V.P.
9.4.3 Projection of a Straight Line Perpendicular to V.P. and Parallel to H.P.
9.4.4 Projection of a Straight Line Contained in the H.P.
9.4.5 Projection of a Straight Line Contained in the V.P.
9.4.6 Projection of a Straight Line Contained in Both the H.P. and V.P.
9.4.7 Projection of a Straight Line Inclined to H.P. and Parallel to V.P.
9.4.8 Projection of a Straight Line Inclined to V.P. and Parallel to H.P.
9.4.9 Projection of a Straight Line Inclined to both V.P. and H.P.
9.4.10 Straight Line Inclined to Both the Planes with One end on X-Y Line
Solved Problems
Methods to find the True Length and True Inclinations of a Straight Line
9.6.1 Rotation Method
9.6.2 Auxiliary Plane Method
9.6.3 Coordinate Geometry Method
Traces
9.7.1 Types of Traces
9.7.2 Different Positions of a Straight Line for its Traces H.P. and V.P.
9.7.3 Problems on True Length, True Elevations and Traces
Problems for Practice
Review Questions
Detailed Contents
173
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
173
173
173
173
174
174
174
177
199
201
Introduction
Plane
Types of Planes
Location of a Plane
Traces of Planes
Types of Traces
Representation of Perpendicular Planes
Solved Problems
Problems for Practice
Review Questions
203
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
203
203
203
207
239
242
Introduction
Solid
Types of Solid
Solved Problems
Problems for Practice
Review Questions
243
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.5
243
243
248
253
257
261
261
264
265
267
278
286
305
309
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
Introduction
Horizontal Section
Vertical Section
Oblique Section
Sectional Projections of Horizontal Solids with Axis at Right Angle to V.P.
Sectional Projections of Horizontal Solids with Axis Parallel to V.P.
12.5.1 Horizontal Section
12.5.2 Vertical Section
12.5.3 Oblique Section
Sectional Projections of Solids Inclined to V.P.
Sectional Projections of Solids inclined to H.P.
True Shape of Section
Problems for Practice
Review Questions
311
13.1
13.2
13.3
311
312
312
Introduction
Development of Surfaces
Engineering Applications of Development of Surfaces
xi
13.4
13.5
13.6
Principle of Development
Methods for Development of Surfaces
13.5.1 Parallel Line Method
13.5.2 Radial Line Method
Problems for Practice
Review Questions
312
312
312
316
328
336
337
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
Introduction
Isometric View
Theory of Isometric View
Isometric Scale
14.4.1 Construction Method of Isometric Scale
14.4.2 Construction Method of Horizontal Isometric Scale
14.5 Some Important Terms
14.6 Different Positions of Isometric Axes
14.7 Difference between Isometric Projection and Isometric View
14.8 Methods of Drawing Isometric Projection of Square Prism
14.9 Isometric View of Various Objects
14.9.1 Objects with Isometric Lines, Non-Isometric Lines and Curved Surfaces
14.10 Objects with Isometric and Non-Isometric Lines
14.11 Isometric Projections of Plane Figures
14.12 Isometric Drawing of Shpere
14.13 Problems for Practice
Review Questions
337
337
337
338
338
340
340
341
341
342
342
343
343
363
368
369
379
381
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
381
381
384
385
385
389
392
395
400
402
410
413
425
Introduction
Bisecting a Line
To Bisect an Angle
To Trisect an Angle
To Find the Centre of an Arc
Parallel Lines
Division of Line
To Construct Equilateral Triangles
Squares
To Construct Regular Polygons
Tangents to Circles and Arcs
Inscribed Circles
Review Questions
xii
Detailed Contents
427
16.1
16.2
16.3
427
427
428
429
430
432
433
433
439
439
440
440
441
442
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
16.17
16.18
16.19
16.20
Introduction
Right Circular Cone
Sectioning of a Cone with a Plane
16.3.1 When the Intersecting Plane Passes Through the Vertex V
16.3.2 When the Intersection Plane does not Pass Through the Vertex V
Definition of Conic Section with Respect to the Cone
Ellipse
Methods for Construction of Ellipse
To Draw a Normal and Tangent to an Ellipse at a Given Point P
To Draw Tangents to an Ellipse from a Given Point P Outside the Ellipse
To Determine the Centre, Major Axis and Minor Axis of a Given Ellipse
To Draw an Ellipse Parallel to Given Ellipse at a Given Distance from it
Parabola
Methods of Drawing Parabola
To Draw the Tangent and Normal at the Given Point P on the Curve when the
Focus is Known and Directrix is not Given
To Draw the Tangents from a Given Point P Outside the Curve
To Draw Tangent and Normal to a Parabola when the Focus and the Directrix
Known and Point Lies on the Curve
To Draw Tangent and Normal to a Parabola when the Focus and the Directrix
are not Known and Point Lies on the Curve
Hyperbola
To Draw a Hyperbola when the Distance between Two Fixed Points and Transverse
Axis is Given
16.18.1 To Draw Tangent and Normal at any Point on the Hyperbola
16.18.2 Rectangular or Equilateral Hyperbola
16.18.3 To Draw a Hyperbola Directrix and Eccentricity
16.18.4 To Draw a Hyperbola when the Distance Between Two Foci and the
Length of the Transverse Axis are Given
16.18.5 To Draw a Hyperbola when the Semi Transverse Axis and a Point on
the Curve are Given
Tangent to a Hyperbola
16.19.1 To Draw a Tangent to a Curve at a Point P on it
16.19.2 To Draw Tangent and Normal to a Curve at a Point P When F and F1
are Given
16.19.3 To Draw a Tangent to a Curve Point P Lying Outside it
Cycloidal Curves
16.20.1 Method of Drawing the Cycloid of a Circle of Diameter D
xiii
446
446
447
448
448
449
450
450
451
452
453
454
454
455
455
456
456
16.21
16.22
16.23
16.24
16.25
457
458
459
459
460
460
461
461
461
462
462
463
464
464
465
468
471
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
471
471
472
472
473
473
474
487
490
17.6
Introduction
Interpenetration of Solids
Application of Interpenetration of Solids
Important Rules Followed While Finding the Line of Intersection
Methods of Finding Lines of Intersection
17.5.1 Line Method
17.5.2 Cutting Plane Method
Problems for Practice
Review Qusetions
Index
491-- 492
xiv