s qua cc thi l v cng quan trng. Tng truyn, ngay t thi Hong c s quan, chuyn trch bin son s. n thi Chu, trung ng lp ra chc Thi s, coi gi thin vn lch php v ghi chp lch s. T M Thin v cha ng l T M m u tng m nhim chc quan Thi s lnh thi Hn V . Cng vic bin son s c ni tip lin tc qua cc i nh vy khin sch s ca Trung Quc cc k phong ph, s hc v cng pht trin. Sch s hin cn n nay, c l rt kh c th thng k ht. phn loi s lng sch ht sc ln k trn, gii s hc Trung Quc c hai phng php ch yu l: 1/ Xt th ti m n s dng. Theo cch ny, sch s c th chia thnh 3 loi ln l Th bin nin, Th truyn k v Th k
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Trc ht, xt t phng din th ti,
gm 3 loi: 1/ Th bin nin: C th coi Xun Thu (lch s nc L) l tc phm khi u, v b T tr thng gim ca T M Quang l tiu biu. Hai tc phm ny ghi chp cc s kin lch s theo th bin nin, ng thi xen ln bnh lun, nhm tng kt nhng bi hc kinh nghim lch s. Xun Thu ghi chp lch s, bt u t nm 722 trc CN (L n Cng), kt thc nm 481 trc CN (L Ai Cng), tng cng l 241 nm lch s nc L. T M Quang thi Tng theo cch lm ca Xun Thu, cng mt s nh s hc ni ting ng thi bin son b T tr thng gim vi mc ch vit v Vic thin c th lm php tc, vic c c tc dng rn e (Thin kh vi php, c kh vi gii), tc ly nhng bi hc lch s lm tm gng cho gii cm quyn Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011
Hai phng php phn loi sch s
ng thi cai tr thin h. B sch ny
vit v lch s trong 1362 nm, t nm 403 trc CN (Uy Lit Vng thi Chu) cho mi n nm 959 sau CN nm kin lp triu Tng. Sau T tr thng gim, c rt nhiu tc phm s hc theo th bin nin tip tc xut hin, nh: Tc t tr thng gim trng bin ca L o thi Tng, ghi chp lch s t nm 960 n nm 1126. Vi t cch nh s hc bnh dn, m Thin thi cui Minh u Thanh b ra hn 30 nm bin son b bin nin s Quc Xc, vit v triu i nh Minh, khi u t nm 1328 v kt thc nm 1645. Chng ng, bn tho va hon thnh th b trm ly i tt c. Sau ni au cng cc, ng quyt tm vit li t u. Kt qu, bn tho ln th hai li hay hn bn b trm! Thi Thanh, c Tc t tr thng gim ca Tt Nguyn, vit lch s t nm 960 n nm 1368. 2/ Th truyn k: Gii s hc Trung Quc nht tr coi danh trc S k ca T M Thin l tc phm khi u. Sau , cc i ni nhau noi theo, tr thnh th ti ca nhng b chnh s Trung Quc. i tng ch yu c chnh s cp l con ngi (d nhn vi cng), xen k vi cc s kin lch s, ng thi c nhng chng ring ghi chp ch in chng. C th ni, nu th bin nin ghi chp lch s theo chiu dc, th th truyn k ghi chp lch s theo chiu ngang. V cch vit c th ca th truyn k, S k ln u tin a ra cch b cc, gm Bn k (Ghi chp s Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011
tch cc vng); Nin biu (Trnh
by gin lc cc s kin ln v nhn vt lch s theo nm thng); Th gia (Ghi chp s tch cc danh nhn v ch hu); Th (Ghi chp v ch in chng. Sau ny, Hn th i thnh Ch); Lit truyn (Ghi chp v cc nhn vt lch s khc). Sau S k ca T M Thin, trong sut gn 2000 nm t thi Hn n sau thi Thanh c rt nhiu tc phm s hc vit theo th ti ny, m m u l Hn th ca Ban C, v kt thc tc phm Tn Nguyn s - hon thnh nm 1920. Cng vic bin son mt s tc phm trn, lc u u do c nhn mi nh s hc tin hnh, nhng bt u t Thm c thi Nam triu (420-589), vic bin son s phi c hong h chiu, v thng do T tng hoc s quan chu trch nhim t chc nhm bin tp. Cng c khi, ch thn hong b nhim mt nhm cc nh s hc cng ph trch bin son; cch lm ny thy r nht thi ng, v th, sch s c vit ra vo thi ny cng nhiu nht. S thay i trn phn nh thi trng th ngy cng cao i vi cng vic bin son s ca nh nc phong kin, chng t giai tng thng tr coi vic vit s nh i s quan trng nht cai tr quc gia. 3/ Th k s bn mt: i tng ch yu c n cp li l nhng s kin lch s, s liu c sp xp theo tng loi, mi loi ghi chp mt s kin lch s ln, c th thnh mt thin c lp. Cch vit ny c th khc phc c
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Duy t
khuyt im ca th bin nin: Cng
mt s kin nhng li c vit nhiu quyn, kh theo di u ui s vic; v ca th truyn k: Cng mt s kin nhng thy nhiu thin, tht kh phn bit chnh t. Ngi u tin sng to ra th ti ny l nh s hc Vin Xu thi Nam Tng. Theo ng, T tr thng gim bao gm 294 quyn l qu nhiu, rt kh tra cu, bn ngh ra cch vit mi, ch ch yu cp s kin lch s (D s vi cng), theo nhiu mc khc nhau. C th, ng ci bin T tr thng gim thnh Thng gim k s bn mt, bao gm 239 chuyn , t ng sng to ra mt th ti s hc mi. Cc triu i v sau, lin tc xut hin nhiu tc phm s hc vit theo th ti ny, th d nh: Tng s k s bn mt, Nguyn s k s bn mt ca Trn Bang Chim thi Minh; T truyn k s bn mt ca Cao S K thi Thanh; Liu s k s bn mt, Kim s k s bn mt, Minh s k s bn mt, v Thanh s k s bn mt ca cc hc gi khc. Tip theo, xt t phng din ni dung, gm 5 loi: Loi th nht l Chnh s: Trong lch s s hc Trung Quc trc thi Thanh, vic phn bit th loi chnh s vi cc th loi s khc (nh vi cc th loi thng s th bin nin, ng i s th bin nin, thng s th truyn k, ng i s th truyn k) l hon ton khng c tiu chun nht tr. Do trong thi gian rt di, gii hn gia cc th loi trn rt kh minh nh. n
70
thi Cn Long triu Thanh, khi bin
son T kh ton th tng mc, hong Cn Long mi xc nh, coi cc b s th truyn k l chnh s, v ban b chiu th quy nh 24 b s (nh thp t s) l chnh s Trung Quc, gm c: S k, Hn th, Hu Hn th, Tam quc ch, Tn th, Tng th, Nam T th, Lng th, Trn th, Ngy th, Bc T th, Chu th, Ty th, Nam s, Bc s, Cu ng th, Tn ng th, Cu Ng i s, Tn ng i s, Tng s, Liu s, Kim s, Nguyn s, Minh s. Nm 1921, chnh ph qun phit Bc Dng li ban lnh, b sung b Tn Nguyn s l chnh s. Loi th hai l Thc lc, gm nhng b s chuyn ghi chp trung thc li ni v vic lm ca cc bc vng, nn gi l thc lc. Th loi ny c ngun gc t loi sch Khi c tr xut hin vo triu Hn, vi cun Cm trung khi c tr thi Hn V . Theo ghi chp trong Tng th, loi sch thc lc xut hin sm nht Trung Quc l hai cun Lng hong thc lc thi Nam Bc triu, ln lt ghi chp li ni v hnh ng ca Lng V v Lng Nguyn . ng tic, c hai cun ny mt. Hin nay, cn mt s b khi c tr v thc lc l: i ng sng nghip khi c tr ca n i Nh thi ng, ghi chp v qu trnh cha con L Uyn, L Th Dn khi binh t Thi Nguyn n khi kin lp triu ng. Bt u t ng Cao t L Uyn, mi hong triu ng u c thc lc, nhng n Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011
Hai phng php phn loi sch s
nay ch cn Thun tng thc lc do Hn
D vit. Thc lc ca cc hong triu Tng hu nh u mt, hin ch cn gi c mt phn nh ca Thi Tng thc lc. Minh thc lc v Thanh thc lc hin vn cn y , c lu gi i lc v i Loan. Loi th ba l Ch s, chuyn ghi chp ch in chng qua cc thi. Loi sch ny c gi tr tham kho rt cao i vi vic nghin cu lch s ch v lch s dng trong lch s vn ha Trung Quc. Ngi sng to ra loi sch s ny l nh s hc Hu thi ng, khi ng b ra hn 30 nm hon thnh b Thng in, khi u t thi vin c v kt thc vo thi ng Tc Tng. Trong b sch ny, Hu phn chia ch in chng qua cc thi thnh 8 in l: Thc ha (Ghi chp v ch ti chnh, rung t); Tuyn c (V ch khoa c tuyn s v ch kho hch quan li); Chc quan (V ch quan li); L (V ch l nghi); Nhc (V ch nhc); Binh hnh (V ch qun s v hnh php); Chu qun (V s thay i a l); Bin phng (V cc nc lng ging). B Thng in ly cc loi s kin lch s lm trung tm, vit theo th t trc sau ca cc triu i, khng nhng ghi chp c y t liu v ch in chng qua cc thi, m cn trng dn rt nhiu bnh lun ca tin nhn v quan im ring ca bn thn tc gi. Bi th, v b s ny, ngi i sau bnh lun rng: T m m khng Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011
rm r, gin d m thch ng, tng
quyn tng quyn u l thc hc, rt hu dng. Sch s v ch in chng cn c mt loi na, gi l Hi yu, ch ghi chp in chng ca mt triu i hay mt vi i, nn c tnh cht ng i s. Loi Hi yu c bin son t thi ng, bt u t Hi yu do T Min l ngi u tin vit ra vo thi ng c Tng. Tc phm ny ghi chp lch s trong 9 i, t ng Cao t n ng c Tng. Sau , nhm s gia do Dng Thiu Phc ng u vit tip Tc hi yu, ghi chp lch s t sau i c Tng. Nm u Bc Tng, vi hai tc phm trn lm c s, Vng Ph tip tc vit b sung ch in chng cui triu ng, hon thnh b Tn bin ng hi yu, tc b ng hi yu cn li n nay. B s ny gm 100 quyn, s dng ngun t liu v cng phong ph, v c chia thnh 14 loi l: h, L, Cung in, D phc, Binh, Nhc, Hc hiu, Hnh, Lch tng, Phong kin, Pht o, Quan ch, Thc ha v T du. Sau , Vng Ph li bin son Ng i hi yu. K t , mi xut hin th loi Hi yu cc triu i sau ny. Loi th t l Tp s: Loi sch ny rt nhiu, trong , c ba cun tng i quan trng l: Ng Vit xun thu ca Triu Dip thi ng Hn, Lc Dng gi lam k ca Dng Huyn Chi thi Bc Ngy, Trinh Qun chnh yu ca Ng Cng thi ng. Ng Vit xun thu
71
Duy t
ghi chp s tch ca hai nc Ng Vit
cui thi Xun thu, nhng li vit xen ln vo mt s truyn thuyt v nhn vt, khin cho tc phm ny nh gia hai th loi sch s v tiu thuyt. Lc Dng gi lam k ch yu ghi chp v kin trc cha chin, vn cnh kinh thnh Lc Dng thi Bc Ngy, nhng khi vit v mi ngi cha, tc gi li ghi chp thm nhiu in c c lin quan v cp n cc lnh vc chnh tr, kinh t, qun s, vn ha thi Bc Ngy, nn c gi tr s liu rt cao. Trinh Qun chnh yu th ch yu ghi chp v Thi thnh tr Trinh Qun (Trinh Qun chi tr) di thi ng Thi Tng. Cun tp s ny c rt nhiu nhng cu hi v p gia vua v qun thn v vic nc, khin ngi c c th hiu c nguyn nhn xut hin thi Trinh Qun chi tr. Phm vi tc phm cp rt rng, c th coi nh cun sch chuyn v lch s chnh tr thi Trinh Qun. Loi th nm l Truyn k: Cng nh Tp s, loi sch s ny c t thi Hn, vi tc phm Lit n truyn ca Lu Hng, ghi chp v gng tit lit ca ph n thi c. Tc phm ny khi ngun cho dng vn hc vit v ph n Trung Quc; Thi Nam triu, c tc phm Cao Tng truyn ca Tu Gio, ghi chp v s tch cc i s Pht gio trc thi Lng, l s liu quan trng nghin cu lch s Pht gio Trung Quc. Sau , c Tc Cao Tng truyn v Tng Cao Tng truyn. Thi Thanh, c Tr nhn truyn ca Nguyn Nguyn, l
72
truyn k duy nht vit v cc nh khoa
hc c i Trung Quc. Mt iu cn khng nh, d chia theo th ti (gm 3 loi ln) hoc theo ni dung (gm 5 loi) th cng khng th bao qut c ht cc loi sch s trong nn s hc Trung Quc. Trong cc loi th mc thi xa, cn c Quc s, Ngy s, B s, Ngoi s, Thng s, N s, Dt s, Gia s, Vn ha s Trong s danh mc phc tp nh vy, c loi l bit danh ca mt trong 8 loi trn; c loi l kt qu s phn loi nh hn na ca mt trong 8 loi trn; cng c mt s loi c hm ngha ring ca n (nh ngy s, n s). Du l nh vy, th vic quy np nhng tc phm s hc theo hai phng php trn cng gip ngi c nm c mt cch i cng nhng loi bit ca sch s Trung Quc DUY T bin kho
Sch tham kho
1. Lm Hn t To D Chng: Lch s Trung Quc 5000 nm, tp 3 (Bn ting Vit, Trn Ngc Thun dch), Nxb Vn ha Thng tin, H Ni, 1997. 2. Trng Hi Bng ch bin: Trung Quc truyn thng vn ha lun cng, An Huy gio dc xut bn x, 1996. 3. Nhiu tc gi: Trung Quc lch s tam bch , Thng Hi c tch xut bn x, 1989. 4. Chu T Thanh: Kinh in thng m, Hong o vn ha s nghip hu hn cng ty, i Bc, 1971. Nghin cu Trung Quc s 3(115) 2011