You are on page 1of 6

Duy t

Thng thc trung quc hc

t c im ni bt ca
vn ha Trung Quc l

s bn mt (Th ghi chp u ui s


vic; 2/ Xt ni dung ghi chp ca sch

sng c trng s. Coi lch

s, th c th phn thnh 5 loi l

s nh tm gng soi (D s vi gim)

Chnh s, Thc lc, Ch s, Tp

hu nh l gio iu c giai tng


thng tr phong kin qua cc triu i

s v Truyn k.

tun theo. Bi vy, vic bin son sch


s qua cc thi l v cng quan trng.
Tng truyn, ngay t thi Hong
c s quan, chuyn trch bin son s.
n thi Chu, trung ng lp ra chc
Thi s, coi gi thin vn lch php v
ghi chp lch s. T M Thin v cha
ng l T M m u tng m nhim
chc quan Thi s lnh thi Hn V
. Cng vic bin son s c ni tip
lin tc qua cc i nh vy khin sch
s ca Trung Quc cc k phong ph, s
hc v cng pht trin. Sch s hin cn
n nay, c l rt kh c th thng k
ht. phn loi s lng sch ht sc
ln k trn, gii s hc Trung Quc c
hai phng php ch yu l: 1/ Xt th
ti m n s dng. Theo cch ny, sch
s c th chia thnh 3 loi ln l Th
bin nin, Th truyn k v Th k

68

Trc ht, xt t phng din th ti,


gm 3 loi:
1/ Th bin nin: C th coi Xun Thu
(lch s nc L) l tc phm khi u,
v b T tr thng gim ca T M
Quang l tiu biu. Hai tc phm ny
ghi chp cc s kin lch s theo th bin
nin, ng thi xen ln bnh lun, nhm
tng kt nhng bi hc kinh nghim lch
s. Xun Thu ghi chp lch s, bt u
t nm 722 trc CN (L n Cng), kt
thc nm 481 trc CN (L Ai Cng),
tng cng l 241 nm lch s nc L. T
M Quang thi Tng theo cch lm ca
Xun Thu, cng mt s nh s hc
ni ting ng thi bin son b T tr
thng gim vi mc ch vit v Vic
thin c th lm php tc, vic c c tc
dng rn e (Thin kh vi php, c kh
vi gii), tc ly nhng bi hc lch s
lm tm gng cho gii cm quyn
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011

Hai phng php phn loi sch s

ng thi cai tr thin h. B sch ny


vit v lch s trong 1362 nm, t nm
403 trc CN (Uy Lit Vng thi Chu)
cho mi n nm 959 sau CN nm
kin lp triu Tng. Sau T tr thng
gim, c rt nhiu tc phm s hc theo
th bin nin tip tc xut hin, nh:
Tc t tr thng gim trng bin ca L
o thi Tng, ghi chp lch s t nm
960 n nm 1126. Vi t cch nh s
hc bnh dn, m Thin thi cui Minh
u Thanh b ra hn 30 nm bin
son b bin nin s Quc Xc, vit v
triu i nh Minh, khi u t nm
1328 v kt thc nm 1645. Chng ng,
bn tho va hon thnh th b trm ly
i tt c. Sau ni au cng cc, ng
quyt tm vit li t u. Kt qu, bn
tho ln th hai li hay hn bn b trm!
Thi Thanh, c Tc t tr thng gim
ca Tt Nguyn, vit lch s t nm 960
n nm 1368.
2/ Th truyn k: Gii s hc Trung
Quc nht tr coi danh trc S k ca
T M Thin l tc phm khi u. Sau
, cc i ni nhau noi theo, tr thnh
th ti ca nhng b chnh s Trung
Quc. i tng ch yu c chnh s
cp l con ngi (d nhn vi cng),
xen k vi cc s kin lch s, ng thi
c nhng chng ring ghi chp ch
in chng. C th ni, nu th bin
nin ghi chp lch s theo chiu dc, th
th truyn k ghi chp lch s theo chiu
ngang. V cch vit c th ca th
truyn k, S k ln u tin a ra
cch b cc, gm Bn k (Ghi chp s
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011

tch cc vng); Nin biu (Trnh


by gin lc cc s kin ln v nhn
vt lch s theo nm thng); Th gia
(Ghi chp s tch cc danh nhn v ch
hu); Th (Ghi chp v ch in
chng. Sau ny, Hn th i thnh
Ch); Lit truyn (Ghi chp v cc
nhn vt lch s khc). Sau S k ca
T M Thin, trong sut gn 2000 nm
t thi Hn n sau thi Thanh
c rt nhiu tc phm s hc vit theo
th ti ny, m m u l Hn th ca
Ban C, v kt thc tc phm Tn
Nguyn s - hon thnh nm 1920. Cng
vic bin son mt s tc phm trn, lc
u u do c nhn mi nh s hc tin
hnh, nhng bt u t Thm c thi
Nam triu (420-589), vic bin son s
phi c hong h chiu, v thng
do T tng hoc s quan chu trch
nhim t chc nhm bin tp. Cng c
khi, ch thn hong b nhim mt
nhm cc nh s hc cng ph trch
bin son; cch lm ny thy r nht
thi ng, v th, sch s c vit ra
vo thi ny cng nhiu nht. S thay
i trn phn nh thi trng th ngy
cng cao i vi cng vic bin son s
ca nh nc phong kin, chng t giai
tng thng tr coi vic vit s nh i
s quan trng nht cai tr quc gia.
3/ Th k s bn mt: i tng ch
yu c n cp li l nhng s kin
lch s, s liu c sp xp theo tng
loi, mi loi ghi chp mt s kin lch
s ln, c th thnh mt thin c lp.
Cch vit ny c th khc phc c

69

Duy t

khuyt im ca th bin nin: Cng


mt s kin nhng li c vit nhiu
quyn, kh theo di u ui s vic; v
ca th truyn k: Cng mt s kin
nhng thy nhiu thin, tht kh phn
bit chnh t. Ngi u tin sng to
ra th ti ny l nh s hc Vin Xu thi
Nam Tng. Theo ng, T tr thng gim
bao gm 294 quyn l qu nhiu, rt kh
tra cu, bn ngh ra cch vit mi, ch
ch yu cp s kin lch s (D s vi
cng), theo nhiu mc khc nhau.
C th, ng ci bin T tr thng
gim thnh Thng gim k s bn mt,
bao gm 239 chuyn , t ng
sng to ra mt th ti s hc mi. Cc
triu i v sau, lin tc xut hin nhiu
tc phm s hc vit theo th ti ny,
th d nh: Tng s k s bn mt,
Nguyn s k s bn mt ca Trn Bang
Chim thi Minh; T truyn k s bn
mt ca Cao S K thi Thanh; Liu s
k s bn mt, Kim s k s bn mt,
Minh s k s bn mt, v Thanh s k
s bn mt ca cc hc gi khc.
Tip theo, xt t phng din ni
dung, gm 5 loi:
Loi th nht l Chnh s: Trong
lch s s hc Trung Quc trc thi
Thanh, vic phn bit th loi chnh s
vi cc th loi s khc (nh vi cc th
loi thng s th bin nin, ng i s
th bin nin, thng s th truyn k,
ng i s th truyn k) l hon
ton khng c tiu chun nht tr. Do
trong thi gian rt di, gii hn gia cc
th loi trn rt kh minh nh. n

70

thi Cn Long triu Thanh, khi bin


son T kh ton th tng mc, hong
Cn Long mi xc nh, coi cc b s
th truyn k l chnh s, v ban b
chiu th quy nh 24 b s (nh thp
t s) l chnh s Trung Quc, gm c:
S k, Hn th, Hu Hn th, Tam quc
ch, Tn th, Tng th, Nam T th,
Lng th, Trn th, Ngy th, Bc T
th, Chu th, Ty th, Nam s, Bc s,
Cu ng th, Tn ng th, Cu
Ng i s, Tn ng i s, Tng s,
Liu s, Kim s, Nguyn s, Minh s.
Nm 1921, chnh ph qun phit Bc
Dng li ban lnh, b sung b Tn
Nguyn s l chnh s.
Loi th hai l Thc lc, gm nhng
b s chuyn ghi chp trung thc li ni
v vic lm ca cc bc vng, nn
gi l thc lc. Th loi ny c ngun
gc t loi sch Khi c tr xut hin
vo triu Hn, vi cun Cm trung khi
c tr thi Hn V . Theo ghi chp
trong Tng th, loi sch thc lc xut
hin sm nht Trung Quc l hai cun
Lng hong thc lc thi Nam Bc
triu, ln lt ghi chp li ni v hnh
ng ca Lng V v Lng Nguyn
. ng tic, c hai cun ny mt.
Hin nay, cn mt s b khi c tr v
thc lc l: i ng sng nghip khi
c tr ca n i Nh thi ng, ghi
chp v qu trnh cha con L Uyn, L
Th Dn khi binh t Thi Nguyn n
khi kin lp triu ng. Bt u t
ng Cao t L Uyn, mi hong
triu ng u c thc lc, nhng n
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011

Hai phng php phn loi sch s

nay ch cn Thun tng thc lc do Hn


D vit. Thc lc ca cc hong triu
Tng hu nh u mt, hin ch cn
gi c mt phn nh ca Thi Tng
thc lc. Minh thc lc v Thanh thc
lc hin vn cn y , c lu gi
i lc v i Loan.
Loi th ba l Ch s, chuyn
ghi chp ch in chng qua cc
thi. Loi sch ny c gi tr tham kho
rt cao i vi vic nghin cu lch s
ch v lch s dng trong lch s
vn ha Trung Quc. Ngi sng to ra
loi sch s ny l nh s hc Hu
thi ng, khi ng b ra hn 30 nm
hon thnh b Thng in, khi u
t thi vin c v kt thc vo thi
ng Tc Tng. Trong b sch ny,
Hu phn chia ch in chng qua
cc thi thnh 8 in l: Thc ha
(Ghi chp v ch ti chnh, rung
t); Tuyn c (V ch khoa c
tuyn s v ch kho hch quan li);
Chc quan (V ch quan li); L
(V ch l nghi); Nhc (V ch
nhc); Binh hnh (V ch qun s v
hnh php); Chu qun (V s thay i
a l); Bin phng (V cc nc lng
ging). B Thng in ly cc loi s
kin lch s lm trung tm, vit theo th
t trc sau ca cc triu i, khng
nhng ghi chp c y t liu v
ch in chng qua cc thi, m cn
trng dn rt nhiu bnh lun ca tin
nhn v quan im ring ca bn thn
tc gi. Bi th, v b s ny, ngi i
sau bnh lun rng: T m m khng
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011

rm r, gin d m thch ng, tng


quyn tng quyn u l thc hc, rt
hu dng.
Sch s v ch in chng cn c
mt loi na, gi l Hi yu, ch ghi
chp in chng ca mt triu i hay
mt vi i, nn c tnh cht ng i
s. Loi Hi yu c bin son t thi
ng, bt u t Hi yu do T Min l
ngi u tin vit ra vo thi ng
c Tng. Tc phm ny ghi chp lch
s trong 9 i, t ng Cao t n
ng c Tng. Sau , nhm s gia
do Dng Thiu Phc ng u vit tip
Tc hi yu, ghi chp lch s t sau i
c Tng. Nm u Bc Tng, vi hai
tc phm trn lm c s, Vng Ph tip
tc vit b sung ch in chng cui
triu ng, hon thnh b Tn bin
ng hi yu, tc b ng hi yu cn
li n nay. B s ny gm 100 quyn,
s dng ngun t liu v cng phong
ph, v c chia thnh 14 loi l:
h, L, Cung in, D phc, Binh, Nhc,
Hc hiu, Hnh, Lch tng, Phong kin,
Pht o, Quan ch, Thc ha v T
du. Sau , Vng Ph li bin son
Ng i hi yu. K t , mi xut hin
th loi Hi yu cc triu i sau
ny.
Loi th t l Tp s: Loi sch ny
rt nhiu, trong , c ba cun tng i
quan trng l: Ng Vit xun thu ca
Triu Dip thi ng Hn, Lc Dng
gi lam k ca Dng Huyn Chi thi
Bc Ngy, Trinh Qun chnh yu ca
Ng Cng thi ng. Ng Vit xun thu

71

Duy t

ghi chp s tch ca hai nc Ng Vit


cui thi Xun thu, nhng li vit xen
ln vo mt s truyn thuyt v nhn
vt, khin cho tc phm ny nh gia
hai th loi sch s v tiu thuyt. Lc
Dng gi lam k ch yu ghi chp v
kin trc cha chin, vn cnh kinh
thnh Lc Dng thi Bc Ngy, nhng
khi vit v mi ngi cha, tc gi li ghi
chp thm nhiu in c c lin quan v
cp n cc lnh vc chnh tr, kinh
t, qun s, vn ha thi Bc Ngy, nn
c gi tr s liu rt cao. Trinh Qun
chnh yu th ch yu ghi chp v Thi
thnh tr Trinh Qun (Trinh Qun chi
tr) di thi ng Thi Tng. Cun
tp s ny c rt nhiu nhng cu hi v
p gia vua v qun thn v vic nc,
khin ngi c c th hiu c nguyn
nhn xut hin thi Trinh Qun chi
tr. Phm vi tc phm cp rt rng,
c th coi nh cun sch chuyn v
lch s chnh tr thi Trinh Qun.
Loi th nm l Truyn k: Cng
nh Tp s, loi sch s ny c t thi
Hn, vi tc phm Lit n truyn ca
Lu Hng, ghi chp v gng tit lit
ca ph n thi c. Tc phm ny
khi ngun cho dng vn hc vit v ph
n Trung Quc; Thi Nam triu, c tc
phm Cao Tng truyn ca Tu Gio,
ghi chp v s tch cc i s Pht gio
trc thi Lng, l s liu quan trng
nghin cu lch s Pht gio Trung
Quc. Sau , c Tc Cao Tng truyn v
Tng Cao Tng truyn. Thi Thanh, c
Tr nhn truyn ca Nguyn Nguyn, l

72

truyn k duy nht vit v cc nh khoa


hc c i Trung Quc.
Mt iu cn khng nh, d chia
theo th ti (gm 3 loi ln) hoc theo
ni dung (gm 5 loi) th cng khng th
bao qut c ht cc loi sch s trong
nn s hc Trung Quc. Trong cc loi
th mc thi xa, cn c Quc s, Ngy
s, B s, Ngoi s, Thng s, N s,
Dt s, Gia s, Vn ha s Trong s
danh mc phc tp nh vy, c loi l
bit danh ca mt trong 8 loi trn; c
loi l kt qu s phn loi nh hn na
ca mt trong 8 loi trn; cng c mt s
loi c hm ngha ring ca n (nh
ngy s, n s). Du l nh vy,
th vic quy np nhng tc phm s hc
theo hai phng php trn cng gip
ngi c nm c mt cch i cng
nhng loi bit ca sch s Trung Quc
DUY T bin kho

Sch tham kho


1. Lm Hn t To D Chng: Lch
s Trung Quc 5000 nm, tp 3 (Bn ting
Vit, Trn Ngc Thun dch), Nxb Vn ha
Thng tin, H Ni, 1997.
2. Trng Hi Bng ch bin: Trung
Quc truyn thng vn ha lun cng, An
Huy gio dc xut bn x, 1996.
3. Nhiu tc gi: Trung Quc lch s tam
bch , Thng Hi c tch xut bn x,
1989.
4. Chu T Thanh: Kinh in thng m,
Hong o vn ha s nghip hu hn cng
ty, i Bc, 1971.
Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011

Hai phng php phn loi sch s

Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011

73

You might also like