BN V VIC HON THIN CHUI CUNG NG

GO XUT KHU CA VIT NAM

TS. Nguyn Vn Sn, Khoa Kinh t & Lut, Trng i hc M Tp.H Ch Minh.
Tham lun c ti Hi tho v trin lm quc t v Hu cn vn ti hng hi Vit Nam nm 2013 (Sea
Freight Logistics Vietnam 2013) din ra ti Tp.H Ch Minh trong hai ngy 28 & 29 thng 11 nm 2013.

Dn nhp
T u thp nin 1990s n nay, Vit Nam tr thnh mt trong ba quc gia xut khu
go hng u th gii. Song, v th cnh tranh ca go Vit Nam trn th trng th gii vn thng
xuyn ng sau Thi Lan vi mt khong cch kh xa. Mt khc, go cng l mt trong 10 mt
hng c gi tr kim ngch xut khu ln nht ca Vit Nam, nhng xt v hiu qu ng gp ca
ngnh hng ny cho nn kinh t th vn cn nhiu hn ch. Vn t ra l, phi chng nhng bt
cp trong c ch qun l lm cho ngnh la go Vit Nam cha thc s pht trin hng vo
xut khu mt cch ng ngha? Di y, chng ta s cng im li tnh hnh sn xut, ch bin,
xut khu go c th nhn din r nhng hn ch v tm ra nhng im cn hon thin, b
sung nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca mt hng ny trn th trng th gii trong tng lai trn cn
bn tham gia tch cc hn vo chui cung ng go ton cu.
1. Bc tranh th trng go ton cu
V mt tiu dng, go l lng thc chnh ca khong 55% dn s th gii, phn b rng t
Chu sang Chu Phi v Nam M. Ngoi ra, cc nc Chu u v Bc M ch s dng go nh l
lng thc ph nhng khi lng cng ln n hng triu tn mi nm. Cn v mt sn xut, Chu
chim n hn 90% sn lng go ca th gii. Theo tnh ton v d bo ca FAPRI (Food and
Agricultural Policy Research Institute), sn lng sn xut v tiu dng go ton cu trong nin v
2009 2010 vo khong trn di 436 triu tn v s tng ln trn di 477 triu tn trong nin v
2019 2020. Bn cnh , vn m bo an ninh lng thc rng buc cc quc gia phi d
tr go thng xuyn rt ln (dao ng trong khong t 90 96 triu tn). Trn nn tng , khi
lng mu dch go hai chiu trn th trng th gii thng chim t trng t 7 8,5% so vi sn
lng sn xut v tiu dng go hng nm (hn 31 triu tn vo nm 2010 v c d bo tng ln
hn 41 triu tn vo nm 2020). Tham gia vo th trng go ton cu c 3 nhm quc gia sau y:
Nhm 1, tha go v thng xuyn xut khu: Thi Lan, Vit Nam, Myanmar, Campuchia,
Pakistan, Hoa K
Nhm 2, thiu go v thng xuyn nhp khu: Indoniesia, Philippinnes, Malaysia, Iran, Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, Nigieria v cc nc Chu Phi, mt s nc EU
Nhm 3, n v Trung Quc thuc dng c bit, c mc chi phi trn di 50% sn lng sn
xut, tiu dng v d tr go ca th gii. V c bn, hai quc gia c s dn ln nht th gii ny
kh nng t tc lng thc v thng xuyn c xut khu rng v go, nhng cng c kh nng
gy xo trn mnh th trng go th gii do tng sn lng xut khu t ngt (khi o kho d tr
bo him an ninh lng thc) hoc tng sn lng nhp khu t ngt (khi mt ma phi mua b
sung kho d tr bo him an ninh lng thc).
Theo s liu v 10 quc gia xut nhp khu go hng u ca th gii (bng 1), khng k nhng
lc th trng go th gii b xo trn mnh do Trung Quc v n tng khi lng xut khu
hoc nhp khu t ngt nh ni trn, chng ta thy phn b th trng nhp khu go khng qu
tp trung (10 nc nhp khu ln nht chim t trng cha n 50%). Nhng ngun cung go xut
khu th li rt tp trung (10 nc xut khu ln nht chim t trng hn 97%, ring 3 quc gia xut
khu go hng u gm Thi Lan, Vit Nam v Hoa K chim hn 65%).

Bng 1: Mi quc gia xut nhp khu go hng u th gii nm 2010

Quc gia xut khu

Triu tn

(%)

Quc gia nhp khu

Triu tn

Thi Lan

9,047

29,0

Philippines

2,400

7,7

Vietnam

6,734

21,6

Nigeria

2,000

6,4

United States

4,501

14,5

EU

1,216

3,9

Pakistan

4,000

12,8

Indonesia

1,150

3,7

India

2,150

8,0

Iraq

1,140

3,7

Cambodia

0,850

2,7

Saudi Arabia

1,069

3,4

Uruguay

0,804

2,6

Iran

1,000

3,2

Burma

0,800

2,6

Malaysia

0,907

2,9

China

0,619

2,0

Cote d'Ivoire

0,840

2,7

Brazil

0,423

1,4

Bangladesh

0,660

2,1

(%)

Ton th gii
31,145
Ton th gii
31,145
Ngun: US Department of Agriculture USDA, VFA, Thai rice exporter Association

Mc tng trng bnh qun hng nm ca th trng go th gii trong giai on 2001 2010 l
12,4% v gi tr (biu 1) v 3,84% v khi lng (biu 2).
Biu 2: Khi lng go xut khu ton cu
2001-2010

25.0

80%

40.0

20.0

60%

30.0

15.0

40%

10.0

20%

5.0

0%

0.0

-20%

Triu tn

T US$

Biu 1: Kim ngch xut khu go ton

cu 2001-2010

20.0
10.0
0.0

2,001 2,003 2,005 2,007 2,009

Bil. US$

20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%

2,001

2,003

2,005

2,007

Mil. Tons

2,009

Ngun: www.thericetrader.com

Do cuc khng hong lng thc xy ra trong giai on trc khng hong kinh t ton cu nm
2008 dn n tnh trng gi go xut khu bin ng rt mnh t nm 2008 tr v sau (bng 2).
Bng 2: Gi go xut khu bnh qun ca mt s quc gia trn th gii (USD/tn)
Thai White
Thai
100% B
Parboiled
second
100%
grade

U.S. long
grain
2,4%

Thai
5%

Viet 5%

Thai
25%

Viet
25%

Pak
25%

Thai A1
Super

US
California
India
Medium Basmati*
Grain

Pak
Basmati
Ordinary

Thai
Fragrant
100%

2006

311

300

394

304

266

269

249

230

217

512

n.a

516

470

2007

335

332

436

325

313

305

294

290

275

557

n.a

677

550

2008

695

722

782

682

614

603

553

498

506

913

n.a

1.077

914

2009

587

619

545

555

432

460

384

351

329

1.019

1.450

937

954

2010

518

532

510

492

416

444

387

372

386

764

1.157

881

1.045

Ngun: FAO Market Monitor, Jan 2011, * India rice Associations

Tuy nhin, song song vi s bin ng gi do quan h cung cu th cht lng go cao cp cng
vi thng hiu ring s lm cho gi xut khu cao vng chc hn, v vic nng cao t trng go
cao cp s lm tng gi tr xut khu mnh hn so vi mc tng khi lng xut khu. V phng
2

din ny, Thi Lan l quc gia c li th cnh tranh cao hng u trn th trng th gii. Gi go
xut khu ca Thi Lan thng cao hn t 10 30% so vi go cng phm cp ca cc quc gia
khc (bng 2). Cc loi go c bit c mc gi cao trn th trng th gii l Thai Hom Mali Rice
100 A v B, Thai Pathumthani Fragrant Rice ca Thi Lan v Basmati ca n v Pakistan.
2. Tng quan v sn xut v xut khu go ca Vit Nam
Ngnh la go ca Vit Nam t c nhng thnh tu rt n tng bt u t ct mc
lch s nm 1989, khi m Vit Nam xut khu n hn 1 triu tn go ngay nm u tin xut
hin tr li trn th trng go th gii vi v th l nc xut khu sau khi kt thc tnh trng thiu
lng thc trong mt thi k di trc .
Tnh hnh sn xut la ca Vit Nam
Trong giai on 1990 2010, vic gia tng din tch canh tc la khng lin tc, ch ln n nh
im vo nm 2000 ri sau gim dn i (thc t din tch canh tc la nm 2010 gim bt
380.000 ha so vi nm 2000). Nhng hot ng thm canh mang li kt qu rt tch cc, lin tc
trong 20 nm din tch gieo trng la tng bnh qun 1,1%/nm; nng sut la tng bnh qun
2,6%/nm, tng ng t 3,2 tn/ha nm 1990 ln 5,3 tn/ha nm 2010 (c bit trong , nng sut
la v ng Xun ca ng bng Sng Cu Long t t 10 12 tn/ha); dn n sn lng la
tng hn 2 ln trong cng k, t mc 19,2 triu tn nm 1990 ln n 40 triu tn vo nm 2010,
nhp tng bnh qun t 3,7%/nm (biu 3).
Biu 3: Tnh hnh pht trin sn xut la 1990 - 2010
40

40

35.8
32.5

35
30

25

25

19.2

20

15
10

7.7

6.7

7.5

7.3

3.2

3.8

4.2

4.9

5.3

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Din tch (triu ha)

Nng sut (tn/ha)

Sn lng (triu tn)

Ngun: Tng cc thng k, 2011

Sn xut la ton quc c phn b trn 6 vng kinh t c bn (biu 4). Trong , 3 vng la
quan trng l ng bng Sng Hng (chim17,6% sn lng); khu vc Bc Trung b & Duyn hi
Min Trung (16,1% sn lng); v ng bng Sng Cu Long (52,8% sn lng). V thi v, sn
xut la c phn b u 3 v trong nm. V ng Xun (thu hoch t thng 02 n thng 04) l
v chnh c qui m ln nht (nm 2009 chim 41,1% din tch v 48,1% sn lng) v cht lng
la tt nht trong nm. V H Thu (thu hoch t thng 06 n thng 08) c qui m ln th hai (nm
2009 chim 31,7% din tch v 28,7% sn lng), nhng do thu hoch vo gia ma ma m cng
tc x l sau thu hoch cha tt nn cht lng la km nht trong nm. V ma (thu hoch t
thng 10 n thng 12) c cht lng la tt tng ng v ng Xun, nhng c qui m nh
nht (nm 2009 chim 27,2% din tch v 23,2% sn lng).
3

Biu 4: Sn lng la 2009 phn b theo vng (%)

ng bng Sng Hng

17.6
7.8
52.8

Trung du & Min ni pha Bc

Bc Trung b & Duyn hi Min
Trung

16.1
3.5

Ty Nguyn
ng Nam b

2.2

ng bng Sng Cu Long

Ngun: Tng cc thng k, 2011

ng bng Sng Cu Long - ngun cung cp go xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam

ng bng Sng Cu Long l ni cung cp la hng ha ch yu ca c nc. Hng nm, vi sn
lng trn di 20 triu tn la (khong 13 triu tn go), sau khi p ng nhu cu lng thc ti
ch v lm ging, vng ny c kh nng cung cp b sung cho cc vng thiu lng thc v tng
d tr 3 4 triu tn/nm, cung ng xut khu 6 7 triu tn/nm. Theo biu 5, sn xut la ti
ng bng Sng Cu Long din ra ch yu trong hai v ng Xun v H Thu (chim trn di
90% din tch v sn lng); cn v ma t cc tnh thuc bn o C Mau ch chim trn di
10% nhng li ng vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo ngun cung go xut khu cht lng
cao (800.000 tn/nm) ngay khi bt u ma nng (thng 10 n thng 12) hng nm min Nam.
Biu 5: Sn xut la ti ng bng Sng Cu Long 2009
phn theo thi v (%)
60
50

49.3

48.1

44

40

40

30
20

10.7

10

7.9

0
ng Xun

H Thu
Din tch

V Ma

Sn lng

Ngun: Tng cc thng k, 2011

Tp qun sn xut, ch bin v d tr la go

Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip & Pht trin nng thn, k thut sn xut v ch bin la go
ca Vit Nam vn cn qui m nh nn gp nhiu hn ch:

Nng dn s dng ging la khng qua xc nhn (ly t v trc gieo trng cho v sau) ln n
hn 60% hng nm, ch yu l ging cao sn nn cht lng khng cao v kh m bo tt v
thun chng ca la hng ha.
4

Din tch canh tc bnh qun ca h nng dn rt thp (64,2% s nng h c din tch di
0,5ha). T l c gii ha sn xut cha cao, mi t 75% trong khu lm t, 20% trong khu
gieo s, 85% trong khu ti tiu ch ng, 90% trong khu tut la; trong khi , khu chm
sc la (lm c, bn phn, phun thuc tr su) hu nh hon ton bng th cng.

Tp qun ch bin go ti ng bng Sng Cu Long, ni cung cp tuyt i b phn lng

thc hng ha c c im c bn l xay xt qua hai ln: ln 1, la c xay xt ra go x ti
nhng nh my nh gn lin vi cc vng la; sau , go x tip tc c x l ln 2 (nh
bng, tch tm, phi trn v ng gi) cho ra go trng thnh phm ti cc nh my ln ta
lc cc u mi giao thng c iu kin giao thng thun li (trn bn, di thuyn) nh
Tht Nt, Cn Th hoc Ci B, Tin Giang...

Tp qun d tr lng thc ti ng bng Sng Cu Long ni ring v Vit Nam ni chung
l d tr go vi thi hn bnh qun 3 6 thng cng l mt im hn ch ln. Bi v, nu d
tr bng la th c th bo qun lu di hn (1 2 nm) v la c ( chn sinh hc hon ton
sau khi d tr trn 6 thng) a vo xay xt s cho ra go c cht lng tt hn so vi go ch
bin t la mi.

Tn tht sau thu hoch

T u thp nin 1990s n nay, t l tn tht sau thu hoch ca ngnh la go gim t 16% cn
13,7%. Nhng nh vy vn cn rt cao, gp hn 2 ln so vi Nht Bn (ch c 5%) hay n
(6%). Theo thng tin t Hi tho v bo qun la go cho ng bng Sng Cu Long ti Cn Th
ngy 30/06/2011 th, c cu tn tht sau thu hoch la go ca vng ny nh sau: thu hoch 3%,
phi sy 4,2%, xay xt 3%, bo qun 2,6%, vn chuyn 0,9%. Kt hp thm vi mt s thng tin
ca Phn vin C in nng nghip v Cng ngh sau thu hoch (B NN&PTNT), c th ch ra cc
nguyn nhn yu km nh sau:

Thiu my gt p lin hp, n nm 2009 s my gt p lin hp trn ton vng ng bng

Sng Cu Long ch trn di 3.000 chic, p ng khong 15% nhu cu. Gii php gt th cng
ri tut la bng my nh ti ng rung gy ri vi nhiu.

My sy cng thiu trm trng, n nm 2009 s my sy la ti ng bng Sng Cu Long c

6.435 my (tng cng sut khong 37.000 tn/m sy), ch p ng c 31% nhu cu sy la
v H Thu. Gii php phi sy th cng khng ch lm tng tn tht do ri vi m cn nh
hng gim cht lng la go do khng t tiu chun v m , nht l trong ma ma.

Trong khu xay xt, yu cu m ca la phi t 14 14,5% th khi xay xt mi m bo tt

v qui cch cht lng go v t l ht nguyn cao (c th n 55% khi lng go thu hi).
Tuy nhin, do khu phi sy khng tt nn la thng khng t m tiu chun, khi xay xt
khng ch hao ht nhiu m cn lm gim t l chnh phm, tng t l th phm v ph phm
(trong , t l go nguyn ht ch khong 40%). Mt khc, do tp qun xay xt hai ln nh ni
trn cng gp phn lm tng t l hao ht.

Trong khu bo qun, c khu vc ng bng Sng Cu Long hin c h thng kho cha lng
thc vi tng tch lng vo khong 800.000 tn. Nhng hu ht kho u c xy dng trn
cn bn dng d tr go: qui m nh (mt kho cha t vi trm n vi ngn tn), tr go
trong bao (25 50 kg/bao), c trang b bng ti kt hp vi bc xp th cng. Bn cnh , ch
c 3 cm silo ti Tr Nc (Cn Th), Cao Lnh (ng Thp) v Bnh Chnh (Tp.H Ch Minh)
vi tch lng khong 70.000 tn dng d tr la, c kt hp trang b ng ng ht la,
5

my sy, cn o in t v vn hnh t ng kh hin i, nhng khng ng k so vi nhu

cu chung v cng t c s dng trong thc t do chi ph vn hnh cao hn lm th cng.

Trong khu vn chuyn lng thc, khi lng vn chuyn ng thy chim t trng khong
3/4 cn li vn chuyn ng b khong 1/4. Ring ti ng bng Sng Cu Long khi lng
vn chuyn ng thy chim ti hn 90%. Qui cch la go khi vn chuyn cng ging nh
khi d tr, ch yu l ng bao PP c 25 50 kg/bao v bc xp th cng l chnh nn t l hao
ht kh nhiu.

Tnh hnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam thi gian qua

Mc tng trng xut khu go bnh qun hng nm trong giai on 2006 2010 ca Vit Nam l
22% v gi tr v 9,5% v khi lng. Song, Vit Nam vn thng xuyn ng th hai th gii v
xut khu go sau Thi Lan. C th, nm 2010 sn lng xut khu t 6,734 triu tn, tng kim
ngch xut khu l 2,912 triu USD, thp hn nhiu so vi Thi Lan t sn lng 9,047 triu tn
v kim ngch 5,341 triu USD (biu 6).
Biu 6: Xut khu go ca Vit Nam v Thi Lan, 2006 - 2010
12,000
9,968

9,499

10,000

8,524
7,375

8,000

6,754

6,052

6,000

4,687

4,526

9,003

4,679

4,000
2,000
0

2,006

2,007

Vit Nam (Triu tn)

2,008

2,009

Thi Lan (Triu tn)

2,010

Vit Nam (T US$)

Thi Lan (T US$)

Ngun: US Department of Agriculture USDA, VFA & Thai Rice Exporter Association

Gi go xut khu bnh qun ca Vit Nam thng thp hn gn 30% so vi Thi Lan (biu 7).
Biu 7: Gi go xut khu bnh ca Vit nam v Thi Lan
(US$/tn)
569

613
440

346
255

2,006

594

590

378

431

296

2,007

2,008

Vietnam

2,009

Thailand

Ngun: VFA & Thai rice exporter Associations

6

2,010

Mc chnh lch gi ny ch yu l do go xut khu ca Vit Nam phn ln thuc phm cp

trung bnh, go trng thng 15 25% tm (biu 8), cha c thng hiu ring. Trong khi
, Thi Lan nh v cc thng hiu go ni ting trn th trng th gii nh Khaw Dawk
Mali, Hom Mali, Jasmine 85; n v Pakistan th c go Basmati. Ring go (parboiled
rice) xut khu cho th trng Chu Phi th hu nh do Thi Lan khng ch, Vit Nam ch mi
tham gia th trng go vi khi lng cha ng k (nm 2011 xut c 42.000 tn).
Biu 8: C cu go xut khu ca Vit Nam
63%
52%

51%
41% 44%

38%

37%

25%
10%

11%

9%

3%

4%

2%

2007

2008
5-10%

4%

2009
Go thm

15-25%

8%

2010
Khc

Ngun: VFA & Vietnam Custom office

Trong my nm gn y go Vit Nam thm nhp v tng c khi lng xut khu vo nhng
th trng go cao cp, nh: Hongkong, Singapore, c, Nht Bn (biu 9 & 10). Song, v cn
bn th th trng xut khu go ch lc ca Vit Nam vn l Chu (59%) v Chu Phi (24%).
Trong , phn ln l p ng cho nhu cu an ninh lng thc ca Philippine, Indonesia, Malaysia
v mt s nc Chu Phi vi mc gi rt cnh tranh theo hp ng chnh ph (G2G). Nm 2010,
hp ng G2G chim t trng 44% (2,973 triu tn). Trong khi , th trng xut khu go ln
nht ca Thi Lan l Chu Phi (49%).
Biu 9: C cu th trng xut khu go nm 2010 ca Vit Nam v Thi Lan
Vietnam - 2010

Thailand - 2010

3% 1%

2%
5%

5%
8%

24%

14%

6%
24%

59%

49%

Chu

Chu Phi

Trung ng

EU

Khc

Chu

Ngun: VFA & Thai rice exporter Associations

Chu Phi

Trung ng

EU

Khc

Biu 10: Cc nc nhp khu go Vit Nam ln nht, 2010 (1.000 tn)
Philippines
Singapore
Indonesia
Cuba
Malaysia
Bangladesh
i Loan
B Bin Ng
Iraq
Angola
Senegal
Hongkong

1,472
520
421
375
356
343
341
309
302
182
170
121
0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

Ngun: Tng Cc Hi quan Vit Nam

3. Cc m hnh kinh doanh xut khu go ca Vit Nam

Kho st v chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam (nghin cu in hnh cc doanh
nghip ti khu vc pha Nam) c th thy 2 m hnh xut khu go c bn nh sau:
S 1: M hnh A (Thu mua go xut khu)

Nng dn

Hng so

Nh my
xay xt 1

Nh my
xay xt 2

Cng ty
xut khu

Cng
Si gn

Nh
nhp khu

Doanh nghip thu mua go nguyn liu (go x) t thng li ti ch ra go thnh phm xut
khu. Theo m hnh ny, phn ln l cung ng go cho cc hp ng G2G v cc th trng c nhu
cu go phm cp trung bnh nh Philippines, Indonesia, Cuba, Chu Phi Qui cch go thng
kh m bo thun chng nn gi khng cao.
c im kinh doanh ca m hnh:

Go nguyn liu chuyn n doanh nghip xut khu qua nhiu cp hng so.

Khng truy xut c ngun gc go nguyn liu. Cht lng go khng n nh.

Qui trnh ch bin go qua 2 giai on (two process system).

Vn chuyn xut khu theo x lan ng sng ti trng t 100 1.000 tn n cng Si Gn.
Go c ng bao 25 50 kg ty theo yu cu ca khch hng.

S 2: M hnh B (u t vng la chuyn canh xut khu)

Nng dn
Nng trng

Nh my
xay xt

Cng ty
vn chuyn

Cng ty
xut khu

Cng
Si gn

Nh
nhp khu

Doanh nghip xy dng vng la nguyn liu c chng xut khu. Theo m hnh ny, go c
cung ng cho cc th trng c nhu cu go cao cp nh Hongkong, c, Nht Bn, Hn Quc v
gi go xut khu (5% tm) thng cao hn gi go cng phm cp ca m hnh A khong 40 USD
(ti thi im kho st thng 9/2011). y l xu hng chuyn dch c bn ca cc doanh nghip
xut khu go cc tnh pha Nam hin nay.
8

c im kinh doanh ca m hnh:

Vng nguyn liu gieo trng ging la cho go thm p ng yu cu ca th trng cao cp.

Kim sot c cht lng v ging go ti ngun cung cp, go ng nht

C gii ha cc khu thu hoch, vn chuyn, d tr, xay xt theo qui trnh khp kn (one
process system), t l hao ht thp.

Thc hin chui cung ng u vo v u ra cng thun li, hiu qu hn

Tuy nhin, chi ph u t s cao hn nhiu v qui m din tch t canh tc phi ln. y l mt
trong nhng tr ngi ln i vi qu trnh c gii ha nng nghip ca Vit Nam hin nay.

4. Hnh thc chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam

Kt qu phn tch tnh hnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam trong thi gian qua bc l nhng
nhc im lin quan n vn lin kt chui cung ng u vo v u ra ca hot ng xut
khu go. Trong , hu ht cc doanh nghip u xut khu go trng cc loi (t 5 25% tm),
ch c mt doanh nghip xut khu go (parboiled rice) t nm 2009 n nay.
Phn tch chui cung ng go xut khu
Theo m hnh A (s 3):
Hng so mua la trc tip ca nng dn t cc vng khc nhau vi qui m dao ng rt linh hot
t 100 kg 50 tn/lt. im mua ngay ti ng rung hoc ti kho d tr ca nng dn, thanh
ton hon ton bng tin mt. Hng so s sy la, xay xt v d tr go ti cc nh my xay xt
nh ven sng. Khi cc nh xut khu t hng hoc cho gi mua hp l th hng so s giao go
nguyn liu ti nh my ca nh xut khu hoc giao go thnh phm ti cng giao hng do nh
xut khu ch nh. Phng tin vn chuyn ch yu l x lan ng sng. Thi gian vn chuyn t
Tht Nt, Cn Th ln cng Si Gn bnh qun 24 36 gi. Ma cao im vo dp tt Nguyn n
hng nm c th mt nhiu thi gian hn do lng vn chuyn ln qua knh Ch Go, thuc tnh
Tin Giang. Hng s c giao ln tu ti phao ch nh cng Si Gn, thi gian ch giao hng t
2 3 ngy. Xut khu theo m hnh ny ph bin l go trng 15 25% tm theo iu kin FOB
cng Si Gn, p ng cho cc n hng theo hp ng G2G, B2G i cc nc ng Nam , Chu
Phi v Cuba. Theo cc doanh nghip, mc li i vi nhng n hng ny kh thp (thng ch t
5 10 USD/tn), thm ch c nhng lc b l (nh nm 2008).
Theo m hnh B (s 4):
Hng so mua la trc tip ca nng dn t cc vng la chuyn canh cung ng cho n hng
ca cc nh xut khu theo mc gi tha thun vo thi im mua. Hoc nh xut khu mua la
trc tip t nng dn. La/go nguyn liu c giao n cc nh my ca nh xut khu, thanh
ton bng tin mt. Go nguyn liu c lau bng, tch ht khc mu (sortex), phi trn v ng
gi theo yu cu ca nh nhp khu. Go xut khu ch yu l go thm (jasmine, fragrance) 5%
tm, ng gi t 1 10kg/bao (PP, PE), ng trong container 20 v bn theo iu kin CNF, CIF
hoc FOB. Phng tin vn chuyn ch yu l x lan ng sng v ng container ti ICD ca
cng Si Gn i vi cc tnh ven Sng Hu; hoc vn chuyn bng xe container theo quc l 1A
v cng Si Gn, thi gian vn chuyn trung bnh 4 5 gi i vi hng ha t Tin Giang v
Long An. Go xut khu theo m hnh ny ch yu p ng cho cc n hng theo hp ng i
nhng th trng go cao cp nh Hongkong, rp Xeut, c, Hn Quc... Theo cc doanh nghip,
mc li i vi nhng n hng ny thng cao hn m hnh A, t trung bnh t 40 50 USD/tn.
9

S 3: Dng chu chuyn go xut khu theo M hnh A

10

S 4: Dng chu chuyn go xut khu theo M hnh B

11

5. Nhng c im ca chui cung ng go xut khu

Khch hng nhp khu: go Vit Nam cha tip cn trc tip vi ngi tiu dng ti th trng
nhp khu, doanh nghip Vit Nam phn ln bn go qua nh kinh doanh quc t (Olam, Luis
Dreyfus, Swiss Agri, Novel) cho th trng Chu Phi, hay qua nh bun s (trading company) i
vi cc th trng Hongkong, c, EU Theo kt qu kho st th c cu khch hng ca cc doanh
nghip xut khu go Vit Nam nh sau: Hp ng chnh ph G2G: 40 60%; hp ng vi nh
nhp khu nc ngoi: 20 55%; hp ng vi nh kinh doanh quc t: 20 40%. Do , go Vit
nam cng cha xc lp c knh phn phi ti th trng nhp khu.
Thi gian thc hin n hng: kho st ti cc doanh nghip xut khu go cho thy thi gian
trung bnh t khi nhn n hng n khi giao hng ph bin l 20 40 ngy, c trng hp n 70
ngy. Thi gian nhn tin thanh ton ca nh nhp khu k t ngy giao hng ln tu thng thng
l 21 ngy theo L/C at sight. i vi nhng n hng go thm qui m nh (20 30 container 20)
i th trng go cao cp thng p dng hnh thc T/T v c ng trc 30% gi tr n hng.
Cc doanh nghip trong i tng kho st ch s dng phn mm ERP software v qun l kho
(warehouse management software) qun l thng tin v d tr hng ha, cha s dng cc phn
mm qun l ton b kim sot cht lng sn phm, gim st hng vn chuyn, d tr, giao
hng mt cch chnh xc.
D tr sn phm: mc d tr go ti cc doanh nghip ph bin t 5.000 30.000 tn ty vo
ma v thu hoch la trong nm. Tuy nhin, do thiu vn lu ng v gi go bin ng mnh thi
gian qua nn cc doanh nghip xut khu thng khng d tr nhiu. Thi gian d tr trung bnh 1
3 thng, v ch d tr mc cao i vi v ng Xun v cht lng go tt. Thc t trn th
trng c 3 trng hp sau y:

Trng hp 1: Doanh nghip c go d tr trong kho mi k hp ng xut khu (i vi cc

doanh nghip xut khu ln c nh my ch bin).

Trng hp 2: Doanh nghip k hp ng xut khu khi c 50% chn hng, sau tin hnh
mua thm cho 1 chuyn hng.

Trng hp 3: Khi k hp ng xong doanh nghip mi thu mua go ch bin xut khu.

Trc thi im Ngh nh 109/2010 ca Chnh ph c hiu lc vo ngy 01/10/2011, ti Vit Nam
c 262 doanh nghip tham gia xut khu. Phn ln trong s ny l nhng cng ty thng mi thun
ty khng c c s ch bin, khng c kho d tr go nguyn liu nn thng p dng trng
hp 3 thc hin n hng. y l mt trong nhng yu t chnh to nn s bt n gi go nguyn
liu trong thi gian qua. V vy, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 109 chun ha doanh nghip
tham gia xut khu go. Tnh n ht thng 10/2011, ch cn 107 doanh nghip (trong 69 doanh
nghip l thnh vin ca Hip hi Lng thc Vit Nam) c php xut khu go.
Cung ng nguyn liu: Hot ng cung ng go nguyn liu chu nh hng bi ma v thu
hoch. n hng trung bnh mua ca hng so t 100 500 tn, c trng hp giao hng nhiu ln.
Thi gian giao hng trung bnh t 1 5 ngy. Mt n hng xut khu trung bnh t 1.000 5.000
tn i vi hng x (bulk) v 200 500 tn i vi container. ng thi, cng c nhng n hng
ln 30.000 tn i Chu Phi. Ma cao im giao hng trong nm t thng 3 n thng 5 vi tn sut
v khi lng cao hn 50% so vi nhng thng cn li trong nm. n gi xut khu trung bnh
500 USD/tn v gi tr kim ngch trung bnh 1 2 triu USD/n hng.
12

Chi ph cho mt tn nguyn liu mua vo khong 440 USD/tn (i vi go x) v 330 USD/tn
(i vi la). Gi la c xc nh theo gi th trng thi im mua vo. Go nguyn liu cho
mua c thng lng trc tip theo tng chuyn hng. Phng thc thanh ton bng tin mt
hoc chuyn khon, nhng ph bin l thanh ton bng tin mt.
Xay xt ch bin go xut khu: Hin nay, qui trnh ch bin go ca Vit Nam ph bin l xay
xt qua 2 bc (the two-step milling process). Trong , giai on u tin c thc hin bi cc
nh my nh, vi cng ngh lc hu, do vy cht lng go khng cao.
6. iu kin vn chuyn v ti tr
Vn chuyn sn phm: Chui cung ng go xut khu lin quan n cc dng chu chuyn sau:

i vi go ch bin v ng bao ti ng bng Sng Cu Long (Cn Th, An Giang, Kin

Giang, ng Thp) c vn chuyn ln cng Si Gn bng x lan mt 24 36 gi. i vi
go ch bin v ng container ti cc nh my ca doanh nghip ( Long An, Tin Giang)
c vn chuyn bng xe container n cng Sign/Ct Li trong vng 4 5 gi cho qung
ng trn di 70km.

Cc ph vn chuyn go t ng bng Sng Cu Long v Cng Si Gn gim mnh trong

my nm va qua v hin c tnh cnh tranh rt cao. C th, ti thi im kho st vo thng
8/2011, cc ph vn chuyn bng x lan mc trn 80.000 VN/tn, qui ra t 4 5 USD/tn;
cc ph vn chuyn bng container theo ng b trn di 140.000VN/tn, cao hn t 50
70% so vi vn chuyn bng x lan.

Dch v vn chuyn ni a ch yu thu ngoi v thng khng c cng ngh cung cp dch v
theo di trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Cn vn chuyn quc t phn ln do cc hng tu nc
ngoi m nhim theo ch nh ca nh nhp khu theo iu kin FOB. Thi gian vn chuyn
ng bin quc t trung bnh 2 3 ngy i vi cc th trng Hong Kong, Philippines, nhng
s mt 45 ngy i vi im n Senegal, Chu Phi trong trng hp khng c chuyn ti.

Thi gian thc hin hon tt mt n hng t lc nhn n t hng cho n khi nhn thanh
ton cui cng mt t 4 12 tun l. Chi ph bo him t 0,1 0,4% gi tr chuyn hng.

Cc chng t cn thit km theo khi giao hng, nh: C/O (certificate of origin); chng ch kim
dch, phun trng v v sinh thc phm (the certificates related to inspection, fumigation and
phytosanitary) thng c cp trong vng 1 2 ngy; nhng giy chng nhn an ton sc
khe (health certification) phi cn ti 7 10 ngy.

Ngoi ra, c mt s bin ng tr thnh nguyn nhn chnh lm cho chui cung ng xut khu go
ca Vit Nam thiu tnh n nh, l: thi gian xc nhn n hng (the time to confirm orders);
bin ng gi go nguyn liu (the availability of inputs); v thi hn giao hng ln tu. T l xy ra
chm tr giao hng thng chim 5% s chuyn hng. Tuy nhin, do c im phc tp trong cng
tc giao nhn ca mt hng go nn cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khng b pht khi chm tr giao
hng. Ring vn khc phc tnh trng bin ng gi m bo cung ng nguyn liu n nh
phc v xut khu go cho thy cn thit xy dng trung tm la go ln (large central markets)
nh Thi Lan v tin hnh giao dch quyn chn cho mt hng ny (commodity-trading options).
Ti tr
Thi gian nhn tin thanh ton cho hng xut khu (nh cp mc 5) l kh chm, nn doanh
nghip thng gp kh khn v dng tin v b ph thuc rt ln vo ngn hng thng mi. Trong
13

thc t, mc vn vay (tn dng ngn hn) thng chim n 90% tng mc vn lu ng ca cc
doanh nghip xut khu go. C ch vay vn kh linh hot, thi hn vay t 3 thng n 1 nm vi
li sut th trng, cho php doanh nghip xut khu c th thc hin c nhng n hng ln n
30.000 tn go. c bit, cc cng ty thnh vin ca Vinafood nu c cng ty m bo lnh th c
th vay khng hn ch hn mc tn dng mua go tm tr phc v chng trnh bnh n gi. Tuy
nhin, c mt s hn ch ln l khi hp ng xut khu go c k v nh nhp khu m tn
dng th ri th doanh nghip vay vn mi c gii ngn. Khi , thng xy ra hin tng tranh
mua nguyn liu gia cc nh xut khu khin cho gi go nguyn liu b bin ng mnh, nht l
khi cc doanh nghip nhn nhiu n hng ln trong ma cao im xut khu go. Ngoi ra, do s
hn ch ca th trng ti chnh phi sinh ti Vit Nam m cc doanh nghip xut khu go khng
thc hin bt k chin lc bo h gi no (hedging strategies) trong qu trnh kinh doanh.
7. Cc gii php hon thin nng cao hiu qu chui cung ng xut khu go
7.1. Ci tin ng b ha dch v logistics
Tnh chuyn nghip trong hot ng cung ng go xut khu ca doanh nghip Vit nam vn cha
cao do c bin dao ng ln v thi gian thc hin cc n hng, d tr trung bnh, thi gian
vn chuyn... dn n xc sut ri ro giao hng chm rt ln, nht l vo ma cao im xut khu
go t thng 2 n thng 5. Doanh nghip Vit Nam c t l chm thc hin n hng n 5%, so
vi cc doanh nghip nc ngoi, nh Olam chng hn, c t l hon thnh n hng ti 99,8%.
Nguyn nhn c bn l do ngun cung ng nguyn liu u vo khng n nh, khng c n hng
xut khu n nh. Theo , doanh nghip cng khng th c k hoch d tr c th trong nm.
khc phc tnh trng , doanh nghip Vit Nam cn ch trng thc hin cc gii php sau:
Ch ng c n hng di hn n nh: Doanh nghip tng bc chun ha tng khu trong
chui cung ng, xy dng thng hiu v uy tn ca mnh c n hng n nh di hn. Trong
tm trung v di hn, phi y mnh c phn ha cc doanh nghip Nh nc, cho php cc nh
u t nc ngoi c mua c phn v u t vo vng nguyn liu, cng ngh xay xt... tn dng
li th vn c ca h thm nhp trc tip vo h thng phn phi th trng mc tiu.
Xy dng h thng d tr la go p ng yu cu xut khu: Vic d tr v bo qun la go
trong kho ca cc doanh nghip xut khu v cc nh cung ng ng bng sng Cu Long hin
nay cn mang tnh cht tm b. a s doanh nghip cha c kho c xy dng ng yu cu k
thut bo qun la go; thi gian bo qun la go ngn (1 3 thng); khu v sinh trong v ngoi
kho km to iu kin cho su mt d dng xm nhp, pht trin v gy hi. Bo qun la go
bng silo hin i lun c cht lng rt tt, nhng gi thnh cao. Do vy, h thng silo Tr Nc
(10.000 tn), Cao Lnh (48.000 tn) v Tn Tc, Bnh Chnh (12.000 tn) tng c xy dng
nhng tht bi trong giai on 2000 2005. Tuy nhin, cht lng sn phm cho nhng th trng
go cao cp i hi phi kim sot cht lng khng ch t khu sn xut m cn i hi h thng
kho d tr go hin i cung ng go cht lng ng nht (quality consistency, pure variety
and safety). Do , cn phi xy dng h thng kho d tr la go ti vng nguyn liu p ng
tiu chun ca th trng cao cp v ch ng hn v ngun hng cung ng cho xut khu.
S dng dch v forwarding chuyn nghip: Hin nay, cc doanh nghip xut khu go u c
b phn giao nhn ring nhng c t chc kh n gin v ch n thun giao nhn trong nc
(inbound supply chain); phn giao nhn quc t do n v nc ngoi m nhim. Trong tng lai,
cc doanh nghip Vit Nam phi hi nhp su hn vo chui cung ng la go ton cu, yu cu t
chc mang tnh chuyn nghip cao khng ch i vi dch v cung ng ni a m cn i vi dch
14

v nc ngoi. Do vy, doanh nghip xut khu go nn s dng dch v forwarding chuyn
nghip m bo giao hng ng hn v gim st cht lng theo yu cu.
7.2. Xy dng h thng cng ngh thng tin phi hp hot ng trong chui cung ng
Vic xy dng h thng thng tin t ng v tnh hnh xut nhp khu la go ca th trng Vit
Nam v th gii kt ni vi Hip hi lng thc Vit Nam, B Nng nghip & Pht trin nng thn
v B Cng thng s gip cc doanh nghip xut khu nm bt c tn hiu, thng tin th trng
iu hnh sn xut kinh doanh nhanh chng, hiu qu hn. Hin nay, doanh nghip lu chuyn
thng tin gia cc b phn chc nng cng nh vi cc i tc trong chui cung ng trn cn bn
chng t (paper based). V vy, vic giao dch cng nh truyn t thng tin kh chm, khng a
ra c cc d bo c chnh xc v kp thi. Mun nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca chui cung
ng, vic u t c s h tng thng tin c coi l mt yu cu tt yu khch quan phi hp cc
hot ng lin hon tt hn, t ng ha khu x l thng tin s gip ci thin c v th cnh
tranh trong kinh doanh do gim chi ph giao dch; gim tn kho; gim thi gian vn chuyn; giao
hng ng hn, p ng chnh xc cc n hng; phi hp tt hn trong xy dng k hoch v d
bo; dch v khch hng hiu qu hn Bn cnh , cng phi gii quyt tt yu cu o to nhn
lc hng n s dng trao i d liu in t EDI cho tt c cc dch v trn chui cung ng,
bao gm c dch v ngn hng v khai bo hi quan, khai bo thu Nhng kh khn hin nay l
cc doanh nghip, mc d nhn bit r li ch ca cng ngh thng tin trong chui cung ng, nhng
chi ph u t qu cao nn chm u t cho lnh vc ny.
7.3. Gim vai tr ca hng so
Thc tin cho thy vai tr ca hng so rt cn cho hot ng xut khu go trong thi gian qua do
c im ca ng bng sng Cu Long. Tuy nhin, hot ng ny qua nhiu tng lp lm cho
cht lng go xut khu khng ng nht. V vy trong tng lai, khuyn khch hot ng u t
ca t nhn cho cng ngh xay xt hin i, ng b (one process system) gn lin vi vng la
chuyn canh tng gi tr ca go xut khu ca Vit Nam trong chui gi tr go ton cu.
7.4. n gin ha th tc hnh chnh
C ch iu hnh xut khu go hin nay qui nh cc doanh nghip khi k hp ng xut khu go
phi ng k ti Hip Hi lng thc Vit Nam (VFA). i tng iu chnh khng ch l thnh
vin ca VFA m bao gm tt c cc thng nhn tham gia xut khu go. V c bn, cc doanh
nghip cho rng khng mt nhiu thi gian cho vic ng k (1 ngy) nhng u cho rng iu ny
khng cn thit. V vy, th tc ng k ny nn c thay bng thng bo khi lng go xut
khu hng tun thng qua trao i d liu in t EDI.
Theo Ngh nh 109/2010 ca Chnh Ph, k t ngy 01/10/2011 cc doanh nghip tham gia xut
khu go phi p ng cc iu kin sau: (1) C kho d tr dung lng 5.000 tn; (2) C nh my
xay xt cng sut 10 tn/gi (iu khon 4.1). Kho hng v nh my phi p ng tiu chun k
thut ca B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn qui nh. Doanh nghip phi duy tr thng
xuyn mc d tr lu thng bng 10% s lng go xut khu trong 06 (su) thng trc
(iu 12). ng thi, iu 18 ca Ngh nh 109/2010 qui nh doanh nghip xut khu c ng
k hp ng xut khu go khi p ng cc tiu ch sau: (a) n gi xut khu khng thp hn gi
sn go xut khu c cng b theo quy nh; v (b) Doanh nghip c lng go t nht bng
50% (nm mi phn trm) lng go trong hp ng xut khu ng k, khng bao gm lng
go thng xuyn phi c duy tr mc d tr lu thng theo quy nh ti iu 12 ngh nh ny.
15

Ngh nh 109 nhm lp li trt t trong kinh doanh xut khu go ca Vit Nam, hn ch s tham
gia ca cc doanh nghip khng c kho tng, khng c c s ch bin, khng d tr lng go
cn thit cho xut khu, theo tnh trng bt n s gim trong thi gian ti. Nhng i hi phi
c trin khai hp l, n gin ha cc th tc hnh chnh c lin quan.
Thng bo gi xut khu go ti thiu: Theo iu l c ph duyt, Hip hi lng thc Vit
Nam c nhim v hng dn gi cc loi go xut khu; t chc thc hin vic ng k hp ng
xut khu go. Vic cng b gi sn hng dn l nhm gip cc doanh nghip c c s gi m
phn khng b thng nhn nc ngoi p gi. Doanh nghip no mun xut khu go phi m
bo khng bn di gi sn v c s ng ca VFA. Theo , VFA ban hnh Quy ch thc
hin Hp ng xut khu go tp trung (G2G), giao cho Thng trc Hi ng qun tr Hip hi
quyn phn b s lng go xut khu theo hp ng G2G cho cc hi vin ca Hip hi. Thi
gian qua, VFA b ch trch kh nhiu v cch iu hnh theo c ch xin cho ny. Cc doanh
nghip khng phi thnh vin Vinafood II cho rng cn ci tin c ch ny cho hp l hn, v ngi
iu hnh VFA cng chnh l lnh o ca Vinafood II, c th dn n s i x khng cng bng
i vi cc thnh vin khng trc thuc Vinafood II.

8. Cc chin lc tng trng v ng dng v chui cung ng

8.1. i vi ring ngnh xut khu go
a dng ha v tng gi tr sn phm: Kt qu nghin cu v khuynh hng th trng go th
gii, cng nh nh hng ca bin i khi hu v tc th ha Vit Nam, cho thy kh c th
duy tr nhp iu tng khi lng xut khu nh 10 nm trc y. V vy, gia tng kim ngch
xut khu go, Vit Nam cn phi thay i c cu go xut khu theo hng tng t trng go cht
lng cao: go (parboiled rice), go thm (aromatic rice, fragrance rice); m bo cht lng
ng nht v an ton v sinh thc phm nng cao gi tr gia tng cho go xut khu Vit Nam.
Go (parboiled rice) l loi go c ch bin t la ngm nc nng hoc hp bng hi
nc nng ri sy kh trc khi xay, xt, nh bng. Ti mt s quc gia, xu hng s dng go
thay cho go trng ang tng ln, nht l cc vng dn c c thu nhp cao. c bit, ch bin go
phi dng la ti, s gii quyt c vn nn la t trong v h thu m li nng cao c
gi tr ht go, v gi go xut khu thng cao hn loi go trng thng 5% tm t 50 60
USD/tn. Theo Cng ty C phn u t Vinh Pht (n v duy nht ang xut khu go ti Vit
Nam), k t nm 2009 cng ty xut khu khong 20 30 nghn tn go mi nm, ring nm
2011 xut c 42.000 tn. Gi xut khu bnh qun 570 USD/tn. Th trng chnh l Nigeria,
Trung ng, Nga v cc nc Chu Phi. Cng sut thit k ca nh my 90.000 tn/nm, nhng
hin cng ty ch mi khai thc c 1/2 cng sut ch bin ca nh my. Cn c chnh sch thc
y pht trin loi hnh ny mnh hn trong thi gian ti.
Pht trin dch v gia tng gi tr: y mnh hot ng marketing cho sn phm go Vit Nam
th trng nc ngoi. ng thi, xy dng thng hiu go Vit Nam bt u t vic xy dng v
pht trin thng hiu ca cc doanh nghip kinh doanh xut khu go trn cn bn nng cao cht
lng, gi c cnh tranh, nng cao uy tn v qun tr tt chui cung ng.
M rng s tham gia vo chui cung ng go ton cu: Doanh nghip Vit Nam khng c nhiu
vn u t xy dng kho ngoi quan cho sn phm go ti th trng nhp khu ch lc nn c th
bt li trong u thu ginh hp ng G2G v thit lp quan h cht ch vi nhng khch hng c
tim nng ln. V vy, chnh ph c th h tr xy dng kho ngoi quan th trng ch lc nh
Philippines v Chu Phi (trong khun kh c php, khng b kin chng ti tr), gip cho nh
16

xut khu c th ng gi li sn phm vi trng lng nh hn p ng cho ngi tiu dng ngay
ti kho ngoi quan th trng nhp khu.
u t vng nguyn liu xut khu: m rng qui m sn xut, ci thin cht lng ging la
v nng cao li th cnh tranh trn th trng th gii, cn xy dng cc vng nguyn liu theo qui
m sn xut ln (nng tri t 1.000 ha 5.000 ha), to thun li cho c gii ha vic canh tc, thu
hoch, x l sau thu hoch khng ch gim tn tht v s lng, nng cao cht lng go, m
cn m bo p ng c yu cu truy xut ngun gc nguyn liu ca cc nh nhp khu. ng
thi, cn phi y mnh cng tc nghin cu lai to ging la m bo cho cc vng chuyn canh
la xut khu s dng y ging la qua xc nhn, la hng ha c thun chng cao
p ng nhu cu cao ca khch hng theo tng th trng ring bit.
Gim tn tht sau thu hoch: im nhn quan trng nht l gim t l tn tht sau thu hoch ca
vng la ng bng sng Cu Long t 13,7% hin nay xung ngang mc ca n v Nht Bn
(5 6%). Trong , cn tp trung mnh vo hai khu c mc tn tht ln hin nay l sy (4,2%) v
d tr (2,6%). Vic t chc li chui cung ng sau thu hoch theo hng tinh gn v hiu qu
khng ch ch trng trong phm vi cc doanh nghip, m cn phi u t v hun luyn cho c
nng dn v hng so m bo s phi hp tt trn ton chui cung ng.
Cho php doanh nghip nc ngoi u t trc tip vo vng nguyn liu v xut khu go:
Hin nay, nhiu cng ty kinh doanh nng sn quc t nh Olam, Luis Defrey, Agri u c vn
phng i din ti Vit Nam v c quyn trc tip k hp ng vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam
tin hnh mua v xut khu go vi khi lng ln. Vi li th c sn khch hng mc tiu m
bo u ra, ngun vn ln v c thng tin th trng th gii chnh xc, cc nh kinh doanh quc t
ny thng xuyn mua c sn phm vo nhng lc gi c li nht. Tnh chuyn nghip ca nh
u t FDI v qun tr chui cung ng s cung cp cho khch hng v nh cung ng nhng gii
php vn chuyn tch hp vi mc gi cnh tranh. Cng ty nc ngoi s dng container, xe ti, x
lan, vn ti ng sng, vn ti bin quc t mt cch hp l nht v qua , c th ti u ha chu
trnh vn chuyn bng cch phi hp qun l hi trnh ca tu, dch v logistics v cung cp chng
nhn cht lng mi im d hng gim mnh cc ph vn ti, giao nhn hng ha. iu
nht nh gy ra p lc cnh tranh cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong ngn hn. Nhng chc
chn l n cng s to ng lc tng bc thc y s chun ha hot ng kinh doanh theo yu
cu ca chui cung ng ton cu, gp phn nng cao gi tr sn phm go Vit Nam.
8.2. Dch v hu cn (Logistics)
Tng u t c s h tng giao thng kt ni n cng Si Gn: Vo ma cao im xut khu
go nhng tuyn ng b kt ni vo cc cng ti Tp.H Ch Minh (c bit l cng Ct Li)
thng xuyn b tc nghn. Buc cc doanh nghip xut khu phi d phng thi gian vn chuyn
di hn 1,5 ln so vi thng ngy m bo giao hng ng hn. Chin lc gia tng gi tr go
xut khu s b gii hn nu tnh trng giao hng chm xy ra thng xuyn nh thi gian qua.
Ci thin cht lng dch v vn chuyn ng sng ni a: Vn chuyn go bng ng thy
t ng bng sng Cu Long n cng Si Gn bt buc phi i qua knh Ch Go, Tin Giang.
Cng tng t nh vn chuyn bng ng b, vo ma cao im xut khu go vic vn chuyn
thng xuyn b tc nghn ti knh Ch Go, c lc mt c ngy mi thng tuyn. Cn u t tha
ng hn cho c s h tng ng thy ci thin dch v vn chuyn ng sng thi gian ti.
Pht trin lin kt nhm trong kinh doanh xut khu go: M hnh lin kt gia nng dn nh
kinh doanh chng minh s thnh cng trn th gii nh Ghana, n Vit Nam, thi
17

gian qua, lin kt ny khng kh thi do tnh cht khng vng chc trong mi quan h gia cc i
tc (c bit l t pha nng dn) do khng c rng buc v php l v ti chnh, cng nh nh
hng ca tp qun sn xut nh t lu i. Vic cam kt tham gia trn chui cung ng cn phi c
m bo bng li ch c chia t phn gi tr tng thm trong chui rng buc s gn b cht ch
lu di ca tng thnh vin.
Thnh lp Trung tm giao dch go ti ng bng Sng Cu Long: Trung tm/sn giao dch go
(Rice exchange) thc hin u thu mua bn go ca ng Bng Sng Cu Long. Sn giao dch qui
nh tiu chun go, khi lng giao dch ti thiu ca l hng, bin dao ng gi, thi hn giao
hng (k hn ca hp ng) ng thi, xy dng kho ngoi quan cho mt hng go ti Tp.H Ch
Minh (tham kho s 5 v chu chuyn la go ca Thi Lan).
S 5: Knh chu chuyn cho go vng ng Bc Thi Lan

Ngun: www.agrifoodconsulting.com, thng 2, 2005

S dng cc phng tin ti chnh gim ri ro bin ng gi: Pht trin hp ng mua k
hn la/phn bn gia doanh nghip vi nng dn m bo gi bn/li nhun k vng ca cc
bn. Theo , ngn hng/doanh nghip cung cp tn dng thng mi c m bo ca Hi nng
dn, nng dn c vn canh tc v la chn phng thc canh tc hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin,
cn xy dng y c s php l rng buc trch nhim ca nng dn vi hp ng k.
8.3. H tr ca chnh ph
Cc gii php nu trn s cng pht huy tc dng tt nu c c s h tr tch cc t pha chnh
ph. Tuy nhin, nh trn c ni, cn phi lu n vn m bo cho nhng hnh vi h tr
vn nm trong khun kh khng vi phm Hip nh v ti tr v cc bin php chng ti tr ca
WTO ht go Vit Nam khng b kin chng ti tr khi xut khu ra th trng th gii. y,
18

cc ni dung h tr ca chnh ph s ch c nu ln nh nhng kin ngh ch khng i su vo

ni dung chi tit nh cc gii php. Cc kin ngh c th nh sau:

u t cho cc vin nghin cu nng hc to ra ging la tt v nhn ging la xc nhn

cung cp y cho cc vng chuyn canh la xut khu.

Bng tiu chun go Vit Nam c ban hnh t nm 1999, cn c ci tin tip cn vi
tiu chun go Thi Lan v ban hnh sm phc v cho hot ng xut khu go.

y mnh cng tc khuyn nng theo hng h tr tch cc hn cho vic ph bin k thut
canh tc la hin i.

Ci tin c ch tn dng nng thn to iu kin cho cc h nng dn tip cn vi ngun vn ti

tr sn xut ca ngn hng thng mi d dng hn.

Qui hoch v u t tha ng cho vic pht trin vng la chuyn canh xut khu qui m ln
ti ng bng sng Cu Long.

H tr xy dng h thng trao i d liu in t cho Hi nng dn gn kt vi cc i tc tham

gia chui cung ng la go.

C c ch cho php Qu d tr quc gia thc hin chc nng ca Sn giao dch la go: m
thu nh k cho d tr an ninh lng thc quc gia; k gi la go v bn go bnh n gi trn
th trng ni a m bo mc li mong i cho nng dn.

C chnh sch u i u t thit b xay xt hin i thc y qu trnh ci tin nng cao qui
m li sut kinh t ca cc doanh nghip xut khu go

Kt lun
Vit Nam c nhng thnh tu ni bt v xut khu go trong hn 2 thp nin gn y, th hin
qua khi lng xut khu ng th 2 th gii v gi tr xut khu gn 4 t USD trong nm 2011.
Nhng s tng trng ca ngnh hng ny cha bn vng, th hin qua qui m sn xut ch bin
cn nh, tn tht sau thu hoch ln, thng hiu go Vit Nam ang nh hnh go gi r, phm
cp trung bnh, t l chm giao hng cao, cha tham gia tch cc vo chui cung ng go ton
cu Tnh hnh cnh tranh trn th trng quc t i vi mt hng go ngy cng gay gt. Vit
Nam khng ch cnh tranh vi Thi Lan quc gia c thng hiu go cao cp m cn phi
cnh tranh vi cc quc gia xut khu go gi r nh n , Pakistan, Trung Quc... Do , mun
duy tr v th cnh tranh v pht trin bn vng trong tng lai, Vit Nam cn phi hon thin v
ng b ha gia cc khu trong chui cung ng go xut khu; ng thi phi tham gia tch cc
hn vo chui cung ng go ton cu nng cao gi tr gia tng cho sn phm go Vit Nam. Cc
gii php nu trn i hi phi c s n lc phi hp cht ch gia tt c thnh vin trong chui
cung ng cng nh s h tr ca tch cc t pha chnh ph.
Tp.H Ch Minh, ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2013.

19

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Bo co thng nin la go.
http://www.isgmard.org.vn/Jobs/2008/IPSARD/Demo%20Vietnam%27s%20Rice%20Yearbook-v.pdf

2. Agrifood Consulting International, World Bank, Rice Value chain study: Cambodia. Sept. 2002.
www.agrifoodconsulting.com
3. Agrifood consulting International, Northeast Thailand Rice Value Chain Study. February 2005.
http://www.mmw4p.org/dyn/bds/docs/553/Agrifood%20Consulting%20Rice%20VC%20Thailand%202005.pdf

4. Alias Bin Abdullah, Shoichi Ito and Kelali Adhana, Estimate of Rice Consumption in Asian
Countries and the World Towards 2050 http://worldfood.apionet.or.jp/alias.pdf .
5. Alias Bin Abdullah, Shoichi Ito and Kelali Adhana, Estimate of Rice Consumption in Asian
Countries and the World Towards 2050. http://www.fapri.iastate.edu.
6. IDFC, study of the domestic Rice Value Chains in the Niger Basin of Mali, Niger and Nigeria,
West Africa, Sept. 2008.
7. India Basmati export 2010: http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/article1164682.ece
8. Nguyen Cong Thanh, research on components of rice production cost & Efficiency in case of
Hau Giang Province, Omonrice 17: 190-202 (2010).
9. Nguyen Cong Thanh and Baldeo Singh: Trend in rice production and export in Vietnam.
Omonrice 14 111-123 (2006).
10. Market development, adding Value to Vietnams Rice Industry and Improving the Incomes of
the Poor. Nov. 2004.
11. Siddhartha Mitra & Tim Josling, Agricultural Export Restrictions: Welfare Implications and
Trade Disciplines, IPC Position Paper, Agricultural and Rural Development Policy series. Jan.
2009.
12. Steven Jaffee, Vietnam Rice trade and food security: From Availability to Efficiency, Rural
Sector Coordinator/VN IGNITE EAP Event March 23, 2011.
13. Stephen McCarthy, Deo Datt Singh, and Hannah Schiff, value chain analysis of wheat and rice
in UttarPpradesh, India, Dec. 2008.
14. Thawatchai Dechachete, Composite Index of Market Access for the export of rice from Thi
Lan. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). Paper April 2011.
15. Trend in rice production and export in Vietnam. http://www.clrri.org/lib/omonrice/14-13.pdf .
16. UNDP internal working document, sustainable Rice Production Systems: Scoping Paper,
March 2010FAO: Rice Market Monitor Volume XIV - Issue No. 1, Jan 2011.
17. http://ictsd.org/downloads/2011/05/thai_cima_rice.pdf .
18. http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/grain.pdf .
19. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu .
20. Vietnam food security and rice value chain policy note #2 www.isgmard,org.vn.
21. World Rice: FAPRI 2010 Agricultural Outlook http://www.fapri.iastate.edu/outlook/2010.
22. Georges Giraud, Where is basmati rice come from? A global trade related overview
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/51698/2/IAAE1_400.pdf.
23. Trademap.org.