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Plainbearing
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Aplainbearing(inrailroadingsometimescalledasolidbearing)is
thesimplesttypeofbearing,comprisingjustabearingsurfaceandno
rollingelements.Therefore,thejournal(i.e.,thepartoftheshaftin
contactwiththebearing)slidesoverthebearingsurface.Thesimplest
exampleofaplainbearingisashaftrotatinginahole.Asimplelinear
bearingcanbeapairofflatsurfacesdesignedtoallowmotione.g.,a
drawerandtheslidesitrestson[1]orthewaysonthebedofalathe.
Plainbearings,ingeneral,aretheleastexpensivetypeofbearing.
Theyarealsocompactandlightweight,andtheyhaveahighload
carryingcapacity.[2]

Contents

Plainbearingona1906SMotor
locomotiveshowingtheaxle,bearing,oil
supplyandoilingpad.

1 Design
1.1 Integral
1.2 Bushing
1.3 Twopiece
2 Gallery
3 Materials
3.1 Babbitt
3.2 Bimaterial
3.3 Bronze
3.4 Castiron
3.5 Graphite
3.6 Jewels
3.7 Plastic
3.8 Others
4 Lubrication
4.1 Fluidlubrication
5 Relatedcomponents
6 Seealso
7 References
7.1 Bibliography
8 Externallinks

Design
Thedesignofaplainbearingdependsonthetypeofmotionthebearingmustprovide.Thethreetypesofmotions
possibleare:
Journal(friction,radialorrotary)bearing:Thisisthemostcommontypeofplainbearingitissimplya
shaftrotatinginabearing.[1]Inlocomotiveandrailroadcarapplicationsajournalbearingspecifically
referredtotheplainbearingonceusedattheendsoftheaxlesofrailroadwheelsets,enclosedbyjournal
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boxes(axleboxes).[3][4]Axleboxbearingstodayarenolongerplainbearingsbutratherarerollingelement
bearings.[5]
Linearbearing:Thisbearingprovideslinearmotionitmaytaketheformofacircularbearingandshaftor
anyothertwomatingsurfaces(e.g.,aslideplate).[1]
Thrustbearing:Athrustbearingprovidesabearingsurfaceforforcesactingaxialtotheshaft.[1]One
exampleisapropellershaft.

Integral
Integralplainbearingsarebuiltintotheobjectofuseasaholepreparedinthebearingsurface.Industrialintegral
bearingsareusuallymadefromcastironorbabbittandahardenedsteelshaftisusedinthebearing.[6][7]
Integralbearingsarenotascommonbecausebushingsareeasiertoaccommodateandcanbereplacedif
necessary.[1]Dependingonthematerial,anintegralbearingmaybelessexpensivebutitcannotbereplaced.Ifan
integralbearingwearsout,theitemmaybereplacedorreworkedtoacceptabushing.Integralbearingswerevery
commonin19thcenturymachinery,butbecameprogressivelylesscommonasinterchangeablemanufacture
becamepopular.
Forexample,acommonintegralplainbearingisthehinge,whichisbothathrustbearingandajournalbearing.

Bushing
Abushing,alsoknownasabush,isanindependentplainbearingthatisinsertedintoahousingtoprovidea
bearingsurfaceforrotaryapplicationsthisisthemostcommonformofaplainbearing.[8]Commondesigns
includesolid(sleeveandflanged),split,andclenchedbushings.Asleeve,split,orclenchedbushingisonlya
"sleeve"ofmaterialwithaninnerdiameter(ID),outerdiameter(OD),andlength.Thedifferencebetweenthethree
typesisthatasolidsleevedbushingissolidallthewayaround,asplitbushinghasacutalongitslength,anda
clenchedbearingissimilartoasplitbushingbutwithaclench(orclinch)acrossthecut.Aflangedbushingisa
sleevebushingwithaflangeatoneendextendingradiallyoutwardfromtheOD.Theflangeisusedtopositively
locatethebushingwhenitisinstalledortoprovideathrustbearingsurface.[9]
SleevebearingsofinchdimensionsarealmostexclusivelydimensionedusingtheSAEnumberingsystem.The
numberingsystemusestheformatXXYYZZ,whereXXistheIDinsixteenthsofaninch,YYistheODin
sixteenthsofaninch,andZZisthelengthineightsofaninch.[10]Metricsizesalsoexist.
Alinearbushingisnotusuallypressedintoahousing,butrathersecuredwitharadialfeature.Twosuchexamples
includetworetainingrings,oraringthatismoldedontotheODofthebushingthatmatcheswithagrooveinthe
housing.Thisisusuallyamoredurablewaytoretainthebushing,becausetheforcesactingonthebushingcould
pressitout.
Thethrustformofabushingisconventionallycalledathrustwasher.

Twopiece
Twopieceplainbearings,knownasfullbearingsinindustrialmachinery,[11]arecommonlyusedforlarger
diameters,suchascrankshaftbearings.Thetwohalvesarecalledshells.[12]Therearevarioussystemsusedtokeep
theshellslocated.Themostcommonmethodisatabonthepartinglineedgethatcorrelateswithanotchinthe

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housingtopreventaxialmovementafterinstallation.Forlarge,thickshellsabuttonstopordowelpinisused.The
buttonstopisscrewedtothehousing,whilethedowelpinkeysthetwoshellstogether.Anotherlesscommon
methodusesadowelpinthatkeystheshelltothehousingthroughaholeorslotintheshell.[13]
Thedistancefromonepartingedgetotheotherisslightlylargerthanthecorrespondingdistanceinthehousingso
thatalightamountofpressureisrequiredtoinstallthebearing.Thiskeepsthebearinginplaceasthetwohalves
ofthehousingareinstalled.Finally,theshell'scircumferenceisalsoslightlylargerthanthehousingcircumference
sothatwhenthetwohalvesareboltedtogetherthebearingcrushesslightly.Thiscreatesalargeamountofradial
forcearoundtheentirebearing,whichkeepsitfromspinning.Italsoformsagoodinterfaceforheattotravelout
ofthebearingsintothehousing.[12]

Gallery

Alineartablewithfour Awheelsetfroma
linearbearings(1)
GWRwagonshowing
aplain,orjournal,

Asolidsleevebushing

Archbartypetruck
Diagramofarailroad
withjournalbearings
Journalbox [3]
injournalboxesas
usedonsomesteam
locomotivetenders.A
versionofthearchbar
truckwasatonetime
alsousedonUSfreight
cars

bearingend [3]

Aflangedbushing

Aclenched(or
clinched)bushing

Materials
Plainbearingsmustbemadefromamaterialthatisdurable,lowfriction,lowweartothebearingandshaft,
resistanttoelevatedtemperatures,andcorrosionresistant.Oftenthebearingismadeupofatleasttwoconstituents,
whereoneissoftandtheotherishard.Thehardconstituentsupportstheloadwhilethesoftconstituentsupports
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thehardconstituent.Ingeneral,theharderthesurfacesincontactthelowerthecoefficientoffrictionandthe
greaterthepressurerequiredforthetwotoseize.[8][14][15]

Babbitt
Babbittisusuallyusedinintegralbearings.Itiscoatedoverthebore,usuallytoathicknessof1to100thou(0.025
to2.540mm),dependingonthediameter.Babbittbearingsaredesignedtonotdamagethejournalduringdirect
contactandtocollectanycontaminantsinthelubrication.[11]

Bimaterial
Bimaterialbearingsconsistoftwomaterials,ametalshellandaplastic
bearingsurface.CommoncombinationsincludeasteelbackedPTFE
coatedbronzeandaluminumbackedFrelon.[16]SteelbackedPTFEcoated
bronzebearingsareratedformoreloadthanmostotherbimetalbearings
andareusedforrotaryandoscillatingmotions.Aluminumbackedfrelon
arecommonlyusedincorrosiveenvironmentsbecausetheFrelonis
chemicallyinert.[17]
Bearingpropertiesofvariousbimaterialbearings[17]
PV(max.)
V(max.)
Temperature
P(max.)
[psisfm
[sfm
range
[psi(MPa)]
(MPa
(m/s)]
m/s)]
Steelbacked
PTFEcoated
bronze

Splitbimaterialbushings:ametal
exteriorwithaninnerplasticcoating

51,000
328536For 36,000psi 390
(1.79MPa
200280C
or248MPa (2.0m/s)
m/s)

20,000
Aluminumbacked 400400For 3,000psior 300
(0.70MPa
frelon
240204C
21MPa
(1.52m/s)
m/s)

Bronze
Acommonplainbearingdesignutilizesahardenedandpolishedsteelshaftandasofterbronzebushing.The
bushingisreplacedwheneverithasworntoomuch.
Commonbronzealloysusedforbearingsinclude:SAE841,SAE660(CDA932),SAE863,andCDA954.[18]
Bearingpropertiesofvariousbronzealloys[18]
P(max.)
V(max.)
PV(max.)
Temperaturerange
[psi(MPa)]
[sfm(m/s)]
[psisfm(MPam/s)]
SAE841 10220F(12104C) 2,000psi(14MPa) 1,200(6.1m/s) 50,000(1.75MPam/s)
SAE660 10450F(12232C) 4,000psi(28MPa) 750(3.8m/s)

75,000(2.63MPam/s)

SAE863 10220F(12104C) 4,000psi(28MPa) 225(1.14m/s) 35,000(1.23MPam/s)

CDA954 Lessthan500F(260C) 4,500psi(31MPa) 225(1.14m/s) 125,000(4.38MPam/s)

Castiron
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Acastironbearingcanbeusedwithahardenedsteelshaftbecausethecoefficientoffrictionisrelativelylow.The
castironglazesoverthereforewearbecomesnegligible.[6]

Graphite
Inharshenvironments,suchasovensanddryers,acopperandgraphitealloy,commonlyknownbythe
trademarkednamegraphalloy,isused.Thegraphiteisadrylubricant,thereforeitislowfrictionandlow
maintenance.Thecopperaddsstrength,durability,andprovidesheatdissipationcharacteristics.
Bearingpropertiesofgraphiticmaterials
P(max.)
V(max.)
Temperaturerange
[psi(MPa)]
[sfm(m/s)]

PV(max.)
[psisfm(MPam/s)]

Graphalloy[17] 450750For268399C 750psior5MPa 75(0.38m/s) 12,000(0.42MPam/s)

Graphite

Unalloyedgraphitebearingsareusedinspecialapplications,suchaslocationsthataresubmergedinwater.[19]

Jewels
Knownasjewelbearings,thesebearingsusejewels,suchassapphire,ruby,andgarnet.

Plastic
Solidplasticplainbearingsarenowincreasinglypopularduetodryrunninglubricationfreebehavior.Solid
polymerplainbearingsarelowweight,corrosionresistant,andmaintenancefree.Afterstudiesspanningdecades,
anaccuratecalculationoftheservicelifeofpolymerplainbearingsispossibletoday.Designingwithsolid
polymerplainbearingsiscomplicatedbythewiderange,andnonlinearity,ofcoefficientofthermalexpansion.
ThesematerialscanheatrapidlywhenusedinapplicationsoutsidetherecommendedpVlimits.
Solidpolymertypebearingsarelimitedbytheinjectionmoldingprocess.Notallshapesarepossiblewiththis
process,andshapesthatarepossiblearelimitedtowhatisconsideredgooddesignpracticeforinjectionmolding.
Plasticbearingsaresubjecttothesamedesigncautionsasallotherplasticparts:creep,highthermalexpansion,
softening(increasedwear/reducedlife)atelevatedtemperature,brittlefracturesatcoldtemperatures,andswelling
duetomoistureabsorption.Whilemostbearinggradeplastics/polymersaredesignedtoreducethesedesign
cautions,theystillexistandshouldbecarefullyconsideredbeforespecifyingasolidpolymer(plastic)type.
Plasticbearingsarenowquitecommon,includingusageinphotocopymachines,tills,farmequipment,textile
machinery,medicaldevices,foodandpackagingmachines,carseating,andmarineequipment.
Commonplasticsincludenylon,polyacetal,polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),ultrahighmolecularweight
polyethylene(UHMWPE),rulon,PEEK,urethane,andvespel(ahighperformancepolyimide).[20][21][22]

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Bearingpropertiesofvariousplastics[20][21][23]
P(max.)[psi
V(max.)[sfm
Temperaturerange
(MPa)]
(m/s)]

PV(max.)[psisfm
(MPam/s)]

Frelon[24]

400to500F(240to
260C)[25]

1,500psi
(10MPa)

Nylon

20to250F(29to
121C)

400psi(3MPa) 360(1.83m/s)

3,000(0.11MPam/s)

MDSfillednylon
blend1

40to176F(40to
80C)

2,000psi
(14MPa)

393(2.0m/s)

3,400(0.12MPam/s)

MDSfillednylon
blend2

40to230F(40to
110C)

300psi(2MPa) 60(0.30m/s)

3,000(0.11MPam/s)

PEEKblend1

148to480F(100to
249C)

8,500psi
(59MPa)

400(2.0m/s)

3,500(0.12MPam/s)

PEEKblend2

148to480F(100to
249C)

21,750psi
(150MPa)

295(1.50m/s)

37,700(1.32MPam/s)

Polyacetal

20to180F(29to
82C)

1,000psi
(7MPa)

1,000(5.1m/s)

2,700(0.09MPam/s)

PTFE

350to500F(212to
260C)

500psi(3MPa) 100(0.51m/s)

1,000(0.04MPam/s)

GlassfilledPTFE

350to500F(212to
260C)

1,000psi
(7MPa)

400(2.0m/s)

11,000(0.39MPam/s)

Rulon641

400to550F(240to
288C)

1,000psi
(7MPa)

400(2.0m/s)

10,000(0.35MPa
m/s)[26]

RulonJ

400to550F(240to
288C)

750psi(5MPa) 400(2.0m/s)

7,500(0.26MPam/s)

RulonLR

400to550F(240to
288C)

1,000psi
(7MPa)

400(2.0m/s)

10,000(0.35MPam/s)

UHMWPE

200to180F(129to
82C)

1,000psi
(7MPa)

100(0.51m/s)

2,000(0.07MPam/s)

MDSfilled
urethane

40to180F(40to
82C)

700psi(5MPa) 200(1.02m/s)

Vespel

400to550F(240to
288C)

4,900psi
(34MPa)

140(0.71m/s)

10,000(0.35MPam/s)

11,000(0.39MPam/s)

3,000(15.2m/s) 300,000(10.5MPam/s)

Others
igus,iglidurSpeciallydevelopedpolymerbearingmaterialswithlifeprediction
Ceramicbearingsareveryhard,sosandandothergritthatentersthebearingaresimplygroundtoafine
powderthatdoesnotinhibittheoperationofthebearing.
Lubrite[27]
Lignumvitaeisaselflubricatingwoodandinclocksitgivesextremelylonglife.
Inapiano,various(usually)woodenpartsofthekeyboardandactionarelinkedtogetherbycenterpins
typicallymadeofGermansilver.Theselinkagesusuallyhavefelt,ormorerarely,leatherbushings.

Lubrication
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Thetypesoflubricationsystemcanbecategorizedintothreegroups:[10]
ClassIbearingsthatrequiretheapplicationofalubricantfroman
externalsource(e.g.,oil,grease,etc.).
ClassIIBearingsthatcontainalubricantwithinthewallsofthe
bearing(e.g.,bronze,graphite,etc.,).Typicallythesebearingsrequire
anoutsidelubricanttoachievemaximumperformance.
ClassIIIbearingsmadeofmaterialsthatarethelubricant.These
bearingsaretypicallyconsidered"selflubricating"andcanrun
withoutanexternallubricant.
ExamplesofthesecondtypeofbearingareOilitesandplasticbearings
madefrompolyacetalexamplesofthethirdtypearemetalizedgraphite
bearingsandPTFEbearings.[10]

Agraphitefilledgroovebushing

Mostplainbearingshaveaplaininnersurface,howeversomearegrooved.Thegrooveshelplubricationenterthe
bearingandcoverthewholejournal.[28]
Selflubricatingplainbearingshavealubricantcontainedwithinthebearingwalls.Therearemanyformsofself
lubricatingbearings.Thefirst,andmostcommon,aresinteredmetalbearings,whichhaveporouswalls.The
porouswallsdrawoilinviacapillaryaction[29]andreleasetheoilwhenpressureorheatisapplied.[30]Anexample
ofasinteredmetalbearinginactioncanbeseeninselflubricatingchains,whichrequirenoadditionallubrication
duringoperation.Anotherformisasolidonepiecemetalbushingwithafigureeightgroovechannelontheinner
diameterthatisfilledwithgraphite.Asimilarbearingreplacesthefigureeightgroovewithholespluggedwith
graphite.Thislubricatesthebearinginsideandout.[31]Thelastformisaplasticbearing,whichhasthelubricant
moldedintothebearing.Thelubricantisreleasedasthebearingisrunin.[32]
Therearethreemaintypesoflubrication:fullfilmcondition,boundarycondition,anddrycondition.Fullfilm
conditionsarewhenthebearing'sloadiscarriedsolelybyafilmoffluidlubricantandthereisnocontactbetween
thetwobearingsurfaces.Inmixorboundaryconditions,loadiscarriedpartlybydirectsurfacecontactandpartly
byafilmformingbetweenthetwo.Inadrycondition,thefullloadiscarriedbysurfacetosurfacecontact.
Bearingsthataremadefrombearinggradematerialsalwaysruninthedrycondition.Theothertwoclassesof
plainbearingscanruninallthreeconditionstheconditioninwhichabearingrunsisdependentontheoperating
conditions,load,relativesurfacespeed,clearancewithinthebearing,qualityandquantityoflubricant,and
temperature(affectinglubricantviscosity).Iftheplainbearingisnotdesignedtoruninthedryorboundary
condition,ithasahighcoefficientoffrictionandwearsout.Dryandboundaryconditionsmaybeexperienced
eveninafluidbearingwhenoperatingoutsideofitsnormaloperatingconditionse.g.,atstartupandshutdown.

Fluidlubrication
Fluidlubricationresultsinafullfilmoraboundaryconditionlubricationmode.Aproperlydesignedbearing
systemreducesfrictionbyeliminatingsurfacetosurfacecontactbetweenthejournalandbearingthroughfluid
dynamiceffects.
Fluidbearingscanbehydrostaticallyorhydrodynamicallylubricated.Hydrostaticallylubricatedbearingsare
lubricatedbyanexternalpumpthatmaintainsastaticamountofpressure.Inahydrodynamicbearingthepressure
intheoilfilmismaintainedbytherotationofthejournal.Hydrostaticbearingsenterahydrodynamicstatewhen
thejournalisrotating.[11]Hydrostaticbearingsusuallyuseoil,whilehydrodynamicbearingscanuseoilorgrease,
howeverbearingscanbedesignedtousewhateverfluidisavailable,andseveralpumpdesignsusethepumped
fluidasalubricant.
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Hydrodynamicbearingsrequiregreatercareindesignandoperationthan
hydrostaticbearings.Theyarealsomorepronetoinitialwearbecause
lubricationdoesnotoccuruntilthereisrotationoftheshaft.Atlow
rotationalspeedsthelubricationmaynotattaincompleteseparation
betweenshaftandbushing.Asaresult,hydrodynamicbearingsmaybe
aidedbysecondarybearingsthatsupporttheshaftduringstartandstop
periods,protectingthefinetolerancemachinedsurfacesofthejournal
bearing.Ontheotherhand,hydrodynamicbearingsaresimplertoinstall
andarelessexpensive.
Inthehydrodynamicstatealubrication"wedge"forms,whichliftsthe
journal.Thejournalalsoslightlyshiftshorizontallyinthedirectionof
rotation.Thelocationofthejournalismeasuredbytheattitudeangle,
whichistheangleformedbetweentheverticalandalinethatcrosses
Aschematicofajournalbearing
throughthecenterofthejournalandthecenterofthebearing,andthe
underahydrodynamiclubrication
eccentricityratio,whichistheratioofthedistanceofthecentreofthe
stateshowinghowthejournal
journalfromthecentreofthebearing,totheoverallradialclearance.The
centerlineshiftsfromthebearing
attitudeangleandeccentricityratioaredependentonthedirectionand
centerline.
speedofrotationandtheload.Inhydrostaticbearingstheoilpressurealso
affectstheeccentricityratio.Inelectromagneticequipmentlikemotors,
electromagneticforcescancounteractgravityloads,causingthejournaltotakeupunusualpositions.[11]
Onedisadvantagespecifictofluidlubricated,hydrodynamicjournalbearingsinhighspeedmachineryisoilwhirl
aselfexcitedvibrationofthejournal.Oilwhirloccurswhenthelubricationwedgebecomesunstable:small
disturbancesofthejournalresultinreactionforcesfromtheoilfilm,whichcausefurthermovement,causingboth
theoilfilmandthejournalto"whirl"aroundthebearingshell.Typicallythewhirlfrequencyisaround42%ofthe
journalturningspeed.Inextremecasesoilwhirlleadstodirectcontactbetweenthejournalandthebearing,which
quicklywearsoutthebearing.Insomecasesthefrequencyofthewhirlcoincideswithand"locksonto"the
criticalspeedofthemachineshaftthisconditionisknownas"oilwhip".Oilwhipcanbeverydestructive.[11][33]

Alemonbore

Oilwhirlcanbepreventedbyastabilisingforceappliedtothejournal.Anumberof
bearingdesignsseektousebearinggeometrytoeitherprovideanobstacletothe
whirlingfluidortoprovideastabilisingloadtominimizewhirl.Onesuchiscalledthe
lemonboreorellipticalbore.Inthisdesign,shimsareinstalledbetweenthetwo
halvesofthebearinghousingandthentheboreismachinedtosize.Aftertheshims
areremoved,theboreresemblesalemonshape,whichdecreasestheclearanceinone
directionoftheboreandincreasesthepreloadinthatdirection.Thedisadvantageof
thisdesignisitslowerloadcarryingcapacity,ascomparedtotypicaljournalbearings.
Itisalsostillsusceptibletooilwhirlathighspeeds,howeveritscostisrelatively
low.[11]

Anotherdesignisthepressuredamordammedgroove,[34]whichhasashallowreliefcutinthecenterofthe
bearingoverthetophalfofthebearing.Thegrooveabruptlystopsinordertocreateadownwardforcetostabilize
thejournal.Thisdesignhasahighloadcapacityandcorrectsmostoilwhirlsituations.Thedisadvantageisthatit
onlyworksinonedirection.Offsettingthebearinghalvesdoesthesamethingasthepressuredam.Theonly
differenceistheloadcapacityincreasesastheoffsetincreases.[11]
Amoreradicaldesignisthetiltingpaddesign,whichusesmultiplepadsthataredesignedtomovewithchanging
loads.Itisusuallyusedinverylargeapplicationsbutalsofindsextensiveapplicationinmodernturbomachinery
becauseitalmostcompletelyeliminatesoilwhirl.
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Relatedcomponents
Othercomponentsthatarecommonlyusedwithplainbearingsinclude:
Pillowblock:Thesearestandardizedbearingmountsdesignedtoacceptplain
bearings.Theyaredesignedtomounttoaflatsurface.
Ringoiler:Alubricatingmechanismusedinthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyfor
mediumspeedapplications.
Stuffingbox:Asealingsystemusedtokeepfluidfromleakingoutofa
pressurizedsystemthroughtheplainbearing.

Apressuredam

Seealso
Hotbox
Pillowblockbearing
Plastigauge

References
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2.JournalBearings,archivedfromtheoriginalon2009
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results)
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7.Bearingsandbearingmetals1921,p.18
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20091210.
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232_6304.pdf)
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p.1116,retrieved20091217.
19.Glaeser,WilliamA.(1992),Materialsfortribology,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_bearing

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Elsevier,ISBN9780444884954.
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pps480489.(2002),Bently.D.&Hatch.C.TheBently
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Bibliography
Bearingsandbearingmetals,TheIndustrialPress,1921.
Neale,MichaelJohn(1995),Thetribologyhandbook(2nded.),ButterworthHeinemann,ISBN97807506
11985.

Externallinks
KinematicModelsforDesignDigitalLibrary(KMODDL)(http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/index.php)
MoviesandphotosofhundredsofworkingmechanicalsystemsmodelsatCornellUniversity.Alsoincludes
anebooklibrary(http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/ebooks.php)ofclassictextsonmechanicaldesignand
engineering.
CSXDictionaryJ(http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/aboutcsx/companyoverview/railroaddictionary/?i=J)
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