DUY T

hi c Trung Quc, sch s

c gi mt cch thng dng
l Xun thu. Theo Mnh T
- thin Ly lu, thi , nc Tn gi sch
s l Tha, nc S gi l o ngt,
nc L gi l Xun thu. Nhng trn
thc t, ng thi gi sch s l Xun
thu hon ton khng ch c nc L.
Trong sch Cp trng ta ng do Hng Di
Huyn thi Thanh bin son thy nhc
n cun H n xun thu, ghi chp lch s
thi Thi inh triu Thng; cn trong
Mc T - thin Minh qu cng dn ra
mt s tc phm s hc lu truyn ng
thi, nh Chu Xun thu, Yn Xun thu,
Tng Xun thu. Theo sch Hn th - Ngh
vn ch, th: Cc i vng xa, i
no cng c s quan, vic lm ca
vng tt phi c ghi chp. T s ghi li
ni, Hu s ghi vic lm. Ghi vic l Xun
thu, ghi li l Thng th. T nhng iu
trn, chng t Xun thu vn l tn gi
thng dng ca sch s thi xa.
Tc phm Xun thu , tng truyn l
do Khng T cn c vo sch s nc L,
ri sa cha, chnh l li m thnh. y l
b bin nin s hon chnh u tin trong

80

lch s Trung Quc, ton vn ghi chp lch

s 241 nm, t L n Cng nguyn nin
(nm722 trc CN) n L Ai Cng nm
th 14 (nm 481 trc CN). Theo T Nhan
trong tc phm Cng dng truyn s
(Ch thch truyn Cng dng), khi Khng
T bin son Xun thu, ng tng sai T
H i su tm in tch cc nc thi ,
c sch qu ca 120 nc. Tc phm
Xun thu tuy c vit theo th bin nin,
vi th t l 12 v vng nc L,
nhng thc t, c rt nhiu ghi chp v
tnh hnh cc nc ng thi. Ngy nay,
khi tm hiu lch s thi k ny, Xun thu
l tc phm khng th thiu ca mi nh
nghin cu. Hu th mnh danh thi k
lch s ny l Xun thu, thy v tr
quan trng, c nht v nh ca n trong
ngnh s hc c i Trung Quc.
Khng T l nh s hc u tin
Trung Quc thi c , cng l nh t tng,
nh hot ng chnh tr v nh gio dc
ni ting cui thi Xun thu. Vit Xun
thu, Khng T xut pht t hai ng c
ch yu: mt l gim nh li nhng th
tch ri rc, tn mn, v nhng ti liu
khng r ngun gc. Trc Khng T,
Trung Quc khng c sch s do c nhn
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 4(116) 2011

Tc phm S hc
bin son, v s liu v in tch u c
tng tr ph quan, hon ton khng lu
truyn trong dn gian. Nc cn th vn
hin cn, nc mt th vn hin mt. T
nhng trang sch rch nt thiu trang cn
li n nay, c th thy, ci gi l sch s
thi phn ln u gin lc, khng c
th t nm thng, hn na li tn mn,
khng tun theo mt th l chung nht
nh; hai l Khng T tng chu du cc
nc tuyn truyn ch trng chnh tr
ca mnh, nhng khng c chp nhn.
Cui i ng tr v nc L, chuyn ch
vo s nghip gio dc, ng thi chnh l
in tch c i. V th, Xun thu ca
Khng T khng ging vi nhng truyn
s trc , ch qu vic ghi chp rng
m thi. C th l qua Xun thu, Khng
T by t thi khen ch i vi
nhiu nhn vt, s kin lch s;ng thi
c nhng nh gi v hin thc x hi; qua
, gi gm l tng chnh tr ca mnh.
Trong S k t ta, T M Thin dn
li Khng T: Ly li ni sung chp
v o th chng bng chng minh vic
lm th cng su sc, r rng hn. Khng
T cng tng ni: Ngi ta bit ti l qua
Xun thu, ngi ta kt ti ti cng ch qua
Xun thu m thi! C th thy, Khng T
coi Xun thu l trc tc tiu biu cho
ni nim vinh nhc trong sut i mnh.
c im ch yu nht ca Xun thu l
s kt hp gia vic nghin cu lch s vi
hin thc chnh tr ng thi, biu hin
s k cng, t m i vi hin thc m s
lc vi qu kh (Tng kim lc c) trn
phng din s dng hoc loi b s liu;
cng biu hin vic ch trng nghin cu
lch s ng i. V khuynh hng t
tng m ni, Khng T l mt i s tn
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 4(116) 2011

c hiu c, nhng khi vit Xun thu, ng

li l mt nh s hc trng nay hn xa
(hu kim bc c). Thng qua vic ghi chp
s thc lch s, Xun thu cao vic ly l
ngha lm k cng, ch trng bt chc
tin vng, ngi ca c tnh hnh ng v
con ngi, ng thi xc lp tiu chun
ng sai, thin c ca ngi i. Chnh
do c im ghi vic theo phng php
ng ny m c ngi cho rng: Ly tn
Xun thu l do Khng T xut pht t
hai mnh Thng theo ma xun ma
h, pht theo ma thu ma ng
( Thng d xun h, hnh d thu ng );
mi ngi mi vic c ghi u c hm
khen hoc ch, hnh thnh nn Bt php
Xun thu. c im trn ca Xun thu
nh hng su sc n cc nh s hc
nhiu th h sau ny. K t sau Xun thu,
khi T th truyn vit truyn cho Xun thu,
th trong mi cu chuyn lch s u c bi
lun; hai truyn Cng dng v Cc lng
th chuyn ly vic gii thch Li su
ngha ln (Vi ngn i ngha) trong Kinh
Xun thu lm tn ch. Tip , k t sau
T M Thin thi Hn, trong cc b chnh
s c bin son qua cc i, cui mi
thin u c ph thm phn lun, tn, ta,
bnh, ch, thut, kho... ri dn dn
hnh thnh truyn thng kt hp gia s
vi lun trong s hc c i Trung Quc.
Xun thu s dng khi ti liu ln, nhng
c la chn nghim cn, li ni u c
chng l, tuyt i khng ni sung.
Khng T l nh bc hc; nc L ni ng
sng li l mt trong nhng trung tm vn
ha, chnh tr thi Ty Chu, nn s lng
vn vt, in tch ng bit n rt nhiu.
Khi vit s, ng ch trng cn c vn hin;
Nu vn hin khng , ng th chu thiu

81

DUY T
ch khng ham nhiu m vit sung,
khng c chng l r rng. Khng T ch
trng Bit th bo l bit, khng bit th
bo l khng bit (Tri chi vi tri chi, bt tri
vi bt tri), phn i vic Khng bit cng
lm ( Bt tri nhi tc). Trong Xun thu,
ngoi nhng ghi chp v tnh hnh chnh
tr - kinh t - qun s ng thi, cn c
nhng on an xen v khoa hc t nhin.
V nh nhng ghi chp v sao chi c tch
chun xc rt cao; hoc nhng ghi chp v
37 ln nht thc quan st thy nc L,
c ti 36 ln l chnh xc. Nhng ghi chp
trn lnh vc ny cung cp nhiu ti
liu tham kho gi tr cho vic nghin cu
lch s khoa hc k thut thi c Trung
Quc, ng thi cng chng thc tnh
ng tin cy trn phng din tuyn chn
s liu ca Xun thu.
Nin i c cp trong Xun thu
tng i sm, vn chng li rt tm tt,
biu hin c im chung ca sch s thi
k u. Truyn n hu th, phn ln
ngi c khng d hiu, v th, nhiu
ngi ni tip nhau vit Truyn cho n,
m sm nht l mt s hc tr ca Khng
T. Khng T l nh gio dc ln thi
Xun thu, trc tc Xun thu li l mt
trong nhng gio trnh ng dng ging
dy hc tr. V c s khc bit trong cch
hiu ca mi ngi, hn na vic ging
dy thi c ch l truyn ming, nn phn
truyn sau vi i c sao chp c
nhng ch khc nhau rt ln. Theo Hn
th - Ngh vn ch, vit Truyn cho
Xun thu c 5 nh ch yu: T th, Cng
Dng, Cc Lng, Tru th, Gip th nhng n nay, ch cn truyn ca 3 nh
T th, Cng Dng v Cc Lng.

82

Xun thu v 3 truyn k truyn vn l

nhng vn bn c lp, sau Xun thu
ln lt c chp gp vo vi T truyn,
Cng dng truyn, Cc lng truyn, v
c xp trc mi on truyn vn.
Trc tc Xun thu chng ta c c
ngy nay ch l b phn Kinh vn trong
3 truyn, v nguyn bn Kinh Xun thu
tht lc. Xun thu tam truyn li c
phn bit thnh kim, c vn. T th truyn
thuc c vn; Cng Dng truyn v Cc
Lng truyn thuc kim vn.
T th truyn, cn gi l T th Xun
thu hoc T truyn, tng truyn do s
quan nc L l T Khu Minh trc tc.
H T vn am hiu s liu, nn khi vit
truyn vn ng thut li t m s thc
lch s c ghi chp trong Kinh Xun thu,
ng thi nh chnh v b sung nhiu ch
trong kinh vn, nn c th coi T truyn l
mt tc phm s hc tng i c lp.
Ton b T truyn ghi ngi thut chuyn,
vn phong lu lot, ngn ng sinh ng,
nn cn c th c thng thc nh mt
tc phm vn hc, xng ng l tc phm
tiu biu ca th tn vn t s thi Tin
Tn.
Cng Dng truyn tng truyn do
Cng Dng Cao ngi nc T cui thi
Xun thu truyn li cho con chu. Tri
qua 5 i , n thi Hn Cnh , th Cng
Dng Th hp tc cng H V T, vit
xong tc phm ny. Cc Lng truyn th
do Cc Lng Xch ngi nc L cui thi
Xun thu truyn li cho hu th; tc phm
c hon thnh vo thi Hn. Hai truyn
Cng Dng v Cc Lng u thuc kim
vn, khc vi T truyn thuc c vn. Song,
iu khc bit ch yu gia chng li l
cch hiu v cch l gii i vi trc tc
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 4(116) 2011

Tc phm S hc
Xun thu. Cc nh c vn cho rng Xun
thu l mt b trc tc lch s, nn T
truyn ch trng s tht lch s; cc nh
kim vn li coi Xun thu l trc tc c
Khng T vit, nhm mc ch Thc c
ci ch (Tm dch l Mn xa ni nay).
Bi th h ra sc khai thc Ngha ln li
su n sau nhng cu ch (t l hng
gian) trong Xun thu, cn i vi s thc
lch s th h li vit rt s lc. Phm
nhng iu trong Xun thu khng ghi
chp, th hai truyn vn Cng dng v
Cc lng cng khng b sung , cp.
Gii s hc Trung Quc cn c vo , coi
T truyn l S truyn, hai truyn vn sau
l Kinh truyn. Xt t gc s hc, gi
tr ca T truyn r rng cao hn Cng
Dng v Cc Lng; Nhng t gc
Kinh hc, th Cng Dng v Cc Lng
hn hn T truyn.
Xun thu vn l sch s, sau ny, cng
vi a v ca Nho gia ngy cng c
nng cao, Khng T b thn thnh ha, th
Xun thu dn dn tr thnh trc tc
quan trng ca Kinh hc. Ba truyn T th,
Cng Dng, Cc Lng cng c xp vo
loi kinh in. T thi Hn, li c nhiu
hc gi ni tip nhau ch gii ba truyn
trn, trong , c 3 tc gi vi 3 tc phm
tiu biu nht l: Xun thu kinh truyn
tp gii (Ch gii T truyn) ca D
ngi nc Tn; Xun thu Cng Dng
truyn gii h (Ch gii Cng Dng
truyn) ca H Hu thi ng Hn; Xun
thu Cc Lng truyn tp gii (Ch gii
Cc Lng truyn) ca Phm Ninh ngi
nc Tn. Do c lu truyn trn din
rng, trong thi gian di nn nhng bn
ch Xun thu tam truyn c t trc thi
Hn u ln lt b tht lc, bi th, ba
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 4(116) 2011

bn ch ca h , h H v h Phm k
trn tr thnh nhng vn bn ch gii,
ghi chp v Xun thu tam truyn sm nht,
cn tn ti n nay.
Triu Thanh thay th triu Minh,
cao Hn hc; sau , Nguyn Nguyn bin
son Thp tam kinh ch s, mt thi k
ch gii Xun thu tam truyn li c bt
u. Mt s tc gi, tc phm quan trng
lnh vc ny l: Xun thu t truyn h
(Kho cu Xun thu t truyn) ca Hng
Lng Ct; Xun thu t truyn cu ch s
chng (Ch gii nhng bn Xun thu t
truyn c) ca Lu Vn K; Cng Dng
h th gii h (Kho cu, ch gii Cng
Dng truyn ca H Hu) ca Lu
Phng Lc; Cng Dng ngha s (Gii
thch ngha Cng Dng truyn) ca
Trn Lp; Cc Lng truyn s chng
(Ch gii Cc Lng truyn) ca Hu
Khang; Cc Lng b ch (Ch gii thm
Cc Lng truyn) ca Chung Vn Chng.
DUY T bin kho

Ti liu tham kho

1. Trng Hi Bng ch bin: Trung

Quc truyn thng vn ha lun cng, An
Huy gio dc xut bn x, 1996.
2. Trnh D Trinh: Trung Quc vn ha
yu lc, Ngoi ng gio hc d nghin
cu xut bn x, Bc Kinh, 1998.
3. Nhiu tc gi: Trung Quc vn ha
s tam bch , Thng Hi C tch xut
bn x, 1989.
4.T M Thin: S k (Nh Thnh
dch), Nxb Vn hc, H Ni, 1988.

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