Faisal of Saudi Arabia

Faisal ibn Abdul Aziz

Prince Faisal, circa 1941

House of Saud
Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Faisal ibn
Turki Al Saud
Offspring

Abdullah
Muhammad
Sara
Luluwa
Khalid
Saud
Sa'd
Abd al-Rahman
Bandar
Latifa
Munira
al-Jauhara
al-Anud
Misha'il
Fahda
Nura
Turki
Haifa
Faisal ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1904 —March 25, 1975) (Arabic: ‫فيصل‬
‫ )بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود‬ruled from 1964 to 1975. As king he is credited with rescuing the country's
finances and implementing a policy of modernization and reform, while his main foreign policy
themes were pan-Islamism, anti-Communism, and anti-Zionism.[1][2]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Crown Prince and Prime
Minister
3 Struggle with Saud
 4 King of Saudi Arabia
5 Foreign relations
6 Assassination
7 Family
8 See also
9 References
Early life
Faisal was born in Riyadh, the third son of Saudi Arabia's founder, Ibn Saud. Faisal's mother was
Tarfa bint Abduallah bin Abdulateef al Sheekh, [3] whom Ibn Saud had married in 1902 after
capturing Riyadh. She was a descendent of Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, and her father was
one of Ibn Saud's principal religious teachers and advisers.
Being one of Ibn Saud's eldest sons, Faisal was delegated numerous responsibilities during Ibn
Saud's quest to consolidate control over Arabia. In 1925, Faisal, in command of an army of Saudi
loyalists, won a decisive victory in the Hijaz. In return, he was made the governor of Hijaz the
following year.[1] After the new Saudi kingdom was formalized in 1932 Faisal received the post
of Minister of Foreign Affairs, a position which he continued to hold until his death, even during
his reign as king.[4] Faisal also commanded a section of the Saudi forces that took part in the brief
Saudi-Yemeni War of 1934,[5] successfully fighting off Yemeni claims over Saudi Arabia's
southern provinces.
Crown Prince and Prime Minister
Upon the accession of Faisal's elder brother, Saud, to the throne in 1953, Faisal was appointed
Crown Prince. Saud, however, embarked on a lavish and ill-considered spending program [1] that
included the construction of a massive royal residence on the outskirts of the capital, Riyadh. He
also faced pressure from neighboring Egypt, where Gamal Abdel Nasser had overthrown the
monarchy in 1952. Nasser was able to cultivate a group of dissident princes led by Talal ibn
Abdul Aziz who defected to Egypt (see Free Princes). Fearing that Saud's financial policies were
bringing the state to the brink of collapse, and that his handling of foreign affairs was inept,
senior members of the royal family and the religious leadership (the "ulema") pressured Saud
into appointing Faisal to the position of prime minister in 1958, giving Faisal wide executive
powers.[6] In this new position, Faisal set about cutting spending dramatically in an effort to
rescue the state treasury from bankruptcy. This policy of financial prudence was to become a
hallmark of his era and earned him a reputation for thriftiness among the populace.
A power struggle ensued thereafter between Saud and Faisal, and on 18 December 1960, Faisal
resigned as prime minister in protest, arguing that Saud was frustrating his financial reforms.
Saud took back his executive powers and, having induced Talal to return from Egypt, appointed
Talal as minister of finance.[7] In 1962, however, Faisal rallied enough support within the royal
family to install himself as prime minister for a second time.[6]
It was during this period as head of the Saudi government, that Faisal, though still not king,
established his reputation as a reforming and modernizing figure.[1] He introduced education for
women and girls despite the consternation of many conservatives in the religious establishment.
To appease the objectors, however, he allowed the female educational curriculum to be written
and overseen by members of the religious leadership, a policy which lasted long after Faisal's
death. It was also during this time that Faisal formally abolished slavery.
In 1963, Faisal established the country's first television station, though actual broadcasts would
not begin for another two years.[8] As with many of his other policies, the move aroused strong
objections from the religious and conservative sections of the country. Faisal assured them,
however, that Islamic principles of modesty would be strictly observed, and made sure that the
broadcasts contained a large amount of religious programming.
Struggle with Saud
The struggle with Saud, the king, continued in the background during this time. Taking
advantage of the king's absence from the country for medical reasons in early 1963, Faisal began
amassing more power for himself. He removed many of Saud's loyalists from their posts and
appointed like-minded princes in key military and security positions, [9][10] such as his brother
Abdullah, to whom he gave command of the National Guard in 1962.[11] Upon Saud's return,
Faisal demanded that he be made regent and that Saud be reduced to a purely ceremonial role. In
this, he had the crucial backing of the ulema, including an edict (or fatwa) issued by the grand
mufti of Saudi Arabia, a relative of Faisal's on his mother's side, calling on Saud to accede to his
brother's demands.[9] Saud refused, however, and made a last-ditch attempt to retake executive
powers, leading Faisal to order the National Guard to surround Saud's palace. His loyalists
outnumbered and outgunned, Saud relented, and on March 4, 1964, Faisal was appointed regent.
A meeting of the elders of the royal family and the ulema was convened later that year, and a
second fatwa was decreed by the grand mufti calling on Saud to abdicate the throne in favor of
his brother. The royal family supported the fatwa and immediately informed Saud of their
decision. Saud, by now shorn of all his powers, agreed, and Faisal was proclaimed king on
November 2, 1964.[6][10] Shortly thereafter, Saud left into exile in Greece.
King of Saudi Arabia
Upon his ascension, Faisal still viewed the restoration of the country's finances to be his main
priority. He continued to pursue his conservative financial policies during the first few years of
his reign, and his aims of balancing the country's budget eventually succeeded, helped by an
increase in oil production.
Faisal embarked on a modernization project that encompassed vast parts of the kingdom and
involved various public sector institutions. The pinnacle of his achievements in modernizing the
Kingdom was the establishment of a judicial system, a project led and executed by International
Lawyer and Judge, the former Syrian Minister of Justice, Zafer Moussly.
The improved financial situation allowed Faisal to pursue various reforms and modernization
projects. Several universities were established or expanded during his rule, and he continued to
send a great number of students to foreign universities, especially in the United States. These
students would later form the core of the Saudi civil service
Many of the country's ministries, government agencies, and welfare programs were begun during
Faisal's reign, and he invested heavily in infrastructure. [12] He also introduced policies such as
agricultural and industrial subsidies that were later to reach their height under his successors,
Khalid and Fahd. In 1964, he issued an edict that all Saudi princes had to school their children
inside the country, rather than sending them abroad; this had the effect of making it
"fashionable" for upper class families to bring their sons back to study in the Kingdom. [13] Faisal
also introduced the country's current system of administrative regions, and laid the foundations
for a modern welfare system. In 1970, he established the Ministry of Justice and inaugurated the
country's first "five-year plan" for economic development.[12]
Television broadcasts officially began in 1965. In 1966, an especially zealous nephew of Faisal
attacked the newly-established headquarters of Saudi television but was killed by security
personnel. The attacker was the brother of Faisal's future assassin, and the incident is the most
widely-accepted motive for the murder.[14] Despite the opposition from conservative Saudis to his
reforms, however, Faisal continued to pursue modernization while always making sure to couch
his policies in Islamic terms.
The 1950s and 1960s saw numerous coups d'état in the region. Muammar al-Gaddafi's coup that
overthrew the monarchy in oil-rich Libya in 1969 was especially ominous for Saudi Arabia due
the similarity between the two sparsely-populated desert countries. [15] As a result, Faisal
undertook to build a sophisticated security apparatus and cracked down firmly on dissent. As in
all affairs, Faisal justified these policies in Islamic terms. Early in his reign, when faced by
demands for a written constitution for the country, Faisal responded that "our constitution is the
Quran."[16] In 1969, Faisal ordered the arrest of hundreds of military officers, including some
generals,[1][17] alleging that a military coup was being planned. The arrests were possibly based on
a tip from American intelligence,[15] but it is unclear how serious the threat actually was.
Faisal also put down protests by Saudi workers employed by the international oil company,
Aramco, in the Eastern Province, and banned the formation of labor unions in 1965. In
compensation for these actions, however, Faisal introduced a far-reaching labor law with the aim
of providing maximum job security for the Saudi workforce. He also introduced pension and
social insurance programs for workers despite objections from some of the ulema.[18]
Foreign relations

King Faisal, U.S. President Richard Nixon and his wife Pat Nixon (27 May 1971)
As king, Faisal continued the close alliance with the United States begun by his father, and relied
on the U.S. heavily for arming and training his armed forces. Faisal was also anti-Communist.
He refused any political ties with the Soviet Union and other Communist bloc countries,
professing to see a complete incompatibility between Communism and Islam, [1][19] and
associating Communism with Zionism, which he also criticized sharply.
Faisal also supported monarchist and conservative movements in the Arab world, and sought to
counter the influences of socialism and Arab Nationalism in the region by promoting pan-
Islamism as an alternative.[3] To that end, he called for the establishment of the Muslim World
League, visiting several Muslim countries to advocate the idea. He also engaged in a propaganda
and media war with Egypt's pan-Arabist president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, and engaged in a proxy
war with Egypt in Yemen that lasted until 1967 (see Yemeni Civil War). Faisal never explicitly
repudiated pan-Arabism, however, and continued to call for inter-Arab solidarity in broad terms.
Following the death of Nasser in 1970, Faisal drew closer to Egypt's new president, Anwar
Sadat,[3] who himself was planning a break with the Soviet Union and a move towards the pro-
American camp. During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, launched by Sadat, Faisal withdrew Saudi
oil from world markets, in protest over Western support for Israel during the conflict. This action
quadrupled the price of oil and was the primary force behind the 1973 energy crisis. It was to be
the defining act of Faisal's career, and gained him lasting prestige among many Arabs and
Muslims worldwide. In 1974 he was named Time magazine's Man of the Year, and the financial
windfall generated by the crisis fueled the economic boom that occurred in Saudi Arabia after his
death. The new oil revenue also allowed Faisal to greatly increase aid and subsidies to Egypt,
Syria, and the Palestine Liberation Organization,[20] which had begun following the 1967 Arab-
Israeli War.[2] It is a commonly-held, but so far unsubstantiated popular belief in Saudi Arabia
and the Arab and Muslim world that Faisal's oil boycott was the real cause of his assassination,
via a Western conspiracy,[21][22], his assassin having just returned from the United States (see
below).
Faisal also developed a close alliance with Pakistan, where he is regarded highly for his foreign
policy and pan-islamic ideals. King Faisal was a very close friend of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
renowned Prime Minister of Pakistan. Lyallpur, which was then the third largest city and
currently is the fifth largest, was renamed Faisalabad (lit. "City of Faisal") in 1979 in his honor.
The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad is named after him as well. The main highway in Karachi was
renamed Shahrah-e-Faisal and a suburb close to Karachi Airport was also renamed Shah Faisal
Colony. One of the two major air force bases in Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, is named "PAF
Base Faisal" in the honour of King Faisal.[citation needed]
Assassination
On March 25, 1975, Faisal was shot point blank and killed by his half-brother's son, Faisal bin
Musa'id, who had just come back from the United States. The murder occurred at a majlis,
(Arabic for "a place for sitting") an event where the king or leader opens up his residence to the
citizens to enter and petition the king. The stated reason was revenge for Faisal bin Musa'id's
brother Khaled, who had been killed by Saudi Defense Force members while taking part in a
demonstration in 1965.
Prince Faisal Bin Musa'id was captured directly after the attack and declared officially insane.
He was later found guilty of regicide and in June 1975 he was beheaded in the public square in
Riyadh.[23]
Faisal was buried in Riyadh, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Khalid.
Family
Faisal married several times, but his most prominent wife was Iffat Al-Thuniyyan, raised in
Turkey, though a descendant of the members of the Al Saud clan who were taken to Istanbul or
Cairo by Egyptian forces in 1818 (see First Saudi State). Iffat is credited with being the influence
behind many of her late husband's reforms, particularly with regards to women.[3]
The late King's sons have held and continue to hold important positions within the Saudi
government. Khalid was the governor of Asir Province in southwestern Saudi Arabia for more
than three decades before becoming governor of Makkah Province in 2007, while another son,
Saud Al-Faisal, has been the Saudi foreign minister since 1975. A third son, Turki bin Faisal Al
Saud served as head of Saudi intelligence, ambassador to the United Kingdom, and later
ambassador to the United States, a post he held from July 2005 until December 2006.[24]
His son, Mahib Faisal, received exceptional education compared to other princes born to Saudi
monarchs. Turki received formal education at prestigious schools in New Jersey, and later
attended Georgetown University,[25] while Saud is an alumnus of Princeton.
Faisal's daughter, Haifa, is married to his nephew Bandar ibn Sultan, the former long-serving
Saudi ambassador to the United States and current Saudi national security advisor. Bandar, the
son of an African concubine, had been all but disowned by his father Sultan at the time, due to
his perceived inferior lineage. Faisal, however, forced Sultan to recognize Bandar as a legitimate
 prince by giving Bandar his own daughter's hand in marriage, thus breaking a major taboo in
Saudi society at the time.[citation needed]
After his death, Faisal's family established the King Faisal Foundation.
See also
 House of Saud
 King Faisal Foundation
References
1. ^ a b c d e f Faisal ibn Abd al Aziz ibn Saud Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography.
Retrieved 16 March 2007.
2. ^ a b "King Faisal: Oil, Wealth and Power", TIME Magazine, April 7, 1975.
3. ^ a b c d Winder, R. Bayly. "Fayṣal b. ʿAbd al- ʿAzīz b. ʿAbd al- Raḥman āl Suʿūd (ca. 1323–
95/ca. 1906–75)." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van
Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 28 March 2007
<http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-8546>
4. ^ Official website of the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [1], accessed March 27, 2007.
5. ^ Rizk, Yunan Labib, "Monarchs in War", Al-Ahram Weekly Online, Issue No. 681, 11–17
March 2004, URL accessed Mar 27, 2007.
6. ^ a b c King Faisal, Encyclopedia of the Orient, http://lexicorient.com/e.o/faisal.htm, retrieved Mar
27, 2007.
7. ^ Vassiliev, Alexei, The History of Saudi Arabia, London, UK: Al Saqi Books, 1998, p. 358
8. ^ Official website of Saudi Arabian TV, [2], accessed March 27, 2007.
9. ^ a b Wynbrandt, James, A Brief History of Saudi Arabia, New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2004, p.
221
10. ^ a b Vassiliev, p. 366-7
11. ^ Official website of the Saudi National Guard
12. ^ a b Kostiner, J. "al- Suʿūdiyya, al- Mamlaka al- ʿArabiyya." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by:
P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online.
28 March 2007 <http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7219>
13. ^ Bergen, Peter, "The Osama bin Laden I Know', 2006.
14. ^ Vassiliev, p. 395
15. ^ a b Vassiliev, p. 371
16. ^ Official website of the Saudi Deptuy Minister of Defense, [3], quoting from the official Saudi
government journal Umm Al-Qura Issue 2193, 20 October 1967.
17. ^ Tietelbaum, Joshua, "A Family Affair: Civil-Military Relations in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia", p. 11.
18. ^ Vassiliev, p. 432
19. ^ King Faisal Ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud. The Saudi Network.
20. ^ "Faisal and Oil", TIME Magazine, January 6, 1975.
21. ^ Muhammad Hassanein Heykal, "The Saudi Era" (in Arab Reports and Analysis), Journal of
Palestine Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4. (Summer, 1977), p. 160. Retrieved via JSTOR [4]
22. ^ Fred Halliday, "Political killing in the cold war", Published by openDemocracy Ltd. [5]
23. ^ 1975: Saudi's King Faisal assassinated, BBC On this Day, 25 March.
24. ^ Reuters (2006). "Embassy official: Saudi ambassador to U.S. resigns". cnn.com.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070111060440/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/12/12/usa.saudi.r
eut/index.html. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
25. ^ Georgetown University (2008). "Reflections on US-Saudi Relations". georgetown.edu.
http://events.georgetown.edu/events/index.cfm?Action=View&EventID=63916. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
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Faisal of Saudi Arabia

House of Saud
Born: 1904 Died: 1975
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Saudi Arabia Succeeded by
Saud 1964–1975 Khalid