(VIETMATHS - Net) Giai Bai Bai Tap Hinh Hoc Vi Phan

Php tnh vi phn trn Rn
BI TP CHNG 1
Bi tp 1.1. Cho hm f : R2 R, (x, y) 7 sin x. Dng nh ngha chng
minh Df (a, b) = , vi xc nh bi (x, y) = (cos a)x.
Bi tp 1.2. Cho hm f : Rn R tha mn iu kin
.NE
T
|f (x)| kxk2 .
Chng minh f kh vi ti x = 0 v Df (0) = 0.
Bi tp 1.3. Cho hm f : R2 R xc nh bi:

(x2
x|y|
,
+ y 2 )2
nu (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
nu (x, y) = (0, 0)
THS
f (x, y) =
(a) Tnh D1 f (0, 0) v D2 f (0, 0).
(b) Chng minh f khng kh vi ti (0, 0).
TM
A
Bi tp 1.4. Tm o hm ca cc nh x sau:
(a) f (x, y, z) = xy , x > 0.
(b) f (x, y, z) (xy , x2 + z), x > 0.

(c) f (x, y) = sin(x sin y).
VIE
(d) f (x, y) = (sin(xy), sin(x sin y), xy ), x > 0.

Bi tp 1.5. S dng v d
f (x) =
1
x
+ x2 sin
,
x 6= 0
x=0
Chng t rng iu kin lin tc trong nh l hm ngc khng th b c.

Bi tp 1.6. Cho hm g lin tc trn ng trn n v S1 tha mn iu kin
g(0, 1) = g(1, 0) = 0
g(x) = g(x)
Bi tp chng 1
Xt hm f : R2 R xc nh bi:
f (x) =
x
kxkg
,
x 6= 0
0,
x=0
kxk
vi mi x R2 .
(a) Chng minh vi x R2 c nh cho trc, hm s
.NE
T
h : R R, h(t) = f (t, x)
kh vi trn R.
(b) Chng minh f khng kh vi ti (0, 0) tr khi hm g = 0.

Bi tp 1.7. Cho hm f : R2 R kh vi lin tc. Chng minh rng f khng
THS
th l n nh.
Bi tp 1.8. Cho f : Rn Rm , g : Rm R kh vi lp C . Chng minh

rng (g f ) = g f .
Bi tp 1.9. Cho L : Rn Rm l mt nh x tuyn tnh, chng minh rng
TM
A
L lin tc, kh vi ti mi im x Rn .
Bi tp 1.10. Chng minh rng php tnh tuyn v php v t trn Rn l cc

nh x lin tc.
Bi tp 1.11. Cho U l mt tp m trong Rn v f : U Rm , m n l
VIE
mt nh x thuc lp C 1 . Gi s rng f l mt n nh v f 1 : A U , vi
A = f (U ) cng thuc lp C 1 . Chng minh rng m khng th nh hn n. (y
l mt nh l yu ca Brouwer: Khng tn ti 1 ng t mt tp m U Rn
vo Rm vi m < n).
Bi tp 1.12. Cho f : Rn Rn l mt nh x kh vi, chnh qui trn Rn ,

chng minh rng f l mt nh x m.
Bi tp 1.13. Chng minh rng iu kin cn v mt nh x trn F l
mt vi phi t W vo F (W ) l F l mt n nh v DF khng c im k d
trn W .
Bi tp 1.14. Chng minh rng khng tn ti 1 vi phi t mt tp m ca
Rn vo mt tp m ca Rm nu m < n.
L thuyt ng
BI TP CHNG 2
Bi tp 2.1. Hy xc nh vt ca cc ng tham s sau:
(a) (ng hnh s 8), xc nh bi c(t) = (sin t, sin 2t)
(b) (ng cubic), xc nh bi c(t) = (t, t2 , t3 )
Bi tp 2.2. Tm mt ng tham s (t) m vt l ng trn x2 + y 2 = 1
.NE
T
sao cho (t) chy quanh ng trn cng chiu kim ng h v (0) = (1, 0).
Bi tp 2.3. Cho ng trn tham s (t) khng i qua gc. Gi s (t0 ) l
im trn vt ca gn vi gc ta nht. Hy chng minh rng vector (t0 )
trc giao vi vector 0 (t0 ).
c th kt lun g v (t)?
THS
Bi tp 2.4. Gi s (t) l ng tham s m 00 (t) = 0 vi mi t. Chng ta
Bi tp 2.5. Cho ng tham s : I R3 v

v l vector c nh. Gi s
rng 0 (t ) trc giao vi v vi mi t I v (0) cng trc giao vi

v . Chng
0
TM
A
minh rng vi mi t I, (t0 ) trc giao vi

v.
Bi tp 2.6. Cho ng tham s : I R3 , vi 0 (t) 6= 0, t I. Hy

chng minh rng |(t)| = a (a l hng s khc khng) khi v ch khi (t) trc
giao 0 (t) vi mi t I.
no.
(a) c : t 7
VIE
Bi tp 2.7. Vt ca cc ng tham s sau nm trn nhng mt quen thuc

a2 t2
at cos t , at sin t ,
2
(b) c : t 7 (sin 2t , 1 cos 2 t , 2 cos t)

Bi tp 2.8. Hy chng minh rng cc tip tuyn ca ng tham s (t) =
3 t , 3 t2 , 2 t3 to mt gc khng i vi ng thng c nh y = 0; z = x.
Bi tp 2.9. Mt a trn bn knh 1 trong mt phng Oxy ln khng trt

dc theo trc Ox. Khi mt im nm trn bin ca a vch ra mt ng
cong gi l ng Cycloid (Hnh 2.0.1).
(a) Hy tm mt tham s ho ca ng Cycloid v hy xc nh cc im
k d.
Bi tp chng 2
.NE
T
Hnh 2.0.1: ng cycloid
(b) Tnh di mt ca ng Cycloid (ng vi mt vng quay ca a).

Bi tp 2.10. Tnh di ca cc ng tham s phng sau trn on [A, B]
(a) c : t 7 t , t2
(b) c : t 7 (t , ln t)
t
(c) c : t 7 t , cosh
a
(d) c : t 7 (a sin t , a (1 cos t))

THS
a>0
(e) c : t 7 a (ln tan 2t + cos t) , a sin t
a > 0.
TM
A
Bi tp 2.11. Tnh di ca cc ng tham s sau:

t
(a) c :7 a (t sin t) , a (1 cos t) , 4 a cos
, gia hai giao im ca
2
ng vi mt phng y = 0;

(b) c : t 7 cos t , sin t , cos2t mt vng khp kn;
VIE
(c) c : t 7 (a cosh t , a sinh t , at), trong khong [0, b];

Bi tp 2.12. Tnh di ca phn ng cong.
x3 = 3a2 y
2xz = a2
gia hai mt phng y = a/3 v y = 9a, vi a > 0.

Bi tp 2.13. Cho OA = 2a, a > 0 l ng knh ca ng trn (S), hai
ng Oy v AV l hai tip tuyn ca (S) ti O v A. Tia Or ct ng trn
(S) ti C v AV ti B. Trn OB ly im P sao cho OP = CB. Nu ta quay
tia Or quanh im O th cc im P v nn ng cong gi l ng xixit ca
Diocles (cissoid of Diocles). Chn OA lm trc honh v Oy l trc tung. Hy
L thuyt ng
chng minh rng

(a) Vt ca ng

(t) =
2at2 2at3
,
,t R
1 + t2 1 + t2

VIE
TM
A
THS
.NE
T
l ng xixit ca Diocles (t = tan xem Hnh 2.0.2)
Hnh 2.0.2: ng xixit ca Diocles
Hnh 2.0.3: ng Tractrix
(cissoid of Diocles)
(b) Gc ta O(0, 0) l im k d ca ng xixit.

(c) Khi t th ng cong dn v ng thng x = 2a v 0 (t)
(0, 2a). Do , khi t th ng cong v tip tuyn ca n dn v ng
thng x = 2a. Ta gi ng thng x = 2a l ng tim cn (asymptote) ca
ng xixit.
Bi tp chng 2
Bi tp 2.14. Cho : (0 , ) R2 c xc nh bi tham s

t
2

(t) = sin t , cos t + ln tan
(2.0.1)
y t l gc gia trc Oy vi vector 0 (t). Vt ca c gi l ng tractrix.

(Hnh 2.0.3). Hy chng minh rng:
(a) l ng tham s kh vi, chnh qui ngoi tr t = /2.
(b) Khong cch t tip im n giao im ca tip tuyn vi trc Oy lun
.NE
T
bng 1.
Bi tp 2.15. Cho ng tham s : (1 , +) R3 xc nh bi :

3at2
3at
,
)
(t) = (
1 + t3 1 + t3
THS
Chng minh rng:
(2.0.2)
(a) Ti t = 0, 0 tip xc vi trc Ox.
(b) Khi t , th (t) (0, 0) v 0 (t) (0, 0).
(c) Ly ng cong vi hng ngc li. Khi nu t 1. ng cong
TM
A
v tip tuyn ca n tin ti ng thng x + y + a = 0. Hp ca 2 ng va

m t l 1 ng i xng qua ng thng y = x v c gi l l Descartes
VIE
(folium of Descartes) (Hnh 2.0.4)
Hnh 2.0.4: L Descartes
L thuyt ng
Bi tp 2.16. Cho ng tham s (t) = (aebt cos t, aebt sin t), t R a v b l

hng s, a > 0, b < 0.
(a) Hy chng t rng khi t , th (t) tin dn ti gc O v xon quanh
gc O, v th vt ca n (Hnh 2.0.5) c gi l ng xon logarithm (logarithmic Spiral).
0
(b) Hy chng t rng (t) (0, 0) khi t v lim
Rt
t t0
|0 (t)|dt l hu
TM
A
THS
.NE
T
hn; ngha l c di hu hn trn on [t0 , ).
VIE
Hnh 2.0.5: ng xon logarithm
Bi tp 2.17. Cho : I R3 l mt ng cong n, lin tc (thuc lp C 0 ).

Chng ta ni rng c tip tuyn yu (weak tangent) ti t0 nu ng thng
xc nh bi (t0 +h) v (t0 ) c cng mt v tr ti hn khi h 0. Chng ta ni
rng c tip tuyn mnh (strong tangent) ti t = t0 nu ng thng xc nh
bi (t0 +h) v (t0 +k) c cng mt v tr ti hn khi h, k 0. Chng t rng:
(a) ng tham s (t) = (t3 , t2 ), t R, c tip tuyn yu nhng khng c
tip tuyn mnh ti t = 0.
(b) Nu ng tham s : I R3 thuc lp C 1 v chnh qui ti t = t0 khi
c tip tuyn mnh ti t = t0 .
Bi tp chng 2
(c) ng tham s cho bi
(t) =
(t2 , t2 )
nu t 0
(t2 , t2 )
nu t 0
thuc lp C 1 nhng khng thuc lp C 2 . Hy v phc tho ng cong v cc

vct tip xc ca n.
Bi tp 2.18. (on thng l ngn nht). Cho c : I R3 l ng tham s,
.NE
T
ly [a, b] I v t (a) = p, (b) = q.
(a) Hy chng t rng vi mi vc t hng, n v

v (|
v | = 1), ta lun c
(q p).
v =
(t).
v dt
0
|0 (t)|dt.
THS
pq
(b) t
v =
v chng minh rng
|p q|
|(b) (a)|
|0 (t)|dt.
TM
A
C ngha l cung c di ngn nht ni p v q l on thng.

Bi tp 2.19. Chng minh rng ng tham s chnh qui phng vi tham s
di cung c cong k = const > 0 khi v ch khi vt ca n l mt ng
VIE
trn (hoc l mt phn ca ng trn).
Bi tp 2.20. Xc nh trng mc tiu Frenet v tm cong, xon ti

im tu ca cc ng tham s sau:
(a) c(t) = (t2 , 1 t, t3 )
(b) c(t) = (a cosh t, a sin t, at)
(c) c(t) = (et , et , 2t)
(d) c(t) = (cos3 t, sin3 t, cos 2t)

(e) c(t) = (2t, ln t, t2 )
Bi tp 2.21. Cho ng tham s
s
s s
(s) = a cos , a sin , b , s R
c
c c

L thuyt ng
vi c2 = a2 + b2 .
(a) Chng minh rng tham s s l di cung.
(b) Xc nh hm cong v xon ca (s).
(c) Xc nh mt phng mt tip ca (s).
(d) Chng minh rng ng php tuyn n(s) v i qua (s) ct trc Oz theo
mt gc bng /2.
(e) Chng minh rng tip tuyn ca to vi trc Oz mt gc khng i.
.NE
T
Bi tp 2.22. Tm cc im trn ng tham s c(t) = a(t sin t), a(1

t
cos t), 4a cos , t R, m ti bn knh cong t cc tr a phng.
2
Bi tp 2.23. Chng minh rng nu mt phng php din ca ng tham s
song chnh qui trong R3 ti mi im u cha mt vector c nh th cung
THS
cho l ng phng.
Bi tp 2.24.
(a) Mt ng tham s chnh quy lin thng phng c(t) c tnh cht l mi
tip tuyn lun i qua mt im c nh. Chng minh rng vt ca l mt
TM
A
ng thng hoc mt on ca ng thng.
(b) Chng minh rng nu vector trng php ca mt ng tham s song

chnh qui trong R3 ti mi im l mt vector c nh th cung cho l ng
phng.
VIE
Bi tp 2.25. Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc, mt phng php v mt

phng mt tip ca ng cong
c(t) = (t3 t3 1, t2 , t2 t)
ti im c(2). Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc, mt phng php v mt

phng mt tip ca ng cong
c(t) = (t2 t3 1, t2 + t, t2 t)
ti im
25
9
, 2, .
8
4
Bi tp 2.26. Cho ng tham s (helix)

c(t) = (a cos t, a sin t, bt), a > 0, b 6= 0.
10
Bi tp chng 2
(a) Hy vit phng trnh tip tuyn, php tuyn chnh, trng php tuyn,
mt phng mt tip, mt phng trc c ti mt im tu .
(b) Chng minh rng cc tip tuyn ca n nghing mt gc khng i vi
mt phng z = 0, cn cc php tuyn chnh ct trc Oz.
Bi tp 2.27. Chng t rng c th a ng tham s c : ha, bi Rn , vi
a, b R, v ng tham s tng ng : h0, 1i Rn .
.NE
T
Bi tp 2.28. Cho c : I R3 , t 7 (t, f (t), g(t)), vi f (t), g(t) l cc hm trn,

l mt ng tham s.
(a) Chng minh rng c l ng tham s chnh qui.
(b) Tm vector tip xc ca c trong trng hp f (t) = sin t + t2 v g(t) =
THS
et (1 t3 ).
Bi tp 2.29. (iu kin cn v ng tham s nm trn mt mt cu).

Gi s l ng cong c 6= 0 v k 0 6= 0. Chng minh rng iu kin cn v
vt ca nm trn mt mt cu l
TM
A
R2 + (R0 )2 T 2 = const
y R = 1/k, T = 1/ v R0 l o hm ca R theo s.
Bi tp 2.30. (iu kin cn v ng tham s nm trn mt mt cu).
Cho : I R3 l l ng tham s song chnh qui vi tham s di cung.
VIE
Gi s 6= 0 v k > 0
(a) Chng minh rng nu C = c(I) nm trn mt cu a, bn knh r. th

/
1
1
c a = .n
k
k
1
. .b
!2
1
1 /1
2
T y suy ra r = 2 +
k
k/ !2
1
1 1
(b) Ngc li, nu 2 +
= const > 0 th C = c(I) nm trn mt
k
k
mt cu.

Bi tp 2.31. Chng t rng cc ng tham s ha sau khng tng ng
11
L thuyt ng
(a) c1 (t) = (t, 1 t), t (0, 1);
(b) c2 (t) = ( cos t, sin t), t (0, /2);

(c) c3 (t) = (t, 1 t2 ), t (0, 1).
Bi tp 2.32. Chng minh rng ng cong trong khng gian c tip tuyn
to vi mt ng thng c nh mt gc khng i khi v ch khi t s gia
xon v cong ti mt im ty l hng s.
.NE
T
Bi tp 2.33. Cho : I R3 l mt ng cong tham s ha t nhin c

cong k(s) > 0, s I. Gi P l mt phng tha hai iu kin sau:
(a) P cha tt c cc tip tuyn ca c ti s0 ;
(b) Vi mi ln cn J I ca s0 , lun tn ti nhng im ca c(J) nm

trong P .
THS
Chng minh rng P l mt phng tip xc ca c ti s0 .
Bi tp 2.34. Trong trng hp tng qut, mt ng tham s c gi l

mt helix (xon c) nu cc tip tuyn ca to mt gc khng i vi mt
phng c nh. Gi s rng 6= 0, chng minh rng :
TM
A
(a) l mt ng xon c nu v ch nu k/ l mt hm hng.

(b) l mt ng xon c nu v ch nu cc ng php tuyn ca song
song vi mt mt phng c nh.
(c) l mt ng xon c nu v ch nu cc ng trng php tuyn ca
VIE
to mt gc khng i vi mt phng c nh.

Bi tp 2.35. Cho : I R3 l mt ng cong tham s ha t nhin c
cong k(s) > 0, s I. Chng minh rng
(a) Mt phng tip xc ca c ti s0 chnh l gii hn ca cc mt phng qua
3 im c(s0 ), c(s0 + h1 ), c(s0 + h2 ) khi h1 , h2 0.
(b) Gii hn ca cc ng trn i qua 3 im c(s0 ), c(s0 + h1 ), c(s0 + h2 )
l mt ng trn nm trong mt phng tip xc ca c ti s0 , c tm nm trn
php tuyn ti s0 ca c v bn knh bng 1/k(s0 ). ng trn ny gi l ng
trn mt tip (osculating circle) ca c ti s0 .
Bi tp 2.36. Chng minh rng di ca ng cong, cong v xon
l cc khi nim Euclide (tc l n bt bin qua php bin i ng c).
12
Bi tp chng 2
Bi tp 2.37. Gi s rng tt c cc php tuyn ca mt ng tham s chnh

qui phng lun i qua mt im c nh. Chng minh rng ng l mt ng
trn hoc mt phn ca ng trn.
Bi tp 2.38. Tm cc ng tham s song chnh qui ca R3 m cc mt phng
mt tip tha mn mt trong cc iu kin sau:
(a) Vung gc vi mt phng c nh;
vi ng thng ;
.NE
T
(b) Song song vi mt ng thng c nh v tip tuyn khng song song
(c) i qua mt im c nh v cc tip tuyn i qua im .

Bi tp 2.39. Chng minh rng cc tnh cht sau ca cc ng song chnh
qui nh hng trong R3 l tng ng:
THS
(a) Tip tuyn to mt gc khng i vi phng c nh;
(b) Php tuyn chnh song song vi mt mt phng c nh;

(c) Trng php tuyn to mt gc khng i vi mt phng c nh (vi
TM
A
iu kin xon khc khng ti mi im);
(d) T s gia cong v xon l mt hm hng.

Bi tp 2.40. Mt ng tham s chnh qui phng c tnh cht mi tip
tuyn lun i qua mt im c nh. chng minh rng vt ca n l mt ng
thng hoc mt on ca ng thng.
s phng sau:
VIE
Bi tp 2.41. Xc nh ng tc b v ng thn khai ca cc ng tham
(a) ng tractrix.
(b) ng hyperbol.
(c) ng Cycloid.
Bi tp 2.42. Cho ng tham s (t) = (t, cosh t), t R.

1
(a) Hy chng t rng cong c du ca l k(t) =
cosh2 t
(b) Chng t rng ng tc b ca l (t) = (t sin t cosh t, 2cosh t)
Bi tp 2.43. Tm cong (c du) ca ellipse ti cc nh ca n.
13
L thuyt ng
Bi tp 2.44. Cho ng tham s ho c(t) = ((t), t(t)). Hy tm iu kin

ca c l mt cung thng.
Bi tp 2.45. Cho l mt ng cong phng, chnh qui. Gi l ng tc
b ca . Chng minh rng
(a) Tip tuyn ca ti t0 l php tuyn ca ti t0 .
(b) Xt hai php tuyn ca ti hai im t1 v t2 , cho t1 dn v t2 , hy
chng minh rng giao im ca hai php tuyn ny dn v mt in nm trn
.NE
T
ng tc b .
Bi tp 2.46. Chng minh rng cong k(t) 6= 0 ca mt ng cong tham

s chnh qui c : I R3 l cong ca ng cong phng c, vi l php
chiu trc giao ca ln mt phng tip xc ca c ti t.
THS
Bi tp 2.47. Cho k(s) l mt hm kh vi s I, hy chng t rng ng

tham s phng nhn k(s) lm hm cong c cho bi tham s
Z
(t) =
vi (s) =
cos (s) ds + a,
sin (s) ds + b
TM
A
k (s) ds + v cc ng cong c xc nh sai khc mt php
tnh tin theo vectorr

v (a, b) v mt php quay gc .
Bi tp 2.48. ng tham s phng trong h ta cc c xc nh bi
tham s = (), [a, b]. Hy chng minh rng
(a) di ca c xc nh bi cng thc
VIE
Zb q
l() =
2 + (0 ) d
y du phy l k hiu cho o hm theo bin .

(b) cong i s ca (s) c xc nh bi cng thc
00
k (s) =
2(0 ) + 2

2
(0 )
12
Bi tp 2.49. C tn ti khng mt ng cong phng, ng c chiu di bng

6 cm, bao mt min c din tch bng 3 cm2 .
14
Bi tp chng 2
Bi tp 2.50. Cho AB l mt on thng v l l s thc dng, ln hn

di ca on thng AB. Chng minh rng ng cong c ni hai im A v B,
c chiu di bng l, v cng vi on thng AB bao mt min c din tch ln
.NE
T
nht l mt cung ca ng trn qua hai im A v B. (Hnh 2.0.6)
THS
Hnh 2.0.6:
Bi tp 2.51. Cho (s), s I l mt ng cong phng n, ng v li.

ng cong (s) = (s) + r.n(s) vi r > 0 c gi l ng cong song song
(a) l() = l() + 2r
TM
A
vi . Chng minh rng
(b) A() = A() + rl + r2

(c) k (s) = k (s)/(1 + r)
Bi tp 2.52. Cho (s), s I l mt ng cong n, ng. Gi s rng
VIE
cong k(s) ca tha iu kin 0 < k(s) < c vi c l mt hng s dng (t y

suy ra cong t hn ng trn bn knh 1/c). Chng minh rng l() 2/c.
Bi tp 2.53. Chng minh rng nu l mt ng cong phng n, ng v
li th n bao mt tp li trong mt phng.
Bi tp 2.54. Chng minh rng c th thay gi thuyt ng cong n, ng
trong bi ton ng chu bi gi thuyt ng cong n, ng v li.
15
L thuyt mt
Bi tp 2.55.
(a) Cho l mt ng cong n, ng v li. Chng minh rng nu mt
ng thng L ct th hoc L l mt tip tuyn ca hoc L ct ti ng
hai im.
(b) S dng kt qu ny, chng minh rng o ca tp tt c cc ng
VIE
TM
A
THS
.NE
T
thng ct (khng tnh s im lp) bng di ca ng cong .
16
Bi tp chng 3
BI TP CHNG 3
Bi tp 3.1. Chng minh rng mt tr C = {(x, y, z) R3 : x2 + y 2 = 1} l
mt mt chnh qui v hy tm h cc bn m cc ln cn ta ph n.
Bi tp 3.2. Tp {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 0, x2 + y 2 1} c phi l mt chnh qui
khng? Tp {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 0, x2 +y 2 < 1} c phi l mt chnh qui khng?
Bi tp 3.3. Cho f (x, y, z) = x2 . Chng minh rng 0 khng phi l gi tr
.NE
T
chnh qui ca hm f nhng f 1 (0) li l mt mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.4. Cho P = {(x, y, z) R3 : x = y} v nh x f : U R2 R3

c xc nh bi
THS
X(u, v) = (u + v, u + v, uv)
vi U = {(u, v) R2 : u > v}. R rng X(u, v) P . C phi X l mt tham s

ha ca P khng?
Bi tp 3.5. Cho hm f (x, y, z) = (x + y + z 1)2 .
TM
A
(a) Tm cc im ti hn v xc nh gi tr ti hn ca hm f .
(b) Vi gi tr no ca c th tp f (x, y, z) = c l mt mt chnh qui.
(c) Cng cu hi tng t cho hm (x, y, z) = xyz 2 .
Bi tp 3.6. Cho X : U R2 R3 l mt mt chnh qui. Chng minh rng
VIE
X l n nh khi v ch khi {Xu , Xv } c lp tuyn tnh.

Bi tp 3.7. Cho V l mt tp m trong mt phng Oxy. Chng minh rng
tp
S = {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 0, (x, y) V }
l mt mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.8. Chng minh rng tp S = {(x, y, z) R3 : z = x2 y 2 } l mt
mt chnh qui v kim tra cc nh x sau l cc tham s ha ca S.
(a) X(u, v) = (u + v, u v, 4uv), (u, v) R2 .
(b) X(u, v) = (u cosh v, u sinh v, u2 ), (u, v) R2 , u 6= 0.
17
L thuyt mt
Bi tp 3.9. Tm mt tham s ha ca hyperbolic hai tng x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1.

Bi tp 3.10. Cho C l mt hnh s "8" trong mt phng Oxy v S l mt
THS
.NE
T
mt tr ng trn C (Hnh 3.0.1); ngha l
Hnh 3.0.1:
TM
A
S = {(x, y, z) R3 : (x, y) C}.

S c phi l mt chnh qui khng?
Bi tp 3.11. Chng minh rng X : U R2 R3 c cho bi

VIE
X(u, v) = a sin u cos v, b sin u sin v, c cos u , a, b, c 6= 0

vi 0 < u < 2, 0 < v < 2 l mt tham s ha ca ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ 2 = 1.
a2 b2
c
M t cc ng cong u = const trn ellipsoid.

Bi tp 3.12. Cho p(t) v q(t) l hai im di chuyn cng vn tc. im p bt
u t im (0, 0, 0) v di chuyn dc trc Oz v q bt u t im (a, 0, 0) di
chuyn song song trc Oy. Chng minh rng ng thng ni p v q to nn
mt tp trong R3 c cho bi ng thc y(x a) + xz = 0. N c phi l mt
mt chnh qui khng?
18
Bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.13. Mt phng php khc thnh lp cc h ta a phng

ca mt cu S2 l xt mt cu x2 + y 2 + (z 1)2 = 1 v php chiu ni
: S2 \ {N } R2 chiu mi im trn mt cu S2 tr cc bc N (0, 0, 2)
thnh giao im ca mt phng Oxy vi ng thng ni cc bc v im p
THS
.NE
T
(Hnh 3.0.2). Gi (u, v) = (x, y, z), vi (x, y, z) S \ {N } vo (u, v) R2 .
TM
A
Hnh 3.0.2: Php chiu ni (stereographic projection)
(a) Chng minh rng 1 : R2 S2 \ {N } c xc nh bi biu thc
y=
u2 + v 2 + 4
2(u2 + v 2 )
z=x= 2
u + v2 + 4
VIE
1 :
4u
x= 2
u + v2 + 4
4v
(b) Chng minh rng c th dng php chiu ni ph mt cu S2 bi 2 h

ta a phng.
Bi tp 3.14. nh ngha ng cong chnh qui tng t nh mt chnh qui.
Chng minh rng
(a) Nghch nh gi tr chnh qui ca hm kh vi f : R2 R l mt ng
cong phng chnh qui. Cho v d mt ng cong nh th m khng lin thng.
19
L thuyt mt
(b) Nghch nh gi tr chnh qui ca hm kh vi f : R3 R l mt ng

cong chnh qui trong R3 . Ch ra mi quan h gia mnh ny vi cch nh
ngha c in ca ng cong chnh qui l giao ca hai mt chnh qui.
(c) Chng minh rng tp C = {(x, y) R2 : x2 = y 3 } khng phi l mt
ng cong chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.15. Cho S2 l mt cu n v trong khng gian R3 . Chng minh
rng nh x
.NE
T
A : S2 S2 , (x, y, z) 7 (x, y, z)
l mt vi phi.
Bi tp 3.16. Cho S l mt mt chnh qui : S R2 bin mi im p thnh
THS
hnh chiu trc giao ca n ln mt phng R2 = {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 0}. nh

x c kh vi khng?
Bi tp 3.17. Chng minh rng parabolid (P ) : z = x2 + y 2 ng phi vi mt

phng R2 .
TM
A
Bi tp 3.18. Xy dng mt vi phi t ellipsoid

(E) :
vo mt cu n v S2 .
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ 2 =1
a2 b2
c
VIE
Bi tp 3.19. Cho S l mt mt chnh qui, d l hm khong cch t im

p S n im c nh p0
/ S, ngha l d : S R+ , p 7 |p p0 |. Chng
minh rng hm f kh vi.
Bi tp 3.20. Chng minh rng nh ngha nh x kh vi gia hai mt chnh

qui khng ph thuc vo vic chn tham s.
Bi tp 3.21. Chng minh rng quan h ng phi l mt quan h tng
ng trong tp cc mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.22. Cho S2 l mt cu n v v H = {(x, y, z) R3 : x2 + y 2 z 2 =
1}. Gi N (1, 0, 0) v S(0, 0, 1) l cc bc v cc nam ca mt cu S2 . Xt nh
x F : S2 \ {N S} H c xc nh nh bi: vi mi p S2 \ {N S}
dng mt phng qua p vung gc vi trc Oz, ct trc Oz ti q. Gi l l tia
Bi tp chng 3
.NE
T
20
Hnh 3.0.3:
THS
qp, khi F (p) = l H (3.0.3). Chng minh rng F l nh x kh vi.

Bi tp 3.23. Cho C l ng cong phng nm v mt pha ca ng thng
r v n ct r ti hai im p, q vi iu kin no ca C th mt c sinh ra l
TM
A
mt trn xoay m rng.
Bi tp 3.24. Chng minh rng php quay mt trn xoay S quanh trc ca
n l mt vi phi ca mt S.
Bi tp 3.25. Mt tham s ha thng c xem l cc mt chnh qui ngoi

tr hu hn im v hu hn ng thng. Xt C l vt ca mt ng tham
VIE
s chnh qui : (a, b) R3 m n khng i qua gc ta O. Cho
l mt
sinh ra bi cc tia Op vi p l mt im chuyn ng trn C (Hnh 3.0.4).

(a) Tm tham s ha ca mt X m vt ca n l
(b) Xc nh cc im khng chnh qui trn
(c) Chng ta nn loi khi
nhng im no thu c mt mt chnh qui?
Bi tp 3.26. Chng minh rng nh ngha hm kh vi f : V S R, vi

S l mt chnh qui tng ng vi nh ngha: hm f kh vi ti p n l thu
hp ca mt nh x kh vi ln tp V cha p.
Bi tp 3.27. Cho A S l mt tp con ca mt chnh qui S. Chng minh
rng A l mt mt chnh qui khi v ch khi A l mt tp m trn S. Ngha l
21
.NE
T
L thuyt mt
Hnh 3.0.4:
A = U S vi U l mt tp m trong R3 .
THS
Bi tp 3.28. Ta ng nht R2 = {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 1} vi tp cc s

phc C bi tng ng (x, y, 1) 7 x + iy. Cho P : C C l nh x xc nh
bi
TM
A
P () = an n + an1 n1 + + a0 , a0 , ai C, i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
K hiu N l php chiu ni ca mt cu n v S2 t cc bc N = (0, 0, 1) ln
mt phng R2 . Chng minh rng nh x
1
F (p) = N
P n (p),
nu p S2 \ {N }
VIE
F (N ) = N.
l mt hm kh vi.
Bi tp 3.29. Chng t rng phng trnh ca mt phng tip xc ti im

p = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) ca mt chnh qui cho bi phng trnh f (x, y, z) = 0 vi 0 l
gi tr chnh qui ca f c dng
fx (p)(x x0 ) + fy (p)(y y0 ) + fz (p)(z z0 ) = 0.
Bi tp 3.30. Vit phng trnh cc mt phng tip xc ca mt x2 +y 2 z 2 = 1

ti cc im (x, y, 0) v chng minh rng chng song song vi trc Oz.
22
Bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.31. Cho mt chnh qui S l th ca hm z = f (x, y).

(a) Chng t rng phng trnh ca mt phng tip xc ca mt ti im
p = (x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) c cho bi
z = f (x0 , y0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ).
(b) Xem li nh ngha o hm Df ca hm f : R2 R v chng t rng
.NE
T
mt phng tip xc l th ca o hm Dfq , vi q = (x0 , y0 ).

Bi tp 3.32. Chng minh rng cc mt phng tip xc ca mt c cho bi
z = xf (y/x), x 6= 0, vi f l mt hm kh vi, u i qua gc ta .
Bi tp 3.33. Gi s mt ln cn ta ca mt mt chnh qui c tham s
THS
ha dng
X(u, v) = (u) + (v).
vi v l cc ng tham s chnh qui. Hy chng t rng cc mt phng tip
TM
A
xc dc mt ng ta trong ln cn ny u song song vi mt ng thng.

Bi tp 3.34. Cho : I R3 l mt ng tham s chnh qui vi cong
k 6= 0. Xt mt tip xc ca
VIE
X(u, v) = (u) + v0 (u); u I, v = 0.

Chng minh rng cc mt phng tip xc dc theo ng cong X(const, v) trng
nhau.
Bi tp 3.35. Cho f : S R cho bi f (p) = |p p0 |2 , vi p S v p0 l

mt im c nh ca R3 . Chng t rng Dfp (v) = 2v(p p0 ), vi mi v Tp S.
Bi tp 3.36. Chng minh rng nu L : R3 R3 l nh x tuyn tnh v
S R3 l mt mt chnh qui bt bin i vi L, tc l L(S) S. Khi L|S
l nh x kh vi v DLp (v) = L(v), vi mi p S, v Tp S.
Bi tp 3.37. Chng minh rng mt tham s
X(u, v) = (v cos u, v sin u, au), a 6= 0.
23
L thuyt mt
l mt mt chnh qui. Tnh php vector N (u, v) v xc nh mt phng tip xc

ca X dc cc ng thng u = u0 .
Bi tp 3.38. Cho : I R3 l ng tham s c cong khc 0 vi tham
s l di cung. Xt
X(s, v) = (s) + r(n(s) cos v + b(s) sin v), r = const, s I
l mt tham s ha (ng bn knh r dc ng ), vi n l php tuyn chnh v
.NE
T
b l trng php tuyn ca . Chng t rng khi X chnh qui, php vector s l
N (s, v) = n(s) cos v + b(s) sin v
Bi tp 3.39. Chng t rng php tuyn ca mt xc nh bi tham s ha

THS
X(u, v) = f (u) cos v, f (u) sin v, g(u) ; f (u) = 0, g(u) = 0,

lun i qua trc Oz.
Bi tp 3.40. Chng t rng mi mt phng trnh sau
TM
A
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = ax,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = by,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = cz;
xc nh mt mt chnh qui v chng trc giao vi nhau.
VIE
Bi tp 3.41. Mt im ti hn ca hm kh vi f : S R xc nh trn
mt mt chnh qui S l mt im p S sao cho Dfp = 0.
(a) Chof : S R xc nh bi f (p) = |p p0 |, p S, p0 S. Chng t
rng p l im ti hn ca f nu v ch nu ng thng ni p vi p0 trc giao
vi S ti p.
(b) Cho h : S R xc nh bi h(p) = p.v vi v R3 l vector n v.
Chng t rng p S l im ti hn ca f khi v ch khi v l vector php ca
S ti p.
Bi tp 3.42. Cho Q l hp ca ba mt phng ta x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Ly p = (x, y, z) R3 \ Q.
24
Bi tp chng 3
(a) Chng minh rng phng trnh theo t

y2
z2
x2
+
+
= f (t) = 1, a > b > c > 0
at bt ct
c 3 nghim thc phn bit t1 , t2 , t3 .
(b) Chng minh rng vi mi p R3 \ Q, cc tp f (t1 ) 1 = 0, f (t2 ) 1 = 0,
f (t3 ) 1 = 0 l cc mt chnh qui, i mt trc giao vi nhau.
Bi tp 3.43. Chng minh rng nu cc vector php tuyn ca mt chnh qui
.NE
T
lin thng S u i qua mt im c nh th n nm trn mt cu.

Bi tp 3.44. Hai mt chnh qui S1 v S2 c gi l giao ngang nhau nu vi
mi p S1 S2 th Tp S1 6= Tp S2 . Chng minh rng nu S1 v S2 c giao ngang
nhau th S1 S2 l mt ng cong chnh qui.
THS
Bi tp 3.45. Chng minh rng nu mt phng P ch ct mt chnh qui S ti

mt im duy nht th n l mt phng mt tip ca S.
Bi tp 3.46. Cho w l vector tip xc ca S ti p S v X(u, v), X(u, u) l
hai tham s ha a phng ca S ti p. Gi s ta c biu din ca w trong hai
TM
A
h ta a phng tng ng l
w = 1 Xu + 2 Xv
w = 1 X u + 2 X v
Chng minh rng cc ta a phng ca w c quan h

u
u
+ 2
u
v
v
v
2 = 1
+ 2
u
v
VIE
1 = 1
vi u = u(u, v) v v = v(u, v) l cc biu thc ca php i ta .

Bi tp 3.47. Cho S R3 l mt mt chnh qui v P l mt mt phng trong
R3 . Nu tt c cc im ca S nm v mt pha ca P . Chng minh rng P l
mt phng tip xc ca S ti cc im S P .
Bi tp 3.48. Chng minh rng cc php trc giao t tm O(0, 0, 0) ca
ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ 2 =1
a2 b2
c
25
L thuyt mt
ln cc mt phng tip xc ca n to nn mt chnh qui

{(x, y, z) R3 : (x2 + xy + z 2 )2 = a2 x2 + b2 y 2 + c2 z 2 \ {(0, 0, 0)}.

Bi tp 3.49. Cho f : S R l mt hm kh vi trn mt chnh qui lin

thng S. Gi s rng Dfp = 0 vi mi p S, chng minh rng f l hm hng
trn S.
.NE
T
Bi tp 3.50. Chng minh rng nu tt c cc php tuyn ca mt chnh qui

lin thng S lun ct mt ng thng c nh th S l mt mt trn xoay.
Bi tp 3.51. Chng minh rng nu : S1 S2 v : S2 S3 l cc
hm kh vi v p S th ta c D( )p = D(p) Dp .
THS
Bi tp 3.52. Chng minh rng nu C1 v C2 l hai ng cong chnh qui

nm trn mt S, tip xc nhau ti p v : S S l nh x kh vi ti p th
(C1 ) v (C2 ) l hai ng cong chnh qui tip xc nhau ti (p).
Bi tp 3.53. Cho S l th ca hm z = f (x, y) v p S, chng minh rng
Oxy.
Bi tp 3.54.
TM
A
c th chn h trc ta sao cho mt phng tip xc ca S ti p l mt phng
(a) nh ngha gi tr chnh qui ca hm kh vi f : S R trn mt chnh
VIE
qui S.
(b) Chng minh rng nghch nh ca gi tr chnh qui ca hm kh vi trn

mt chnh qui S l mt ng cong chnh qui S.
Bi tp 3.55. Xc nh dng c bn th nht ca cc mt tham s chnh qui
(a) X(u, v) = (a sin u cos v, b sin u sin v, c cos u) ellipsoid.
(b) X(u, v) = (au cos v, au sin v, u2 ) elliptic paraboloid.
(c) X(u, v) = (au cosh v, bu sinh v, u2 ) hyperbolic paraboloid.
(d) X(u, v) = (a sinh u cos v, a sinh u sin v, c cosh u) hyperboloid hai tng.
Bi tp 3.56. Tm dng c bn th nht ca mt cu n v S2 theo tham s
ha ca php chiu cu t S2 ln mt phng R2 .
26
Bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.57. Cho tham s ha ca mt mt chnh qui (S)

X(u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, ln cos v + u), /2 < v < /2.
Chng t rng hai ng cong X(u1 , v), X(u2 , v) xc nh nhng on thng c
di bng nhau trn tt c cc ng tham s X(u, const).
Bi tp 3.58. Chng t rng din tch A ca min b chn R ca mt z =
f (x, y) l
.NE
T
A=
ZZ q
1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy.
y l hnh chiu trc giao ca R ln mt phng Oxy.
Bi tp 3.59. Chng minh rng c th tm c tham s ha ca mt trn
THS
xoay sao cho

E = E(v),
F = 0,
G = 1.
TM
A
Bi tp 3.60. Cho P = {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 0} l mt phng Oxy, chn tham

s X : U P c cho bi
X(, ) = ( cos , sin , 0)
VIE
U = {(, ) R2 : > 0, 0 < < 2}.
Xc nh dng c bn th nht ca P theo tham s ha trn.

Bi tp 3.61. Trong R3 vi mc tiu trc chun, cho parabol (P ) : z = 3x2
(a) Vit phng trnh mt trn xoay (S) sinh bi (P ) khi quay quanh trc Oz.
(b) Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc ca S ti im ty
(c) Tm cc h s ca dng c bn th nht v th hai ca (S).
(d) Xc nh cong Gauss v cong trung bnh ca (S).
(e) Tm cong chnh v phng chnh ca (S).
27
L thuyt mt
Bi tp 3.62. Xc nh cc im hyperbolic, eliptic, parabolic, umbulic (rn)

ca mt xuyn.
Bi tp 3.63. Cho (S) l mt chnh qui c tham s ha dng
X(u, v) = (u sin v, u cos v, u + v)
.NE
T
(a) Xc nh cong trung bnh v cong Gauss ca (S).

(b) Tm cong chnh v phng chnh ca (S) ti im X(0, 0).
Bi tp 3.64. Gi s C l mt ng sinh ca mt trn xoay S. s l tham
s ha di cung ca C v k hiu = (s) l khong cch t trc quay n
im trn C tng ng vi s.
l l di ca ng cong C.
THS
(a) (nh l Pappus) Chng minh rng din tch ca S bng 2
(s)ds vi
0
(b) p dng kt qu trn tnh din tch ca mt xuyn trn xoay.
TM
A
Bi tp 3.65. Chng minh rng din tch ca mt ng chnh qui bn knh r

quanh ng cong bng 2r ln chiu ca .
Bi tp 3.66. Chng minh rng
X(u, v) = (u sin cos v, u sin sin v, u cos ), 0 < u < , 0 < V < 2, = const
VIE
l tham s ha ca mt nn vi gc nh bng 2, trong h ta a phng

tng ng, chng minh rng ng cong
X(cesin cot , v), c = const, = const,
to vi cc ng sinh ca mt nn (v = const) cc gc bng nhau.

Bi tp 3.67. (Helicoid tng qut) Cho C l mt ng cong chnh qui,
n khng ct trc e trong mt phng P . Vi mi im M thuc C to nn mt
ng trn hoc ng xon c. Tp S sinh ra bi ng cong C c gi l
helicoid tng qut vi trc e v ng sinh C. Chn h trc ta sao cho trc
e l trc Oz v C nm trong mt phng Oyz.
28
Bi tp chng 3
(a) Nu f (s), g(s) l mt tham s ha di cung ca C, a < s < b,

f (s) > 0 khi X : U R3 vi
U = {(s, u) R2 : a < s < b, 0 < u < 2}
X(s, u) = f (s) cos u, f (s) sin u, g(s) + cu , c = const

l mt tham s ha ca S. T suy ra S l mt mt chnh qui.
(b) Cc ng ta ca tham s ha trn trc giao vi nhau khi v ch khi
.NE
T
X(U ) hoc l mt mt trn xoay hoc l helicoid chnh tc.

Bi tp 3.68. Cho S1 , S2 l hai mt chnh qui nh hng v S1 S2 l lin
thng. Chng minh rng nu S = S1 S2 cng l mt mt chnh qui th S cng
nh hng c.
Bi tp 3.69. Cho S l mt mt chnh qui c ph bi hai h ta a
THS
phng V1 , V2 . Gi s V1 V2 c hai thnh phn lin thng W1 , W2 v nh thc

Jacobi ca php i ta l dng trn W1 v m trn W2 . Chng minh rng
S khng nh hng c.
Bi tp 3.70. Cho S2 l mt mt chnh qui nh hng c v : S1 S2
TM
A
l mt nh x kh vi, ng phi a phng ti mi p S1 . Chng minh rng

S1 l mt mt nh hng c.
Bi tp 3.71. Cho f : S1 S2 l mt vi phi. Chng minh rng S1 nh

hng c khi v ch khi S2 cng nh hng c.
VIE
Bi tp 3.72. Chng minh rng nu mt chnh qui S cha mt tp m vi phi

vi dy Mobius th n khng nh hng c.
Bi tp 3.73. Chng minh rng nu mt mt chnh qui tip xc vi mt mt
phng dc theo mt ng cong th cc im ca ng cong hoc l im
paraboliod hoc l im phng.
Bi tp 3.74. Chng t rng ti mt im hyperboliod cc phng chnh l
phn gic ca cc ng tim cn.
Bi tp 3.75. Cho C l mt ng cong chnh qui nm trn mt S vi cong
Gauss K > 0. Chng minh rng cong k ca C ti im p tha mn
k min{|k1 |, |k2 |}
29
L thuyt mt
vi k1 v k2 l cc cong chnh ca S ti p.
Bi tp 3.76. Gi s mt chnh qui S c tnh cht |k1 | 1 v |k2 | 1 ti mi
im p S. Khi , c th kt lun cong k ca ng cong trn mt S tha
mn |k| 1 khng?
Bi tp 3.77. Chng minh rng cong trung bnh H ti im p S c
cho bi ng thc
Z
kn ()d,
0
.NE
T
1
H=
vi kn () l cong php dng ti p theo phng

v m n to thnh vi mt
phng c nh mt gc .
Bi tp 3.78. Chng minh rng tng cc cong php dng theo hai phng
THS
trc giao vi nhau, ti im p, lun bng mt hng s.
Bi tp 3.79. Chng minh rng ti cc im c cong chnh K = 0 v khng

phi l im phng lun c hai phng trc giao vi nhau.
Bi tp 3.80. M t min ca mt cu n v c ph bi nh ca nh x
TM
A
Gauss ca cc mt sau y:
(a) Paraboloid trn xoay z = x2 + y 2 .
(b) Hyperboloid 1-tng trn xoay x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1.

(c) Catenoid x2 + y 2 = cosh z.
VIE
Bi tp 3.81. Chng minh rng
(a) nh ca N bi nh x Gauss N : S S2 ca ng cong tham s

chnh qui : I S m n khng cha im phng hoc im parabolic l
mt ng cong chnh qui trn mt cu S2 (gi l nh cu ca ).
(b) Nu C = (I) l ng cong v k l cong ca n ti p, khi ta c
k = |kn kN |
vi kn l cong php ti p dc theo ng tip tuyn ca C v kN l cong
ca nh cu N (C) S2 ti N (p).
Bi tp 3.82. Gi s mt phng mt tip ca ng cong C S, khng c
vector tip xc no l vector ch phng tim cn, to vi mt phng tip xc
30
Bi tp chng 3
dc theo C mt gc hng. Chng minh rng C l ng cong phng.

Bi tp 3.83. Cho p l mt im hyperbolic trn mt S, r l phng nm
trong mt phng tip xc Tp S. M t v minh ha cch dng tia r0 lin hp vi
phng r trong ch Dupin.
Bi tp 3.84. Chng minh rng nu S1 giao S2 theo ng cong chnh qui C,
khi cong k ca C ti p c cho bi biu thc
.NE
T
k 2 sin2 = 21 + 22 21 2 cos ,
vi 1 , 2 tng ng l hai cong php dng ti p, dc theo ng cong C,
ca hai mt S1 , S2 v l gc ti bi hai php vector ca S1 v S2 ti p.
Bi tp 3.85. Chng minh rng ng kinh tuyn trung tm ca mt xuyn
THS
l ng chnh ca n.
Bi tp 3.86. Chng minh rng nu H 0 trn S v n khng c im phng

th nh x Gauss N ca n c tnh cht
TM
A
hDNp (w1 ), DNp (w2 )i = K(p)hw1 , w2 i

vi mi im p S v vi mi w1 , w2 Tp S
Bi tp 3.87. Chng t rng ti im gc O(0, 0, 0) ca mt yn nga (hyperbolic paraboloid) z = axy cong Gauss K = a2 , cn cong trung bnh
VIE
H = 0.
Bi tp 3.88. Xc nh cc ng tim cn v cc ng chnh khc ca mt

z = xy.
Bi tp 3.89. Xc nh cc ng tim cn v cc ng chnh khc ca mt

helicoid c tham s ha
X(u, v) = (v cos u, v sin u, cu)

v ch ra rng cong trung bnh ca n bng 0.
Bi tp 3.90. Xc nh cc ng tim cn ca Catenoid
X(u, v) = (cosh v sin u, cosh v cos u, v).
31
L thuyt mt
Bi tp 3.91. Cho tham s ha ca mt Enneper

X(u, v) = u

u3
v3
+ uv 2 , v
+ u2 v, u2 v 2
3
3
(a) Hy tnh cc h s ca dng c bn th nht v th hai.

(b) Tnh cc cong chnh. T y suy ra mt Enneper l mt cc tiu.
(c) Cc ng chnh khc l cc ng ta .
.NE
T
(d) Cc ng ng tim cn l cc ng u + v = const v u v = const

Bi tp 3.92. (Mt gi cu (pseudosphere), K 1)
(a) Xc nh phng trnh ca ng cong C tha iu kin: khong cch

gia tip tuyn bt k ca ca n n mt ng thng c nh r khng ct C
THS
lun bng 1.
(b) Quay ng tractrix quanh trc Oz ta nhn c mt mt trn xoay gi

l mt gi cu (Hnh 3.0.5). Hy xc nh mt tham s ha ca mt gi cu
trong ln cn ca mt im chnh qui .
VIE
bt k bng 1.
TM
A
(c) Chng minh rng cong Gauss ca mt gi cu ti mt im chnh qui
Hnh 3.0.5:
32
Bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.93. Cho S l mt trn xoay xc nh bi tham s ha

X(u, v) = (f (v) sin u, f (v) cos u, g(v))
c cong Gauss K l hng s v (f 0 )2 + (g 0 )2 = 1. Chng minh rng
(a) f tha iu kin f 00 + Kf = 0 v g c cho bi g =
Rp
1 (f 0 )2 dv trn
min ca v sao cho tch phn c xc nh.

(b) Cc mt trn xoay c cong Gauss hng K = 1 m n trc giao vi
Z
f (v) = C cos v, g(v) =

0
vi C l hng s
.NE
T
mt phng xOy c xc nh bi
v
1 C 2 sin2 vdv,
(c) Xc nh cc mt trn xoay c cong Gauss bng 1
THS
(d) Ch c cc mt tr ng chnh qui, nn trn v mt phng c hm

cong Gauss bng 0.
Bi tp 3.94. Xc nh cc ng cong (ng chnh) ca mt gi cu.
TM
A
Bi tp 3.95. Ch ra mt mt compact, c im elliptic.

Bi tp 3.96. nh ngha cong Gauss ca mt khng nh hng c? C
th nh ngha cong trung bnh ca mt khng nh hng c hay khng?
Bi tp 3.97. Xc nh cc im rn ca ellipsoid
VIE
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ 2 = 1.
a2 b2
c
Bi tp 3.98. Cho S l mt mt chnh qui vi nh hng N , ly V S l

mt tp con ca S, f : V R l mt hm kh vi, khc khng ti mi im
trn V , chn v1 , v2 l hai trng vector tip xc, kh vi, trc giao v v1 v2 = N
ti mi im trn V .
(a) Chng minh rng cong Gauss ca S trn V c cho bi biu thc
K=
hD(f N )(v1 ) D(f N )(v2 ), f N i

f3
ngha ca biu thc trn l nu chng ta c th chn hm f mt cch kho

lo th c th tnh c cong Gauss mt cch n gin. Cu b) l mt v d
33
L thuyt mt
minh ha
(b) p dng kt qu trn ch ra rng nu thu hp hm f
s
f=
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ 4
a4 b4
c
ln ellipsoid
.NE
T
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ 2 = 1.
a2 b2
c
th ta c cong Gauss ca ellipsoid bng K =
1 1
.
a2 b2 c2 f 4
Bi tp 3.99. Chng minh rng Helicoid l mt mt k, ng tht ca n l

trc Oz v cc ng tham s ha phn b ca n l hng.
THS
Bi tp 3.100. Chng minh rng trn hyperboloid x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1, cc ng

v tuyn c bn knh nh nht l ng tht, to vi cc ng k, cc ng
tham s phn b mt gc hng
Bi tp 3.101. Cho l mt ng cong chnh qui trn mt S, xt mt k
TM
A
sinh ra bi h mt tham s {(t), N (t)}, vi N (t) l php vector ca mt S ti

(t). Chng minh rng (I) S l mt ng cong chnh khi v ch khi mt
k thu c l mt mt kh trin.
Bi tp 3.102. Mt mt conoid l mt k m cc ng k Lt trc giao vi

mt ng r no m n khng ct ng mc : I R3 .
VIE
(a) Hy xc nh mt tham s ha cho mt conoid ng v xc nh iu

kin mt k thu c khng tr.
(b) Cho v d v mt mt k conoid ng, ch ra ng tht v tham s ha

phn b ca n.
Bi tp 3.103. Cho X(t, v) = (t) + v(t) l mt mt k kh trin. Chng

minh rng ti cc im chnh qui chng ta c
hNv , Xv i = hNv , Xt i = 0
T rt ra kt lun: mt phng tip xc ca mt k kh trin l hng dc
theo mt ng k c nh.
34
Bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.104. Chng minh rng tn ti mt cc tiu khng compact.

Bi tp 3.105. Cho S l mt mt chnh qui khng c im rn, chng minh
rng S l mt cc tiu khi v ch khi nh x Gauss ca n tha iu kin, vi
mi imp S v mi vector w1 , w2 Tp S, ta c
hDNp (w1 ), DNp (w2 )i = (p)hw1 , w2 i
vi (p) l s khc 0 v ph thuc vo p.
.NE
T
Bi tp 3.106. Cho X, Y l hai tham s ha ca hai mt cc tiu S v S 0 ,

nu cc hm thnh phn ca chng i mt lin hip iu ha vi nhau th ta
ni X, Y l cc mt cc tiu lin hp vi nhau. Chng minh rng
(a) Helicoid v Catenoid l hai mt cc tiu lin hp vi nhau.
THS
(b) Nu X, Y l hai mt cc tiu lin hp vi nhau th mt c tham s ha

Z = cos tX + sin tY
VIE
TM
A
cng l mt mt cc tiu.
HNG DN GII BI TP
HNG DN GII BI TP
BI TP CHNG 1
THS
.NE
T
Bi tp 1.1. Ta c
|f (a + x, b + y) f (a, b) (x, y)|
lim
(x,y)0
k(x, y)k
| sin(a + x) sin a cos a.x|
q
=
lim
(x,y)0
x2 + y 2
x
|2 cos 2a+x
2q sin 2 cos a.x|
=
lim
(x,y)0
x2 + y 2
| cos 2a+x
x cos a.x|
2
q
= lim
.
x0
2
2
x + y
Ta li c
x cos a.x|
x cos a.x|
| cos 2a+x
| cos 2a+x
2
2
q
0
|x|
x2 + y 2
VIE
TM
A
Ta c nh gi
| cos 2a+x
x cos a.x|
2
lim
x0
|x|
2a + x
cos a = 0
= lim cos
x0
2
| cos 2a+x
x cos a.x|
2
q
lim
=0
x0
2
2
x + y
Df (a, b) = 0.
Bi tp 1.2. chng minh f kh vi ti x = 0 ta cn ch ra tn ti mt nh

x tuyn tnh i t Rn vo R tha gi thit.
Tht vy, xt nh x tuyn tnh O : Rn R. Do hm f tha:
2
|f (0)| k0k = 0 f (0) = 0.
nn ta c
|f (x)|
khk
|f (0 + h) f (0) O(h)|
=
= khk
khk
khk
khk
nn
|f (0 + h) f (0) O(h)|
= lim khk = 0.
h0
h0
khk
lim
Hng dn gii bi tp chng 1

Vy f kh vi ti x = 0 v Df (0) = 0.
Bi tp 1.3.
f (x + 4x, y) f (x, y)
4x0
4x
4x.0 0
f (0 + 4x, 0) f (0, 0)
= lim
= 0.
D1 f (0, 0) = lim
4x0
4x0
4x
4x
Tng t:
f (x, y + 4y) f (x, y)
+ D2 f (x, y) = lim
4y0
4y
f (0, 0 + 4y) f (0, 0)
D2 f (0, 0) = lim
= 0.
4y0
4y
.NE
T
(a) D1 f (x, y) = lim
(b) Gi s f kh vi ti (0, 0) Df (0, 0) = (0, 0).

Ta c:
|f (0 + 4x, 0 + 4y) f (0, 0) (Df (0, 0)(4x, 4y))|

p
=0
(4x,4y)(0,0)
(4x)2 + (4y)2
|f (4x, 4y)|
p
lim
=0
(4x,4y)(0,0) (4x)2 + (4y)2
4x|4y|
p
lim
= 0. (1)
(4x,4y)(0,0) (4x)2 + (4y)2
TM
A
THS
lim
Chn 4x = 4y > 0.
Suy ra:
lim
(4x,4y)(0,0)
4x|4y|
(4x)2
1
6= 0 (>< (1)).
=
lim
=
2
(4x)2 + (4y)2 4x0 2(4x)2
VIE
Vy f khng kh vi ti (0, 0).

Bi tp 1.4.
f f
(a) f (x, y, z) =
x y
y
(b) t f1 = x , f2 = 0.

f
z
y1
= y.x
(lnx).x
f1 f1 f1
y1
y
y.x
(lnx).x
0
0
x y z
= f (x, y, z) =
=
f2 f2 f2
0
0
0
x y z
(c)
f (x, y, z) =

f f
x y
f
z
= sin y. cos(x. sin y) x. cos y cos(x. sin y)
HNG DN GII BI TP
y
(d) t f1 =sin(xy), f
2 = sin(x sin y), f3 = x .
f1 f1
x y
y.
cos(x.y)
x.
cos(x.y)
f2 f2
0

= f (x, y) =
x y = sin y. cos(x. sin y) x. cos y cos(x. sin y)
y.xy1
(lnx).xy
f3 f3
x y
Bi tp 1.5. Ta c
.NE
T
x

f (x) f (0)
= lim
+ x2 sin(1/x) = 0
x0
x0 2
x0
f 0 (0) = lim
Vi x 6= 0 ta c
f 0 (x) =
1
1
1
+ 2x sin cos
2
x
x
THS
nn f 0 khng lin tc ti x = 0.
By gi ta chng minh trong mi ln cn ca 0, hm f khng th c nh x

ngc. Tht vy chn 2 dy:
Ta c
1
2k
v yk =
(4k + 1)
TM
A
xk =
1
f 0 (xk ) = < 0,
2
f 0 (yk ) =
k N.
1
4
+
> 0.
2 (4k + 1)
hm ngc f 1 .
VIE
Suy ra f khng n iu trong mt ln cn no ca 0, nn khng th tn ti

Ni cch khc, iu kin lin tc khng th b c trong nh l hm ngc.
Bi tp 1.6.
(a) Ta c cng thc xc nh hm h l:
h(t) =

x
t.kxk.g
kxk
t.kxk.g
x
kxk
nu t > 0
nu t < 0
nu t = 0
hay
h(t) =

x
t.kxk.g
kxk
nu x 6= 0
nu x = 0

Xt cc trng hp sau
x
l hng s nn suy ra:
+ x 6= 0 : Do kxk.g
kxk
x
h (t) = kxk.g
, t 6= 0.
kxk

Khi t = 0 ta c:
|h(t) h(0)|
x
lim
= kxk.g
.
t0
|t|
kxk

.NE
T
Hay h kh vi trn R.
+ x = 0: Khi kxk = 0 nn h = 0 trn R. Suy ra h kh vi trn R.

Nh vy trong mi trng hp ta c hm h kh vi trn R.
THS
(b) Ta c:
f (h, 0)
|f (h, 0) f (0, 0)|
= lim
h0
h0
|h|
h

h, 0

h.g
h, 0
khk
khk.g
lim
khk
h0
h

= lim
=
h, 0
h0
h
h.g
khk
lim
h0
h
Suy ra D1 f (0, 0) = 0.
TM
A
D1 f (0, 0) = lim
vi h > 0
vi h < 0
VIE
Tng t ta cng tnh c:
|f (0, k) f (0, 0)|

=0
k0
|k|
D1 f (0, 0) = 0 = lim
By gi gi s f kh vi ti im (0, 0), ta c:
Df (0, 0) = (0, 0).
m
|f (h, k) f (0, 0) (h, k)|
|f (h, k)|
= lim
(h,k)(0,0)
(h,k)(0,0) h2 + k 2
k(h, k)k

h, k
= lim g
=0
(h,k)(0,0)
h2 + k 2
lim
HNG DN GII BI TP
Nu tn ti (x0 , y0 ) S1 sao cho g(x0 , y0 ) 6= 0 th ta c th gi s x0 > 0.

y0
Khi vi h > 0, k = h ta c:
x0

y
y0
h, h. 0
1, x0
(x0 , y0 )
x0
q
= g(x0 , y0 ) 6= 0!!
q
g s
.x
=
g
.x
=
g
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
y
x0 + y0
x0 + y0
2
2 0
h +h .
x20
.NE
T
Vy f khng th kh vi ti im (0, 0).

0
Bi tp 1.7. Nu vi mi (x, y) R2 , ta c f (x, y) = 0 th f l hm hng nn

f khng th n nh.
By gi gi s tn ti (x0 , y0 ) R2 sao cho: f (x0 , y0 ) 6= 0. Ta c th gi s
THS
f
(x0 , y0 ) 6= 0.
x
Khi tn ti mt tp m A cha (x0 , y0 ) sao cho
TM
A
D1 f (x, y) 6= 0, (x, y) A.
Xt hm s g : R2 R2 , g(x, y) = (f (x, y), y), (x, y) R2 .
Ta c:
nn
VIE
f f
0
x y
g (x, y) =
0
1
det g (x, y) =
f
(x, y) 6= 0, (x, y) A.
x
Suy ra tn ti hm ngc g 1 : g(A) A, g 1 (f (x, y), y) = (x, y).

Ta c:
y = y0
0
0
g(x, y) = g(x , y )
f (x, y) = f (x0 , y)
nn nu f n nh trn R2 th g n nh kh vi trn R2 . Suy ra tn ti g 1 n

nh kh vi trn R2 (mu thun vi gi thit ca hm g).
Vy f khng th n nh.
Bi tp 1.8. Vi mi vx = (v, x) Rnx , x Rn , ta c

(g f )x (vx ) = [D(g f )(x)(v)](gf )(x)
= [Dg (f (x))Df (x)(v)](gf )(x)
= gf (x) [Df (x)(v)]f (x)
= g [f (vx )] = (g f )(vx )
Suy ra (g f ) = g f .
VIE
TM
A
THS
x L lin tc. Chng minh DL = L.
.NE
T
Bi tp 1.9. Ta c |L(x) L(y)| = |L(x y)| kLk|x y|, t suy ra nh
HNG DN GII BI TP
BI TP CHNG 2
THS
.NE
T
Bi tp 2.1. Hnh 2.0.1
Hnh 2.0.1:
Bi tp 2.2. (t) = sin t, cos t
TM
A
Bi tp 2.3. t f (t) = 2 (t). Theo gi thit th (t0 ) = min f (t)

=f (t0 ) = 0
0
=2.(t0 ). (t0 ) = 0
(1)
giao vi (t0 ).
VIE
Do khng i qua gc ta nn (t) 6= 0, t. Do t (1) ta c (t0 ) trc
Bi tp 2.4. Nu 0 (t) = 0 (t) = c, t. Vy vt ca (t) l mt im.

Nu 0 (t) = c 6= 0 (t) = ct + a, t. Vy vt ca (t) l mt ng
thng hoc mt phn ca ng thng.
0
Bi tp 2.5. Theo gi thit ta c: (t).v = 0
Rt
0
(t).v.dt =
Rt
Rt
0.dt
0
0
v. (t).dt = 0
0
v. ((t) (0)) = 0
v.(t) v.(0) = 0 (1)
Do (0) trc giao vi

v nn v.(0) = 0
(1) = v.(t) = 0
Vy (t) trc giao vi

v , t I.
0
Bi tp 2.6. Vi : I R3 , (t) 6= 0, t I, ta c
|(t)| = a 2 (t) = a2
0
.NE
T
=2.(t). (t) = 0
=(t) (t), t I.
Bi tp 2.7.
(a) Ta c
THS
x2 + y 2 = a2 t2 cos2 t + a2 t2 sin2 t
= a2 t2 (cos2 t + sin2 t)
= a2 t2 = 2z.
(b)
TM
A
Vy vt ca ng tham s nm trn mt mt nn.
C(t) = (sin 2t, 1 cos 2t, 2 cos t)
Ta c
VIE
= (2 sin t cos t, 2 sin2 t, 2 cos t)
x2 + y 2 = (2 sin t cos t)2 + (2 sin2 t)2

= 4 sin2 t(cos2 t + sin2 t)
= 4 sin2 t
= 4(1 cos2 t)
= 4 4 cos2 t
= 4 z2
Suy ra x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
Vy vt ca ng tham s C(t) nm mt mt cu c tm O(0, 0, 0) v bn
knh R = 2. Chng ta cng chng minh c vt ca C(t) nm trn mt tr
.NE
T
HNG DN GII BI TP
(Hnh 2.0.2).
THS
Hnh 2.0.2:
Bi tp 2.8. Tip tuyn ng tham s (t) = (3t, 3t2 , 2t3 ) nhn t = 0 (t) =
TM
A
(3, 6t, 6t2 ) lm vector

ch phng
y=0
ng thng (d) :
c VTCP ~u = (1, 0, 1).
z=x
gc ((), d) = gc(t, u)
Ta c :
(a)
VIE
t.u
3t.6t
3t.6t2
2
=
=
cos(t, u) =
=
.
2
|t| . |u|
2
(3 + 6t ). 2
2. 9 + 36t2 + 36t4
Bi tp 2.9.
Theo Hnh 2.0.3, ta c
IH
= IK IH = 1 cos
IM
M H = | cos |
cos =
OK = l(KM ) = IK. =
x = OB = OK M H = sin
C() = ( sin , 1 cos )
.NE
T
10
Hnh 2.0.3:
|C ()| =
(1 )2 + sin2
1 2 cos + cos2 + sin2
2(1 cos ) |C 0 ()| = 0
TM
A
THS
Suy ra
1 cos = 0
cos = 0
= k2 , k Z
VIE
Do C(k2) = (k2, 0)
Vy nhng im (k2, 0) l nhng im k d ca C().

(b) di mt nhp ca ng Cycloit.
l=
Z2 q
2(1 cos )d =
Z2
4 sin d =
2
2
Z2
=4
Z2
2. sin d
2
sin d = 4.2. cos |0

2
2
= 8.
Bi tp 2.10.
0
(a) Ta c c(t) = (t, t2 ), c (t) = (1, 2t), |c (t)| =
1 + 4t2
11
HNG DN GII BI TP
Vy l =
RB
|c (t)|dt =
RB
1 + 4t2 dt
1
t
t u =
+ t2 du = r
dt
4
1
2
+t
4
dv = dt v = t
1
l=t
2

1
2
+t

4
A
ZB
t
r
1
+ t2
4
dt
dt
.NE
T
B
r
r

RB 1
RB 1
1
1
2
2
+t
+ t dt +
.r
=t

4
4
1
A
A 4
A
+t
1
1
dt
+ t2 dx = r
4
x
1
+ t2
r 4
r
1
1
1
+ t2 + ln(t +
+ t2 ))|B
Vy l = (t
A
4
4
4
(b) c : t 7 (t, ln t)
r
0
1
1
0
c (t) = (1, ) |c (t)| = 1 + 2
t
t
r
RB 0
RB
1
l = |c (t)|dt =
1 + 2 dt
t
A
A
r
1
2
t u = 1 + 2 du =
1
t
t3 . r
1
1+ 2
t
du = dt v = t
r
B
RB
1
t

r
+
1
dt
l=t
+
2

t2
1
A
A
t3 2 + 1
t
B
r

B
R
1
1

r
=t
+
1
+
2
dt

t2
1
A
A
t2 2 + 1
t
VIE
TM
A
THS
t x = t +
ZB
ZB
dx
1
r
dt =
1
1 + x2
+
1
A t2
A
t2
dy
dx
t y = x + 1 + x2
=
y
1 + x2
1
1
t x = dx = 2 dt
t
t
"r
1
1
Vy l = t 1 + 2 2 ln
+
t
t
t
(c) c : t 7 (t, cosh )
a
1
1+ 2
t
!#B

A
12

t
0
c (t) = (1, sinh )
ar
RB
RB
t
1 + sinh2 dt
a
Ar
A

B

RB
R
t
t
cosh2 dt = cosh dt
=
a
a
A
A

B
RB

t
t

= cosh dt = a sinh
A
a
a A
(d)
l=
|c (t)|dt =
.NE
T
c : t 7 (a sin t, a(1 cos t)) a > 0

= C 0 (t) = (a cos t, a sin) a > 0
= l =
A
ZB
|C 0 (t)|dt =
ZB q
a2 (cos2 t + sin2 t)dt
a.dt = a(B A)
THS
ZB
(e)
t
c : t 7 a(ln tan + cos t), a sin t
2

1
0
= C (t) = a(
sin t), a cos t
sin t
TM
A
cos
2
2 + cos t = a| cos t|.
sin t
a| cos t|
=
= a. cot t
| sin t|
VIE
= |c0 (t)| = a2
ZB
= |c (t)|dt =
ZB
ZB
= a.
ZB
a cot t.dt = a.
a>0
cos2
+1
sin2 t
cos t
dt
sin t
d(sin t)
= a ln sin t|B
A
sin t
= a ln
sin B
sin A
Bi tp 2.11.
(a) c(t) giao vi mt phng y = 0 khi 1 cos t = 0 t = k2, k Z
Chn k = 0, 1 ta c t1 = 0, t2 = 2.
13
HNG DN GII BI TP
Ta c c (t) = a(1 cos t), a sin t, 2a sin t/2

0
|c (t)| =
a2 (1 cos t)2 + a2 sin2 t + 4a2 sin2 t/2
= a 2 2 cos t + 2(1 cos t)
= 2a 1 cos t
l=
Z2
|c (t)|dt = 2a
Z2
1 cos tdt
| sin t/2|dt = 8 2a.
.NE
T
= 2 2a
Z2
0
(b) c : t 7 (cos3 t, sin3 t, cos 2t). D thy ng tham s cho c chu k 2.

0
l=
Z2
|c (t)|dt =
Z2 q
9 cos4 t sin2 t + 9 sin4 t cos2 t + 4 sin2 2tdt
Z2 p
5
25 cos2 t sin tdt =
4
2
sin2 2tdt
sin 2tdt
TM
A
Z2 p
0
THS
Ta c c (t) = (3 cos2 t sin t, 3 sin2 t cos t, 2 sin 2t)
Z2
sin 2tdt +
sin 2tdt
sin 2tdt
3
2
5
2
cos 2t|02 + cos 2t| cos 2t|2 + cos 2t| 3 = 10.
2
2
4
VIE
Bi tp 2.12. Ta c
x3 = 3a2 y
2xz = a2
x3
y = 2
3a
z = a
2x
Suy ra ng cong (c) c tham s ha l

c(t) =
t3 a2
t, 2 ,
3a 2t
a
t3
a
= 2 = = t = a.
3
3a
3
t3
Khi y = 9a = 2 = 9a = t = 3a.
3a
Khi y =
Z2
14

Vy di phn ng cong cn tm bng
Z3a
l(c) =
a
Z3a
=
a
|c(t)|dt =
2a4 + a4
dt =
4a2 t2
3
Z3a
t2
a2
+ 2
a
2t
Z3a
(2t4 + at)2
dt
4a4 t4
dt
3a

= 9a.
a
TM
A
THS
.NE
T
t
a
3a 2t
a4
t4
1 + 4 + 4 dt =
a
4a
VIE
Z3a
15
HNG DN GII BI TP
Bi tp 2.13.
2at2 2at3
,
1 + t2 1 + t3
(a) Ly P nm trn ng xixoit. Ta c P
Phng trnh ng thng OP : tx y = 0.

Giao im B ca (OP ) vi ng thng x = 2a c ta B(2a, 2at).
Giao im C ca (OP ) vi ng trn (x a)2 + y 2 = a2 c ta
C
2at
2a
,
.
2
1 + t 1 + t2
Ta c:
s
BC =
4a2 t4 + 4a2 t6
.
(1 + t2 )2
THS
OP =
4a2 t4 + 4a2 t6
(1 + t2 )2
.NE
T
Vy OP = BC.
Phng trnh tham s ca ng trn (C) :
x = a cos t + a
y = a sin t
Phng trnh (OC) :
TM
A
C (C) : C(t) = (a cos

t0 + a, sin t0 ).
x = t(a cos t0 + a)
, tR
y = t sin t0
VIE
P (OC) = P (t1 (cos

t + a), t1 sin
t)
0
2a sin t0
B = OC AV = B 2a,
.
cos
t
+
1
0

a sin t
Suy ra CB = a a cos t0 ,
(1 cos t0 )
1 + cos t0
P (OC) = P (t1 (cos t0 + 1), t1 sin t0 ).
1
Suy ra CB 2 = 2a2 (1 cos t0 )2 .
, OP 2 = 2t2 (1 + cos t0 ).
1 + cos t0
2
2
Do CB = OP nn
1
= 2t2 (1 + cos t0 )
1 + cos t0
a2 (1 cos t0 )2
2
= t1 =
(1 + cos t0 )2
a(1 cos t0 )
= t1 =
1 + cos t0

1 cos t0
= P = a(1 cos t0 ), a sin t0 .
1 + cos t0
2a2 (1 cos t0 )2 .
t [0, 2]
16
t t2 =
1 + cos t
. Khi , ta c:
sin t0
2at22 2at32
,
1 + t22 1 + t22
1 cos t0
= a(1 cos t0 ), a sin t0 .
1 + cos t0

(b) Ta c
4at
6at2 + 2at4
(t) =
,
(1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
= 0 (t) = (0, 0).
.NE
T
Vy O(0, 0) l im k d duy nht ca ng xixoit.

!
(t)

2at2

0
2a

2
1 + t0

12 + 02
TM
A
d(M, ) =
THS
(c) Chn M
2at2 2at3
,
1 + t20 1 + t20
Suy ra
2a
1 + t20
2a
=0
t0 1 + t2
0
lim d(M, ) = lim
Ta c
VIE
t0
lim 0 (t) = lim
t0
t0
6at2 + 2at4
4at
,
(1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
= (0, 2a).
Vy, khi t th c(t) dn v ng thng x = 2a v 0 (t) (2a, 0).

Bi tp 2.14.
t
(a) Ta c x(t) = sin t l hm s cp kh vi trn (0, ) v y(t) = cos t+ln(tan )
2
xc nh trn (0, ) v kh vi trn (0, ).
Do (t) kh vi trn (0, ) .
17
HNG DN GII BI TP
1
Ta cng c (t) = cos t, sin t +
sin t

0 (t) = (0, 0)
cos t = 0
sin t +
=0
sin
t
cos t = 0
2
1 + sin t = 0
sin t
cos t = 0
.NE
T
cos2 t = 0
cos t = 0
t = + k (k Z) ()
2
TM
A
THS
th 0 (t) = 0
2
Do (t) khng chnh quy ti t = .

t0 2
(b) Ly M sin t0 , cos t0 + ln(tan ) (t)
2
Ta c
V t (0, ) nn ta c ti t =
1
0
t(t0 ) = 0 = s
| |
1 +
1
cos t0 , sin t0 +
sin t0
1
sin2 t0
(d) :
VIE
Tip tuyn i qua M nhn t(t0 ) lm vector ch phng c phng trnh l
x = sin t0 + t cos t0
y = cos t0 + ln(tan 0 ) + ( sin t0 +

2
1
)t
sin t0
,t R
t0
Gi N = d Oy. Khi xN = 0 = yN = ln(tan )
2

t0
Suy ra N 0, ln(tan )
2
r
t0
t0
M N = sin t0 + (ln tan cos t0 ln tan )2 =
2
2
Bi tp 2.15.

3a 6at3 6at 33at4
0
(a) Ta c (t) =
,
.
(1 + t3 )2 (a + t3 )2
Ti t = 0, ta c (0) = (0, 0).
2
sin2 t0 + cos2 t0 = 1.
18

0
(0) = (3a, 0) tip xc vi Ox.

3a
3at
2
= lim t
(b) Ta c: lim
=0
3
1
t
t 1 + t
+1
t3
3a
2
3at
t
lim
= lim
= 0 lim (t) = (0, 0)
t 1 + t3
t 1
t
+1
3
t
Tng t ta cng c
3a
6a
3a 6at
3
t
lim
= lim
2 = 0
t (1 + t3 )2
t
3
1
2
3 + t
t2
6a
3a
4
6at 6at
t3
lim
=
lim
2 = 0

t (1 + t3 )2
t
1
2
+t
t2
THS
.NE
T
lim (t) = (0, 0).

t
(c) Tham s ha ca ng vi nh hng ngc li l

3at
3at2
1 t3
TM
A
(t) =
1t
,
3
Khong cch t (t) n ng thng

3at2
3at

+
+
a

3
3
(1 + t ) (1 + t )
d=
2
3at + 3at2 + at3 + a

3
(1 + t )
=
2

(1 + t)3
(1 + t)2

|a|
|a|

3
2
1+t
1 t + t
=
=
2
2
VIE
Do
lim d = lim

(1 + t)2

|a|

2
1 t + t
=0
2
Ta c vector ch phng ca tip tuyn ti (t) l vector cng phng vi
0
vector (t) l vector

u = (3a 6at3 , 6at 3at4 )
t1
t1
19
HNG DN GII BI TP
Khi lim
u = lim (3a 6at3 , 6at 3at4 ) = (9a, 9a). Vector (9a, 9a)
t1
t1
cng phng vi vector (1, 1) cng l vector ch phng ca ng thng

(l) : x + y + a = 0.
Vy khi t 1. ng cong v tip tuyn ca n tin ti ng thng
x+y+a=0
Bi tp 2.16.
.NE
T
(a) (t) = (aebt cos t, aebt sin t), t R, a > 0, b < 0

Ta c
0 < aebt cos t < aebt 0, (t )

= aebt cos t 0 khi t
THS
Tng t ta c
aebt sin t 0 khi t

Vy (t) O(0, 0) khi t
TM
A
(b) 0 (t) = (abebt cos t aebt sin t, abebt sin t + aebt cos t)
Ta c
lim (abebt cos t aebt sin t) = lim (abebt cos t) lim (aebt sin t) = 0
Tng t
lim abebt sin t + aebt cos t) = 0
VIE
Vy 0 (t) (0, 0) khi t .
Mt khc ta c |0 (t)| = aebt . b2 + 1

Zt
= lim
t0
t0
Zt
Vy lim
t
t0
ebt t
aebt . b2 + 1dt = a b2 + 1. lim

t0 t0 t0
a b2 + 1
=
lim (ebt ebt0 )
t
0
b
a b2 + 1 bt0
=
.e
b
|0 (t)|dt l hu hn.
20
Bi tp 2.17. p dng nh l gi tr trung bnh cho cc hm x, y, z.

Bi tp 2.18.
(a) Ta c
(q p)
v = ((b) (a))
v
b
= (t)
v

0 (t)
v + (t)
v 0 dt
Do
v l hng nn
v 0 = 0.
Suy ra (q p)
v =
Zb
0 (t).
v dt
(1)
.NE
T
Zb
THS
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopki ta c
|0 (t)
v | |0 (t)|.|
v | = |0 (t)|
Zb
0 (t).
v dt |
0 (t).
v dt|
Zb
|0 (t).
v |dt
TM
A
Zb
T (1), (2), suy ra
Zb
Zb
|0 (t)|dt (2)
|0 (t)|dt.
VIE
(q p)
v = 0 (t).
v dt
a
(q p)
(b) t
v =
, theo Cu (a) ta c
|p q|
Zb
Zb
a
qp
|0 (t)|dt (q p)
v = (q p).
pq
=
Zb
(q p)2
= |p q|
pq
|0 (t)|dt |(b) (a)|.
a
0
Bi tp 2.19. Gi s = (x, y) vi | | = 1. Khi ta c:
x0 (s) = cos (s)

x00 (s) = 0 (s) sin (s)
y 0 (s) = sin (s)

y 00 (s) = 0 (s) cos (s)
21
HNG DN GII BI TP
Theo gi thit:
0
k = (s) cos2 (s) + (s) sin2 (s) = (s)

0
(s) = const
(s) = cs + a
x0 (s) = cos(cs + a)
y 0 (s) = sin(cs + a)
Vy, =
1
1
cos(cs + a) + c1 , sin(cs + a) + c2 .
c
c

.NE
T
Do c vt nm trn ng trn C(I, r) vi I(c1 , c2 ), r =

Bi tp 2.20.
0
00
000
1
1
=
.
|c|
|k|
(a) c = (2t, 1, 3t2 ), c = (2, 0, 6t), c = (0, 0, 6).

0
00
THS
Suy ra c c = (6t, 6t2 , 2),
0
0
c 2 = 4t2 + 1 + 9t4 , |c | = 4t2 + 1 + 9t4
00
00
000
VIE
TM
A
(c c )2 = 36t2 + 36t4 + 4, (c , c , c ) = 12
!
2t
1
3t2
t=
,
,
4t2 + 1 + 9t4 4t2 + 1 + 9t4 4t2 + 1 + 9t4 !
3t2
1
3t
,
,
b=
9t4 + 9t2 + 1 9t4 + 9t2 + 1 9t4 + 9t2 + 1

1
n=
9t4 1, t(2 + 9t2 ), 3t(1 + 2t2 )
9t4 + 9t2 + 1 4t2 + 1 + 9t4
2 9t4 + 9t2 + 1
k=
(4t2 + 1 + 9t4 )3/2
3
= 4
9t + 9t2 + 1
(b) c(t) = a cosh t, a sinh t, at)
0
c = (a sinh t, a cosh t, a)
00
c = (a cosh t, a sinh t, 0)
000
c = (a sinh t, a cosh t, 0)
0
00
c c = (a2 sinh t, a2 cosh t, a2 )

0
c 2 = 2a2 cosh2 t
0
|c | = a 2 cosh t
0
00
(c c )2 = 2a4 cosh2 t
0
00
|c c | = a2 2 cosh t
0
00
000
(c , c , c ) = a3
22
sinh t
1
1
t=
, ,
2 2 cosh t
2 cosh t
sinh t 1
1
b=
, ,
2
2 cosh t
2 cosh t
sinh t
1
, 0,
n=
cosh t
cosh t
1
k=
2 cosh2 t
1
=
2a cosh2 t
(c) c(t) = (et , e(t) , 2t)
0
c = (et , e(t) , 2)

.NE
T
00
c = (et , e(t) , 0)
VIE
TM
A
THS
000
c = (et , e(t) , 0)
0
00
c c = ( 2e(t) , 2et , 2)
e2t + 1
0
|c | =
et
2(e2t + 1)
0
00
|c c | =
t
e
0
00
000
(c , c , c ) = 2 2
t !
e2t
1
2e
t=
, 2t
, 2t
2t
e +1 e +1 e +1
t !
1
e2t
2e
b=
, 2t
, 2t
2t
e +1 e +1 e +1
!
t t
2e
2e 1 e2t
n=
,
,
e2t + 1 e2t + 1 e2t + 1
2t
2e
k = 2t
(e + 1)2
2e2t
= 2t
(e + 1)2
(d) c(t) = (cos3 t, sin3 t, cos 2t)
0
c = (3 cos2 t sin t, 3 sin2 t cos t, 2 sin 2t)

00
c = (6 sin2 t cos t 3 cos3 t, 6 cos2 y sin t 3 sin3 t, 4 cos 2t)

000
c = (21 sin t cos2 t 6 sin3 t, 21 cos y sin2 t + 6 cos3 t, 8 sin 2t)

0
00
c c = (12 sin2 t cos3 t, 12 sin3 t cos2 t, 9 sin2 t cos2 t)
0
|c | = 5 sin2 t cos2 t
0
00
|c c | = 15 sin2 t cos2 t
0
00
000
(c , c , c ) = 36 sin3 t cos3 t
!
3 cos2 t sin t 3 sin2 t cos t
2 sin 2t
t= 2
, 2
,
sin t cos2 t
sin t cos2 t sin2 t cos2 t
23
HNG DN GII BI TP
4 cos t 4 sin t 3
b=
,
,
5
5
5
!
2
sin t cos t
sin t cos2 t
n= 2
,
,0
sin t cos2 t sin2 t cos2 t
3
k= 2
25 sin t cos2 t
4
=
25 sin t cos t
(e) c(t) = (2t, ln t, t2 )
1
1
2
0
00
000
c = (2, , 2t), c = (0, 2 , 0), c = (0, 3 , 0).
t
t
t
2
4
2
1 + 2t
0
00
0
c c = ( , 4, 2 ), |c | =
.
t
t
t
8
2(1 + 2t2 ) 0 00 000
0
00
,
(c
,
c
,
c
)
=
.
|c c | =
t2
t3
!
2t
1
2t2
t=
,
,
1 + 2t2 1 + 2t2 1 + 2t2
2t
2t2
1
,
,
2
2
1 + 2t 1 + 2t 1 + 2t2
THS
b=
.NE
T
TM
A
1 2t2 2t
2t
n=
,
,
2
2
1 + 2t 1 + 2t 1 + 2t2
2t
2t
k=
,
=
.
(1 + 2t2 )2
(1 + 2t2 )2
Bi tp 2.21.
(a) Ta c
s a
s b
a
(s) = sin , cos ,
c
c c
c c

VIE
a2
s
b2
2 s
2
sin
+
cos
+
c2
c
c
c2
a2 + b2
= 1.
c2
= | (s)| =
=
Vy tham s s l di cung.
(b) Ta c
a
s
a
s
(s) = 2 cos , 2 sin , 0
c
c c
c

00
s
00
Hm cong k(s) = | (s)| =

Tm hm xon
a2
s a2
s
a
2
cos
+
sin
=
c4
c c4
c
c2
24

Ta c
00 (s)
c2
a
s
a
s
n = 00
=
2 cos , 2 sin , 0
| (s)|
a
c
c c
c

s a
s b
a
0
0
t = (s) = (s) = sin , cos ,
c
c c
c c

b
s b
s a
b = t n = sin , cos ,
c
c c
c c

b
s
b
s
0
= b = 2 cos , 2 cos , 0 .
c
c c
c
.NE
T
b
c2
(c) Mt phng mt tip ca (s) qua im
Suy ra =
s0
s0 s0
(s0 ) = a cos , a sin , b
c
c c
v nhn
THS
b
s0 b
s0 a
b(s0 ) = sin , cos ,
c
c c
c c

TM
A
lm vector php tuyn nn n c phng trnh:
b
s0
s0
b
s0
s0
a
s0
sin
x a cos
+ cos
y a sin
+
zb
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
b
s0
b
s0
a
abs0
sin .x + cos .y + .z + 2 = 0.
c
c
c
c
c
c

s
s
s bs
s
(d) Ta c n(t) = a cos a cos .t, sin a sin .t,
c
c
c
c c
T
t N = n(t) Oz, suy ra N (0, 0, bs/c).

VIE
= cos(n(t), Oz) =

s
s

+ 0 a sin
+ 1.0
0 a cos
|a|
gc gia n(s) v Oz bng /2.

(e) Ta c
cos(t(s), Oz) =
a

s
s
b

+ 0 a cos
+ 1.
0 sin

= b/c = const.
|1.1|
= 0.
=0
25
HNG DN GII BI TP
Bi tp 2.22. Ta c:
t
c (t) = a(1 cos t), a sin t, 2a sin
2

t
t
t
t
= a(2 2 cos2 ), 2a sin cos , 2a sin
2
2
2
2

t
t
t
t
c(t) = 2a sin cos , a(2 cos2 1), a cos
2
2
2
2

Khi ta c:
r
t
t
t
t
+ 4a2 sin4 cos2 + 4a4 sin4
2
2
2
2
r
t
t
= 8a2 sin4 = 2 2a sin2 .
2
2
s
c (t) c(t) =
4a2 sin6
.NE
T
t 3
2
3 3t
= 16 2a sin .
2

8a2 sin4
THS
|c0 (t)|3 =
Suy ra cong ca ng tham s trn l:
2 t
2
2a
sin
c (t) c(t)
2
=
k(t) =
t
|c0 (t)|3
3
16 2a3 sin
2
1
=
t.
8a sin
2
TM
A
Khi bn knh cong ca ng cho bng

1
t
= 8a sin
k(t)
2
VIE
r(t) =
bn knh cong t cc tr a phng th

t
= 0 t = + k2
2
r0 (t) = 0 cos
Suy ra cc im lm cho bn knh cong t cc tr a phng ng vi

t = + k2, k Z.
Bi tp 2.23. Gi s tham s l di cung v gi ~e l vector c nh. Theo
gi thit ta c:
0
~e.t = 0, = ~e.t = 0, = k.(~e.n) = 0
26

Do gi thit song chnh quy nn k 6= 0. T suy ra ~e.n = 0 (1), ly o
hm hai v biu thc (1), ta c

0
~e.n = 0 = ~e(k.t + .b) = 0.

Do ~e.t = 0 nn ~e..b = 0.
Mt khc ~e.n = ~e.t = 0 nn ~e.b 6= 0. Suy ra = 0.
Bi tp 2.24.
.NE
T
Vy ng cong cho l mt ng cong phng.
(a) Gi s c l tham s ha vi tham s di cung v gi l im c nh.

0
Theo gi thuyt ta c: (c(s) a) = c (s). T y suy ra:

0
00
0 0
c (s) = c (s) + c (s).

00
Bi tp 2.25.
TM
A
(b) Do b0 = 0 nn = 0.
THS
c n
iu ny c ngha l: k = 0 2 = 0.
|c |
Do vt l mt ng thng hoc mt phn ng thng.
(a) 120x 597y + 108z + 1752 = 0.
VIE
(b) 61/16(x 25/8) 3(y 2) 5/4(z 9/4) = 0.
27
HNG DN GII BI TP
Bi tp 2.26.
(a) Ta c
c0 (t) = (a sin t, a cos t, b)
c00 (t) = (a cos t, a sin t, 0)
c0 (t)
1
=
(a sin t, a cos t, b)
|c0 (t)|
a2 + b2
a
c0 c00
=
b= 0
(b sin t, b cos t, a)
00
|c c |
a 1 + b2
.NE
T
= t =
= c0 c00 = (ab sin t, ab cos t, a2 )

n=bt=
a2 b2
(cos t, sin t, 0).

a2 + b2 1 + b2
phng trnh tham s l
THS
Php tuyn n ca c(t) nhn n lm vector ch phng qua im c(t0 ) c
x = a cos t0 + cos t0 t
, tR
TM
A
y = a sin t0 + sin t0 t
z = bt
0
Tng t ta c phng
trnh tham s ca cc ng thng sau
x = a cos t0 a sin t0 t
y = a sin t0 + a cos t0 t
z = bt + bt
0
x = a cos t0 + b sin t0 t
VIE
Tip tuyn (t) :
Trng php tuyn (v) :
y = a sin t0 b cos t0 t
z = bt + at
0
Mt phng mt tip qua c(t) nhn b(t0 ) lm vector php tuyn c phng
trnh l
b sin t0 (x a cos t0 ) b cos t0 (y a sin t0 ) + a(z bt0 ) = 0
b sin t0 x b cos t0 y + az abt0 = 0.
Mt phng trc t nhn n(t0 ) lm vector ch phng v qua c(t) c phng
trnh l
cos t0 x + sin t0 y a2 = 0.
28
(b) Gi l gc to bi tip tuyn (t) v trc Oz
|t.
e3 |
|b|
cos =
=
= |b|
|t|.| e3 |
1
Gi s M = n Oz th ta M l nghim ca h
a sin t0 + sin t0 t = 0
bt = c
cos t0 t = a cos t0
()
sin t0 t = a sin t0
.NE
T
a cos t0 + cos t0 t = 0
H phng trnh () lun c nghim nn cc php tuyn ca c(t) lun ct

trc Oz.
ta
. D thy
ba
l ng cong tham s
THS
Bi tp 2.27. Xt nh x :< a, b >< 0, 1 >, t 7 (t) =

l mt nh x vi phi. Khi ng cong = c 1
tng ng cn tm.
Bi tp 2.28.
TM
A
(a) Do f (t), g(t) l cc hm trn nn n kh vi v x(t) = t l hm s cp nn

kh vi.
0
0
0
T ta c: c (t) = 1, f (t), g (t) 6= ~0 nn c l ng tham s chnh qui.
(b) Vi f (t) = sin t + t2 v g(t) = et (1 t3 ) th c(t) = t, sin t + t2 , et (1 t3 ) .

T :
0
VIE
c (t) = (1, cos t + 2t, et (1 t3 ) 3t2 et )
Suy ra vector tip xc cn tm l:

0
c (t) = 1, cost + 2t, et (1 3t2 t3 ) .

Bi tp 2.29. chng minh iu kin cn, ly o hm ca ng thc
|(s)|2 = const 3 ln. chng minh iu kin , chng ta ly o hm

(s) = (s) + Rn R0 T b
chng ta c
0
0 (s) = t + R (kt b) + R0 n (T R0 ) b R0 n

= R + (T R) b
29
HNG DN GII BI TP
Theo gi thuyt ta c R2 + R02 T 2 = const, ly o hm hai v ta c

2RR0 + 2 (T R0 ) (T R0 ) = 0
=

2R0
0
R + (T R0 ) = 0.
Do k 0 , 6= 0 nn 0 = 0. T suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Bi tp 2.30.
.NE
T
1
1
, T = . chng minh
k
(a) t R =
1
1 1
c a = .n ( )0 . .b = Rn R0 T b
k
k
ta chng minh c + Rn + R0 T b l hm hng.
Tht vy, ta c:
THS
(c + Rn + R0 T b)0 = c0 + R0 n + Rn0 + (R0 T )0 .b + (R0 T ).b0
TM
A
1
= t + R0 n + R(kt + b) + (R0 T )0 b + R0 .( n)
1
= t + R0 n t + R b + (R0 T )0 b R0 n
k
0
= R b + (R T )0 b
= (R + R0 T )b
(1)
p dng Bi tp 2.29, do vt ca c(I) nm trn mt cu nn

R2 + (R0 T )2 = const.
VIE
(2.0.1)
Ly o hm hai v ng thc 2.0.1, ta c

2RR0 + 2(R0 T )(R0 T )0 = 0

R0
R + T (R0 T )0 = 0 (do 6= 0)
1
R + (R0 T )0 = 0
R + R0 T = 0
T (1) & (2) suy ra:

(c + Rn + R0 T b)0 = 0
c + Rn + R0 T b = a (const)
c a = Rn R0 T b.
(2)
30
(b) Chng minh tng t Bi tp 2.29.

Bi tp 2.31. Gi s c1 c2 , tc l tn ti mt vi phi : (0, /2) (0, 1),
sao cho c2 (t) = (c1 )(t), t (0, /2). Khi , ta c

cos t = (t)
.NE
T
sin t = 1 2 (t)
cos t = 2 (t)
sin t = 1 cos t
cos t = 2 (t)
sin t + cos(t) = 1.
(1)
(2)
Do phng trnh (2) khng c nghim vi mi t (0, /2) nn c1 v c2 l
THS
khng tng.
Chng minh tng t cho cc trng hp cn li.
Bi tp 2.32. Gi ~a l vector ch phng ca ng thng v (t) l gc gia

hai vector ~a v 0 (t).
TM
A
Gi s = const, tc l t.~a = const, suy ra n.~a = 0. Do

~a = t cos + b. sin .
Ly o hm hai v ta c
Ngc li, nu
VIE
k.n. cos + n. sin = 0

k
= = tan = const
k
= const = tan th chng minh c
~a = t cos + b. sin .
Bi tp 2.33. Gi s s = 0, xt biu din ca ca trong ln cn ca s = 0.

Khi P phi c dng z = cy hay y = 0. Mt phng (P ) : y = 0 khng tha
mn iu kin th 2 ca bi. By gi xt trong ln cn rt nh ca s sao cho
y(s) > 0 v z(s) cng du vi s. Theo iu kin th hai c = z/y va dng li
va m, do P l mt phng c phng trnh z = 0.
31
HNG DN GII BI TP
Bi tp 2.34.
(a) Xem Bi tp 2.32
(b) Theo chng minh ca Cu (a), vector ~a vung gc vi n nn php tuyn
song song vi mt phng nhn vector ~a lm php vector.
(c) Nu l gc gia ~a v tip tuyn th vector trng php tuyn b to vi
vector ~a mt gc /2 .
.NE
T
Bi tp 2.35. S dng c s a phng.

Bi tp 2.36. Ma trn ca mt php bin i ng c c nh thc bng 1
v cng thc i bin ca tch phn bi.
Bi tp 2.37. Gi s l tham s ha vi tham s di cung v a R3 l

Theo bi ta c
THS
im c nh.
(t) a . (t) = 0

2 0
(t) a
2
= r2
TM
A
(t) a
=0
Suy ra vt ca () l ng trn hoc mt phn ng trn tm a bn knh r.

Bi tp 2.38.
VIE
(a) ng cong phng.

(b) ng xon c.
(c) ng thng hoc mt phn ca ng thng.

Bi tp 2.39. Cc tnh cht ny tng ng vi iu kin ng xon c
tng qut.
Bi tp 2.40. Tng t Bi tp 2.24.
Bi tp 2.41.
(a) ng tractrix c phng trnh tham s l

c(t) = sin t, cos t + ln tan
t
32

Ta c
0
00
x(t) = sin t = x (t) = cos t; x (t) = sin t

t
y(t) = cos t + ln tan
2
2
0
00
cos t
cos t
= y (t) =
; y (t) = cos t
.
sin t
sin2 (t)
Gi (t) = (X, Y ) l ng tc b ca th c phng trnh tham s l
X =x
THS
.NE
T
x2+y2
0
0 00
00 0 .y
x y0 x0 y
x2+y2
0
Y = y + 0 00
00 0 .x
xy x y
1
X=
sint

t
Y = ln tan
2
(b) ng Hypebol c phng trnh tham s ha l:
00
00
TM
A
x = a cosh t
c(t) :
y = b sinh t
x (t) = a sinh t; x (t) = a cosh t

y (t) = b cosh t; y (t) = b sinh t
Do c(t) c ng tc b c xc nh nh sau:
X =x
x2+y2
0
X = a cosh t.(1 + cosh 2t) !

0 00
00 0 .y
x y0 x0 y
a2
2
2
x
+
y
0
Y
=
b
sinh
t.
1
cosh 2t
Y = y + 0 00
b2
00 0 .x
xy x y
VIE
Nu l ng tc b ca c(t) th c(t) l ng thn khai ca (t).

(c) ng cycloid c(t) = R(t sin t), R(1 cos t)

0
00
x (t) = R(1 cos t); x (t) = R sin t

0
00
y (t) = R sin t; y (t) = R cos t)

l ng tc b ca c th c phng trnh tham s l
Bi tp 2.42.
X = R(t + sin t)
Y = R(1 cos t)
33
HNG DN GII BI TP
(a) Ta c
k=
x0 y xy 0
3
(x0 2 + y 0 2 ) 2
cosh t
=
23 =
1 + sinh2 t
1
.
cosh2 t
0
0
2
2
x
+
y
X
=
x
y0
0
0
x0 y xy
0
x2+y2 0
Y
=
y
+
x
0
0
.NE
T
(b) Theo cng thc xc nh tham s ha ca tc b
X =t sinh t cosh t
Y =2 cosh t
x y xy
THS
x2 y 2
Bi tp 2.43. Ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 c tham s ha l
a
b
x(t) = a cos t
t (0, 2).
TM
A
y(t) = b sin t
Cc nh n ng vi cc gi tr t = /2, , 3/2. T , chng ta xc nh

c cc cong tng ng l b/a2 , a/b2 .
VIE
Bi tp 2.44. Vi ng cong c(t) = (t), t(t) , ta c

0
00
00
c (t) = (t), (t) + t (t)

0
00
c (t) = (t), 2 (t) + t (t)
ng cong c l mt cung thng khi v ch khi k = 0. iu ny tng ng

vi ng thc sau:
0
00
00
(t)(2 (t) + t (t)) (t)((t) + t (t)) = 0

0
00
00
00
2 2 (t) + t. (t). (t) (t).(t) t. (t). (t) = 0

0
00
2 2 (t) (t).(t) = 0
Nu tn ti t0 I sao cho (t0 ) = 0 th c khng chnh qui ti t0 . Do o chng
34
ta c:

1
(t)
00
(t)
2
(t)
!0
00
(t)2 (t) + 2(t) 2 (t)

=
4 (t)
00
(t)(t) + 2 (t)
=
=0
3 (t)
1
1
= at + b (t) =
(t)
at + b
1
th c l mt cung thng.
at + b
.NE
T
Vy vi (t) =
Bi tp 2.45. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 2.46. Tm biu thc ta ca i vi mc tiu {(t) : t(t), n(t), b(t)}.

Bi tp 2.47. Gi s ng cong cho c tham s ha t nhin. Khi
THS
x = cos v y = sin . S dng cng thc tnh cong i s thit lp

phng trnh vi phn thng theo .
Bi tp 2.48. S dng biu thc quan h gia h ta cc v h ta

Decarter:
TM
A
x = () cos
y = () sin
Thay cc ng thc trn vo cng thc tnh di v cong i s.
ti ng cong.
VIE
Bi tp 2.49. S dng bt ng thc ng cho l2 4A. Suy ra khng tn
Bi tp 2.50. i xng min cho qua AB v s dng kt qu bi ton ng

cho suy ra l chnh l na ng trn ng knh AB.
Bi tp 2.51. Tnh ton trc tip.
Bi tp 2.52. Do l mt ng cong n ng nn ta c
Z
k(s)ds = (l) = (0) = 2.

0
Do k(s) < c, nn ta c
Z
2 =
0
k(s)ds
cds = cl
0
35
HNG DN GII BI TP
T suy ra l 2/c.
Bi tp 2.53. Theo nh l Jordan v ng cong th bao mt tp hp K.
Nu K l mt tp khng li th tn ti hai im p, q K sao cho on thng
pq cha mt s im khng nm trong K. Khi on thng pq ct ti mt
im r 6= p, q. Chng minh rng qp l mt tip tuyn ca ti cc im p, q, r,
t dn n mt iu mu thun.
Bi tp 2.54. Nu ng cong l lm th ly hai im p, q nm hai pha
.NE
T
ca phn lm . Di chuyn hai im p, q v pha lm sao cho pq tr thnh tip

tuyn ti p v q. Chng minh ng cong thu c gim chiu di tng din tch.
Bi tp 2.55.
(a) Gi L l ng thng qua im q (I). Nu vt ca nm mt pha
THS
ca L th ng thng L l mt tip tuyn. Nu vt ca n nm hai pha so vi

L th s ct L ti im th hai.
VIE
TM
A
(b) Chng minh tng t nh chng minh hm Cauchy-Crofton.
36
BI TP CHNG 3
Bi tp 3.1. Xt f : R3 R, (x, y, z) 7 x2 + y 2 . Khi , ta c
(x, y, z) = 0
2x = 0
x=0
f
.
(x, y, z) = 0 2y = 0
y
y=0
0=0
(x, y, z) = 0
.NE
T
Vy f c gi tr ti hn l duy nht l 0. Suy ra C l mt mt chnh qui.

C th chn h bn
f1 : (0, 2) R R3 , (u, v) 7 (cos u, sin u, v)
Khi h
THS
f2 : (, ) R R3 , (u, v) 7 (sin u, cos u, v)

(0, 2) R, f1 , (, ) R, f2
h ny khng duy nht.
o
l mt h bn ph C. Lu
Bi tp 3.2. Tp {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 0, x2 + y 2 1} khng phi l mt chnh
TM
A
qui. Tp {(x, y, z) R3 : z = 0, x2 + y 2 < 1} l mt chnh qui.

Bi tp 3.3. D thy (0, y, z) l cc im ti hn ca f v f 1 (0) l mt phng
Oyz nn n l mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.4. R rng X tha mn cc iu kin: kh vi, ng phi (do x > y).
VIE
Ta s chng minh X l n nh
Gi s X(u1 , v1 ) = X(u2 , v2 ). T biu thc ca X ta thy {u1 , v1 } v {u2 , v2 }

l trng nhau v cng l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai X 2 (u+v)X +uv = 0.
Nhng u1 > v1 v u2 > v2 nn ta c u1 = u2 v v1 = v2 .
Vy X l n nh. Do X l mt tham s ha ca mt mt chnh qui.
37
HNG DN GII BI TP
Bi tp 3.5.
(a) Ta c
= 2(x + y + z 1) = 0
.NE
T
f
= 2(x + y + z 1) = 0 x + y + z 1 = 0
y
f
= 2(x + y + z 1) = 0
z
Vy cc im ti hn ca f l mt phng (P )x + y + z 1 = 0.
(b) Nu c 6= 0 th c l mt gi tr chnh qui ca f . Suy ra f (x, y, z) = c l
mt mt chnh quy. Nu c = 0 th f (x, y, z) = c x + y + z 1 = 0.
Do khi c = 0 th nhng im M (x, y, z) tha f (x, y, z) = c cng l 1 mt
THS
chnh quy.
Tm li vi mi c R th f 1 (c) l mt mt chnh qui.

(c) Ta c
f
x
f
y
f
z
= yz 2 = 0
= xz 2 = 0
TM
A
= 2xyz = 0
z=0
x=y=0
Vy tp hp tt c cc im ti hn nm trn mt phng z = 0 v ng
thng x = y = 0. T , suy ra f c gi ti hn duy nht l 0.
chnh qui.
VIE
Nu c 6= 0 th tp hp cc im M (x, y, z) tha f (x, y, z) = c l mt mt

Nu c = 0 th tp cc imM (x, y, z) tha f (x, y, z) = 0 khng phi l mt
mt chnh qui (do ti O(0, 0, 0) khng trn).
Bi tp 3.7. Xt nh x X : V R2 R3 , (u, v) 7 (u, v, 0). Khi (V, X)

l mt bn ca S. Do , tp cho l mt mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.8. Xt nh x f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z, chng minh (0, 0, 0) l mt
gi tr chnh qui. T suy ra S l mt mt chnh qui.
Xt X : R2 R3 , (u, v) 7 u, v, u2 v 2 . Khi x, y, z l cc hm kh
vi. Mt khc, ta c Xu = (1, 0, 2u), Xv = (0, 1, 2v) c lp tuyn tnh do
38

1 0
0 1 = 1 6= 0. Do X l mt tham s ha.
(a) Ta thy
lim x (u, v) = ,
u
v
lim y (u, v) = ,
u
v
lim z (u, v) = +,
lim y (u, v) = +
u+
v+
lim z (u, v) =
u0
v+
.NE
T
u
v0
lim x (u, v) = +
u+
v+
(b) Tham s ny ph phn S {R3 : z > 0}.
Bi tp 3.9. X(u, v) = (a sinh u cos v, a sinh u sin v, c cosh u).
Bi tp 3.10. S khng phi l mt chnh qui do n c 1 ng thng k d.
S vi mt phng z = c cos u.
THS
Bi tp 3.11. Chng minh trc tip. Cc ng cong X(const, v) l giao ca
Bi tp 3.12. X(u, v) = (0, 0, bu) + (a, bu, 0) (0, 0, bu) v = av, buv, bu(1
Bi tp 3.13.
(a) Tnh ton trc tip.
TM
A
v) . (S) l mt mt chnh qui.
(b) Dng php chiu t cc bc v cc nam ln mt phng R2 .
VIE
Bi tp 3.14.
(a) Chng minh tng t nh mt chnh qui.

(b) Tng t nh Cu (a)
(c) Khng chnh qui ti O.
Bi tp 3.15. D thy A2 = idS2 nn A = A1 .

Bi tp 3.16. f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 . Khi f bin mt phng R2 thnh parabolid.
Bi tp 3.17. Xt f : (E) (S), (x, y, z) 7 (x/a, y/b, z/c).
Bi tp 3.18. Chng minh theo nh ngha.
Bi tp 3.19. S dng tnh cht kh vi ca php i tham s.
39
HNG DN GII BI TP
Bi tp 3.20. Kim tra trc tip 3 iu kin phn x, i xng, bc cu.

Bi tp 3.21. Chng minh trc tip.
Bi tp 3.22. Nu p = (x, y, z) th F (p) nm trn giao ca H vi ng thng
t 7 (tx, ty, z), t > 0. Do

1 + z2
1 + z2
F (p) = p 2
x, p 2
y, z
x + y2
x + y2

.NE
T
Chn U l ton b tr i trc Oz. Khi hm F : U R3 xc nh nh trn

l mt hm kh vi.
Bi tp 3.23. ng cong C ch c cc im k d nm trn trc quay.
THS
Bi tp 3.24. Chng minh trc tip bng nh ngha.

Bi tp 3.26. S dng nh ngha ca hm kh vi trn R3 v trn mt chnh

qui chng minh.
TM
A
Nu f l thu hp ca mt nh x kh vi th f kh vi (v d). chng minh

iu ngc li, chng ta xt X : U R3 l mt tham s ha ca S ti p.
Chng ta c th m rng X thnh nh x F : U R R3 . Ly W l mt
ln cn ca p trong R3 sao cho F 1 l mt vi phi trn n. nh ngha hm
g : W R c xc nh bi g = f X F 1 trn W , vi l php chiu
VIE
t nhin t U R ln U . Khi , g l mt nh x kh vi v g|W S = f .

Bi tp 3.28. nh x F kh vi trn S2 \ {N }, do n l hp ca cc nh x
kh vi. chng minh F kh vi ti N , xt php chiu ni t cc nam v t
Q = S F S1 . Chng minh rng N S1 () = 4/. T ta c
Q() =
n
.
a0 + a1 + + an n
Do , Q kh vi ti 0. Suy ra F = S1 F S kh vi ti S.
Bi tp 3.29. Vi mi
v Tp S, ta c
v = 0 (t) = (x0 (t), y 0 (t), z 0 (t)) vi
(t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t)) l mt ng cong nm trn S v (0) = p.
40

Do (t) nm trn S nn f ((t)) = 0. Tc l ta c:
f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) = 0, t I
=f 0 x (p)x0 (0) + f 0 y (p)y 0 (0) + f 0 z (p)z 0 (0) = 0
=~n(f 0 x (p), f 0 y (p), f 0 z (p))~v
=(T pS) : f 0 x (p)(x x0 ) + f 0 y (p)(y y0 ) + f 0 z (p)(z z0 ) = 0.
Bi tp 3.30. Phng trnh mt phng tip xc ti (a, b, 0) ca mt phng
.NE
T
chnh qui cho bi phng trnh f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 z 2 1 = c dng

Tp S :fx0 (p)(x a) + fy0 (p)(y b) + fz0 (p)(z 0) = 0
2a(x a) + 2b(y b) = 0
2ax + 2bx 2a2 2b2 = 0.
THS
Php vector ca (T pS) l ~n = (2a, 2b, 0) vung gc vi ~e3 . Suy ra mt phng

(Tp S) vung gc vi trc Oz.
Bi tp 3.31.
C th xem S l F 1 (0) vi F (x, y, z) = z f (x, y) hoc gii theo cch sau.
TM
A
(a) Tham s ha ca S l X(u, v) = (u, v, f (u, v)). Khi chng ta c

Xu = (1, 0, fu ),
Xv = (0, 1, fv )
Suy ra ~n = (fu , fv , 1).
VIE
Phng trnh mt phng tip xc ca S ti p = (x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) vi c dng

f 0 u (p)(x x0 ) + f 0 v (p)(y y0 ) + (z f (x0 , y0 )) = 0
z = fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) + f (x0 , y0 ))
(b) Ta c F = Dfq (x, y) =
Gr(F) =
n
f
f
(q)x +
(q)y. Suy ra
x
y
x, y,

o
f
f
(q)x +
(q)y : (x, y) R2
x
y
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Bi tp 3.32. p dng Bi tp 3.31.
Bi tp 3.33. Ta c X(u, v) = (u) + (v)
ng ta th I: X(t, c), t I.
41
HNG DN GII BI TP
t p = X(u, c). Khi ta c

Xu = 0 (u), Xv = 0 (v)
=N (p) = 0 (u) 0 (c)
Suy ra cc mt phng tip xc ca (S) dc theo ng ta th I song
song vi cc ng thng c vector ch phng l 0 (c).
Trng hp th hai chng minh tng t.
.NE
T
Bi tp 3.34. t p1 = X(u0 , v1 ); p2 = X(u0 , v2 )

Ta s chng minh TP1 S = TP2 S. Tht vy
Xu = 0 (u) + v00 (u), Xv = 0 (u)

= Xu Xv = (0 (u) + v(u)) 0 (u)
THS
= 0 (u) 0 (u) + v00 (u) 0 (u)

= v00 (u) 0 (u).
Suy ra
TM
A
Tp1 S : v1 .((u0 ) 0 (u0 )) ((u) + v0 (u) (u0 ) v1 0 (u0 )) = 0

Tnh ton tng t, chng ta c
Tp2 S : v2 (u0 ) 0 (u0 ) ((u) + v0 (u) (u0 ) v2 0 (u0 )) = 0.

VIE
Mt khc, ta c
v1 .((u0 ) 0 (u0 )) [(u0 ) + v2 0 (u0 ) (u0 ) v1 0 (u0 )] =

= v1 .((u0 ) 0 (u0 )).(v2 v1 ).0 (u0 )
= v1 .(v2 v1 ) [((u0 ) 0 (u0 )).0 (u0 )]
= v1 .(v2 v1 ) ((u0 ), 0 (u0 ), 0 (u0 )) = 0
Suy ra p2 l mt im ca Tp1 S. T ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.35. Ly v TP S, (t) = x(t), y(t), z(t) , (0) = p, 0 (0) = v.
Ta c: f (t) = ((t) p0 )2 .
Do
d
[f (t)]t=0
dt
= 20 (0)((0) p0 ) = 2v(p p0 ), v TP S.
Dfp (v) =
42

Bi tp 3.37. Tnh ton trn Maple
with(LinearAlgebra);
X := [v*cos(u), v*sin(u), a*u];
.NE
T
XU := convert(diff(X, u), Vector);

XV := convert(diff(X, v), Vector);
N := simplify(&x(XU, XV));
X := convert([x, y, z]-X, Vector);

assuming([simplify(X.N)],
THS
[x > 0, y > 0, z > 0, 0 < u and u < 2*Pi, a > 0]);

Mt phng tip xc cn tm c phng trnh
Bi tp 3.38. Ta c
TM
A
a sin (u0 ) x + a cos (u0 ) y + vau vz = 0
Xs = 0 (s) + r(n0 (s) cos v + b0 (s) sin v)

Xv = r(n(s) sin v + b(s) cos v)
VIE
= N (s, v) = Xs Xv
= (0 (s) + r(n0 (s) cos v + b0 (s) sin v) r(n(s) sin v + b(s) cos v)
= [T + r(k.T +) cos v + (.N ) sin v][r(n sin v + b cos v)]

= T rN sin v + T B cos v + r(kT cos vN sin v) + r(k.T B) cos v
+ r(.B cos vN. sin v) + r(.BB) cos v r(N N ) sin v + r(N. sin vB. cos v)
S dng cng thc Frenet ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.39. Ta c
0
Xu = (f (u) cos v, f (u) sin v, g (u));

Xv = (f (u) sin v, f (u) cos v, 0);
43
HNG DN GII BI TP
Suy ra phng trnh php tuyn ca S l
f 0 (u0 ) cos v0 (x x0 ) + f 0 (u0 ) sin v0 (y y0 ) + g 0 (u0 )(z z0 ) = 0
f (u0 ) sin v0 (x x0 ) + f (u0 ) cos v0 (y y0 ) = 0
f 0 (u0 ) cos v0 (x x0 ) + f 0 (u0 ) sin v0 (y y0 ) + g 0 (u0 )(z z0 ) = 0
(f (u0 ) sin v0 )x + (f (u0 ) cos v0 )y = 0
.NE
T
D thy h phng trnh sau c nghim
0
0
0
f
(u
)
cos
v
(x
x
)
+
f
(u
)
sin
v
(y
y
)
+
g
(u0 )(z z0 ) = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(f (u0 ) sin v0 )x + (f (u0 ) cos v0 )y = 0
x = 0, y = 0
THS
Suy ra php tuyn ca S lun ct trc Oz.
Bi tp 3.40. Nhng im p = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) thuc giao tuyn ca hai mt S1 v

S2 c tnh cht ax0 = by0 .
Php vector ca S1 ti im p l n1 = (2x0 a, 2y0 , 2z0 ); cn php vector
Bi tp 3.41.
TM
A
ca S2 ti im p l n2 = (2x0 , 2y0 b, 2z0 ). T suy ra n1 n2 .
(a) Ly (t) l ng cong nm trn mt S sao cho (0) = p v 0 (0) = ~v .

Khi , ta c
hw, (t) (0)i

=0
|(t) (0)|
VIE
Dfp (w) =
Suy ra p l mt im ti hn ca f khi v ch khi Dfp (w) = 0. Ta suy ra

c iu phi chng minh.
(b) Tng t cu (a).
Bi tp 3.42.
(a) S dng tnh cht lin tc ca hm f , chng minh trong mi khong
(, c), (c, b), (b, a) cha mt nghim ca f .
(b) iu kin cn v hai mt f (t1 ) = 1 v f (t2 ) = 1 trc giao vi nhau:
fx (t1 )fx (t2 ) + fy (t1 )fy (t2 ) + fz (t1 )fz (t2 ) = 0
44

S dng nh ngha ca hm f v cc ti suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.43. Chng minh rng d(X(u, v), I) = const t gi thuyt

(X I).Xu = (X I).Xv = 0
T suy ra im c nh I chnh l tm ca mt cu.
Bi tp 3.44. Mi ln cn a phng ca mt mt chnh qui l nghch nh
ca gi tr chnh qui ca mt hm kh vi. Do ta c th gi s S1 = f 1 (0)
.NE
T
v S2 = g 1 (0), vi 0 l gi tr chnh qui ca cc hm f v g. Trong ln cn ca

p, S1 S2 l nghich nh ca hm F : R3 R2 , q 7 (f (q), g(q)). Do S1 v S2
c giao ngang nhau nn hai php vector (fx , fy , fz ) v (gx , gy , gz ) c lp tuyn
tnh. Do (0, 0) l gi tr chnh qui ca hm F v S1 S2 l mt ng cong
THS
chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.45. Chng minh bng nh ngha.
Bi tp 3.46. S dng X(u, v) = X u(u, v), v(u, v) v cng thc o hm

ca hm hp.
TM
A
Bi tp 3.47. Chng minh rng cc ng cong trn S ct mt phng (P ) ti

1 im hoc nm trn mt phng (P ). T suy ra (P ) l mt mt phng tip
xc ca S.
Bi tp 3.48. Phng trnh mt phng tip xc ti im (x0 , y0 , z0 ) c dng
VIE
xx0 yy0 zz0

+ 2 + 2 =1
a2
b
c
ng thng (d) vung gc vi mt phng tip xc ca c phng trnh

xa2
yb2
zc2
=
=
x0
y0
z0
T biu thc trn, chng ta c

x2 a2 y 2 b2 z 2 c2
x2 a2 + y 2 b2 + z 2 c2
+
+
=
xx0
yy0
zz0
xx0 + yy0 + zz0
Tng t ta c
yy0
zz0
xx0 + yy0 + zz0
xx0
= 2 2 = 2 2 =
.
2
2
x0 /a
y0 /a
z0 /a
1
45
HNG DN GII BI TP
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Bi tp 3.49. Tng t nh chng minh ca hm nhiu bin.
Bi tp 3.50. Gi r l ng thng c nh v p l mt im nm trn S.
Mt phng P1 cha im p v ng thng r, cha tt c cc php tuyn ti
cc im S P1 . Xt mt phng P2 qua im p v trc giao vi r. Do php
tuyn i qua p ct r nn P2 c lp vi Tp S. T suy ra P2 S = C l mt
ng cong phng chnh qui. Hn na P1 P2 trc giao vi ATp S P2 ; Do
.NE
T
P1 P2 trc giao vi C. T suy ra cc php tuyn ca C i qua mt im c

nh q = r P2 . S dng tnh cht lin thng ca S suy ra iu phi chng minh.
THS
Bi tp 3.52. Gi ~v l vector tip xc ca C1 v C2 ti p, chng minh rng
(C1 ) v (C2 ) c chung vector ch phng l (v).

Bi tp 3.53. Chn p l gc mc tiu, Xu , Xv l trc honh v trc tung,
N = Xu Xv l trc cao.
TM
A
Bi tp 3.54.
(a) Cho q R, gi (U, ) l mt h ta a phng ca S ti p = 1 (q).

Nu q l mt gi tr chnh qui ca hm 1 th q c gi l gi tr chnh
qui ca hm .
VIE
(b) Suy ra trc tip t nh ngha gi tr chnh qui v ng cong chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.55. Lnh tnh ton vi Maple
[>restart;
with(linalg);
X := [a*sin(u)*cos(v), b*sin(u)*sin(v), c*cos(u)];

XU := diff(X, u); 1; XV := diff(X, v);
dk := a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, 0 < u and u < 2*Pi,
0 < v and v < Pi;
E = simplify((convert(XU, Vector).convert(XU, Vector)))assuming dk;
F = simplify((convert(XU, Vector).convert(XV, Vector)))assuming dk;
G = simplify((convert(XV, Vector).convert(XV, Vector)))assuming dk;
46

2
E = a2 (cos (u)) (cos (v)) + b2 (cos (u)) b2

(a)
(cos (u)) (cos (v)) + c2 c2 (cos (u))
F = cos (u) cos (v) sin (u) sin (v) a2 b2

2
G = (sin (u))
(cos (v)) a2 b2 (cos (v)) a2
E = 4 u2 + a2
(b)
F =0
G = a2 u2
2
E = a2 (cosh (v)) + 4 u2 b2 + b2 (cosh (v))
.NE
T
(c)
F = cosh (v) u sinh (v) a2 + b2

2
G=u
(d)
b (cosh (v)) a + a (cosh (v))

2
E = a2 (cosh (v)) + 4 u2 b2 + b2 (cosh (v))

2
G=u
THS
F = cosh (v) u sinh (v) a2 + b2

2
b (cosh (v)) a + a (cosh (v))
Bi tp 3.56. Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht
TM
A
E = 16/(u2 + v 2 + 4)2
F =0
G = 16/(u2 + v 2 + 4)2
VIE
Bi tp 3.57. Ly hai ng cong 1 = X(ui , v), i = 1, 2, ng cong
= X(u, v0 ). Xc nh giao im v ta c di ca on chn bng 2|u2 u1 |.

Bi tp 3.58. p dng cng thc tnh din tch ca mt tham s chnh qui
theo cc h s ca dng c bn th nht.
Bi tp 3.59. l cc mt trn xoay c ng sinh l cc ng tham s
ha di cung.
Bi tp 3.60. I = d2 + 2 d2 .
Bi tp 3.61.
(a) X(u, v) = (3u sin v, 3u cos v, 3u2 ), u R, v (0, 2)
(b) N = 6u2 sin(v), 6u2 cos(v), u
47
HNG DN GII BI TP
(c) Cc h s dng c bn th nht v th hai

E = 36 u2 + 1, F = 0, G = u2
e = 6/ 36u2 + 1, f = 0, g = 6u2 / 36u2 + 1.
(d) cong Gauss v cong trung bnh

36
,
(36u2 + 1)2
H=
108u2
.
(36u2 + 1)( 3/2)
.NE
T
K=
Bi tp 3.62. Cc im paraboloic nm trn ng trn X(/2, v) v X(3/2, v),

cc im eliptic nm trn phn X(u, v), u (0, /2) (3/2, 2), phn cn li
THS
cha cc im hyperboloic.
Bi tp 3.63.
Bi tp 3.64.
TM
A
1
1 + u2
.
(a) K =
v H =
(1 + 2u2 )2
(1 + 2u2 )( 3/2)
(b) H(0, 0) = 1 v K(0, 0) = 1. Suy ra k1 = k2 .
(a) Tm tham s ha ca mt trn xoay v p dng cng thc tnh din tch
theo cc h s ca dng c bn th nht.
(b) A = 4 2 Ra.
VIE
Bi tp 3.65. S dng cng thc tnh din tch.


Bi tp 3.68. Chng minh hm N lin tc.
Bi tp 3.69. Ly v d l Mobius.
Bi tp 3.70. nh hng trn S1 c cm sinh t 1 .
Bi tp 3.71. Tng t bi 3.70.
Bi tp 3.72. S dng bi 3.71.
48
Bi tp 3.73. Gi S l mt mt chnh qui tip xc vi mt mt phng dc

theo ng cong . N l php vector ca mt phng dc theo ng cong .
Suy ra N = const. Ta c:
= a.Xu + b.Xv
0 = u0 (t).Xu + v 0 (t).Xv
= DN (0 (t)) = (aNu + bNv ).(t)
= u0 (t)Nu + v 0 (t).Nv
.NE
T
= N 0 ((t)) = N 0 (t)
= DN (0 (t)) = N 0 (t) = 0, (t) S.

Suy ra 0 (t) ng vi gi tr ring = 0.
THS
T suy ra (t) l im paraboloic hoc l im phng.

Bi tp 3.74. Xem chng minh cng thc Euler.
Bi tp 3.75. Khng ng, v d mt cu.
TM
A
Bi tp 3.77. S dng nh ngha cong php dng.

Bi tp 3.78. S dng cng thc tnh cong chnh v phng chnh theo cc
h s c bn, cong Gauss v cong trung bnh.
VIE
Bi tp 3.79.
(a) Na mt cu di khng k ng xch o.

(b) Mt cu tr i cc Bc v cc Nam.
(c) Mt cu tr i cc Bc v cc Nam.
Bi tp 3.81. Chng minh vector trng php tuyn ca C l hng.
Bi tp 3.82. Xem ngha ca ch Dupin.
Bi tp 3.83. Xt module |1 N2 2 N1 | v s dng kt qu | sin | = |N1 N2 |
suy ra iu phi chng minh.
49
HNG DN GII BI TP

Bi tp 3.85. Tm phng chnh ca ti cc im nm trn ng trn trung
tm ca xuyn.
Bi tp 3.87. Tham s ha l X(u, v) = (u, v, auv) v dng cng thc tnh
cc cong theo h s ca dng c bn.
.NE
T
Bi tp 3.88. Tham s ha l X(u, v) = (u, v, uv) v s dng cng thc xc

nh cc ng tim cn v ng chnh khc.
Bi tp 3.90. u v = const.
THS
Bi tp 3.89. ng tim cn u = const v v = const.
ng chnh ln(v + v 2 + c2 ) u = const.
Bi tp 3.91. Tnh ton trc tip

TM
A
Bi tp 3.93. Chng minh theo nh ngha.
Bi tp 3.94. Cc ng sinh v ng trn trc giao vi trc quay.

Bi tp 3.95. Ly mt mt cu cha mt mt (S) pha trong, gim bn knh
ca mt cu mt cch lin tc, xt cc lt ct chun tc ti cc giao im ca
VIE
mt cu v mt (S).
Bi tp 3.97. Khng c im rn nu a 6= b 6= c.
Bi tp 3.99. S dng nh ngha ca mt k, ng tht v tham s phn b.
Bi tp 3.100. S dng nh ngha ca ng tht.
Bi tp 3.101. S dng nh ngha ng cong chnh.
50

Bi tp 3.104. Mt phng l mt mt cc tiu nhng khng b chn. Do
n khng compact.
Bi tp 3.106. S dng gi thuyt cong trung bnh ca S, S 0 bng khng
VIE
TM
A
THS
.NE
T
chng minh cong trung bnh ca mt cho l mt mt cc tiu.

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Php tnh vi phn trn Rn

Bi tp 1.3. Cho hm f : R2 R xc nh bi:

(a) Tnh D1 f (0, 0) v D2 f (0, 0).

(b) Chng minh f khng kh vi ti (0, 0).

(b) f (x, y, z) (xy , x2 + z), x > 0.

(d) f (x, y) = (sin(xy), sin(x sin y), xy ), x > 0.

Chng t rng iu kin lin tc trong nh l hm ngc khng th b c.

(b) Chng minh f khng kh vi ti (0, 0) tr khi hm g = 0.

Bi tp 1.8. Cho f : Rn Rm , g : Rm R kh vi lp C . Chng minh

Bi tp 1.9. Cho L : Rn Rm l mt nh x tuyn tnh, chng minh rng

Bi tp 1.10. Chng minh rng php tnh tuyn v php v t trn Rn l cc

Bi tp 1.11. Cho U l mt tp m trong Rn v f : U Rm , m n l

Bi tp 1.12. Cho f : Rn Rn l mt nh x kh vi, chnh qui trn Rn ,

Bi tp 2.4. Gi s (t) l ng tham s m 00 (t) = 0 vi mi t. Chng ta

Bi tp 2.5. Cho ng tham s : I R3 v

rng 0 (t ) trc giao vi v vi mi t I v (0) cng trc giao vi

minh rng vi mi t I, (t0 ) trc giao vi

Bi tp 2.6. Cho ng tham s : I R3 , vi 0 (t) 6= 0, t I. Hy

Bi tp 2.7. Vt ca cc ng tham s sau nm trn nhng mt quen thuc

(b) c : t 7 (sin 2t , 1 cos 2 t , 2 cos t)

Bi tp 2.9. Mt a trn bn knh 1 trong mt phng Oxy ln khng trt

Hnh 2.0.1: ng cycloid

(b) Tnh di mt ca ng Cycloid (ng vi mt vng quay ca a).

(e) c : t 7 a (ln tan 2t + cos t) , a sin t

Bi tp 2.11. Tnh di ca cc ng tham s sau:

(b) c : t 7 cos t , sin t , cos2t mt vng khp kn;

(c) c : t 7 (a cosh t , a sinh t , at), trong khong [0, b];

gia hai mt phng y = a/3 v y = 9a, vi a > 0.

chng minh rng

l ng xixit ca Diocles (t = tan xem Hnh 2.0.2)

Hnh 2.0.2: ng xixit ca Diocles

Hnh 2.0.3: ng Tractrix

(b) Gc ta O(0, 0) l im k d ca ng xixit.

Bi tp 2.14. Cho : (0 , ) R2 c xc nh bi tham s

(t) = sin t , cos t + ln tan

y t l gc gia trc Oy vi vector 0 (t). Vt ca c gi l ng tractrix.

Bi tp 2.15. Cho ng tham s : (1 , +) R3 xc nh bi :

Chng minh rng:

(a) Ti t = 0, 0 tip xc vi trc Ox.

(b) Khi t , th (t) (0, 0) v 0 (t) (0, 0).

(c) Ly ng cong vi hng ngc li. Khi nu t 1. ng cong

v tip tuyn ca n tin ti ng thng x + y + a = 0. Hp ca 2 ng va

(folium of Descartes) (Hnh 2.0.4)

Hnh 2.0.4: L Descartes

Bi tp 2.16. Cho ng tham s (t) = (aebt cos t, aebt sin t), t R a v b l

(b) Hy chng t rng (t) (0, 0) khi t v lim

hn; ngha l c di hu hn trn on [t0 , ).

Hnh 2.0.5: ng xon logarithm

Bi tp 2.17. Cho : I R3 l mt ng cong n, lin tc (thuc lp C 0 ).

thuc lp C 1 nhng khng thuc lp C 2 . Hy v phc tho ng cong v cc

ly [a, b] I v t (a) = p, (b) = q.

(a) Hy chng t rng vi mi vc t hng, n v

C ngha l cung c di ngn nht ni p v q l on thng.

trn (hoc l mt phn ca ng trn).

Bi tp 2.20. Xc nh trng mc tiu Frenet v tm cong, xon ti

(b) c(t) = (a cosh t, a sin t, at)

(c) c(t) = (et , et , 2t)

(d) c(t) = (cos3 t, sin3 t, cos 2t)

Bi tp 2.22. Tm cc im trn ng tham s c(t) = a(t sin t), a(1

ng thng hoc mt on ca ng thng.

(b) Chng minh rng nu vector trng php ca mt ng tham s song

Bi tp 2.25. Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc, mt phng php v mt

ti im c(2). Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc, mt phng php v mt