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C. dng CaO hoc CaCO3 kh tp cht Si, P, S, Mn, ... trong gang thu c thp.
D. tng thm hm lng cacbon trong gang thu c thp.
# p n A.
Ch , trnh nhm ln vi nguyn tc sn xut gang!
y l mt cu hi thun ty l thuyt, nhng li ri vo mt ni dung m rt t em quan tm,
nn chc cng gy khng t kh khn.
Cu ny lm trong 10s
Cu 4 : un nng cht H2N-CH2-CONH-CH(CH3)-CONH-CH2-COOH trong dung dch HCl (d),
sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c sn phm l
A. H2N-CH2-COOH, H2H-CH2-CH2-COOH.
B. H3N+-CH2- COOHCl , H3N+-CH2-CH2- COOHCl .
C. H3N+-CH2- COOHCl , H3N+-CH(CH3)- COOHCl .
D. H2N-CH2-COOH, H2N-CH(CH3)-COOH.
# p n C.
y, cch vit HCl - c th gy mt cht l cho th sinh, nhng ti ngh l cng khng lm
kh c cc em, v n tng t vi cch vit mui ni ca amino acid +H3N-R-COO-, hn na, nu
c kinh nghim th cng ch cn thy rng y c 2 nhm: c to mui v khng to mui, ta khng
cn quan tm bi vit theo cch no.
Nu lm mt cch bi bn th ch cn xt v tr ct ca lin kt peptid (ch l lin kt amide v
lin kt ester c im chung rt d nh ^^)
Tuy nhin, bi ny c th lm bng cch suy lun rt thng minh nh sau: sn phm to thnh
phi c nhnh CH(CH3)- do loi ngay 2 p n A v B. Ch d kin HCl(d) l ta s c c
p n ng.
Vi cch suy lun nh vy th bi ny c th lm trong 5-10s.
y, p n gy nhiu A v B c phn hi th khi khng a nhnh vo!
Cu 5 : Cho s chuyn ho sau :
0 0
+ Br2 (1:1mol),Fe,t + NaOH (d ),t ,p + HCl(d )
Toluen X Y Z
Trong X, Y, Z u l hn hp ca cc cht hu c, Z c thnh phn chnh gm
A. m-metylphenol v o-metylphenol. B. benzyl bromua v o-bromtoluen.
C. o-bromtoluen v p-bromtoluen. D. o-metylphenol v p-metylphenol.
# p n D.
X : o-bromtoluen v p-bromtoluen ; Y : o-NaO-C6H4-CH3 v p-NaO-C6H4-CH3
Z : o-metylphenol v p-metylphenol.
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Bi ny lm trong 20-30s
Cu 12 : Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y; c cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl2 v m gam
FeCl3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,75. B. 8,75. C. 7,80. D. 6,50.
# p n A.
Quy i hn hp u thnh hn hp ch c FeO v Fe2O3 : FeO FeCl2 ; Fe2O3 2FeCl3
mFeO = 7,62/127*72 = 4,32gam mFe2O3 = 4,8g hay 0,03 mol (nhm)
m = mFeCl3 = (56 + 35,5*3)*0,03*2 = 9,75g
m = mFeCl3 = 2*[9,12 (7,62/127)*72]*162,5/160 = 9,75 gam.
Ch l c th dn thnh mt php tnh lin hon :
m = m(FeCl3) = 2*[9,12 (7,62/127)*72]*162,5/160 = 9,75g
nhng khi thc hin lin hon nhiu php tnh trn my tnh bao gm c cng tr, nhn chia th
phi ht sc cn thn trong thao tc, nu khng s mc phi sai st.
C kin cho rng nn thay i cc p n nhiu, trong thm vo gi tr: 4,875 v 19,5. y
cng l mt kin hay, gi tr 4,875 cng rt c kh nng th sinh chn nhm, do khng nhn 2 s
mol Fe2O3 khi n chuyn thnh FeCl3, mc d vy, gi tr 4,875 c phn hi l. Cn gi tr 19,5 nu
a vo chc ch nhiu c cc th sinh cha bit lm cu ny, v nu c mt cht kinh nghim th
s thy l n hi ln v hi v l.
Bi ny c th lm trong 20-40s
Cu 13 : Cho dy cc cht v ion : Cl2, F2, SO2, Na+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Mn2+, S2-, Cl . S cht v ion
trong dy u c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh l
A. 3. B. 4. C. 6. D. 5.
# p n B.
C tnh oxi ha v tnh kh s oxi ha trung gian : Cl2, SO2, Fe2+, Mn2+.
Trong cu hi ny s c nhiu bn s chn nhm phi p n A, do cc hp cht ca Mn t c
ch trong chng trnh, nht l chng trnh khng phn ban. Cu hi ny l ra nn c sp xp
vo phn la chn cho th sinh phn ban th s cng bng hn.
Bi ny lm trong 10 15s.
Cu 14 : Phn ng nhit phn khng ng l
0 0
A. 2KNO3
t
2KNO2 + O2 B. NH4NO2
t
N2 + 2H2O
0 0
C. NH4Cl
t
NH3 + HCl D. NaHCO3
t
NaOH + CO2
# p n D.
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0
2NaHCO3
t
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Cc mui Cacbonate ca kim loi kim bn vi nhit nn khng b nhit phn tip trong iu
kin thng thng.
Cu hi ny kh d, lm trong 5-10s
Cu 15 : Cho dy cc cht : KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, C2H5OH, C12H22O11 (saccaroz), CH3COOH,
Ca(OH)2, CH3COONH4. S cht in li l
A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 2.
# p n B.
i vi cu hi loi ny c th lm theo kiu lit k hoc loi tr, y ta loi tr saccaroz v
ru etylic.
Cu hi ny kh d, lm trong 5-10s
Cu 16 : Cho 2,16 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton
thu c 0,896 lt kh NO ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi lm bay hi
dung dch X l
A. 8,88 gam. B. 13,92 gam. C. 6,52 gam. D. 13,32 gam.
# p n B.
nMg = 0,09 mol ne(cho) = 0,18 mol (nhm)
nNO = 0,04 mol ne(nhn) = 0,12 mol (nhm)
ne(cho) > ne(nhn) Trong dung dch c to thnh NH4NO3
n(NH4NO3) = (0,18 0,12)/8 mol
mmui khan = m(Mg(NO3)2) + m(NH4NO3)
= (24 + 62*2)*0,09 + 80*(0,18 0,12)/8 = 13,92 gam.
bi tp ny, c mt s kin cho rng NH4NO3 khng sinh ra trong HNO3 d, iu ny l
khng ng, th oxh kh ca HNO3 ph thuc vo nng ch khng ph thuc vo lng cht.
HNO3 d nhng nng rt thp (long) th vn c th to thnh NH4NO3.
y l mt bi tp kh hay, c tnh phn loi. Nu hc sinh quen vi vic dng phng php
bo ton e trong cc bi ton c phn ng oxh kh th s khng gp nhiu kh khn lm khi pht hin
ra mu thun, mc d vn c th hi lng tng khi suy lun ra s c mt ca NH4NO3, cn nu hc
sinh cu th th rt d b mt im cu ny.
Phng n 13,32 l c tnh nhiu cao nht khi hc sinh ch tnh khi lng ca Mg(NO3)2.
Phng n 8,88 l trong trng hp ch tnh khi lng Mg(NO3)2 m s mol tnh da vo NO
....
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5n 3n 3n
no, mch h = 2 + 2 n=2
2 2 2
Cch lm ny cng kh ph bin, v c bn l tng t nh cch 2, nhng khng phi gii h pt.
Bi ny lm bng cch 1 trong 20-25s.
2NH3 (k) ; phn ng thun l phn ng to
Cu 23 : Cho cn bng ho hc : N2 (k) + 3H2 (k)
nhit. Cn bng ho hc khng b chuyn dch khi
A. thay i p sut ca h. B. thay i nng N2.
C. thay i nhit . D. thm cht xc tc Fe.
# p n D.
Cn bng ha hc ch c th b chuyn dch khi thay i cc yu t nng , nhit v p sut.
Cht xc tc ch c vai tr lm tng tc phn ng (thun v nghch) m khng lm cho cn bng
chuyn dch!
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Cu 29 : Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung dch gm
KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng
thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H5COOH. B. CH3COOH. C. HCOOH. D. C3H7COOH.
# p n B.
X tc dng hon ton X ht (KOH v NaOH c th d)
Cch 1: Phng php bo ton khi lng
3,6 + 0,06(56 + 40) = 8,28 + (3,6/X)*18 X = 60 X l CH3COOH.
Cch 2: Phng php tng - gim khi lng
m tng = 3,6 + 0,06(56 + 40) 8,28 = 1,08g 0,09 mol H2O (nhm) Macid = 3,6/0,9 = 60
(nhm) X l CH3COOH.
Thc ra 2 cch lm c cng bn cht v tng ng nhau, ty vo k nng v phng php
ca mi th sinh m la chn cch lm no cho n gin v thun li trong tnh ton.
Mc d tng ca bi ton l kh hay khi p th sinh phi dng n phng php bo ton
khi lng hoc tng gim khi lng mi c th tm c p n ng, cc p n nhiu ca bi
tp ny vn cn kh cu th v mang nng tnh hnh thc, nu hc sinh vn dng kinh nghim s
mol trn th cng c th tm ra p n l B. D kin axit cacboxylic no l tha, nn sa li
bi l axit cacboxylic n chc v thm vo p n C2H3COOH th s hay hn rt nhiu, v khi
3,6g cng l 0,05 mol C2H3COOH rt trn v s c tnh cht nhiu cao hn.
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s.
Cu 30 : Cht phn ng vi dung dch FeCl3 cho kt ta l
A. CH3NH2. B. CH3COOCH3. C. CH3OH. D. CH3COOH.
# p n A.
CH3NH3+ + OH ; Fe3+ + 3OH Fe(OH)3
CH3NH2 + H2O
Cu 31 : Cho cc phn ng sau :
0
H2S + O2 (d)
t
Kh X + H2O
0
NH3 + O2
850 C, Pt
Kh Y + H2O
NH4HCO3 + HCl long Kh Z + NH4Cl + H2O
Cc kh X, Y, Z thu c ln lt l
A. SO3, NO, NH3. B. SO2, N2, NH3. C. SO2, NO, CO2. D. SO3, N2, CO2.
# p n C.
0
H2S + O2 (d)
t
SO2 + H2O
0
NH3 + O2
850 C, Pt
NO + H2O
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S phn ng to ra C2H5Br l
A. 4. B. 3. C. 2. D. 1.
# p n B.
C2H4 + Br2
C2H4Br2
0
HBr + C2H5OH
t
C2H5Br + H2O
C2H4 + HBr
C2H5Br C2H6 + Br2
askt (1:1mol)
C2H5Br + HBr
(Thc ra khng cn vit ptp m ch cn hnh dung trong u l c)
Bi ny khng kh, lm trong 10-15s
Cu 34 : Tin hnh hai th nghim sau :
- Th nghim 1 : Cho m gam bt Fe (d) vo V1 lt dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M;
- Th nghim 2 : Cho m gam bt Fe (d) vo V2 lt dung dch AgNO3 0,1M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng cht rn thu c hai th nghim u bng nhau.
Gi tr ca V1 so vi V2 l
A. V1 = V2. B. V1 = 10V2. C. V1 = 5V2. D. V1 = 2V2.
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# p n A.
Khi lng cht rn hai th nghim bng nhau V1(64 56) = 0,1*V2(108 56*0,5)
V1 = V2 (nhm)
y l mt bi ton tng gim khi lng in hnh. Cn ch t l mol ca phn ng Fe vi
AgNO3 l 1:2, do c th thay th phng n nhiu bng : V1 = 0,65V2, l trong trng hp th
sinh qun mt iu ny, m xem t l l 1:1.
Bi ny lm trong 15-20s.
Cu 35 : Polime c cu trc mng khng gian (mng li) l
A. PE. B.amilopectin . C. PVC. D. nha bakelit.
# p n D.
lm c cu ny cn phi nh v nm vng cu trc phn t ca cc polime..
Tuy nhin cu ny kh d v kh quen thuc, lm trong 5-10s..
Cu 36 : Cng thc phn t ca hp cht kh to bi nguyn t R v hiro l RH3. Trong oxit m R
c ho tr cao nht th oxi chim 74,07% v khi lng. Nguyn t R l
A. S. B. As. C. N. D. P.
# p n C.
i vi mt nguyn t th: Ha tr cao nht vi H + Ha tr cao nht vi O = 8.
16 5 74,07 80 74,04
Oxit c dng : R2O5 100% = = R = 14 R l N
2 R + 16 5 100 2 R 25,96
Bi tp ny rt quen thuc, cc thy c vn thng dy cc em thi chuyn, thi HSG lp 9 v cho
cc em lp 10 trong ni dung ca chng H thng tun hon cc nguyn t Ha hc.
Bin i t l thc trong bi l 1 tnh cht ca Ton hc. (xem thm cch bin i cu 18)
Bi ny lm trong 15-20s.
Cu 37 : nh hng ca nhm -OH n gc C6H5- trong phn t phenol th hin qua phn ng gia
phenol vi
A. dung dch NaOH. B. Na kim loi. C. nc Br2. D. H2 (Ni, to)
# p n C.
C6H5OH + Br2
2,4,6-tribromphenol
phn ng xy ra ngay ra trong dung dch, nhit thng, khng cn xc tc, theo t l 1:3 (d
hn nhiu so vi benzen : brom khan, nhit cao, xc tc l bt Fe (^^ chnh xc hn l FeBr3)).
Cu ny kh hay, nu khng cn thn th s c nhiu bn chn nhm p n A, v p n A l
ngc li, nh hng ca gc C6H5- n nhm OH.
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s.
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C C C C
C C
y cn quan tm n tnh i xng ca phn t v s dng phng php m nhanh s
lng ng phn trn mch C ( y c 1 trc i xng chnh v 2 trc i xng ph)
(xem thm p n chi tit mn Ha khi A nm 2008 ca Sao bng lnh gi).
Bi ny c th xem l kh hay, lm trong 10-15s.
Cu 39 : X phng ho hon ton 17,24 gam cht bo cn va 0,06 mol NaOH. C cn dung dch
sau phn ng thu c khi lng x phng l
A. 17,80 gam. B. 18,24 gam. C. 16,68 gam. D. 18,38 gam.
# p n A.
Phn ng : (RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH
3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3 (nhm trong u)
Theo bo ton khi lng : m(x phng) = m(cht bo) + m(NaOH) m(glixerol)
m(x phng) = 17,24 + 40*0,06 92*0,06/3 = 17,80 gam. (cc gi tr 40, 92 v 0,02 l nhm
c)
Cu ny khng kh, lm trong 30-40s
Cu 40 : Cho dy cc cht : C2H2, HCHO, HCOOH, CH3CHO, (CH3)2CO, C12H22O11 (mantoz). S
cht trong dy tham gia c phn ng trng gng l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 5. D. 4.
# p n D.
Cc cht tham gia phn ng trng gng : HCHO, HCOOH, CH3CHO v C12H22O11.
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Y l CH3CH2NH2 (M = 45 vC).
y l mt cu hi tng i kh v chc s khin nhiu bn s lng tng trong vic xc nh CTCT ca X. C nhiu
cch tm ra CTPT ca X, thm ch nu l ngi c kinh nghim th khng cn phi suy ngh nhiu, y ti xin trnh by v
d mt li suy ngh nh sau:
X c cha N v 3O m X li tc dng vi NaOH sinh ra sn phm hu c X l mt este, hoc mt mui
amoni hu c.
X khng th l mt este X l mui amoni hu c.
V bt bo ha k = 0
Nu X l mui amoni ca amin vi acid hu c khi tc dng vi NaOH khng th ch c 1 sn phm hu
c phi l mui ca NH3 vi acid hu c hoc amin hu c vi acid v c.
PHN RING ------ Th sinh ch c lm 1 trong 2 phn : Phn I hoc Phn II -------
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Lm trong 5-10s
Cu 48 : t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2
lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H6. B. C2H4. C. CH4. D. C3H8.
# p n A.
S nguyn t C trung bnh = 2 X c 2C.
Do : V(CO2) = V(H2O) X l ankan: C2H6.
Bi ny c nhng bin lun logic kh c trng cho bi tp v phn ng t chy cht hu c, v
vy nn kh quen thuc v khng qu kh, lm trong 10-15s.
Cu 49 : Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z l ng ng k tip, khi lng phn t ca Z bng 2 ln khi
lng phn t ca X. Cc cht X, Y, Z thuc dy ng ng
A. ankan. B. ankaien. C. anken. D. ankin.
# p n C.
y l mt bi tp qu quen thuc m gn nh ti liu tham kho no c ni dung lin quan u
c, l ra nhng cu hi th ny khng nn a vo thi H.
Gi X l CaHb Z l CaHb(C2H4) = 2X X l C2H4
Cc cht X, Y, Z thuc dy ng ng anken.
i vi cc bi tp d th ny th vic s dng phng n nhiu nhiu khi ch l hnh thc v
khng cn thc, tuy nhin, cng c th b sung thm phng n xicloankan mc nhiu s cao
hn mt cht.
Lm trong 10-15s.
Cu 50 : Tin hnh bn th nghim sau :
- Th nghim 1 : Nhng thanh Fe vo dung dch FeCl3;
- Th nghim 2 : Nhng thanh Fe vo dung dch CuSO4;
- Th nghim 3 : Nhng thanh Cu vo dung dch FeCl3 ;
- Th nghim 4 : Cho thanh Fe tip xc vi thanh Cu ri nhng vo dung dch HCl
S trng hp xut hin n mn in ho l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 4. D. 3.
# p n B.
Ch c cc th nghim 2 v 4 xut hin n mn in ha.
Cu hi ny cng kh d v quen thuc, ch cn 5-10s.
Phn II. Theo chng trnh phn ban (6 cu, t cu 51 n cu 56)
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Qua vic gii nhanh cc bi tp trong thi tuyn sinh H C khi B nm 2008 mn Ha, ta
rt ra mt s nhn xt nh sau:
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**********************
Cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton v c kinh in ca Sao bng lnh gi
Quy tc vit cng thc Cu to theo Lewis, CTCT + Dng lai ha + Hnh hc phn t
Mt bi Ha thi H nm 2006
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