Alessandro Volta

For the concept car, see Toyota Alessandro Volta.

often credited with its invention, even though a machine

operating on the same principle was described in 1762 by
the Swedish experimenter Johan Wilcke.[8][9] In 1777, he
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (Italtravelled through Switzerland. There he befriended H. B.
ian pronunciation: [alessandro vlta]; 18 February 1745
de Saussure.
5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and
[2][3][4]
a pioneer of electricity and power,
who is cred- In the years between 1776 and 1778, Volta studied
ited as the inventor of the electrical battery and the dis- the chemistry of gases. He researched and discovered
coverer of methane. He invented the Voltaic pile in methane after reading a paper by Benjamin Franklin of
1799 and the results of which he reported in 1800 in a United States on ammable air. In November 1776,
two-part letter to the President of the Royal Society.[5][6] he found methane at Lake Maggiore,[10] and by 1778 he
With this invention Volta proved that electricity could managed to isolate methane.[11] He devised experiments
be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent the- such as the ignition of methane by an electric spark in a
ory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. closed vessel.
Voltas invention sparked a great amount of scientic ex- Volta also studied what we now call electrical
citement and led others to conduct similar experiments capacitance, developing separate means to study
which eventually led to the development of the eld of both electrical potential (V ) and charge (Q ), and diselectrochemistry.[6]
covering that for a given object, they are proportional.[12]
Alessandro Volta also drew admiration from Napoleon
Bonaparte for his invention, and was invited to the
Institute of France to demonstrate his invention to the
members of the Institute. Volta enjoyed a certain amount
of closeness with the Emperor throughout his life and
he was conferred numerous honours by him.[1] Alessandro Volta held the chair of experimental physics at the
University of Pavia for nearly 40 years and was widely
idolised by his students.[1]

This is called Voltas Law of Capacitance, and it was for

this work the unit of electrical potential has been named
the volt.[12]
In 1779 he became a professor of experimental physics
at the University of Pavia, a chair that he occupied for
almost 40 years.[1]

2 Volta and Galvani

Despite his professional success Volta tended to be a person inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years. At this time he tended to live
secluded from public life and more for the sake of his
family until his eventual death in 1827 from a series of
illnesses which began in 1823.[1] The SI unit of electric
potential is named in his honour as the volt.

Luigi Galvani, an Italian physicist, discovered something

he named animal electricity when two dierent metals
were connected in series with a frogs leg and to one another. Volta realised that the frogs leg served as both
a conductor of electricity (what we would now call an
electrolyte) and as a detector of electricity. He replaced
the frogs leg with brine-soaked paper, and detected the
ow of electricity by other means familiar to him from
his previous studies.

Early life and works

In this way he discovered the electrochemical series, and

the law that the electromotive force (emf) of a galvanic
cell, consisting of a pair of metal electrodes separated by
electrolyte, is the dierence between their two electrode
potentials (thus, two identical electrodes and a common
electrolyte give zero net emf). This may be called Voltas
Law of the electrochemical series.

Volta was born in Como, a town in present-day northern Italy (near the Swiss border) on 18 February 1745.
In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from
Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons:
Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. His father, Filippo Volta,
was of noble lineage. His mother, Donna Maddalena,
came from the family of the Inzaghis.[7]

In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over

the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, Volta invented the voltaic pile, an early electric battery, which
produced a steady electric current.[13] Volta had determined that the most eective pair of dissimilar metals to

In 1774, he became a professor of physics at the Royal

School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularised the electrophorus, a device that produced static
electricity. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is
1

4 LAST YEARS AND RETIREMENT

The battery made by Volta is credited as one of the rst
electrochemical cells. It consists of two electrodes: one
made of zinc, the other of copper. The electrolyte is
either sulfuric acid mixed with water or a form of saltwater brine. The electrolyte exists in the form 2H+ and
SO4 2 . The zinc, which is higher in the electrochemical
series than both copper and hydrogen, reacts with the negatively charged sulfate (SO4 2 ). The positively charged
hydrogen ions (protons) capture electrons from the copper, forming bubbles of hydrogen gas, H2 . This makes
the zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the
positive electrode.
Thus, there are two terminals, and an electric current will
ow if they are connected. The chemical reactions in this
voltaic cell are as follows:
Zinc:
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Sulfuric acid:
2H+ + 2e H2

Luigi Galvani, Voltas rival.

The copper does not react, but rather it functions as an

electrode for the electric current.

produce electricity was zinc and copper. Initially he experimented with individual cells in series, each cell being
a wine goblet lled with brine into which the two dissimilar electrodes were dipped. The voltaic pile replaced the
goblets with cardboard soaked in brine.

However, this cell also has some disadvantages. It is unsafe to handle, since sulfuric acid, even if diluted, can be
hazardous. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over
time because the hydrogen gas is not released. Instead,
it accumulates on the surface of the copper electrode and
forms a barrier between the metal and the electrolyte solution.

Early battery
4 Last years and retirement

Electrolyte

Zinc
Copper

A voltaic pile.

1 Element

Volta explains the principle of the electric column to Napoleon

in 1801.

In announcing his discovery of the voltaic pile, Volta paid

tribute to the inuences of William Nicholson, Tiberius In 1809 Volta became associated member of the Royal
Cavallo, and Abraham Bennet.[14]
Institute of the Netherlands.[15] In honour of his work,

3
Volta was made a count by Napoleon Bonaparte in
1810.[2]
Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, a frazione
of Como, Italy, now named Camnago Volta in his honour. He died there on 5 March 1827, just after his
82nd birthday.[16] Voltas remains were buried in Camnago Volta.[17]

4.1

Legacy

Voltas legacy is celebrated by the Tempio Voltiano

memorial located in the public gardens by the lake. There
is also a museum which has been built in his honour,
which exhibits some of the equipment that Volta used
to conduct experiments. Nearby stands the Villa Olmo,
which houses the Voltian Foundation, an organization
promoting scientic activities. Volta carried out his experimental studies and produced his rst inventions near
Como.
His image was depicted on the Italian 10,000 lira note
(1990-1997) along with a sketch of his voltaic pile.

Religious beliefs

ery naturally noble spirit must love and accept

it. May this confession which has been asked
from me and which I willingly give, written and
subscribed by my own hand, with authority to
show it to whomsoever you will, for I am not
ashamed of the Gospel, may it produce some
good fruit![21][22]

6 Publications
De vi attractiva ignis electrici (1769) (On the attractive force of electric re)

7 See also
Eudiometer
History of the battery
History of the internal combustion engine
Lemon battery
Volta (lunar crater)

Volta was raised as a Catholic and for all of his life continued to maintain his belief.[18] Because he was not ordained a clergyman as his family expected, he was sometimes accused of being irreligious and some people have
speculated about his possible unbelief, stressing that he
did not join the Church,[19] or that he virtually ignored
the churchs call.[20] Nevertheless, he cast out doubts in
a declaration of faith in which he said:
I do not understand how anyone can doubt
the sincerity and constancy of my attachment
to the religion which I profess, the Roman,
Catholic and Apostolic religion in which I was
born and brought up, and of which I have always made confession, externally and internally. I have, indeed, and only too often, failed
in the performance of those good works which
are the mark of a Catholic Christian, and I have
been guilty of many sins: but through the special mercy of God I have never, as far as I know,
wavered in my faith... In this faith I recognise
a pure gift of God, a supernatural grace; but I
have not neglected those human means which
conrm belief, and overthrow the doubts which
at times arise. I studied attentively the grounds
and basis of religion, the works of apologists
and assailants, the reasons for and against, and
I can say that the result of such study is to
clothe religion with such a degree of probability, even for the merely natural reason, that every spirit unperverted by sin and passion, ev-

Volta Prize

8 References
[1] Munro, John (1902). Pioneers of Electricity; Or, Short
Lives of the Great Electricians. London: The Religious
Tract Society. pp. 89102.
[2] Giuliano Pancaldi, Volta: Science and culture in the age
of enlightenment, Princeton University Press, 2003.
[3] Alberto Gigli Berzolari, Voltas Teaching in Como and
Pavia - Nuova voltiana
[4] Hall of Fame, Edison.
[5] "Milestones:Volta{}s Electrical Battery Invention,
1799. http://www.ieeeghn.org. IEEE Global History
Network. Retrieved 2016-04-12. External link in
|website= (help)
[6] Enterprise and electrolysis. http://www.rsc.org. Royal
Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 18 February 2015. External link in |website= (help)
[7] Life and works. Alessandrovolta.info. Como, Italy: Editoriale srl. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
[8] Pancaldi, Giuliano (2003). Volta, Science and Culture in
the Age of Enlightenment. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN
978-0-691-12226-7., p.73

[9] Joh. Carl Wilcke (1762) Ytterligare rn och frsk om

contraira electriciteterne vid laddningen och drtil hrande
delar (Additional ndings and experiments on the opposing electric charges [that are created] during charging, and parts related thereto) Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal
Swedish Science Academy), vol. 23, pages 206-229, 245
266.
[10] Alessandro Volta, Lettere del Signor Don Alessandro Volta
Sull' Aria Inammabile Nativa delle Paludi [Letters of
Signor Don Alessandro Volta on the ammable native air of the marshes] (Milan, (Italy): Giuseppe Marelli,
1777).
[11] Methane. BookRags. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
[12] Williams, Jerey Huw (2014). Dening and Measuring
Nature: The Make of All Things. Morgan & Claypool.
ISBN 978-1-627-05278-8.
[13] Robert Routledge (1881). A popular history of science
(2nd ed.). G. Routledge and Sons. p. 553. ISBN 0-41538381-1.
[14] Elliott, P. (1999). Abraham Bennet F.R.S. (1749-1799):
a provincial electrician in eighteenth-century England
(PDF). Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London.
53 (1): 5978. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1999.0063.
[15] Alessandro G.A.A. Volta (1745 - 1827)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 20 July
2015.
[16] Volta. Institute of Chemistry - Jerusalem. Archived
from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
[17] For a photograph of his gravesite, and other Volta locales,
see Voltas localities. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
[18] Gli scienziati cattolici che hanno fatto lItalia (Catholic
scientists who made Italy)". Zenit.
[19] 'Adam-Hart Davis. (2012). Engineers. Penguin. p. 138
[20] Michael Brian Schier (2003), Draw the Lightning Down:
Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of
Enlightenment. University of California Press. p. 55
[21] Kneller, Karl Alois, Christianity and the leaders of modern science; a contribution to the history of culture in the
nineteenth century (1911), p. 117118
[22] Alessandro Volta.
Zanichelli. p. 29

1955.

Epistolario, Volume 5.

External links
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Alessandro
Volta". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
Appleton Company.
Electricity & Magnetism Pioneer Alessandro Volta
Volta and the Pile

EXTERNAL LINKS

Alessandro Volta Google Doodle

Alessandro Volta
Count Alessandro Volta
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Volta, Alessandro". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Electrical units history.
References to Volta in European historic newspapers
Life of Alessandro Volta: Biography; Inventions;
Facts

10
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10

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