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Theory
An assembly language often abbreviated asm, is a low-level
programming language for a computer, or other programmable
device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one)
correspondence between the language and
the architecture's machine code instructions. Each assembly
language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in
contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are
generally portable across multiple architectures, but
require interpreting or compiling.
Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each lowlevel machine instruction or operation, typically also each
architectural register, flag, etc. Many operations require one or
more operands in order to form a complete instruction and
most assemblers can take expressions of numbers and named
constants as well as registers and labels as operands, freeing
the programmer from tedious repetitive calculations.
Depending on the architecture, these elements may also be
combined for specific instructions or addressing
modes using offsets or other data as well as fixed addresses.
Many assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate
program development, to control the assembly process, and to
aid debugging.
A serial port is a serial communication interface through
which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (in
contrast to a parallel port). Throughout most of the
history of personal computers, data was transferred
through serial ports to devices such as modems,
terminals and various peripherals. While such interfaces
Procedure
Programs are written in notepad and saved as .asm file
format.
Then the program is compiled using nasm compiler in
command prompt.
The program is run step b step using the function key F8.
Task 2
Step 1- 7,5,1 numbers are taken as A,B,C
Step 2- The program is written in assembler 80386 for the
following equations
Y=A+(B-C)
X=A-B*C
Z=X-Y
Objectives
Theory
A parallel port is a type of interface found
on computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting
peripherals. In computing, a parallel port is a parallel
communication physical interface. It is also known as
a printer port or Centronics port.
Today, the parallel port interface is virtually non-existent
because of the rise of Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices,
along with network printing using Ethernet and WiFi connected printers.
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Input/output
interfaced with
systems in two
devices can be
microprocessor
ways,
1. I/O mapped
2. Memory
I/O
mapped I/O
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Task 1
Procedure
An assembly language program is written for an up
counter which counts from 0 to (256-X) and the counted
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Program
Discussion
Each personal computer has a microprocessor that manages
the computer's arithmetical, logical, and control activities.
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Serial and parallel are two types of ports which are used for
communication in computers. Parallel transmission occurs
across a parallel wire. Parallel wires are flat and think,
constituting multiple, smaller cables. Each cable can carry a
single bit of information (either representing a 1 or 0). A parallel
cable can carry multiple bits at the same time, one for each
cable. An eight-cable parallel wire, for example, could carry an
entire byte of data. This results in faster data transmission per
second, all things being equal.
The Parallel port can be fast enough for most applications, but
it suffers from many problems. The most significant issue is
that the port is non-standard. Often times, users of the parallel
port will run into OS issues or BIOS issues. The serial port does
not suffer the same problems of the parallel port. The behavior
of the serial port has been standardized across computers so
there are no surprises there. The real problems are bandwidth
and limited ports.
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