ABSTRACT:

Road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to
convey official information. They can also be applied in other facilities used by vehicles to mark
parking spaces or designate areas for other uses.
Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to
drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing
confusion and uncertainty about their meaning, and efforts exist to standardize such markings
across borders. However, countries and areas categorize and specify road surface markings in
different ways.
Road surface markings are mechanical, non-mechanical, or temporary. They can be used to
delineate traffic lanes, inform motorists and pedestrians or serve as noise generators when run
across a road, or attempt to wake a sleeping driver when installed in the shoulders of a road.
Road surface marking can also indicate regulation for parking and stopping.
There is continuous effort to improve the road marking system, and technological breakthroughs
include adding retro reflectivity, increasing longevity, and lowering installation cost.

Introduction:
The challenges of a 21st Century economy mean different things to different people in
Britain; however, there are certain constants that underpin the diverse range of challenges for the
majority. Business needs efficient transport systems to move goods to market, whilst
people demand effective transportation, that is safe, allows them to commute, to socialise
and to access leisure pursuits nationwide.

Whilst there are numerous different modes of

transport, it is the road network that provides the most significant arterial system for the majority
of British businesses and people; making that road network safer, more efficient and more
environmentally friendly is a challenge that has to be addressed by any government that is
serious about prosperity, sustainability and quality of life issues.

This paper outlines some

simple and relatively inexpensive methods that can form part of meeting these challenges.
In the United States, the first documented use of a painted center line was in 1911 along
Trenton's River Road in Wayne County, Michigan. [1] According to the state of Michigan, the idea
of using a painted center line was conceived in 1911 by Edward N. Hines, the chairman of the
Wayne County, Michigan, Board of Roads,[2] after watching a leaky milk wagon leave a white
trail along a road.[1] Hines was the fifth recipient of the George S. Bartlett Award for Highway
Progress,[3] and was inducted posthumously in 1972 into the Michigan Transportation Hall of
Honor for his innovation, and was honored in 2011 with the first Paul Mijksenaar Design for
Function Award.[1]
In 1917, the idea of using painted center lines on rural state highways was conceived and/or put
into action in at least three states (Michigan, Oregon, and California), apparently completely
independent of one another.[4] At some point in 1917, a white highway center line was painted
along "Dead Man's Curve" on what is now County Road 492 in Marquette County, Michigan,[1]
under the direction of Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, who served as engineer-superintendent of the
Marquette County Road Commission.[5][6][7] Sawyer was inducted posthumously into the
Michigan Transportation Hall of Honor in 1973.[8]

In Oregon in April 1917, a yellow center line was painted down the center of the Columbia River
Highway, between Crown Point and Multnomah Falls, at the direction of Multnomah County
Sheriff's Deputy Peter Rexford.[9] Later in 1917, the same line was continued west of Crown
Point.[9] Rexford first conceived the idea of a yellow center line in early 1917 while riding on a
bus from Salem, Oregon on a dark and rainy night,[10] and advocated it as a safety measure on the
Columbia River Highway, which Rexford patrolled as a traffic officer.[11] When Multnomah
County declined to fund the project, Rexford's boss, Chief Deputy Martin T. Pratt (later elected
Sheriff), paid for the paint out of his own pocket so that the center line could be painted. [11][12][13]
Rexford later described the April 1917 line as the "first yellow center line ever painted on
pavement" in the United States.[9] An article published in The Oregonian upon Rexford's
retirement claimed that a contest with a $10,000 reward was once held to determine the
originator of the highway center line, but the contest was scrapped when information from
Europe revealed that ancient civilizations had used white bricks to mark the center lines of their
streets.[10]
In the fall of 1917, Dr. June McCarroll of Indio, California developed the idea of white center
lines and began advocating for their use, after she was run off the road by a truck while driving
along a highway that would later be incorporated into U.S. Route 99.[14] Dr. McCarroll soon
communicated her idea to the local chamber of commerce and the Riverside County Board of
Supervisors, with no success. She then took it upon herself to hand-paint a white stripe down the
middle of the road, thus establishing the actual width of the lane to prevent similar accidents. [15]
In 2002, a portion of Interstate 10 was designated and signed as "The Doctor June McCarroll
Memorial Freeway" in her honor.[15]
The question of which color to use for highway center lines in the United States enjoyed
considerable debate and changing standards over a period of several decades. By November
1954, 47 states had adopted white as their standard color for highway centerlines, with Oregon
being the last holdout to use yellow.[4] In 1958, the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads adopted white as
the standard color for the new interstate highway system. [16] The 1971 edition of the Manual on
Uniform Traffic Control Devices, however, mandated yellow as the standard color of center lines
nationwide. The changeover to the 1971 MUTCD standards took place between 1971 and 1975,
with most done by the end of 1973, so for two years drivers still had to use the old and new.

Yellow was adopted because it was already the standard color of warning signs, and because it
was easy to teach drivers to associate yellow lines with dividing opposing traffic and white lines
with dividing traffic in the same direction. In turn, this simple mnemonic device greatly reduced
head-on collisions and improved road traffic safety.[citation needed]
The major downside to the MUTCD white-yellow system is that yellow has slightly less contrast
than white, especially at night, so for maximum contrast, bright yellowand highly toxiclead
chromate was used to paint yellow lines through the end of the 20th century. As a result, U.S.
transportation workers must take special precautions when disturbing or removing yellow lane
markings.[17]
In England, the idea of painting a center white line was first experimented with in 1921 in Sutton
Coldfield, Birmingham. Following complaints by residents over reckless driving and several
collisions, the Sutton Coldfield Corporation decided to paint the line on Maney Corner in the
area of Maney.[18]
In 1971, a correspondent for the Sutton Coldfield News wrote an article in the newspaper
recalling the event.
The line was put down as an experiment as there were a lot of accidents there, even in the early
days of the motor car. The experiment proved to be so successful that the whole country adopted
it as a standard road safety device, and later foreign countries paint lines on their roads, as well.
[citation needed]

In November 2014, a glow-in-the-dark bike path inspired by Vincent van Gogh's The Starry
Night was created with luminous paint in the Netherlands with the intent to reduce urban light
pollution.[19]
Today, road markings are used to convey a range of information to the driver spanning
navigational, safety and enforcement issues leading to their use in road environment
understanding within advanced driver assistance systems and consideration for future use in
autonomous road vehicles.

Literature review:
Road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order
to convey official information. They can also be applied in other facilities used by vehicles to
mark parking spaces or designate areas for other uses.
Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to
drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing
confusion and uncertainty about their meaning, and efforts exist to standardize such markings
across borders. However, countries and areas categorize and specify road surface markings in
different ways.
Road surface markings are either mechanical, non-mechanical, or temporary. They can be used
to delineate traffic lanes, inform motorists and pedestrians or serve as noise generators when run
across a road, or attempt to wake a sleeping driver when installed in the shoulders of a road.
Road surface marking can also indicate regulation for parking and stopping.
There is continuous effort to improve the road marking system, and technological breakthroughs
include adding retroreflectivity, increasing longevity, and lowering installation cost.
Design and Fabrication of Semi - Automatic Road Reflector Stud Installation Machine
R. Deepak Kumar, S. Pradeep, M. Navin Prasad and S.Shankar.
Automation is an essential component nowadays to eliminate the requirements of labour in any
industries. Road reflector stud is the important component that mainly prevents the major
accidents during night time. But, Manual road reflector stud installation adds up to the
major challenge of labour shortage in public work departments. Moreover the manual
process is time consuming and not suitable for large volume installations in the roads.
The main objective of this work is to design a semi-automated machine for the
installation of road reflector studs. The conventional method employs four different processes
includes drilling of hole on to the roads, pouring of epoxy resin, placing and stamping of studs,
all these process done one back another manually. The present work consists of four stations
to do these four processes and employs simple station transfer mechanism. Pneumatic power

is fruitfully utilized in this project and the system is controlled by a microcontroller. This paper
brings out the detail design procedure, hand calculations, fabrication procedure and system
assembly of the machine.
ROAD MARKINGS, ROAD SAFETY AND EFFICIENT ROAD UTILISATION IN 21 ST
CENTURY,
The challenges of a 21st Century economy mean different things to different people in
Britain; however, there are certain constants that underpin the diverse range of challenges for the
majority. Business needs efficient transport systems to move goods to market, whilst
people demand effective transportation, that is safe, allows them to commute, to socialise
and to access leisure pursuits nationwide.

Whilst there are numerous different modes of

transport, it is the road network that provides the most significant arterial system for the majority
of British businesses and people; making that road network safer, more efficient and more
environmentally friendly is a challenge that has to be addressed by any government that is
serious about prosperity, sustainability and quality of life issues.

This paper outlines some

simple and relatively inexpensive methods that can form part of meeting these challenges.
Conclusion:
Road markings are horizontal signs designed to segregate and direct traffic safely and efficiently
in a variety of road situations, from high-speed trunk roads and high volume urban environments
to unlit rural roads. The opinion that the experience already gained tends to show that the
Road Marking is calculated not only to reduce the number of accidents, but also to assist
materially in the control of traffic by the police.

REFERENCES
Article titled Reflective road studs by RoadsUK reference site
USD244764 US patent by D. Swarovski & Co. titled Road-traffic stud
US3936208 US patent by Dunlop Limited titled Reflector Road studs

US4717281 US patent by Amerace Corporation titled Road marker system and method of
installation
Pneumatic cylinder and solenoid DCV from product manual of Janatics ltd, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu.
Hand Drill from product manual of Bosch Power Tools ltd, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu
Aluminium Road Studs from the product manual of Unique safety solutions, Mumbai
Anthony Esposito, Fluid Power with applications (Pearson Education Inc., 6thEdition, 2011)
Muhammad Ali, Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, and Rolin D. McKinlay, The 8051 Micro
Controller andEmbedded Systems (Pearson Education Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008)
Er. R. K. Rajput, Strength of Materials (S. Chand & Company Limited, 2nd Edition, 2009)
PSG, Design Data Hand Book (2000 Edition)
Gopal K. Dubey, Fundamentals of Electrical Drives (Narosha Publishing House, Twentieth
edition)