B gio dc v o to

i hc hu
trung tm o to t xa

TRN B

NH XUT BN GIO DC
1

MC LC

Chng 1: VIT NAM TRONG NHNG NM 1945-1946........................ 3

i - TNH HNH VIT NAM SAU CCH MNG THNG TM 1945......... 3
II. BC U CNG CUC XY DNG CHNH QUYN CCH
MNG ................................................................................................................... 4
III. u tranh chng ngoi xm, ni phn bo v chnh
quyn.................................................................................................................. 8
Hng dn hc tp.............................................................................. 19
Cu hi n tp chng I................................................................. 20
Chng II: vit Nam t 1946 n 1954................................................ 22
I. Khng chin ton quc chng thc dn Php bng
n (19/12/1946)................................................................................................. 22
II. Nhng nm u ca cuc khng chin ton quc
(1946 - 1950): ..................................................................................................... 24
III. Bc pht trin mi ca cuc khng chin ton
quc (1950 - 1953) ......................................................................................... 35
IV. Cuc khng chin ton quc chng thc dn Php
kt thc (1953 - 1954) ................................................................................ 45
Hng dn hc tp ............................................................................ 57
Cu hi n tp chng 2 ................................................................ 59
Chng III: vit Nam t 1954 n 1960 .............................................. 61
I. Tnh hnh Vit Nam t sau Hip nh Ginev 1954 v
nhim v cch mng trong thi k mi................................ 61
II. Min Bc cng c, hon thnh ci cch rung t,
khi phc kinh t, ci to quan h sn xut x hi
ch ngha...................................................................................................... 65
III. Min Nam u tranh chng ch M - Dim gi gn
ho bnh tin ti ng khi (1954 - 1960)................................... 79
Hng dn hc tp ............................................................................ 87
Cu hi n tp chng 3 ................................................................ 89
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................ 90
2

Chng 1
VIT NAM TRONG NHNG NM 1945-1946

i - TNH HNH VIT NAM SAU CCH MNG THNG TM 1945

Sau Chin tranh th gii th hai kt thc, tnh hnh th gii thay i c bn. Ch
ngha pht xt b tiu dit, lc lng quc suy yu, khng cn gi a v u th nh
trc. Ch ngha x hi t mt nc, ang trong qu trnh hnh thnh mt h thng th
gii. Phong tro gii phng dn tc dng cao nhiu nc thuc a v ph thuc.
Phong tro ginh dn ch t do pht trin mnh m cc nc t bn.
S thay i trong tnh hnh th gii sau chin tranh a li cho phong tro cch
mng th gii, nht l phong tro cch mng cc nc thuc a v ph thuc, nhng
thun li cn bn.
Song, vi bn cht phn ng, bn quc ra sc chng ph phong tro cch mng,
nht l phong tro gii phng dn tc ang dng ln mnh m. Chng dng mi th
on chim li cc thuc a mt, ginh git nhau cc thuc a ang chim gi. Vit
Nam tr thnh i tng n p v ginh git ca cc quc M, Php, Anh v tay sai
ca chng.
Trong nc, sau khi chnh quyn cch mng ra i cha c bao lu, qun i
ng minh ko vo gii gip qun Nht.
T v tuyn 16 tr ra Bc, 20 vn qun Tng Gii Thch trn vo, ng gi hu ht
cc thnh ph, th x, th trn. Li dng danh ngha ng minh vo ng Dng, qun
Tng thc hin m mu tiu dit ng Cng sn, ph tan Vit Minh, lt chnh
quyn nhn dn, lp ra chnh quyn tay sai.
T v tuyn 16 tr vo Nam, qun i Anh di danh ngha ng minh trn vo, che
ch v gip cho qun i Php tr li xm lc. Ngy 23/9/1945, c s che ch v
gip ca qun Anh, qun Php n sng nh chim Si Gn, m u cuc chin
tranh xm lc tr li nc ta.
Theo gt qun i Tng, c cc t chc chnh tr, ng phi phn ng, Vit Nam
quc dn ng (Vit Quc) v Vit Nam Cch mng ng minh hi (Vit Cch). Chng
gy ra nhng v git ngi cp ca, tng tin, chng ph chnh quyn cch mng, lp
ra chnh quyn phn ng mt s a phng thuc cc tnh Yn Bi, Vnh Yn, Mng
Ci...
3

Li dng qun Php quay tr li, cc t chc chnh tr, ng phi thn Php, thn
Nht, bn i Vit, bn phn ng trong cc gio phi ngc u dy lm tay sai cho
Php.
Trong khi , chnh quyn cch mng va mi thnh lp, cha c cng c. Lc
lng v trang ca ta cn non yu, nht l v trang b, kinh nghim chin u. Nn kinh
t nc ta vn kinh t nng nghip lc hu, b chin tranh tn ph nng n, ang trong
tnh trng nh n. Nn i u nm 1945 va cp i hai triu sinh mng ng bo ta,
nay tip tc e da nghim trng nhiu sinh mng khc. Nn lt ln 9 tnh min Bc,
tip l hn hn ko di ngay sau khi ginh chnh quyn, lm cho gi na tng s
rung t khng trng cy c. Nhiu x nghip cn nm trong tay t bn Php. Cc c
s cng nghip ca ta cha phc hi c sn xut. Hng vn cng nhn khng c vic
lm. Hng ha khan him, gi c tng vt, i sng nhn dn gp nhiu kh khn, thiu
thn. Ti chnh tin t ca chnh quyn cch mng hu nh trng rng, kho bc Nh
nc mi u c hn 1,2 triu ng. Ngn hng ng Dng vn do t bn ti chnh
Php nm gi. Thm vo , qun Tng tung ra th trng cc loi tin quc t, quan
kim mt gi, cng lm cho nn ti chnh nc ta ri lon.
Di sn vn ha lc hu do ch thc dn phong kin li ht sc nng n. Hn
90% nhn dn ta khng bit ch. Cc t nn x hi c nh m tn d oan, c bc, ru
ch, nghin ht... cn ph bin.
Tnh hnh trn t vn mnh dn tc ta trc him nguy, khc no ngn cn treo
si tc.
II. BC U CNG CUC XY DNG CHNH QUYN CCH MNG
1. V chnh tr - qun s
Chnh quyn cch mng thnh lp, nhng cha c xy dng v cng c phi
ng trc nhiu kh khn chng cht. Do , nhim v trc mt ca nhn dn ta
trong nm u ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha l xy dng v cng c chnh
quyn va ginh c.
Trong phin hp u tin ca Hi ng Chnh ph cch mng lm thi ngy 3 thng
9 nm 1945, Ch tch H Ch Minh ngh tin ti cuc tng tuyn c, t chc cng sm
cng tt, theo nguyn tc ph thng u phiu.
Ngy 8/9/1945, Ch tch cch mng lm thi nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha ra Sc
lnh s 14-SL v cuc tng tuyn c bu quc hi. Bn Sc lnh quy nh: Tt c cng
dn Vit Nam c trai v gi, t 18 tui tr ln, u c quyn tuyn c v ng c, tr
nhng ngi b tc mt cng quyn v nhng ngi tr c khng bnh thng. Bn
Sc lnh cn quy nh nhng vn v cuc tng tuyn c sp ti, v mt d tho Hin
4

php s trnh Quc hi. Ngy 06/1/1946, c tri c nc hng hi i b phiu bu Quc
hi.
Ti H Ni, gn 92% c tri c ni v ngoi thnh i b phiu. i biu cao phiu
nht l Ch tch H Ch Minh, t 89,4%. Ti Nam B, Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn,
cuc tng tuyn c din ra di bom n ca gic Php, nhng c tri vn i b phiu.
Ti Nam B, 42 cn b chin s hy sinh trong khi lm nhim v tuyn c.
Trn phm vi c nc c 89% c tri i b phiu, v bu c 333 i biu vo Quc
hi u tin ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha.
Ngy 2/3/1946, Quc hi kha I nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha hp phin u
tin. Quc hi xc nhn thnh tch ca Chnh ph cch mng lm thi, thng qua danh
sch Chnh ph lin hip chnh thc do H Ch Minh lm Ch tch, thng qua Ban d
tho Hin php do Ch tch H Ch Minh ng u, c thnh lp theo Sc lnh s 34SL ngy 20/9/1945, v Hin php u tin ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha chnh
thc cng b ngy 9/11/1946.
Sau cuc bu c Quc hi, ti cc a phng thuc Trung v Bc B tin hnh bu
c Hi ng nhn dn cc cp (tnh, huyn, x) theo nguyn tc ph thng u phiu.
y ban hnh chnh cc cp cng c thnh lp thay cho y ban nhn dn. B my
chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn cc cp c xy dng, bc u c cng c v kin
ton.
Cuc Tng tuyn c bu Quc hi v Hi ng nhn dn cc cp l cuc vn ng
chnh tr rng ln, cuc biu dng sc mnh v ch st ca khi i on kt ton
dn, khi dy v pht huy tinh thn yu nc, thc lm ch t nc, ngha v i
vi T quc ca mi cng dn v ton dn. V thng li ca cuc Tng tuyn c to
c s php l vng chc cho Nh nc cch mng thc hin nhim v i ni, i ngoi
trong thi k mi, ng thi gp phn nng cao uy tn ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng
ha trn trng quc t.
Vic xy dng lc lng v trang nhn dn cng rt c ch trng. Khp ni trn
t nc ta mt phong tro luyn tp qun s, tm sm v kh din ra si ni. Cc i t
v ra i t trong phong tro ton dn chun b khi ngha v l lc lng xung kch ca
ton dn ni dy ginh chnh quyn trong Tng khi ngha thng Tm, nay c cng c
v m rng, tr thnh cng c st bn bo v chnh quyn cch mng c s. n
cui nm 1945, lc lng dn qun t v tng ln hng chc vn ngi, c mt hu
ht cc thn x, ng ph, x nghip trn khp c nc.
Cc n v Vit Nam gii phng qun c thnh lp trn c s cc lc lng v
trang chnh quy (Cu quc qun, Vit Nam tuyn truyn gii phng qun...) trong thi

k tin khi ngha (5/1945), c cng c v m rng, nay i thnh V quc on

(9/1945). y l i qun chnh quy ca Nh nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha.
2. V kinh t - ti chnh
Chnh quyn cch mng thc hin nhiu bin php kinh t - ti chnh, trc mt gii
quyt nn i. Trong phin hp u tin ngy 3/9/1945, Hi ng Chnh ph cch mng
lm thi bn bin php chng i. Ch tch H Ch Minh ngh nhiu bin php
chng i, nh t chc lc quyn, lp h go cu i...ku gi ng bo c nc
nhng cm s o...Ngi ni: Lc chng ta nng bt cm n, ngh n k i kh,
chng ta khng khi ng lng. Vy ti ngh vi ng bo c nc ti xin thc hnh
trc, c mi ngy nhn n mt ba, mi thng nhn n ba ba, em go (mi ba
mt b) cu dn ngho (2.378).
Nghe theo li Ch tch H Ch Minh v noi gng Ngi, trn khp c nc, nhn
dn ta lp h go cu i, t chc ngy ng tm gp go cu i, khng dng
go, ng, khoai, sn nu ru... Chnh ph c nhng bin php tch cc iu ha thc
go gia cc a phng trong c nc v ra lnh nghim tr nhng ai u c tch tr
thc go.
gii quyt cn bn nn i, th tng gia sn xut phi l bin php hng u v c
tnh cht lu di. Ch tch H Ch Minh ku gi ton dn Tng gia sn xut ngay! Tng
gia sn xut na! l khu hiu ca ta ngy nay. l cch thit thc ta gi vng
quyn t do, c lp (2.378).
Hng ng li ku gi ca Ch tch H Ch Minh, mt phong tro thi ua tng gia
sn xut dy ln khp cc a phng c nc. Di khu hiu Khng mt tc t b
hoang, tc vng tc vng... giai cp cng nhn, cc n v b i, cn b, nhn vin
Nh nc, hc sinh, tr thc, cc gii cng thng... t nguyn t chc thnh tng on,
tng i v nng thn gip nng dn khai hoang, phc ha, p phng lt... Din tch
rung ng hoang ha, rung t vng ch nhanh chng c a vo gieo trng cc
loi cy lng thc, hoa mu. p 9 tnh b ph v trong trn lt hi thng 8/1945
c bi p tr li.
Chnh ph cch mng ra Sc lnh s 11 ngy 7/9/1945 bi b thu thn v cc th
thu v l khc ca ch c; ra thng t gim t 24%, min thu rung i vi cc
vng b lt v vng c chin s Nam B, Nam Trung B cng cc loi rung t hoang
ha mi c khai ph gieo trng; gim thu rung 20% trong ton quc cho nng dn,
tch thu rung t ca quc v Vit gian chia cho dn cy ngho, chia li rung t
cng cho c nam ln n.
Nh ra ch trng kp thi, c bin php tch cc h tr phong tro ton dn tng
gia sn xut, sn xut nng nghip c nc nhanh chng c phc hi. V ma nm
6

1946 Bc B gieo cy c 800.000 hcta vi sn lng thu hoch c 1.155.000

tn (nm 1944 t 832.000 tn). Din tch trng trt, sn lng ng khoai, sn v cc
loi hoa mu u tng gp bi. Nn i c y li. i sng nhn dn, c bit l
nng dn, c ci thin mt bc.
i vi giai cp cng nhn v cc tng lp lao ng, Chnh ph ch trng gii quyt
nhng quyn li thit thc ph hp vi iu kin cho php, nh trnh Quc hi d
n lut lao ng, trc mt quy nh ngy lm 8 gi cho cng nhn vin chc, bo m
ch hp ng gia ch v th.
i vi cc x nghip cng nghip cn thit cho quc k dn sinh, nh cc ngnh
in, nc ( thnh ph), khai thc than (Hng Gai, Cm Ph), gch ngi (p Cu), vi
si (Nam nh), xi mng (Hi Phng), sa cha c kh (H Ni, Hi Phng)... ta vn
cho t bn Php v t bn nc ngoi tip tc kinh doanh theo lut l v chu quyn
kim sot ca Chnh ph Vit Nam theo Sc lnh ngy 9/10/1945. ng thi, chng ta
cng bc u khi phc cc m than Tn Tro (Tuyn Quang). Lng Cm v Phn M
(Thi Nguyn), Quyt Thng (Ninh Bnh), tip tc khai thc m thic Tnh Tc (Cao
Bng), phc hi nh my sa cha xe la Trng Thi (Vinh-Ngh An).
V thng nghip, Chnh ph Vit Nam ht sc quan tm, nghim cm cc hot ng
u c tch tr, ch en, m ng cho s lu thng hng ha, ku gi cc nh bun
ng ra kinh doanh; lp Phng thng mi v Nha thng v Vit Nam gip Chnh ph
bc u nm cc hot ng thng nghip trn th trng ni a.
Trn lnh vc giao thng vn ti ng thy, ng b, ng st, ng khng cng
bc u c phc hi, bo m sinh hot, i li bnh thng ca nhn dn.
V ti chnh, Chnh ph ra Sc lnh s 4-SL ngy 4/9/1945 v Qu c lp v Tun
l vng nhm ng vin tinh thn t nguyn ng gp ca nhn dn c nc ng h
nn c lp ca T quc. Hng ng cuc vn ng xy dng Qu c lp, phong
tro Tun l vng do Chnh ph pht ng, nhn dn ta hng hi ng gp tin ca,
vng bc, k c nhng vt k nim, t trang qu, nh nhn ci, hoa tai... ng h chnh
quyn cch mng. Ch trong mt thi gian ngn, nhn dn t nguyn ng gp 370
kilgam vng, 20 triu ng vo Qu c lp v 40 triu ng vo qu m ph quc
phng.
Ngy 31/1/1946, Chnh ph ra Sc lnh s 186 cho php pht hnh giy bc Vit
Nam v n k hp th hai (11/1946), Quc hi quyt nh lu hnh giy bc Vit Nam
trong ton quc thay th giy bc ng Dng. Ginh c ch quyn v tin t, chng
ta gii quyt c mt phn chi tiu ca Chnh ph, phc v sn xut v i sng, bc
u xy dng nn ti chnh c lp ca nc Vit Nam mi.
3. V vn ha - gio dc
7

Trong phin hp u tin ngy 3/9/1945, Hi ng Chnh ph cch mng lm thi

ngoi vic bn bin php chng gic i, cn bn bin php chng gic dt. Chng
gic dt, xa nn m ch l nhim v vn ha - gio dc, nhng c ngha chnh tr su
sc, bo m cho ngi lao ng nng cao trnh vn ha, tham gia qun l t nc
c hiu qu. Ch tch H Ch Minh nu r: Mun gi vng nn c lp, lm cho dn
mnh nc giu, mi ngi Vit Nam phi hiu bit quyn li ca mnh, phi c kin
thc mi c th tham gia vo cng cuc xy dng nc nh v trc ht phi bit c
bit vit ch quc ng. Ngy 8/9/1945, Ch tch H Ch Minh k Sc lnh thnh lp
Nha Bnh dn hc v chuyn lo vic chng gic dt, xo nn m ch, v chnh Ngi
ng ra pht ng phong tro xo nn m ch trong ton quc.
Trong vng mt nm, t 8/9/1945 n 8/9/1946, trn ton quc t chc c
74.957 lp hc vi 95.665 gio vin v xo m cho 2.520.673 ngi. Cc trng ph
thng v i hc cng c khai ging nhm o to nhng cng dn c lp, nhng
cn b trung thnh, c nng lc phng s t quc, phc v khng chin - kin quc. Ni
dung v phng php gio dc bc u i mi theo tinh thn dn tc - dn ch.
Bo ch cch mng v cng tc xut bn sm tr thnh v kh sc bn chng ngoi
xm ni phn, gp phn gio dc lng yu nc, ch cm th gic, tinh thn cch mng
cho ng o qun chng nhn dn. Bo C gii phng, tip n l bo S tht, bo
Cu quc l nhng t bo c qun chng tn nhim v c tc ng ln trong vic
tuyn truyn, ph bin ch trng, ng li ca ng v ca Mt trn Vit Minh.
Cuc vn ng i sng mi do Ch tch H Ch Minh xng c ng o
nhn dn c nc hng ng nhm xy dng o c mi vi ni dung cn - kim lim - chnh; bi tr cc t nn x hi c, nh nn ru ch, c bc, mi dm... nhng
h tc cng l, ma chay, ci xin linh nh...
III. u tranh chng ngoi xm, ni phn bo v chnh quyn
1. Khng chin chng thc dn Php min Nam, ha hon vi Tng Gii Thch
min Bc (trc 6/3/1946)
a. Khng chin chng thc dn Php min Nam
Vi d tm xm lc nc ta mt ln na, ngay sau khi Nht u hng ng minh.
Chnh ph Gn (De Gaulle) quyt nh thnh lp mt o qun di quyn ch
huy ca tng Lclc (Leclere) v c c cgingli (D'Argenlieu) lm Cao y
sang ng Dng.
Ngy 2/9/1945, khi nhn dn Si Gn - Ch Ln t chc mt tinh cho mng ngy
c lp, thc dn Php x sng vo m ng, lm 47 ngi cht, nhiu ngi b
thng.
8

Ngy 6/9/1945, qun Anh n Si Gn, ko theo sau l mt i i thuc Trung on

b binh thuc a s 5 lm nhim v tin trm cho qun Php. Va n Si Gn, chng
yu cu ta gii tn lc lng v trang, th ht t binh Php do Nht bt giam sau ngy
9/3/1945 ri trang b v kh cho s t binh th ra ny, v cho qun Php chim ng bn
tu, cng mt s v tr quan trng trong thnh ph.
m 22 rng sng 23/9/1945, c s gip ca qun Anh, thc dn Php nh p
tr s y ban nhn dn Nam B v c quan t v thnh ph Si Gn, m u cuc chin
tranh xm lc nc ta ln

th hai.

Trc tnh hnh , X y v y ban nhn dn Nam B hp ngay sng 23/9 ti

ng Cy Mai - Ch Ln (nay l s 627-629 ng Nguyn Tri, qun 5), quyt nh
pht ng nhn dn Nam B ng ln khng chin.
Quyt nh ca Hi ngh Cy Mai c Trung ng ng, Chnh ph v Ch tch
H Ch Minh hon ton tn thnh v quyt tm lnh o, t chc lc lng c nc, chi
vin mi mt cho cuc khng chin. Ch tch H Ch Minh nu r: Bn thc dn Php
phi bit rng nhn dn Vit Nam khng mun mu, dn Vit Nam yu chung ha
bnh, nhng nu cn phi hy sinh my triu chin s, nu cn phi khng chin bao
nhiu nm gi gn c lp ca Vit Nam cho con chu Vit Nam khi kip n l th
th no chng ta vn kin quyt hy sinh. V nhn dn Vit Nam tin chc rng th no
cuc khng chin ny cng s thnh cng (1.226).
Gi vng li th c lp, nhn dn Si Gn - Ch Ln, nhn dn Nam B nht t
ng ln chin u bo v T quc. Cc chin s lc lng v trang ca ta t nhp sn
bay Tn Sn Nht, t chy tu Php va cp bn Si Gn nh kho tng ph khm ln
...
Phi hp cht ch vi cc lc lng v trang nh ch, nhn dn Si Gn trit
ngun tip t ca ch, dng chng ngi vt v chin lu trn ng ph, t chi hp
tc vi ch. Cc cng s, nh my, hng bun, trng hc ng ca, ch khng ngi
hp, tu xe ngng chy, in nc b ct... Qun Php trong mt thnh ph b bao vy,
ngn ngang vt chng ngi, khng ngun tip t, khng in nc, khng in nc,
lun b qun ta tp kch, tiu hao tiu dit.
ch thm vin binh v g th kh khn sau hn mt tun b bao vy, pha Php
phi nh ti Graxi (Graccy) lm trung gian xin iu nh vi ta. V pha ta, t thi
thin ch v lp trng chnh ngha ca mnh, hn na cn c thi gian a nhn
dn tn c khi thnh ph, cng c lc lng, chng ta chp nhn ngng bn mt
tun iu nh. Nhng cuc iu nh khng i n kt qu do m mu ca Php
ct ch vin binh.

Ngy 5/10/1945, tng Lclc n Si Gn cng vi nhiu n v b binh v xe bc

thp mi t Php sang tng vin. Cng trong thi gian ny, nhng n v cui cng ca
s on 20 qun i hong gia Anh cng n Si Gn. Da vo s so snh lc lng c
li , li c thm s h tr ca qun Anh v qun Nht, Lclc quyt nh ph vng
vy Si Gn.
Cui thng 11/1945, sau khi c tng thm vin binh, thc dn Php nh chim
cc th x, ng giao thng chin lc min Trung v mt phn min Ty Nam B. T
thng 12/1945, chng ph mnh, m rng chim ng vng nng thn. Nh vy, trong
vng 3 thng, vi u th v trang b, ha lc, li c qun Anh h tr, qun Php
chim ng hu ht cc thnh ph, th x, cc ng giao thng chin lc ch yu ca
Nam B.
Cng vi vic nh ph cc tnh Nam B, qun Php m rng chin tranh ra cc tnh
min Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn. Ngy 19/10/1945, mt tiu on qun Php, di s
che ch ca qun Anh v qun Nht, b ln Nha Trang dn ng nh chim cc
tnh min Nam Trung B. Nhng y b ta bao vy v phn cng mnh, nn thc dn
Php buc phi dng lc lng t min ng Nam B theo ng 14 hnh qun chim
vng bin gii ni lin ba nc (Vit Nam - Lo - Campuchia) t nh chim cc
tnh min Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn. n u thng 2/1946, nhiu tnh l v ng
giao thng quan trng Ty Nguyn v Nam Trung B b ch chim. Cuc tin cng
t ca ch ra cc tnh Nam B, Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn l mt th thch ln
i vi qun v dn ta min Nam.
Qun dn ta min Nam chin u ngoan cng, dng cm chng thc dn xm
lc. Nhng do cha c thi gian chun b, lc lng v trang tp trung Nam B li
ri rc, phc tp. Li dng ch yu ca ta, thc dn Php nhanh chng ph vng vy,
nh rng ra, lp hi t1 nhng vng chim ng.
Gia lc , X y Nam B hp Hi ngh m rng ngy 24/10/1945, ti Thin H
(huyn Ci B - M Tho). Tham d Hi ngh, ngoi i biu ca Nam B, c Hong
Quc Vit - i din Thng v Trung ng ng v cn c L Dun, Tn c Thng.
Hi ngh quyt nh nhng vn quan trng mnh cuc khng chin Nam B,
nh tng cng s lnh o ca ng i vi cc lc lng v trang, cng c cc n v
v trang c v xy dng li chnh quyn cch mng nhng ni b tan r, chun
b thnh lp y ban khng chin min Nam, pht trin cng tc cc th... Hi ngh
c Tn c Thng ph trch y ban khng chin v ch o cc lc lng v trang
Nam B. Hi ngh Thin H c ngha quyt nh i vi cuc khng chin Nam B.

Hi t: t chc chnh quyn cp x do Php t ra v p dng u tin Nam B

10

Sau hi ngh, cn b v ng vin trung kin vt qua kh khn, kin tr i su,

bm st qun chng, gy dng li phong tro, pht trin c s chnh tr v v trang.
Trung ng ng, Chnh ph v Ch tch H Ch Minh ra nhng ch trng kp
thi lnh o cuc khng chin min Nam v tch cc chun b i ph vi m mu
ca Php m rng chin tranh ra c nc. Ch th Khng chin - kin quc (ngy
25/11/1945) ca ng nu r: phi ng vin lc lng, kin tr khng chin, t chc v
lnh o cuc khng chin lu di. Ban Thng v Trung ng ng ra nhim v c
th ca qun dn ta min Nam l phi Ct t lin lc gia cc thnh ph lt vo
tay ch, phong ta nhng thnh ph y v kinh t, bao vy v qun s... Phi p dng
chin tranh du kch trit v c ng nhn dn thi hnh bt hp tc cc thnh th
qun ch lm ch v thi hnh nh khng ng vng nu qun ch trn v qu. iu
ct t l phi gi vng lin lc gia cc chin khu thng nht ch huy(4. 17-18).
Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta min Nam c Trung ng trc tip ch o v
c c nc chi vin mi mt. Vi thc bo v c lp t do ca T quc, nhn dn ta
min Bc i u l tui tr c hng vn ngi hng hi gia nhp qun i, xung vo
cc on qun Nam tin. Ch mt thi gian ngn sau khi ting sng khng chin bng
n c nhng n v qun gii phng t hu phng min Bc c mt tin tuyn
min Nam. Cc on qun Nam tin t th H Ni, cn c a Vit Bc, cc tnh
ng bng Bc B, Bc Trung B tp np ln ng vo Nam st cch cng qun dn ta
trong chin u chng Php.
Hu ht cc tnh Bc B v Bc Trung B u thnh lp t 1 n 2 chi i Nam
tin. Nhng cn b v chin s hng hi, c t nhiu kinh nghim chin u, nhng v
kh v trang thit b tt nht ca ta lc u dnh cho b i Nam tin. Nhn dn Bc
B v Trung B cn thng xuyn t chc quyn gp tin bc, qun o, thuc men... ng
h ng bo Nam B.
T thng 12/1945, khi qun ch nh rng ra cc tnh Nam B, Nam Trung B
v Ty Nguyn, cuc chin u ca qun dn ta trn cc mt trn tr nn gay go c lit.
Nhn dn ra tch cc thc hin vn khng nh trng, tin hnh ph hoi, ngn
chn tin cng ca ch. cc th, cc n in cao su ni ln u tranh chnh tr,
u tranh bi cng, khng hp tc vi qun ch.
Nm thng khng chin (t thng 9/1845 n thng 2/1946) l 5 thng y th thch
gian kh i vi qun v dn ta min Nam, i vi c dn tc ta v ch mi.
Cuc chin u anh dng ca qun dn ta min Nam tuy phi tri qua gian lao v
tn tht, nhng tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim chin u, gy dng phong tro
chin tranh du kch, xy dng lc lng, gp phn bo v v cng c chnh quyn cch

11

mng, to iu kin c nc chun b lc lng mi mt cho cuc khng chin ton

quc v sau.
b. Ha hon vi Tng Gii Thch min Bc
Trong hon cnh phi i ph cuc xm lc tr li ca thc dn Php min Nam,
s uy hip lt ca qun tng v tay sai min Bc, v trn c s khng nh thc
dn Php l k th chnh, ng, Chnh ph v Ch tch H Ch Minh vch r: Phi
trnh cc trng hp: mt mnh i ph vi nhiu lc lng ng i ph vi thc dn
Php min Nam, v tp trung lc lng nh Php tr li xm lc, ta ch trng
tm thi ha hon, trnh xung t vi Tng. Ch tch H Ch Minh nu r: ng
trc tnh hnh gay go v cp bch y, ng phi dng mi cch sng cn, hot ng
v pht trin... ng khng th do d. Do d l hng ht. ng phi quyt on mau
chng, phi dng nhng phng php - d l nhng phng php au n - cu vn
tnh hnh (1. 358).
Ta tin hnh u tranh chnh tr vi qun Tng mt cch khn kho nhng kin
quyt, nhm hn ch s ph hoi ca chng. Thng 10/1945 khi H ng Khm n H
Ni, Chnh ph cch mng huy ng mt lc lng nhn dn hng chc vn ngi, i
ng chnh t n tip v biu dng lc lng di rng bng khu hiu: Nc Vit
Nam ca ngi Vit Nam, ng h Chnh ph lm thi nc Vit Nam dn ch cng
ho, ng h Vit Nam c lp ng minh, ng h Ch tch H Ch Minh, Hoa Vit thn thin. Thy kh th v sc mnh ca qun chng, H ng Khm khng th t
mnh thc hin nh lt Chnh ph cch mng m dng bn tay sai l Vit Quc v
Vit Cch ph hoi t bn trong. C s ng h ca Tng, bn tay sai i ta thay i
quc k, quc ca, i ta ci t Chnh ph cho chng mt s gh trong Quc hi khng
phi thng qua bu c, i H Ch Minh t chc Ch tch, i nhng ngi cng sn ra
khi Chnh ph. Bn tay sai cn t chc m st, bt cc nhn vin
Chnh ph.
gim bt sc p cng kch ca k th, trnh nhng hiu lm trong nc v ngoi
nc c th gy tr ngi n tin , s nghip gii phng dn tc, ng thi xut pht t
li ch dn tc ln trn ht, ng Cng sn ng Dng tuyn b t gii tn, nhng s
tht l tm thi rt vo hot ng b mt, tip tc lnh o t nc, lnh o chnh
quyn cch mng.
Nhm hn ch s ph hoi ca qun Tng v tay sai, ti phin hp u tin
(02/3/1946), Quc hi kho I ng cho bn tay sai ca Tng 70 gh trong Quc hi,
cho Nguyn Hi Thn (lnh t Vit Cch) gi chc ph ch tch nc, cng vi 4 gh b
trng trong chnh ph lin hip chnh thc (ngoi giao, kinh t, canh nng, x hi).
ng thi nhn nhng cho Tng mt s quyn li kinh t, nh cung cp mt phn
12

lng thc, thc phm, phng tin giao thng vn ti; nhn tiu tin quan kim v
quc t Vit Nam.
i vi cc t chc phn cch mng, tay sai ca Tng (Vit Quc, Vit Cch), chnh
quyn cch mng da vo qun chng kin quyt vch trn m mu v hnh ng chia
r, ph hoi ca chng. Nhng k ph hoi c bng chng u b trng tr theo php
lut. Chnh ph cn ban hnh mt s sc lnh nhm trn p bn phn cch mng: Sc
lnh ngy 5/9/1945 gii tn i Vit quc gia x hi ng v i Vit quc dn ng
l nhng ng phn ng, tay sai ca pht xt Nht. Sc lnh ngnh 12/9/1945 cho an tr
nhng ngi nguy him i vi nn cng ho dn ch Vit Nam; Sc lnh lp to n
qun s trng tr bn phn cch mng...
Thc hin nhng bin php sch lc nhn nhng trn y hn ch v v hiu
ho n mc thp nht cc hot ng chng ph ca qun Tng v tay sai, lm tht bi
m mu lt chnh quyn cch mng ca chng.
2. Ho hon vi Php gt Tng khi nc ta, chun b nh Php v sau (t
6/3/1946)
a. Php - Tng bt tay cu kt chng li cch mng
u 1946, thc dn Php chim xong v c bn cc th, cc ng giao thng
chin lc quan trng Nam B v Nam Trung B. Php li c Anh v M tho
thun, ngy 28/1/1946, qun Anh rt khi Si Gn v n ny 5/3/1946, rt khi Nam
ng Dng, nhng cho quyn chim ng t v tuyn 16 tr vo.
Cng vic tip theo ca Php l chun b tin qun ra Bc, thc hin thn tnh
c nc ta. Nhng vi lc lng hin ti c hn (3,5 vn) trong khi cha bnh nh xong
min Nam, thc hin ngay ny, Php s gp kh khn. Hn na, a qun ra Bc
lc ny, chng gp hai tr lc ln: mt l lc lng khng chin ca nhn dn ta, hai l
s c mt ca qun Tng v bn tay sai min Bc. Tnh hnh buc thc dn Php
phi dng n th on chnh tr: iu nh vi Chnh ph Tng Gii Thch c
thay th qun Tng chim ng min Bc Vit Nam.
Trong khi , Tng Gii Thch cn tp trung lc lng i ph vi phong tro cch
mng ca nhn dn Trung Quc do ng Cng sn lnh o ang ln cao. Tnh hnh
cng buc Tng i n tho hip vi Php.
Ngy 28/2/1946, Hip c Php - Hoa c k kt gia i s Php v B trng
ngoi giao Chnh ph Tng Gii Thch. Theo Hip c, Php nhng cho Tng mt
s quyn li v kinh t, chnh tr, nh hu b cai tr ngoi php quyn ca Php trn t
Trung Quc, nhng cho Tng mt khu c bit t do bun bn v c quyn kim
sot thu quan cng Hi Phng, bn cho Tng on ng st t H Kiu n Cn
13

Minh (thuc tuyn ng st H Ni - Vn Nam), nhng kiu dn Trung Quc ng

Dng c hng nhiu quyn li c bit. Cn Tng nhng cho qun i Php
quyn thay th qun i Tng chim ng pha Bc ng Dng t v tuyn 16 tr ra
lm nhim v gii gip qun i Nht.
b. Ho hon vi Php ui Tng ra khi nc ta
Hip c Hoa - Php t nhn dn ta trc s la chn mt trong hai con ng:
hoc l, cm v kh chin u chng thc dn Php khng cho chng b ln min
Bc; hoc l, ho hon, nhn nhng Php trnh c tnh trng phi i ph mt
lc vi nhiu k th, y 20 vn qun Tng ra khi min Bc, tranh th thi gian ho
hon tip tc cng c v pht trin lc lng cch mng, chun b mi mt bc vo
cuc chin u v sau khi tnh th bt buc.
Ch th Tnh hnh v ch trng ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ngy 3/3/1946
ch r: Vn lc ny khng phi l mun hay khng mun nh. Vn l bit mnh
bit ngi, nhn nh mt cch khch quan nhng iu kin c hi trong nc v ngoi
nc m ch trng cho ng.
m 5/3/1946, ti lng Canh (H ng), Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng hp Hi
ngh m rng quyt nh chn con ng ho hon vi Php ui Tng v tay sai
ca chng ra khi nc ta.
Chiu 6/3/1946, ti ngi nh 38 L Thi T (H Ni) Ch tch H Ch Minh thay mt
Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho k vi Xanhtni (Sainteny) i din Chnh ph
Php bn Hip nh s b; t c s cho cuc m phn gia hai bn i n mt hip
nh chnh thc. Ni dung Hip nh gm my im sau:
- Chnh ph Php cng nhn nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho l mt quc gia t do,
c chnh ph ring, ngh vin ring, qun i ring, ti chnh ring v l thnh vin
trong Lin bang ng Dng, nm trong khi Lin hip Php. Vic thng nht ba k do
nhn dn Vit Nam trc tip phn quyt.
- Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho tho thun cho 15.000 qun Php vo
min Bc thay qun Tng lm nhim v gii gip qun i Nht, s qun ny s ng
nhng a im nht nh v rt dn trong thi hn 5 nm.
- Hai bn ngng mi cuc xung t min Nam v gi nguyn qun i ca mnh ti
v tr c, to iu kin cn thit i n cuc m phn thn thin bn v cc vn
ngoi giao ca Vit Nam, ch tng lai ca ng Dng, quyn li kinh t v vn ho
ca Php Vit Nam.
K Hip nh s b 6/3/1946, tm thi ho hon vi Php, ta trnh c cuc
chin u bt li phi chng li nhiu k th cng mt lc, y c 20 vn qun Tng
14

cng bn tay sai ca chng ra khi nc ta, ginh thm thi gian ho bnh cn thit
cng c chnh quyn cch mng, m rng mt trn dn tc thng nht, pht trin lc
lng v trang nhm chun b lc lng mi mt cho cuc khng chin lu di chng
thc dn Php v sau. Thc tin lch s chng t, k Hip nh S b l mt ch
trng sch lc ng n, linh hot v kp thi ca ng, Chnh ph v Ch tch H
Ch Minh.
Sau khi k Hip nh s b 6/3/1946, Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho thi
hnh nghim chnh Hip nh. Trong khi , thc dn Php ra sc ph hoi nhiu iu
khon ca Hip nh.
min Bc, thc dn Php chim ng tri php nhiu ni v gy xung t nhiu
ni chng chim ng, nh chim ng Nha Ti chnh (27/3), gy xung t Hn Gai
(29/3). H Ni, Hi Phng, Hu ... thc dn Php cho xe chy khp cc ph, gy x
xt v cp bc ti sn ca dn.
min Nam, thc dn Php tip tc cn qut, m nhng cuc tin cng qun dn ta
ly l do l Hip nh s b ch c hiu lc t v tuyn 16 tr ra. T thng 3/1946, Php
tp trung qun C Mau, Rch Gi, ng Thp Mi, Hc Mn, Nha Trang. Thng
6/1946, Php huy ng 5.000 qun c xe tng v my bay ym tr nh chim Ty
Nguyn. Thc hin m mu tch Nam B ra khi Vit Nam, thc dn Php thnh lp
Chnh ph Nam k t tr (1/6/1946) do Nguyn Vn Thinh ng u. Cn vic m rng
m phn vi Vit Nam i n mt hip nh chnh thc th chng l i.
V pha Vit Nam, chnh quyn cch mng thi hnh nghim chnh Hip nh,
ng thi u tranh chng hnh ng khiu khch ca Php v i Php i n cuc
m phn chnh thc Pari.
chun b cho cuc m phn chnh thc, phi on Chnh ph Php v phi on
Chnh ph Vit Nam1 hp Hi ngh tr b Lt, nhm trao i cc vn s trao i
ti cuc m phn chnh thc. Hi ngh tr b ko di 3 tun l (t 17/4 n 11/5/1946),
nhng khng i n tho thun no do d tm ph hoi ca thc dn Php.
Ngy 31/5/1946, phi on Vit Nam do Phm Vn ng dn du ln ng sang
Php m phn. Cng ngy, Ch tch H Ch Minh cng ln ng sang thm nc
Php vi t cch thng khch ca Chnh ph Php. Trc khi ln ng, Ch tch H
Ch Minh gi th cho ng bo Nam B nu r ng bo Nam B l dn nc Vit
Nam. Sng c th cn, ni c th mn, song chn l khng bao gi thay i (2.387).

Phi on Php do Mc Angdr (Marc Andr) dn u. Phi on Vit Nam do V Nguyn Gip (m u do
Nguyn Trng Tam) dn u.

15

Ngy 7/6/1946, cuc m phn chnh thc gia i din hai Chnh ph Vit Nam v
Chnh ph Php hp ti Phngtennbl (Fontainebleau), cch Pari 60 cy s. Cuc hi
m bn cc vn nh: a v ca Vit Nam trong khi Lin hip Php v nhng
mi quan h ngoi giao gia Vit Nam vi cc nc; t chc Lin bang ng Dng;
vn thng nht ba k v vic trng cu dn Nam B; nhng vn kinh t - vn
ho; v tho mt d n hip c.
Lp trng ca Php Hi ngh Phngtennbl khng khc g Hi ngh tr b
Lt, l i t li ch ton quyn Vit Nam, tch Nam B ra khi Vit Nam, Vit
Nam khng c ngoi giao ring ... Cn lp trng ca Vit Nam l c lp dn tc v
hp tc bnh ng vi Php. Nhng im c th ca lp trng l: - Vit Nam khng
chp nhn bt c chnh ph lin bang no. Vit Nam c lp trong Lin hip Php. Trn
lnh vc kinh t, vn ho Vit Nam sn sng hp tc vi Php; - Nam B l mt b phn
ca nc Vit Nam thng nht, khng th chia ct; - Vit Nam c quyn c i s vi tt
c cc nc trn th gii; - Vit Nam bo v ti sn ca Php nhng pha Php phi tun
theo lut l ca Vit Nam. Nu cn c vn, Vit Nam dng c vn Php trc.
Cuc m phn ko di hn hai thng (t 7/6 n 12/9/1946)1, cui cng, cng nh
hi ngh tr b Lt, khng i n tho thun no do lp trng hai bn xa nhau.
Cuc m phn chm dt (ngy 12/9/1946), cng lm cho tnh hnh bang giao Vit Php thm cng thng. Nguy c mt cuc chin tranh n gn. Cn c mt quyt nh
nhanh chng nhm ko di thi gian ho hon xy dng, cng c thm lc lng
cch mng, v lm cho nhn dn Php, nhn dn th gii thy r thin ch ho bnh ca
Vit Nam, d tm xm lc ca Php. Chnh v l , Ch tch H Ch Minh k vi i
din Chnh ph Php l Mut (Moutet)- B trng B Php quc hi ngoi - bn Tm
c 14/9/1946.
Ni dung Tm c c my im chnh:
- Chnh ph Vit Nam v Chnh ph Php cam kt tip tc chnh sch hp tc nh
Hip nh S b nu, tip tc cuc m phn s m chm nht vo thng Ging 1947.
- Chnh ph Vit Nam bo m cc quyn t do dn ch, quyn li kinh t - vn ho
ca ngi Php Vit Nam.
- Chnh ph Php s nh ch xung t Nam B, Nam Trung B, bo m cc
quyn t do dn ch cho nhn dn.
- Vit Nam v Php th ht t chnh tr, chm dt tuyn truyn khng thn thin.
- Vic trng cu dn Nam B do hai bn quy nh thi gian v cch thc.
1

Gn nh c thng 8/1946, Hi ngh ngng hp do pha Vit Nam phn i vic Php t chc tri php Hi ngh
Lin bang ng Dng gm bn b nhn Nam K, Nam Trung K, Ailao, Cao Min, ngy 1/8/1946.

16

y l s nhn nhng cui cng ca ta nhm cu vn tnh th ht sc kh khn

ca t nc lc .
Ngy 20/10/1946, Ch tch H Ch Minh v n T quc trong s ch n y tin
tng ca ton dn ta. Cuc hnh trnh ngoi giao ca Ch tch H Ch Minh v phi
on Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho trn t Php tuy cha gii quyt c mc
tiu c bn ca cuc m phn, nhng lm cho nhn dn Php v th gii hiu r
hn vn Vit Nam, v lm cho s ng ngi Php ng tnh ng h c lp ca Vit
Nam.
c. Chun b cho cuc khng chin chng Php v sau
Tranh th thi gian ho hon, Chnh ph v nhn dn ta ra sc cng c, xy dng
v pht trin lc lng mi mt, chun b cho cuc khng chin.
min Nam, sau Hip nh S b 6/3/1946, nhiu b i v cn b ca ta i su vo
vng b tm chim, khi phc chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn, xy dng lc lng v
trang nhn dn a phng, pht trin chin tranh du kch, pht ng qun chng u
tranh ph t tr gian.
cc th, nht l Si Gn, cc cuc mt tinh, biu tnh, nh cng, bi ch n ra
lin tip. Phong tro lan rng li ko c cc tng lp tr thc, gii cng thng gia
u tranh phn i Chnh ph Nam K t tr, i thng nht t nc.
Chnh quyn cch mng c xy dng v cng c trn 1.000 x trong tng s 1.234
x Nam B. Vng gii phng nng thn c m rng gp nhiu ln so vi trc
ngy 6/3/1946, nhiu cn c a ln c hnh thnh v cng c, nh ng Thp Mi,
rng U Minh, chin khu , cc cn c nh lin huyn, lin x cng c thnh lp.
Lc lng v trang ba th qun Nam B c xy dng v cng c. nng thn,
hu ht cc x u c i du kch. cc th, nht l Si Gn, lc lng t v c
xy dng v cng c. Cc n v b i tp trung - cc chi i V quc on - c
xy dng t cp tnh n cp khu. Ton Nam B xy dng c 25 chi i, tng 25%
so vi lc mi hnh thnh.
Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn, nhiu cn c du kch c hnh thnh. Ngoi cc
n v b i tp trung vng t do Lin khu V, n thng 7/1946, cc Nam Trung B
xy dng c 4 trung on ch lc v mt tiu on Ty Nguyn - tiu on
NTrangln - gm hu ht cc chin s l ngi dn tc thiu s.
min Bc, tranh th thi gian ho hon sau Hip nh s b 6/3/1946, qun dn ta
ra sc xy dng v pht trin lc lng mi mt. Ngy 29/5/1946, theo sng kin ca
Ch tch H Ch Minh, Hi Lin hip: quc dn Vit Nam (Hi Lin Vit) c thnh
17

lp, nhm on kt rng ri cc t chc, cc ng phi v c nhn cha tham gia Mt

trn Vit Minh. Ngy 27/5/1946, Hi ngh i biu cng nhn ton quc hp th H
Ni, quyt nh thnh lp Tng lin on lao ng Vit Nam, nhm on kt lc lng
lao ng tr c v chn tay, khng phn bit dn tc, tn gio, nam n khng chin kin quc. n cui 1946, tng s on vin cng on c nc tng ln khong 30
vn ngi. Ngy 27/5/1946, ng x hi Vit Nam ra i nhm tp hp tr thc yu
nc. Ngy 20/10/1946, Hi Lin hip ph n Vit Nam c thnh lp.
Trn c s Mt trn dn tc thng nht c cng c v m rng, ng v Chnh
ph kin ton mt bc b my nh nc, chun b cho cuc khng chin lu di. T
ngy 28/10 n 9/11/1946. Quc hi nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho kho I k th hai
hp ti H Ni thng qua danh sch Chnh ph mi do Ch tch H Ch Minh ng
u, v bn Hin php nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho.
Bn Hin php phn nh nhng thng li to ln ca cch mng Vit Nam, phn
nh tnh cht cch mng, tnh cht dn tc, dn ch nhn dn ca ch mi do Cch
mng thng Tm 1945 mang li. Vic Quc hi thng qua bn Hin php - o lut c
bn ca nh nc Vit Nam mi - l mt thng li chnh tr quan trng. Bn Hin php
ra i lm cho nh nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho c ch da vng chc v php
l, c c cu hon chnh v dn ch do nhn dn bu ra.
Xy dng lc lng v trang c c bit ch . V quc on chnh thc tr thnh
Qun i quc gia ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho t ngy 22/5/1946. Bn cnh
xy dng lc lng v trang thng trc, chnh ph quan tm xy dng lc lng bn v
trang. n cui 1946, Vit Nam c trn 8 vn b i thng trc, c gn 1 triu dn
qun t v hu khp cc a phng t nng thn n thnh th. Cc trng o to
cn b chnh tr, qun s c thnh lp: thng 3/1946 m trng Qun chnh Bc Sn,
thng 5/1946 trng V b Trn Quc Tun, thng 6/1946 trng Lc qun Qung Ngi.
n cui 1946, cc trng qun s o to c hng ngn cn b, b sung cho cc
n v c s trc khi cuc khng chin ton quc bng n.
Trong hn mt nm, t sau Cch mng thng Tm n trc ton quc khng chin
(9/1945 - 12/1946), vt qua mun vn kh khn th thch to ln, nhn dn ta xy
dng v cng c chnh quyn vng mnh, u tranh thng li chng ngoi xm, ni
phn, bo v vng chc chnh quyn non tr.
C c thng li l do ton dn ta on kt cht ch, thc hin s nghip thing
ling va khng chin, va kin quc di s lnh o ca ng. ng ta ng u l
H Ch tch, vi ng li chnh tr v cng sng sut, va cng rn v nguyn tc, va
mm do v sch lc, a nc nh vt qua mun vn kh khn tng nh khng
sao vt qua ni . Lc th ho hon vi Tng rnh tay i ph vi thc dn Php, lc
18

th tm ho hon vi Php ui c qun Tng v qut sch bn phn ng tay sai

ca Tng, ginh thi gian cng c lc lng, chun b ton quc chng thc dn Php
xm lc, iu m ng bit chc l khng th no trnh khi (5. 31).

Hng dn hc tp
Ni dung chng I bao qut thi k lch s t sau ngy 2/9/1945 (sau khi Cch mng
thng Tm ginh thng li, nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho tuyn b thnh lp) n
trc ngy 19/12/1946 (trc khi cuc khng chin ton quc chng thc dn Php tr
li xm lc bng n), c thc hin trong khung thi gian 10 tit l thuyt.
Cn nm vng nhng vn c bn v ni dung ca chng:
Bi cnh th gii v Vit Nam ca cch mng nc ta trong hn nm u sau Cch
mng thng Tm (9/1945 - 12/1946), bn cnh s thun li l c bn v lu di, c
khng t kh khn to ln v nguy him n s tn ti ca chnh quyn cch mng:
+ V thun li, ngoi v nc ta ginh c c lp t do, cn m rng thm v
s lnh o ti gii ca ng, ng u l Ch tch H Ch Minh; qun chng ginh
c quyn lm ch t nc, nm chnh quyn cch mng v bc u c hng
quyn li do chnh quyn cch mng v bc u c hng quyn li do chnh quyn
a li, nn gn b v quyt tm bo v chnh quyn, l chnh quyn ca dn, do dn
v v dn.
+ V kh khn, c nhiu, c th nu thnh 3 loi: tn d ca ch c thc dn
phong kin li hu qu ca chin tranh quc gy ra; s non yu ca chnh quyn
cch mng ang trong thi k trng nc; nguy him nht (cn c nhn mnh) l s
chng ph ca k th (ngoi xm v ni phn) vi lc lng ng (Tng, Anh, Php...
v cc t chc, ng phi phn ng...) v mnh (gn 30 vn qun).
Nhim v ca cch mng Vit Nam trong hn nm u sau Cch mng thng Tm,
va xy dng chnh quyn cch mng mi thnh lp, ang cn trng nc, va u
tranh chng th trong gic ngoi bo v chnh quyn cch mng.
+ Su nhim v cp bch trc mt ca cch mng Vit Nam sau thng li Cch
mng thng Tm c Ch tch H Ch Minh nu trong phin hp u tin ca Hi
ng Chnh ph ngy 3/9/1945: chng i, chng dt, t chc tng tuyn c, xy dng
i sng mi, xo b cc th thu v l, bo m quyn lc do tn ngng. Sau , Ngi
b sung v khi qut thnh 3 nhim v ln l dit gic i, dit gic dt, dit gic ngoi
xm.

19

+ Chnh quyn cch mng c xy dng khng phi trong mt hay mt s lnh vc
m trong tt c cc lnh vc chnh tr - qun s, kinh t - ti chnh, vn ho - gio dc.
+ u tranh chng ngoi xm, ni phn, bo v chnh quyn, tri qua hai thi k vi
mc 6/3/1946, ngy k Hip nh S b gia ta v Php:
Thi k trc 6/3/1946: Ta ho hon vi Tng Gii Thch min Bc, tp trung lc
lng c nc nh Php min Nam tranh th thi gian ho hon xy dng v cng
c chnh quyn cch mng v mi mt, th hin chnh quyn ca dn, do dn v v dn.
Cn lm r, ti sao ch c th nh Php min Nam, nhng li khng th nh Tng,
m ch c th ho hon v nhn nhng Tng min Bc. Ss nhn nhng ca ta i
vi Tng l rt ln, nhng khng vt qu gii hn cho php v khng chnh lch
hng cch mng.
Thi k t 6/3/1946: Ta ho hon vi Php, mn tay Php ui Tng khi nc
ta, tranh th thi gian ho hon chun b lc lng mi mt nh Php v sau. Cn
lm r, ti sao ta v Php c th i n ho hon vi nhau; nh gi khch quan ni
dung ho hon (th hin trong ni dung Hip nh s b 6/3/1946 v Tm c
14/9/1946), nhng g ta c v cha c trong ni dung ho hon v ngha ca ci
ta t c.
Khi hc chng ny, cn hiu r thm mt trong nhng c im ca lch s dn tc,
l dn tc ta tng phi chng li nhng k th ln mnh ca cc thi i, thm ch c
thi k phi chng li khng nhng mt m nhiu k th ln mnh nh thi k 1945 1946; hiu r li ni ca Ch tch H Ch Minh c th hin trong thi k ny l ginh
chnh quyn kh, gi chnh quyn cng kh hn; v thy r s lnh o ti tnh ca
ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh a t nc ta qua c thi k y nhng kh khn
him nguy, khc no ngn cn treo si tc.

Cu hi n tp chng I
1. Trong hn nm u sau Cch mng thng Tm (t 9/1945 n 12/1946), cch mng
nc ta c nhng thun li v kh khn g?
2. Ni dung v ngha ca cng cuc xy dng chnh quyn cch mng trong nm u
ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho (9/1945 - 12/1946).
3. Cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php tr li xm lc ca nhn dn Nam B v
Nam Trung B din ra nh th no? ngha?

20

4. m mu ca qun Tng v tay sai i vi Vit Nam (1945 -1946)? Nhng bin php
ca Chnh ph Vit Nam v Ch tch H Ch Minh i ph vi m mu ca
chng?
5. Ti sao Chnh ph Vit Nam v Php u 1946 i n bt tay ho hon? Ni dung
ho hon?
6. Hip nh S b ny 6/3/1946 v Tm c 14/9/1946: hon cnh k kt, ni dung,
ngha?
7. Tranh th thi gian ho hon vi Tng min Bc (trc 6/3/1946) v vi Php (t
6/3/1946), chng ta chun b c g cho cuc khng chin ton quc (t
19/12/1946) chng thc dn Php xm lc?

21

Chng II
Vit Nam t 1946 n 1954

I. Khng chin ton quc chng thc dn Php bng n (19/12/1946)

1. m mu, hnh ng chin tranh ca Php
Thc dn Php buc phi k Hip nh S b 6/3/1946 v Tm c 14/9/1946, nhng
k xong chng tm cch ph hoi, ra sc y nhanh ti chin tranh nhm chim ton b
nc ta mt ln na.
T h tun thng 11/1946 tr i, tnh hnh trong Nam ngoi Bc tr nn ht sc
cng thng.
Nam b v Nam Trung b, thc dn Php tp trung qun tin cng cc cn c,
cc c s cch mng, nh chim cc vng t do cn li ca ta.
min Bc, ngy 20/11/1946, qun i Php n sng nh chim cc v tr xung yu
thnh ph Hi Phng. Cng ngy, chng n sng bn vo qun ta th x Lng Sn.
Ti H Ni, t u thng 12/1046, thc dn Php lin tip gy ra nhng cuc xung
t v trang, t nh thng tin ph Trng Tin, chim c quan B Ti chnh v B
Giao thng cng chnh, tn st nhiu ng bo ta ph Hng Bn, gy xung t mu
cu Long Bin, khu Ca ng, ph Yn Ninh... Ngy 18/12/1946, Php gi ti hu th
buc Chnh ph ta gii tn lc lng t v chin u, giao quyn kim sot th cho
qun i ca chng. Php e do nu nhng i hi khng c thc hin th ngy
20/12/1946, qun i ca chng s hnh ng.
2. Khng chin ton quc chng Php bng n:
Hnh ng ph hoi trng trn cc Hip nh k, gy sc p qun s buc ta u
hng, mt ln na thc dn Php t nhn dn ta trc s la chn hng hay nh.
Trong hai ngy 18 v 19/12/1946, ti th x H ng, Ban Thng v Trung ng
ng ta hp Hi ngh di s ch ta ca Ch tch H Ch Minh, quyt nh pht ng
ton quc khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc.
Ngay m 19/12/1946, Ch tch H Ch Minh thay mt Trung ng ng v Chnh
ph ra Li ku gi ton quc khng chin:
22

Hi ng bo ton quc!
Chng ta mun ho bnh, chng ta phi nhn nhng. Nhng chng ta cng nhn
nhng, thc dn Php cng ln ti, v chng quyt tm cp nc ta ln na!
Khng! Chng ta th hy sinh tt c, ch nht nh khng chu mt nc, nht nh
khng chu lm n l!
Hi ng bo! Chng ta phi ng ln!
Bt k n ng, n b, bt k ngi gi, ngi tr, khng chia tn gio, ng phi,
dn tc. H l ngi Vit Nam th phi ng ln nh thc dn Php cu T quc. Ai
c sng dng sng, ai c gm dng gm, khng c gm th dng cuc, thung, gy,
gc. Ai cng phi ra sc chng thc dn Php cu nc.
Hi anh em binh s, t v dn qun!
Gi cu nc n. Ta phi hy sinh n git mu cui cng gi gn t nc.
D phi gian lao khng chin, nhng vi mt lng kin quyt hy sinh, thng li nht
nh v dn tc ta! (3.202-203).
p Li ku gi ton quc khng chin ca Ch tch H Ch Minh, ton dn ta
nht lot ng ln khng chin, trc tin H Ni.
ng 20 gi 30 pht ngy 19/12/1946, nh n trn cc ng ph H Ni pht tt,
tip ting sng vang dy khp thnh ph, bo hiu cuc khng chin ton quc bng
n.
3. ng li khng chin chng Php
ng li khng chin chng Php c nu u tin bi nhng nt c bn trong
Li ku gi ton quc khng chin ca Ch tch H Ch Minh. Li ku gi nu r trch
nhim chin tranh v pha thc dn Php, chnh ngha thuc v nhn dn ta; mc ch
khng chin l quyt tm khng g lay chuyn ca nhn dn ta chin u n cng
chng thc dn Php xm lc; tnh cht gian kh v tt thng ca cuc khng chin.
Li ku gi ng thi nu r quan im chin tranh nhn dn, ton dn nh gic.
ng li khng chin chng Php sau c nu y , ton din trong Bn Ch
th Ton dn khng chin ca Ban Thng v Trung ng ng ngy 22/12/1946 v
trong tc phm Khng chin nht nh thng li ca Tng b th Trng Chinh thng
9/1947, v tnh cht, mc ch, ni dung, phng chm chin lc ca cuc chin tranh
nhn dn, l ton dn, ton din, trng k, t lc cnh sinh.
Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta chng thc dn Php xm lc l cuc chin
tranh t v, cuc chin tranh chnh ngha v tin b, nhm tip tc hon thnh nhim v
23

gii phng dn tc v tng bc thc hin nhim v dn ch, em li rung t cho

nng dn.
Cuc khng chin do ton dn tin hnh theo khu hiu Mi ngi dn l mt
ngi lnh, mi ph l mt pho i, mi lng l mt trn a.
Cuc khng chin khng ch din ra trn mt trn qun s m c cc mt trn
chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho...
C ng li l qun dn ta c c v kh sc bn, c c nim tin vng chc
chng li cuc xm lc ca thc dn Php a cuc khng chin ca dn tc n
thng li.
II. Nhng nm u ca cuc khng chin ton quc (1946 - 1950):
1. Cuc chin u cc th Bc v tuyn 16
H Ni m u cuc khng chin ton quc (t 20 gi 30 pht ngy 19/12/1946).
Cuc khng chin din ra c lit gia ta v ch ga Hng C, ph Khm Thin, ph
Hng u, u cu Long Bin, khu vc Bc B ph, thnh Ca ng, nh Th Chnh,
khu Ch Hm, khu L Ln, cc ph Hng Bng, Hng Trng, Hng Da, trng bay
Bch Mai...
n ngy 30/12/1946, nh tng thm vin binh, ch nh ra ngoi thnh. Qun dn
H Ni chin u ngn chn ch nh bung ra. Bn trong, qun dn Lin khu I kin
cng bm tr nh ch. Trung on Lin khu I chnh thc thnh lp, mang danh hiu
Trung on Th .
Trung tun thng 2/1947, ch lin tip m nhng cuc tin cng mi nhm chia ct
Lin khu I v vi m mu tiu dit Trung on Th . Cuc chin u ca qun dn
Lin khu I v cc Lin khu ni ngoi thnh khc ngy cng tr nn kh khn.
m 17/2/1947, Trung on Th thc hin cuc rt qun thn k, vt khi
vng vy cc n bt ch, tr li cn c hu phng an ton.
Trong gn hai thng u ton quc khng chin (19/12/1946-17/2/1947) nh tt
c gn 200 trn, git v lm b thng hng ngn ch, ph hu hng chc xe c gii,
bn ri v ph hu 5 my bay, thu nhiu n dc v qun trang qun dng, hon thnh
nhim v c giao l giam chn ch trong thnh ph mt thi gian nht nh (2 thng)
hu phng kp thi huy ng lc lng khng chin, di chuyn kho tng, cng xng
v chin khu, bo v an ton Trung ng ng, Chnh ph tr li cn c a lnh o
khng chin lu di.
thnh ph Nam nh, qun dn ta bao vy ch, trong gn ba thng t 19/12/1946
n 12/3/1947, dit hn 400 ch. ch m nhiu t tin cng m vy, nhng u b
24

qun dn ta nh lui. C qun n cu vin, ch tng cng nhng cuc phn kch.
trnh mt cuc chin u bt li, ngy 12/3/1947, qun ta rt khi thnh ph bo ton
lc lng.
thnh ph Vinh, ngay t u cuc chin u, qun dn ta buc ch u hng.
thnh ph Hu, qun dn ta tin cng buc ch phi c th trong cc cn c
chng chim ng. Trong 50 ngy m tin cng v bao vy, qun dn ta dit trn 200
ch, h 1 my bay, ph 3 xe thit gip, nhiu xe vn ti, thu nhiu sng n. Ngy
8/2/1947, qun ta rt khi thnh ph bo ton lc lng.
thnh ph Nng, qun dn ta tin cng bao vy c lp sn bay v nh lui
nhiu t tin cng m vy ca ch. u thng 1/1947, c tng vin, chng iu 2000
qun b t bin ln gii vy sn bay, thnh ph.
Nam b v Nam Trung b, qun dn ta y mnh chin tranh du kch, chn nh
ch trn cc tuyn giao thng, ph c s hu cn ca chng, nh kho lng thc, xng
du, n dc...
Trong nhng thng u ca cuc khng chin ton quc, qun dn ta ch ng
tin cng ch, bao vy giam chn chng th H Ni, cc thnh ph, th x khc, to
th trn i vo cuc chin u lu di.
V pha Php, sau mt thi gian b ng phng ng H Ni, trong cc thnh ph,
u nm 1947, nh c vin binh t Php sang v rt mt phn qun i t Nam b ra,
chng m nhng cuc tin cng gii vy cc thnh ph, m rng phm vi chim ng
ngoi cc thnh ph, th x, cc tuyn giao thng chin lc...
Chin tranh cng lan rng, kh khn ca ta cng to ln, nhng khng lm gim
quyt tm khng chin lu di ca dn tc ta.
2. Tch cc chun b cho cuc khng chin lu di
Ngay sau khi Cch mng thng Tm 1945 thnh cng, vi tm nhn chin lc v
mt cuc chin tranh sp ti, Ch tch H Ch Minh phn cng Phm Vn ng cng
mt s cn b li Vit Bc mt thi gian cng c cn c a.
Cui thng 10/1046, sau chuyn i thm Php v k Tm c 14/9/1946 bn v
nc, thy nguy c mt cuc chin tranh vi Php sp n ra, Ch tch H Ch Minh giao
nhim v cho Nguyn Lng Bng tr li Vit Bc chun b a im xy dng cn c
a khng chin.
Thng 11/1946, Trung ng ng quyt nh thnh lp i cng tc c bit do
Trn ng Ninh ph trch. i gm i biu cc ngnh qun s, an ninh, chnh quyn,
on th chm lo vic nghin cu di chuyn v chn a im an ton t cc c quan
25

trung ng. V t gia thng 12/1946, mt s cn b ca i cng tc c bit ln lt

ln Vit Bc lm nhim v.
Sau v thc dn Php gy xung t Hi Phng v Lng Sn (20/11/1946), cng
vic chun b cho cc c quan Trung ng ng, Chnh ph, Mt trn ri khi th
H Ni c y mnh, t tng di chuyn c bt u.
Cui thng 12/1946, sau khi cuc khng chin ton quc bng n, cc c quan trung
ng ln lt ri H Ni v pha Ty - Nam chuyn n a phn cc tnh H ng, Sn
Ty (th x H ng; Thanh Oai, Chng M - H ng; Quc Oai, Thch Tht - Sn
Ty...), sau (u 1947) chuyn n a phn cc tnh thuc cn c Vit Bc (cc
huyn nh Ho - Thi Nguyn; Ch n - Bc Cn; Sn Dng, Yn Sn - Tuyn
Quang...). Vit Bc l cn c a cch mng trc y, nay tr thnh cn c a khng
chin ca c nc.
t tng di chuyn t cui thng 11/1946 n u 1947, nhm a n nhng ni an
ton cc my mc, thit b, nguyn vt liu (c bit l cng nghip quc phng), lng
thc, thc phm (ch yu l go, mui), hng ho.
Giai cp cng nhn em ht sc mnh bo v v di chuyn my mc, thit b,
nguyn vt liu n ni an ton nng thn, rng ni cc tnh khu V, khu IV, khu Vit
Bc tip tc sn xut.
Ch trong vng 3 thng u khng chin, ta vn chuyn c hn 3 vn tn my
mc v dng c sn xut, hng vn tn nguyn vt liu ra vng cn c. Ring Bc b,
gn 2 phn 3 my mc c chuyn ln cn c Vit Bc. Nh , n khi cuc khng
chin ton quc bng n, ta xy dng c 57 c s cng nghip, ch yu l cng
nghip quc phng, sn xut p ng phn quan trng nhu cu v kh, n dc, qun
trang, qun dng cho cc lc lng v trang v nhu cu ti thiu ca i sng nhn dn.
ng thi vi hot ng di chuyn khi m u khng chin l hot ng tiu th
khng chin, vn ng v t chc tn c, bo m tnh mng v ti sn ca nhn
dn, nhanh chng chuyn t nc vo thi chin.
Thc hin ch trng tiu th khng chin, nhn dn t tay ph nh ca, ng
s, cu cng1... nhng ni c nguy c ch chim ng lp cn c chng li khng
chin. Kt qu ca nhng hot ng tiu th, thc hin vn khng nh trng c tc
dng ngn chn phn no nhng hot ng hnh qun cn qut ca ch vo hu
phng ca ta.

T 19/12/1946 n 31/8/1948, ta ph 59.100 nc nh, 1.060 cy s ng st vi 84 u my xe la v 868

toa xe, 7.455 mt cu...

26

Cc cp chnh quyn t trung ng n c s trong mt thi gian ngn, a n

hng chc vn ng bo ra khi cc vng c th xy ra chin s v tng bc sp xp
cho ng bo ch , c cng n vic lm n nh.
Sau khi vic di chuyn hon thnh, ch v vic lm ca nhng ng bo tn c
n nh, Nh nc bt tay xy dng lc lng v mi mt bc vo cuc khng chin
lu di.
V chnh tr, Chnh ph quyt nh chia c nc thnh 14 khu hnh chnh, thnh
lp thm U ban Khng chin bn cnh U ban Hnh chnh. n thng 10/1947, hai u
ban st nhp thnh U ban Khng chin - Hnh chnh thc hin c hai nhim v
khng chin v kin quc. Mt trn Lin Vit thu ht ngy cng rng ri cc tng lp
nhn dn yu nc, cc nhn s i vo khng chin.
V qun s, Chnh ph quy nh mi ngi dn t 18 n 45 tui u tham gia dn
qun v t dn qun c tuyn chn vo i du kch ri b i a phng hoc b i
ch lc chnh quy. Lc lng v trang cc cp khng ngng tng ln v s lng, c
hun luyn v chnh tr v qun s. V kh th va t to, va ly ca ch t trang b.
V kinh t, Chnh ph ban hnh cc chnh sch duy tr v pht trin sn xut,
trc ht l sn xut lng thc, theo khu hiu Thc tc binh cng, n no nh
thng. Sn lng la nm 1947 t 2.189.000 tn (so vi nm 1946 t di 2 triu tn).
Cc c quan thng nghip ca Nh nc c nhiu bin php nhm phc v i
sng nhn dn, tip t cho cn b, b i. Nha Tip t c thnh lp lm nhim v thu
mua, d tr v phn phi thc go, mui, vi, bo m nhu cu n, mc cho lc lng v
trang v nhn dn hu phng.
V vn ho, Phong tro bnh dn hc v tip tc c duy tr v pht trin. Trng
ph thng cc cp c xy dng, thu ht con em nhn dn lao ng vo hc. Vic chm
sc, bo v sc kho cho nhn dn, cng nh vic xy dng i sng mi c ch trng.
3. Chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng 1947
Sau gn mt nm t khi cuc khng chin ton quc bng n, thc dn Php tuy
chim ng c cc th v cc ng giao thng chin lc, song phm vi chim
ng cng m rng, chng cng gp kh khn do phi dn mng lc lng, trong khi
chng thiu qun, b d lun phn i v cng d dng cho chin tranh du kch ca ta
hot ng mnh, ca chng vn cha c thc hin.
gii quyt kh khn v thc hin m mu nh nhanh thng nhanh, thng
4/1947 Chnh ph Ramadie (Ramadier) c Blac (Bollaert) lm Cao u Php ng
Dng thay cgingli (D'Argenlieu).
27

n ng Dng, Blac thc hin m mu tp hp nhng phn t Vit gian phn

ng, lp ra ci gi l Mt trn quc gia thng nht lm tay sai, tin ti thnh lp mt
chnh ph b nhn trung ng hng la bp d lun, cng vi vic chun b mt k
hoch quy m ln tn cng cn c a Vit Bc.
Tn cng cn c a Vit Bc, thc dn Php nhm mc ch:
- Tn ph cn c a chnh ca c nc, tiu dit cc c quan u no khng chin,
tiu dit phn ln qun ch lc cch mng, chim ng vng bin gii Vit - Trung,
ngn chn con ng lin lc quc t ca ta.
- Ph hoi hu phng khng chin, cc c s kinh t, kho tng, ma mng, cp
bc la go, trit ph ng tip t, hng lm suy gim kh nng khng chin ca ta.
- Ginh thng li qun s thc y, tp hp bn tay sai, tin ti thnh lp chnh
ph b nhn ton quc v nhanh chng kt thc chin tranh.
Thc dn Php huy ng 12.000 qun tinh nhu v hu ht my bay ng Dng,
chia thnh ba cnh, m cuc tn cng Vit Bc bt u sng sm 7/10/1947.
Ngy 7/10/1947, t sng sm, binh on d do i t Svanhc (Sauvagnac) ch huy
qun xung chim th x Bc Cn, Ch Mi, Ch n.
Cng ngy (7/10), binh on b do i t Bphr (Beaufr) ch huy t Lng Sn
nh ln Cao Bng theo ng s 4, chim cc c im dc ng, ri t Cao Bng, mt
b phn tip tc tin xung Bc Cn theo ng s 3, to thnh gng km bao vy cn c
a Vit Bc pha ng v pha Bc.
Ngy 9/10/1947, mt binh on hn hp b binh v lnh thu nh b do i t
Cmmuynan (Communal) ch huy t H Ni ngc sng Hng, sng L v sng Gm ln
th x Tuyn Quang, Chim Ho v i Th, bao vy cn c a Vit Bc pha Ty.
Thy r m mu ca ch, t gia thng 9/1947, ng v Chnh ph nhc nh qun
dn c nc nu cao cnh gic, chun b i ph vi cuc tin cng thu - ng ti ca
chng.
Ngy 7/10/1947, ngay khi thc dn Php m cuc tn cng Vit Bc, Thng v
Trung ng ng c in, nu r Khu u v Qun khu u ch huy b i nh mnh
chia x lc lng ch v ph k hoch ca chng.
Ngy 15/10/1047, Thng v Trung ng ng ra Ch th Phi ph tan cuc tn
cng ma ng ca gic Php. Ch th nu r: Giam chn ch ti my cn c chng
va chim, bao vy nhng cn c ... Cht t giao thng lin lc gia cc c im ca
ch, khng cho chng tip ng v tip t... Phi gi gn ch lc, nhng ng thi cng

28

phi nhm nhng ch yu ca ch m nh nhng trn vang di, nhng trn tiu
dit....
Thc hin ch th , trn cc hng, khp cc mt trn, qun dn ta anh dng chin
u, tiu dit nhiu sinh lc ch, tng bc ph v cc gng km ca chng.
Ti Bc Cn, ngay t u, qun dn ta ch ng, kp thi phn cng v tin cng
ch: Tin hnh bao vy, chia ct, c lp chng; t chc tp kch vo Ch Mi, Ch n,
Ch R, Ngn Sn, Bch Thng..., phc kch trn cc ng t Bc Cn i Ch Mi,
Ch n, Ph Thng... Va chn nh ch, ta va b mt, khn trng di chuyn cc c
quan Trung ng ng, Chnh ph, cc cng xng, kho tng t ni ch uy hip, chim
ng n ni an ton.
hng ng, qun ta phc kch chn nh ch trn ng s 4, cn bc tin
ca chng, tiu biu l trn nh phc kch trn on ng Bn Sao - o Bng Lau
ngy 30/10, nh trng on xe c gii ch, loi khi vng chin u hn 1 i i, ph
hu 27 xe, thu nhiu v kh, qun trang, qun dng ca chng. Do b chn nh trong
nhiu trn phc kch, m cnh qun ca Bphr khng gp c cnh qun ca
Cmmuynan i Th. Hai gng km ng v Ty ca ch khng khp kn li c.
hng Ty, qun ta phc kch nh ch nhiu trn trn sng L. Ngy 24/10, 5
tu chin ch c my bay h tng t Tuyn Quang i oan Hng lt vo trn a phc
kch ca ta (t ti oan Hng, st b sng l), qun ta n sng bn chy 2 tu v bn b
thng 2 tu khc ca ch. Ngy 10/11, 2 tu chin v 1 can ch t Chim Ho v th
x Tuyn Quang lt vo trn a phc kch ca ta (t ti Khe Lau, ng ba sng L v
sng Gm), qun ta n sng bn chy tu v dit hng trm ch.
Phi hp vi cuc chin u Vit Bc, qun v dn ta trn cc chin trng ton
quc hot ng mnh, kim ch khng cho ch tp trung ln binh lc vo chin trng
chnh.
Qun dn H Ni lin tip m nhng cuc tp kch vo cc n bt ch ngoi
thnh, nh Gia Lm, Thch Bch, Chm, Vn in, Vnh Tuy, Cu Giy, Cu ung...
u thng 12/1947, qun dn Si Gn m hng lot cuc tp kch vo n bt, kho
tng ca ch Th Ngh, Gia nh, G Vp, Bn Ct, B Quo, B im, Ph Lm,
Ph Th...
nhiu a phng khc cng c nhng cuc tp kch vo cc n bt, kho tng
ca ch, nh Sn La, Sn Ty, H ng, Bc Ninh, Hi Phng, Hi Dng, Qung
Nam, Nng, Khnh Ho, Bnh Thun, Vnh Long, Ty Nguyn...
Cuc chin u lin tc 75 ngy m gia ta v Php kt thc bng cuc rt chy
ca i b phn qun Php khi Vit Bc ngy 19/12/1947.
29

Qun dn ta loi khi vng chin u hn 6.000 ch, bn ri 16 my bay, bn

chm 11 tu chin, can, ph hu nhiu xe qun s v pho cc loi. Cn c a Vit Bc
bin thnh m chn gic Php. C quan u no khng chin c bo ton. B i
ch lc ca ta chng nhng khng b tiu dit m trng thnh ln.
Thc dn Php tuy ph hu c mt s kho tng, th trn, lng bn ca ta v vn
cn chim ng mt s c im quan trng trn ng s 3 v s 4, song vn khng t
c mc tiu ca cuc tn cng, khng thc hin c chin lc nh nhanh,
thng nhanh v buc phi chuyn sang nh lu di vi ta.
Chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng 1947 l chin dch phn cng ln u tin ca ta
trong khng chin chng Php ginh c thng li. Chin thng Vit Bc chng minh
s ng n ng li khng chin lu di ca ng, chng minh s vng chc ca cn
c a Vit Bc, l mc khi u s thay i trong so snh lc lng gia ta v Php c
li cho cuc khng chin ca ta. Sau chin dch Vit Bc, ta c thm iu kin xy
dng v pht trin lc lng khng chin ton quc, ton dn, ton din, trng k, t
lc cnh sinh.
4. y mnh khng chin ton dn, khng chin ton din
Sau tht bi Vit Bc v khi buc phi chuyn hng chin lc sang nh lu di,
thc dn Php tng cng thc hin chnh sch dng ngi Vit nh ngi Vit, ly
chin tranh nui chin tranh nhm chng li cuc khng chin lu di, ton dn, ton
din ca ta.
Thc dn Php ra sc xy dng ngu qun, xc tin thnh lp chnh ph b nhn
Bo i, pht trin mnh ngy qun, cng c cc vng t, ri qun, ng n bt
nhiu ni, tin hnh nhiu cuc hnh qun cn qut, ra sc bt ngi, cp ca cung
cp cho chin tranh.
Thc hin phng chm chin lc nh lu di, ph m mu mi ca ch, ng
v Chnh ph ch trng tng cng sc mnh v hiu lc ca chnh quyn dn ch
nhn dn t Trung ng n c s, tng cng lc lng v trang nhn dn, y mnh
cuc khng chin ton dn, ton din.
V qun s, ng v Chnh ph ch trng ng vin nhn dn thc hin v trang
ton dn, pht trin chin tranh du kch, tin hnh du kch chin l chnh, vn ng
chin l ph, du kch chin tin dn ln vn ng chin.
Trong nhng nm 1948 - 1949, ta ch trng phn tn phn ln b i ch lc
chnh quy, thnh lp nhng i i c lp, Trung i v trang tuyn truyn tin su
vo vng tm b chim, gy dng c s khng chin, du dt cc lc lng v trang a
phng, pht ng chin tranh du kch su rng, bin hu phng ch thnh tin
30

phng ca ta. Nhng n nm 1950, ta li ch trng hp nht cc n v nh thnh

lc lng qun chnh quy ln mi i ph c lc lng c ng mnh ca ch v mi
duy tr c chin tranh du kch vng sau lng ch.
Nh vy, trong nhng nm 1948 - 1949, chin tranh du kch pht trin mnh trn
khp cc chin trng ton quc, nht l vng sau lng ch. Cc i i c lp,
Trung i v trang tuyn truyn v b i ta ni chung hot ng su trong lng ch,
gi vng v pht trin chin tranh du kch, bo v chnh quyn cch mng, gy dng c
s khng chin, ph t tr gian, chng ch cn qut.
Kt hp vi phong tro du kch chin tranh pht trin su rng vng sau lng ch,
b i ch lc m nhng chin dch tin cng quy m nh chin trng chnh, nhm
tiu dit tng b phn lc lng ch, gii phng t ai v dn, m rng vng t do, qua
rn luyn b i cch nh vn ng, nh tp trung di ngy.
Qua hot ng t chc xy dng v chin u, b i ch lc ca ta trng thnh
nhanh chng. Thng 8/1949, ti cn c a Vit Bc, i on ch lc 308 - i on
qun tin phong - c thnh lp, nh du bc trng thnh ca Qun i nhn dn
Vit Nam.
Nm 1949, trn chin trng Bc b v Trung b, mi lin khu c t 1 n 2 trung
on. Trn chin trng Nam b, mi lin khu xy dng c 1 tiu on ch lc.
V chnh tr - ngoi giao: Thng 6/1949, Vit Minh v Lin Vit quyt nh tin
ti thng nht hai t chc t c s n Trung ng. n thng 8/1950, cc tnh v khu
thc hin xong s hp nht . Mt trn dn tc thng nht ngy cng cng c v m
rng, thc hin i on kt dn tc, on kt cc giai cp cch mng, cc c nhn yu
nc, chng k th chung l quc xm lc Php, chng li chnh sch chia r ca
chng.
Chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn tng bc c kin ton v cng c, pht huy vai
tr t chc, ng vin ton dn khng chin, kin quc. Trong qu trnh kin ton b
my Nh nc, Ch tch H Ch Minh c bit quan tm n thnh phn Chnh ph,
mi cc nhn s, tr thc tiu biu ca dn tc tham gia, thc hin tnh lin hip quc
dn rng ri1. u nm 1949, c nc t chc bu c Hi ng nhn dn v y ban
khng chin hnh chnh cp tnh v cp x.

Ln ci t Chnh ph 1947, ng Phan Anh gi chc B trng B Kinh t, ng Hong Minh Gim - B
trng B Ngoi giao, ng T Quang Bu - B trng B Quc phng, ng ng Vn Hng - B trng
khng b. Sau khi c Hunh Thc Khng qua i, thng 11/1947, c Phan K Toi gi chc Quyn B
trng B Ni v.

31

Chnh quyn cch mng cc cp, ngi i din chn chnh ca nhn dn, chng
nhng t chc, ng vin ton dn khng chin thng li, m cng gp phn lm
ph sn h thng chnh quyn b nhn tay sai ca Php1.
Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta chng thc dn Php xm lc c s ng tnh
ng h ca loi ngi tin b. Ngy 14/1/1950, Ch tch H Ch Minh thay mt Chnh
ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho tuyn b vi chnh ph cc nc trn th gii rng:
Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho l chnh ph hp php duy nht ca ton th
nhn dn Vit Nam. Cn c trn nguyn tc chung, Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng
ho sn sng t quan h ngoi giao vi tt c chnh ph nc no trng quyn bnh
ng, ch quyn lnh th v ch quyn quc gia ca nc Vit Nam, cng nhau bo
v ho bnh v xy p dn ch th gii (1. 319). Sau li tuyn b ca Ch tch H Ch
Minh, ngy 18/1/1950, Chnh ph nc cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa quyt nh cng
nhn v t quan h ngoi giao vi chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho. Tip n,
ngy 31/1/1950, Chnh ph Lin X, v trong vng 1 thng sau, cc nc x hi ch
ngha khc ln lt cng nhn v t quan h ngoi giao vi Chnh ph ta. Thng li
ngoi giao gp phn quan trng vo thng li qun s sau ny trong cuc khng
chin.
V kinh t: Ta va ra sc ph hoi kinh t ch, va y mnh xy dng i i vi
bo v nn kinh t dn ch nhn dn c kh nng t cp t tc.
Sn xut nng nghip bo m lng thc cho nhn dn v cn b hu phng,
cho b i tin tuyn. Tnh t Bc Trung b tr ra, nm 1950 t 2.414.830 tn. Lin
khu V t tc c lng thc. pht trin nng nghip v thit thc bi dng nng
dn. Chnh ph ra ch trng trit gim t 25% (Sc lnh thng 9/1949); thc hin
gim tc, xo n, hon n (Sc lnh thng 5/1950); chia li rung t cng cho hp l,
tm cp tt c rung t vng ch, rung t ly t tay thc dn quc, bn Vit gian
phn ng (Sc lnh thng 7/1949). n cui 1950, trong ton quc, chnh quyn cch
mng tm cp c 253.863 hcta rung t cho gn 50 vn nhn khu, trong
Nam b tm cp c 226.373 hcta.
Cng nghip pht trin theo quy m nh, phn tn, sn xut bng cng c th s kt
hp vi c kh, t cp t tc. Ch trng cng nghip a phng v cng nghip quc
phng. n nm 1948 - 1949, ta sn xut c sng ci 60 li v 120 li, sng khng
git SKZ, sng v n phng bom. Cc c s cng nghip quc doanh thit yu nh cc

chng li Chnh ph khng chin ca nc VNDCCH, nm 1949 thc dn Php a Bo i v nc

thnh lp Chnh ph b nhn tay sai. Thng 7/1949, chng lp ra Ni cc do Bo i lm Quc trng,
kim Th tng. Thng 1/1950, Bo i ch gi chc Quc trng, Nguyn Phan Long lm Th tng.
Thng 5/1950, Bo i thay Nguyn Phan Long a Trn Vn Hu ln lm Th tng. Gia nm 1952,
Bo i thay Trn Vn Hu a Nguyn Vn Tm ln lm Th tng...

32

ngnh khai thc than, kim kh, cc xng c kh, ho cht, qun nhu, qun dc... c
xy dng v hot ng c hiu qu.
Tiu th cng nghip c ch trng, trc tin l ngh dt, n lot, lm giy, sn
xut x phng, s, dim, chiu, mui, nc mm... nhm phc v nhng nhu cu thit
yu ca i sng nhn dn v quc phng.
i ng cng nhn trong cc vng t do, cc vng cn c khng chin ngy cng
tp trung v trng thnh nhanh chng. i ng cng nhn Vit Bc, Lin khu IV v
Nam b trong nm 1948 l 121.763 ngi. S cn b v cng nhn cc x nghip quc
phng nm 1949 l 32.500 ngi, gp 7 ln so vi nm 1946.
V vn ho - gio dc: Tip tc pht trin trong hon cnh chin tranh, nhm p
ng yu cu ca khng chin. Cc cp, cc ngnh m nhiu loi trng, loi lp o
to cn b, cng nhn, nng cao trnh chuyn mn, k thut. H thng cc trng i
hc v trung hc chuyn nghip cng c xy dng o to cn b cng nhn cho
trc mt v xy dng t nc trong tng lai. Thng 4/1950. Chnh ph ra ch
trng thc hin ci cch gio dc ph thng, thay h thng gio dc c bng h thng
gio dc ph thng 9 nm, nhm xo b nhng tn tch ca nn gio dc thc dn
phong kin, hng gio dc tch cc phc v nhim v khng chin kin quc, t nn
mng cho nn gio dc dn tc, dn ch nhn dn Vit Nam.
Thng 6/1948, Ch tch H Ch Minh pht ng phong tro thi ua yu nc ton
quc. Phong tro ny tr thnh ng lc mnh m, li cun mi lc lng tham gia
thc hin nhim v khng chin, kin quc.
5. Chin dch Bin gii Thu - ng 1950
Sau chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng 1947 kt thc v sau Cch mng Trung Quc
thng li (1/10/1949), tnh hnh ng Dng v trn th gii thay i khng c li cho
thc dn Php v bn thc dn quc ni chung. Thc dn Php cng kh khn v
tht bi ng Dng cng l thuc M. Li dng vo , nht l sau Cch mng Trung
Quc, quc M can thip su, dnh lu trc tip vo cuc chin tranh ng Dng.
Ngy 7/2/1950, M cng nhn Chnh ph b nhn Bo i (thnh lp thng 7/1949).
Ngy 8/5/1950, M ng vin tr kinh t v qun s cho Php ng Dng, bt
u bng khon vin tr 10 triu la.
Thng 7/1950, M t phi on c vn vin tr qun s (MAAG) Vit Nam trc
tip nm quyn iu khin cuc chin tranh xm lc Vit Nam.
Nh vin tr v ti chnh, qun s ca M, thc dn Php ra sc thc hin k hoch
Rve (Rever) ( ra t thng 5/1949), nhm kho ca bin gii Vit - Trung bng
cch tng cng h thng phng th trn ng s 4 v c lp cn c a Vit Bc vi
33

ng bng Lin khu III v Lin khu IV, bng vic thit lp hnh lang ng - Ty (Hi
Phng - H Ni - Ho Bnh - Sn La). Trn c s , chng chun b mt k hoch quy
m ln tn cng cn c a khng chin Vit Bc ln th 2, ginh thng li qun s
quyt nh nhanh chng kt thc chin tranh xm lc ng Dng.
ph m mu ca Php c M gip v a cuc khng chin pht trin ln
bc mi, thng 6/1950 ng v Chnh ph quyt nh m chin dch Bin gii, nhm
mc ch tiu dit mt b phn quan trng sinh lc ch, khai thng con ng giao
thng quc t gia nc ta vi Trung Quc v cc nc dn ch th gii, m rng v
cng c cn c a Vit Bc, to thun li mi thc y cuc khng chin tin ln.
i tng V Nguyn Gip lm Ch huy trng kim Chnh u mt trn. Lc lng
v trang tham gia chin dch gm i on 308, hai trung on 209 v 174, trung on
95 pho binh v ba tiu on a phng (ca Lng Sn v Lin khu Vit Bc), cc i
i a phng v dn qun du kch hai tnh Cao Bng, Lng Sn. Cc ngnh, cc cp
trung ng v a phng huy ng lc lng phc v mt trn v tc chin phi hp
bo m cho chin dch ton thng.
Do tm quan trng ca chin dch - chin dch tin cng quy m ln u tin - Ch
tch H Ch Minh ra mt trn cng vi B ch huy ch o v ng vin b i chin u.
B ch huy mt trn chn ng Kh l hng tin cng quyt nh ca chin
dch.
Sng sm 16/9/1950, qun ta vi lc lng p o v theo li nh cng kin
nh vo cm c im ng Kh, m mn chin dch. Sng 18/9, ng Kh hon ton b
tiu dit, y qun ch vo th nguy khn: Tht Kh b uy hip, th x Cao Bng b c
lp, h thng phng ng trn ng 4 lung lay.
Sau khi mt ng Kh, tuyn phng th trn ng 4 b ct i, qun Php c
lnh rt khi Cao Bng theo ng 4, ng thi qun Php Tht Kh c lnh tin
nh ng Kh n cnh qun t Cao Bng ri cng rt v.
on trc nh ca ch, qun ta t chc mai phc, chn nh trn ng 4, gy
thit hi nng n cho hai cnh qun - binh on L Pagi (Le Page) t Tht Kh ko ln
v binh on Sctng (Charton) t Cao Bng rt v - lm cho chng khng lin lc c
vi nhau. Hn 600 qun Php do la Bm (De la Baume) ch huy t Tht Kh ko ln
ng cu, nhng c hai binh on L Pagi v Sctng u khng trnh khi b tiu dit,
v qun ca D la Bm phi tho chy v Tht Kh m 8/10/1950. Qun ch Tht
Kh b c lp v b uy hip, buc phi rt v Na Sm ngy 10/10/1950, v sau qun
ch Na Sm cng phi rt chy v pha Lng Sn (13/10/1950).
S tht bi ca hai binh on L Pagi, Sctng, v cuc rt chy ca cc c im
Tht Kh, Na Sm lm cho qun ch cc c im cn li trn ng 4 cng thm
34

hoang mang. Ngy 17/10, qun ch ng ng rt chy. Ngy 18/10, qun ch

Lng Sn, ri Lc Bnh, nh Lp, An Chu cng rt chy, n 22/10 th rt ht khi
ng 4.
Phi hp vi mt trn Bin Gii, qun ta hot ng mnh t ngn sng Hng,
Ty Bc, trn ng s 6, ng s 12, buc ch phi rt khi th x Ho Bnh. Phong
tro du kch chin tranh pht trin mnh Bnh - Tr - Thin, Lin khu V v Nam b.
Sau hn 1 thng (t 16/9 n 11/10/1950) chin u dng cm v mu tr trn mt
trn Bin gii ng - Bc, qun dn ta loi khi vng chin u hn 8.000 ch (gm
lnh u - Phi v lnh ngu) thu trn 3.000 tn v kh v phng tin chin tranh, gii
phng di bin gii Vit - Trung di 750 cy s t Cao Bng n nh Lp cng vi 35
vn dn. Tnh chung c nc, trong cuc tin cng thu - ng 1950, qun dn ta tiu dit
gn 12.000 ch, bc rt 217 v tr, trong c nhng th x quan trng (Cao Bng, Lng
Sn, Ho Bnh, Thi Nguyn), gii phng mt vng ch rng ln gn 4.000 cy s
vung vi 40 vn dn. Hnh lang ng - Ty b chc thng, th bao vy ca ch c
trong ln ngoi i vi cn c a Vit Bc b ph v. K hoch Rve ca Php ph
sn.
Chin dch tin cng quy m ln u tin Bin gii ginh thng li, mc tiu ca
chin dch t c nh du bc trng thnh vt bc ca qun i ta, m ra bc
pht trin mi ca cuc khng chin chng Php. Sau chin dch Bin gii, hnh th
chin tranh gia ta v Php c s thay i cn bn. Qun ta ginh c th ch ng
chin lc trn chin trng chnh (Bc ng Dng), lin tip m nhng chin dch
tin cng v phn cng ch ginh thm nhiu thng li trn mt trn qun s v cc
mt trn khc ca cuc khng chin: chnh tr - ngoi giao, kinh t - ti chnh, vn ho gio dc, trong lc qun ch ngy cng b y li vo th b ng i ph.
III. Bc pht trin mi ca cuc khng chin ton quc (1950 1953)
1. Php - M y mnh hn na cuc chin tranh xm lc

ng Dng

Sau tht bi Bin gii, thc dn Php c nhng c gng mi to ln ginh li

quyn ch ng chin lc mt. quc M cng c nhng c gng mi gip
Php y mnh cuc chin tranh xm lc ng Dng.
Ngy 23/12/1950, M k vi Php v Chnh ph b nhn Hip nh phng th chung
ng Dng l Hip nh vin tr qun s, kinh t - ti chnh ca M cho Php v cc
chnh ph b nhn ng Dng. N t c s php l vin tr trc tip ca M cho
cc chnh ph b nhn ng Dng. Thng qua vin tr qun s, kinh t - ti chnh,
M thc hin m mu lm l thuc Php, tng bc gt Php, thay chn Php ng
35

Dng v nm bn tay sai, chun b cho vic thc hin m mu ca ch ngha thc dn
mi sau ny.
Sau khi Hip nh phng th chung ng Dng c k kt, vin tr ca M
chim t l ngy cng cao trong ngn sch ca Php ng Dng: Nm 1950 l 52 t
phrng bng 19% ngn sch. Nm 1951: 62 t = 16%; nm 1952: 200 t = 35%; nm
1953: 285 t = 43%; nm 1954: 555 t = 73%.
c M gip , thc dn Php cng lao su vo cuc chin tranh xm lc.
Thng 12/1950, Chnh ph Php c tng Lt Ttxinhi (De Lattre de
Tassiguy) lm Tng ch huy kim Cao u Php ng Dng 1.
Da vo vin tr M, li c quyn lc tp trung trong tay, Ttxinhi ra k
hoch qun s quy m ln, gm 4 im chnh:
- Gp rt tp trung qun u - Phi, xy dng lc lng c ng chin lc mnh,
ng thi ra sc pht trin ngu qun, xy dng lc lng qun i quc gia b nhn.
- Xy dng h thng phng tuyn cng s bng ximng ct st (boong-ke), thnh lp
vnh ai trng bao quanh vng trung du v ng bng Bc b nhm ngn chn qun
ch lc ca ta v kim sot ta a nhn ti, vt lc ra vng t do.
- Tin hnh chin tranh tng lc, bnh nh vng tm chim, v vt sc ngi, sc
ca ca nhn dn ta tng cng lc lng ca chng.
- Ph hoi hu phng ca ta bng lc lng qun th ph, gin ip, bit kch,
bng chin tranh kinh t, chin tranh tm l, kt hp vi oanh tc bng phi pho.
K hoch Ttxinhi l mt k hoch bnh nh gp rt kt hp vi phn cng
quyt lit, th hin s c gng ln ca thc dn Php v bn can thip M vi m mu
bp lc lng khng chin, kt thc nhanh chin tranh.
Trin khai k hoch , u nm 1951, thc dn Php xy dng h thng phng
tuyn boong-ke Bc b, vi 113 c im (13.000 l ct) t Hng Gai, ng Triu, Lc
Nam, Bc Giang, Bc Ninh qua Vnh Ph, Sn Ty, H ng n Ninh Bnh do 20 tiu
on u - Phi cht gi. vng ngoi phng tuyn thc dn Php tin hnh hng lot
cuc hnh qun tn ph lng mc, rung vn, cng bc nhn dn vo vng chng
kim sot, hnh thnh vnh ai trng. Chng gp rt tp trung qun u - Phi, pht
trin ngu qun, xy dng qun i quc gia b nhn, y mnh chin tranh tng
lc cc vng tm chim, nht l cc vng chu th sng Hng v sng Cu Long.

y l vin tng duy nht ca Php c giao ton quyn hnh ng c v chnh tr v qun s trong
cuc chin tranh xm lc ng Dng (1945 - 1954).

36

Bng nhng bin php qun s, thc dn Php ra sc thc hin cc mc tiu chnh tr,
kinh t l Dng ngi Vit tr ngi Vit, ly chin tranh nui chin tranh.
K hoch Ttxinhi a cuc chin tranh xm lc ca thc dn Php ng
Dng ln nc thang quyt lit, mang tnh cht ton din, lm cho cuc chin u ca
nhn dn ta, nht l vng sau lng ch tr nn kh khn, phc tp.
2. i hi i biu ton quc ln th II ca ng (2/1951)
m mu mi ca Php - M nhm y mnh cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta phi
y mnh hn na tnh cht ton din, tng cng s lnh o ca ng.
p ng yu cu y mnh khng chin n thng li, ng Cng sn ng Dng
hp i hi i biu ton quc ln th II ti cn c a Vit Bc (Chim Ho - Tuyn
Quang) t 11 n 19/2/1951. Tham d i hi c 158 i biu chnh thc v 53 i biu
d khuyt thay mt cho 766.349 ng vin ton ng.
Bn Bo co Chnh tr ca Ch tch H Ch Minh v bn bo co Bn v cch
mng Vit Nam ca Tng b th Trng Chinh c kt kinh nghim my chc nm
vn ng cch mng ca ng, nu r nhng nhim v trc mt ca ton ng, ton
dn ta a cuc khng chin chng Php n thng li, v vch r tin ca cch
mng Vit Nam.
Bo co Chnh tr ca Ch tch H Ch Minh nu r nhim v ch yu trc mt
ca cch mng Vit Nam l Tiu dit thc dn Php v nh bi bn can thip M,
ginh thng nht c lp hon ton, bo v hon bnh th gii. thc hin c
nhng nhim v ch yu , phi ng vin tinh thn yu nc, ra sc thi ua i quc,
y mnh xy dng lc lng v trang v cc on th qun chng, tng cng mt trn
on kt dn tc v on kt quc t, thc hin chnh sch rung t.
Bo co Bn v cch mng Vit Nam ca Tng b th Trng Chinh nu r k th
ch yu trc mt ca cch mng Vit Nam l ch ngha quc xm lc (thc dn
Php v can thip M) v b nhn Vit gian bn nc, i biu quyn li cho i a ch
phong kin v t sn mi bn. Nhim v c bn ca cch mng Vit Nam l nh ui
bn quc xm lc, nh b nhn Vit gian bn nc, ginh c lp v thng nht
hon ton cho dn tc, th tiu ch thuc a, xa b nhng tn tch phong kin, lm
cho ngi cy c rung, pht trin ch dn ch nhn dn, gy c s cho ch ngha x
hi Vit Nam.

37

Nhim v chng phong kin phi thc hin ng thi vi nhim v chng quc,
nhng lm tng bc, c k hoch va bi dng lc lng khng chin va gi vng
khi i on kt ton dn khng chin.
ng lc cch mng lc ny l nhn dn, gm c cng nhn, nng dn, tiu t sn
v t sn dn tc, ri n nhng nhn s, a ch yu nc v tin b. Nn tng ca
nhn dn l cng nng v lao ng tr c. Giai cp lnh o cch mng l giai cp cng
nhn.
i hi ra nhng chnh sch c bn v cng tc xy dng v cng c chnh
quyn; tng cng qun i; m rng mt trn on kt dn tc v on kt quc t,
pht trin kinh t - ti chnh, vn ho - gio dc... nhm y mnh khng chin ton
din.
i hi quyt nh ng ra hot ng cng khai ly tn l ng Lao ng Vit Nam.
i vi Lo v Campuchia, xy dng mi nc mt ng ring ph hp vi iu kin
c th lnh o cch mng tng bc n thng li1.
i hi thng qua Tuyn ngn, Chnh cng, iu l mi ca ng; quyt nh xut
bn bo Nhn dn, c quan ngn lun ca ng.
i hi bu Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng gm 19 u vin chnh thc v 10 u
vin d khuyt. B Chnh tr gm 7 u vin 2 do H Ch Minh lm ch tch v Trng
Chinh lm tng b th.
i hi ton quc ln th II l mc nh du bc trng thnh ca ng trong
qu trnh lnh o, nh du bc pht trin mi ca cuc khng chin chng Php, l
i hi khng chin thng li.
3. Pht trin hu phng khng chin v mi mt
Sau i hi ton quc ln th II ca ng, thc hin Ngh quyt i hi, ngy
3/3/1951, Vit Nam c lp ng minh (Vit Minh - thnh lp thng 5/1941) v Hi lin
hip quc dn Vit Nam (Hi Lin Vit - thnh lp thng 5/1946) hp i hi i biu
thng nht thnh mt mt trn duy nht, ly tn l Mt trn Lin hip quc dn Vit
Nam (gi tt l Mt trn Lin Vit). ng Lao ng Vit Nam chnh thc ra mt trc

Ngy 28/6/1951, ng b Campuchia hp i hi i biu ton quc ln th I thnh lp ng Nhn dn

cch mng Khme do Sn Ngc Minh ng u. Ngy 22/3/1951, ng b Lo hp i hi i biu ton quc
ln th I thnh lp ng Nhn dn Lo (nm 1972 i thnh ng Nhn dn cch mng Lo) do Caixn
Phmvihn ng u.

B Chnh tr gm H Ch Minh, Trng Chinh, L Dun, Hong Quc Vit, V Nguyn Gip, Phm Vn ng,
Nguyn Ch Thanh v mt u vin d khuyt l L Vn Lng.

38

i biu nhn dn tham d i hi. Khi on kt ton dn c cng c v tng cng

thm mt bc, lm ch da vng chc cho chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn, trn c s
chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn cc cp c kin ton, tr thnh cng c sc bn, trung
tm on kt ton dn tham gia khng chin - kin quc.
Ngy 11/3/1951, Mt trn Lin Vit (ca Vit Nam), Mt trn Khme txarc, Mt
trn Lo txala hp hi ngh i biu i din cho nhn dn ba nc thnh lp khi
Lin minh nhn dn Vit - Min - Lo trn c s t nguyn, bnh ng, tng tr v tn
trng ch quyn ca nhau.
Hi ngh Lin minh nhn dn ba nc ng Dng ng thi nh ra mt chng
trnh hnh ng chung, nu r nhn dn ba nc c k th chung l thc dn Php v
bn can thip M. Cuc u tranh ca nhn dn ba nc l mt b phn khng kht ca
phong tro ho bnh v dn ch th gii. Nhim v c bn ca cch mng ng Dng
l nh ui bn xm lc Php v can thip M, lm cho ba nc Vit Nam, Lo,
Campuchia hon ton c lp, xy dng ba quc gia mi, lm cho nhn dn ba nc
c t do, sung sng v tin b.
S hnh thnh khi Lin minh nhn dn Vit - Min - Lo tng cng khi
on kt ca nhn dn ba nc trong u tranh chng k th chung, ging n nng n
vo m mu chia tr ca k th v t c s cho s lin minh lu di gia ba nc
trong nhng giai on v sau.
Trn mt trn kinh t, nm 1952, ng v Chnh ph ra cuc vn ng lao ng
sn xut v thc hnh tit kim. Cuc vn ng li cun mi ngnh, mi gii tham
gia. Trong cc vng t do v vng cn c du kch, nng dn hng hi tham gia phong
tro i cng, hp tc, ra sc cy cy, lm thu li, to ngun phn bn, chn ging cy
trng, khai hoang khn ho, thm canh tng v, sn xut ra nhiu lng thc thc
phm. Cng nhn, cn b, hc sinh, b i trong cc x nghip, c quan, trng hc, n
v b i... nhit tnh hng ng cuc vn ng, tranh th trng trt, chn nui m bo
t tc mt phn lng thc, thc phm, gip nhn dn chng ng hn, dit tr su b,
thu hoch kp thi v.
Nm 1953 vng t do v vng cn c du kch t Lin khu IV tr ra sn xut c
2.757.000 tn thc v 650.850 tn hoa mu.
Sn xut tiu th cng nghip v cng nghip v c bn p ng c nhng nhu
cu v cng c sn xut v nhng mt hng tiu dng thit yu ca i sng. Ring cng
nghip quc phng c bc tin ng k. Nm 1953, ta sn xut c hn 3.500 tn v
kh n dc, cung cp tm cho b i v thuc men, qun trang, qun dng.

39

i i vi y mnh sn xut, ng v Chnh ph ra nhng chnh sch nhm

chn chnh ch thu kho, xy dng nn ti chnh, ngn hng, thng nghip.
Ngy 1/5/1951, Chnh ph ban hnh Sc lnh v thu nng nghip nhm huy ng
ngun ng gp ln ca nhn dn vo ngn sch Nh nc, m bo nhu cu ngy cng
cao ca tin tuyn. Chnh sch thu nng nghip th hin s cng bng trong vic thc
hin ngha v i vi Nh nc (gim nh ng gp cho bn c nng, nhng gia nh c
cng vi cch mng) v c tc dng khuyn khch sn xut, n nh i sng nhn dn.
Bn cnh thu nng nghip - ngun thu chnh ca ngn sch Nh nc, Chnh ph cn
ban hnh nhng sc lnh v thu cng thng, thu hng ho, thu xut nhp khu.
Ngy 6/5/1951, Chnh ph ban hnh Sc lnh thnh lp Ngn hng quc gia Vit
Nam pht hnh ng bc Vit Nam mi, huy ng vn ca nhn dn, qun l ngn
qu quc gia, iu ho tin t, thng nht qun l thu chi, lp qu tn dng pht trin sn
xut, u tranh tin t vi ch.
n cui 1953, ln u tin sau 7 nm khng chin thc hin c thng bng
thu chi ngn sch. Ngnh ti chnh ngn hng cng c gng p ng c nhu cu
ca cuc khng chin v i sng nhn dn hu phng, c tc dng kch thch sn
xut v gp phn u tranh vi ch trn lnh vc mu dch. n cui 1953, mu dch
quc doanh cung cp phn ln yu cu cc mt hng thit yu, nh go chim 70%,
mui chim 50%..., chng c nn u c tch tr, nh , bnh n c vt gi. Mu
dch quc doanh thu mua nng, lm sn, hng ho ca nhn dn sn xut, cung cp
nguyn liu cho cc c s sn xut, nh nguyn liu lm giy, lm ng, dt vi, bo
ch thuc...
bi dng sc dn, nht l nng dn, u nm 1953, ng v Chnh ph quyt
nh pht ng qun chng trit gim t v ci cch rung t ngay trong khng
chin.
Thng 3/1953, Hi ng Chnh ph hp bn mc ch, k hoch pht ng qun
chng v thng 4/1953 Ch tch H Ch Minh ra ba sc lnh v rung t. Sc lnh th
nht quy nh chnh sch rung t gm c gim t, gim tc, chia rung t ca Php
v Vit gian cho nng dn khng c rung hoc t rung, tm giao rung t vng ch
cho nng dn. Sc lnh th hai quy nh vic trng tr a ch khng tun theo php
lut. Sc lnh th ba quy nh vic lp to n nhn dn c bit nhng ni pht ng
qun chng trng tr bn Vit gian phn ng chng li chnh sch rung t.
Thng 11/1953, Hi ngh ton quc ln th nht ca ng chnh thc thng qua
Cng lnh rung t. Thng 12/1953, kho hp ln th III Quc hi nc Vit Nam
dn ch cng ho thng qua Lut ci cch rung t v quyt nh tin hnh ci cch
rung t vng t do. Lut ci cch rung t nu r: Th tiu quyn chim hu rung
40

t ca giai cp a ch thc hin ch s hu rung t ca nng dn, pht trin

sn xut, ci thin i sng, y mnh khng chin. Ch tch H Ch Minh ni: Khng
chin cng pht trin th i hi sc ngi, sc ca ngy cng nhiu. Nng dn cung
cp sc ngi, sc ca nhiu nht cho khng chin. Phi gii phng nng dn khi ch
phong kin, phi bi dng cho nng dn th mi ng vin c y lc lng to ln
, dc vo khng chin u tranh thng li (1. 464).
T thng 4/1953 n thng 7/1954, thc hin tt c 5 t gim t v t 1 ci cch
rung t mt s x thuc vng t do. Trc khi chnh thc tin hnh t 1 53 x
thuc Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ho t thng 5/1954, ta tin hnh t th im 6 x thuc
i T v Thi Nguyn t ngy 25/11/1953 n ngy 30/3/1954. n cui 1953, tnh t
Lin khu IV tr ra, cch mng tm cp cho nng dn hn 184.343 hcta rung t
ca thc dn v a ch, rung t vng ch, rung t b hoang.
Cng cuc trit gim t, thc hin gim tc v cng cuc ci cch rung t tuy
mi c thc hin bc u nhng nhng kt qu thu c v nh hng ca n i
vi khng chin ht sc to ln. Nng dn c chia rung t tch cc sn xut, hng
hi ng gp sc ngi sc ca phc v cho tin tuyn. B i ta m phn ln xut thn
t nng dn hng hi chin u.
S nghip vn ho, gio dc, y t pht trin mnh. Ta ht sc ch trng xy dng
phong tro vn ngh qun chng, khai thc vn vn ho vn ngh dn tc (nh dn ca,
ma), t chc v hng dn hot ng ca cc vn ngh s theo hng phc v khng
chin. T nm 1953, cng vi ngnh in nh l cc i chiu bng xut hin phc v
nhim v khng chin. Mt s b phim Vit Nam, nh Vit Nam khng chin, Vit
Nam trn ng thng li, in Bin Ph c xy dng ton b hay mt phn trong
khng chin.
Ci cch gio dc ra t thng 4/1950, tip tc thc hin theo ba phng chm:
phc v khng chin, phc v dn sinh, phc v sn xut, gn nh trng vi i sng
x hi.
S trng hc v hc sinh ph thng nm 1954 u tng hn so vi nm 1950: cp I
tng 130%, cp II v cp III tng 300%. Kho hc 1952 -1953 c 767.651 hc sinh ph
thng cc cp. Kho hc 1953 - 1954 c 1.130.242 hc sinh. Nm 1954 s sinh vin i
hc v trung hc chuyn nghip l 4.247 ngi. T nm 1951 n nm 1953 ta o to
c 7.000 cn b k thut. n nm 1954 c 3.400 hc sinh gi i hc nc ngoi.
Phong tro bnh dn hc v xo nn m ch min ni v b tc vn ho cho cn
b, cng nhn v cc tng lp nhn dn lao ng khc c y mnh. n thng
9/1953 c 10.450 lp b tc vn ho vi 335.946 hc vin. Mt s trng ph thng

41

lao ng trung ng v cc tnh c thnh lp v c 1467 cn b, cng nhn, chin s

thi ua theo hc.
Cuc vn ng v sinh phng bnh, chm lo sc kho ca nhn dn, thc hin i
sng mi, bi tr m tn d oan, chng c bc ru ch, c coi trng v ngy cng c
tnh cht qun chng. Phng y t v nh h sinh t 4.913 c s nm 1949 tng ln
16.559 c s nm 1953. Cn b y t v h sinh vin c o to trong khng chin
lm nng ct trong cc phong tro ba sch (n sch, ung sch, sch), phong tro
bn dit (dit rui, dit mui, dit chut, dit chy rn) cc vng t do v cn c du
kch.
Phong tro thi ua yu nc ngy cng n su, lan rng trong cc ngnh, cc gii,
lm ny n nhiu n v, c nhn u t. Ngy 1/5/1952. i hi anh hng v chin s thi
ua ton quc ln th nht vi 154 cn b v chin s tiu biu cho cc ngnh khai
mc ti cn c a Vit Bc. i hi tng kt, biu dng thnh tch ca phong tro thi
ua yu nc v chn c 7 anh hng: C Chnh Lan, La Vn Cu, Nguyn Quc Tr,
Nguyn Th Chin, Ng Gia Khm, Trn i Ngha, Hong Hanh. i hi anh hng v
chin s thi ua ton quc nh du bc trng thnh ca cuc khng chin, c v
qun v dn c nc tin ln ginh nhiu thng li mi.
4. Gi vng th ch ng tin cng ch trn chin trng
Sau chin thng Bin gii thu - ng 1950, vi lc lng mi mt ca ta c cng
c, qun ta lin tip m nhng chin dch tin cng vo phng tuyn ch chin trng
rng ni, c vng trung du v ng bng, nhm ph m mu y mnh chin tranh ca
Php - M, ph k hoch cng c trung du v ng bng ca ch, m rng khu du kch
ca ta, gi vng th ch ng chin lc ca ta va ginh c.
T ngy 25/12/1950 n ngy 17/1/1951, ta m chin dch Trung du (chin dch Trn
Hng o) nh vo h thng phng ng ca ch Vnh Yn, Phc Yn.
T ngy 20/3 n 7/4/1951 ta m chin dch ng s 18 (chin dch Hong Hoa
Thm) nh vo phng tuyn ch trn ng s 18 t Ph Li n Ung B.
T ngy 28/5 n 20/6/1951, ta m chin dch H Nam Ninh (chin dch Quang
Trung) nh vo h thng phng ng ca ch H Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh.
Phi hp vi cuc tin cng ca b i ch lc, b a phng v dn qun du
kch vng sau lng ch trn chin trng c nc y mnh hot ng tc chin, dit
nhiu n bt ch, ph nhiu t chc t ngu, gy dng thm nhiu c s khng chin.
Chin dch Trung du, chin dch ng s 18 v chin dch H Nam Ninh l nhng
chin dch tin cng quy m ln u tin ca b i ch lc ta nh vo phng tuyn
kin c ca ch trung du v ng bng Bc b, loi khi vng chin u hn mt
42

vn ch, trong gn mt na l qun c ng, tiu dit c nhiu c im quan trng

ca ch.
Nhng chin dch trn c m ra trung du v ng bng l nhng chin trng
c li cho ch khng c li cho ta, phn no bc l t tng ch quan nng vi, nn
hiu sut chin u khng cao v thit hi ca qun ta khng nh. Thiu st c
khc phc trong nhng chin dch tip sau.
Rt kinh nghim ca ba chin dch m ra ng bng v trung du t cui 1950 n
gia 1951, ta ch trng nhng chin dch tin cng tip sau s m ra rng ni, l
chin trng ta c nhiu li th hn v a th.
V pha ch, sau nhng cuc tin cng gi vng th ch ng ca qun ta trung
du v ng bng t cui 1950 n gia 1951, thc dn Php tng cng m nhng cuc
phn cng v tin cng qun ta, ginh li quyn ch ng mt trn chin trng Bc
b. T ngy 9 n 14/11/1951, Ttxinhi tp trung 20 tiu on b binh tinh nhu, c
pho binh, c gii, my bay phi hp m chin dch Ltut (Lotus) nh chim Ho
Bnh nhm mc ch v nhm ni li hnh lang ng - Ty chia ct cn c a Vit
Bc vi Lin khu III v Lin khu IV, cng c tinh thn ngu qun ngu quyn, ng thi
gy nh hng tranh th thm vin tr ca M.
Ngy 10/11, Php a qun nhy d xung Xun Mai, Ch Bn (Ho Bnh), ng
thi vi hai cnh qun thu v b, c my bay ym tr ngc theo sng v ng s 6
tin vo th x Ho Bnh.
V pha ta, ch nh Ho Bnh v v tp trung lc lng nh Ho Bnh, chng
phi rt bt qun vng ng bng, l c hi tt ta nh ch. Ta va cho qun vy
hm, truy kch tiu dit ch trn mt trn Ho Bnh, va y mnh hot ng chng ph
k hoch bnh nh ng bng Bc b ca chng, thc y phong tro du kch chin
tranh vng sau lng chng.
Ba i on ch lc 304, 308 v 312 c nhim v vy hm v truy kch tiu dit qun
c ng (mt trn Ho Bnh), cn hai i on 316 v 320 c nhim v h tr hot ng
ca lc lng v trang a phng v nhn dn vng sau lng ch ng bng Bc b.
Sau hn ba thng chin u (t thng 11/1951 n cui thng 2/1952), ta buc ch
phi rt khi Ho Bnh, kt thc chin dch (23/2/1952).
Trn cc mt trn, ta loi khi vng chin u hn 22.000 ch. Tnh ring trn
mt trn sau lng ch, ta loi khi vng chin u hn 15.000 ch. Hn 1.000 n bt,
thp canh ca ch b qun ta san bng hoc b bc rt. Cc cn c du kch ca ta Bc
b c m rng, ni lin vi nhau t Bc Giang xung Bc Ninh ti st ng s 5 qua
Hng Yn, Hi Dng, Thi bnh, H Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh.
43

Chin dch phn cng Ho Bnh ca ta ginh thng li l thng li ca ngh thut
ch o phi hp chin u gia mt trn chnh din vi mt trn sau lng ch, gia
chin trng chnh vi cc chin trng phi hp trong c nc, kt hp gia vn ng
chin vi du kch chin, gia tin cng qun s vi ni dy ca qun chng.
Tip tc thc hin phng chm nh chc thng v phng hng chin lc
trnh ch mnh, nh ch yu, b i ta chuyn hng tin cng ch trn cc chin
trng rng ni, trng tm trc mt l trn chin trng Ty Bc.
Ty Bc l vng chin lc quan trng, ch chim ng uy hip khu cn c
a Vit Bc ca ta v che ch cho vng Thng Lo ca chng. Nhng Ty Bc cch xa
cn c Vit Bc v vng t do Thanh - Ngh - Tnh ca ta, nn ch li lng vic phng
b.
Nm c s h ca ch, ta quyt nh m chin dch Ty Bc nhm tiu dit sinh
lc ch, gii phng t ai v ng bo cc dn tc y, ng thi a mt b phn
ch lc lun su vo lng ch, gip qun chng ni dy, pht trin chin tranh du
kch, m rng cn c khng chin, v to iu kin phi hp vi cuc khng chin ca
nhn dn Lo.
M u chin dch, qun ta tin cng ch Ngha L ngy 14/10/1952. Tip ,
qun ta nh vo Mc Chu, Thun Chu, (Lai Chu), Sn La, Yn Bi.
Sau hn hai thng chin u (t gia thng 10 n cui thng 12/1952), trn cc
mt trn, ta loi khi vng chin u hn 13.000 ch, gii phng 28.500 cy s vung
gm ton tnh Ngha L, hu ht tnh Sn La (tr N Sn), bn huyn thuc Lai Chu,
hai huyn thuc Yn Bi, vi 25 vn dn, ph mt phn m mu lp X Thi t tr ca
ch. ch b nh bt khi hng lot cn c, phi tp trung qun v N Sn. Sau
chng thm qun xung N Sn c gi v tr ny.
u nm 1953, Trung ng ng v Chnh ph ta cng vi chnh ph khng chin
Lo v Mt trn Itxala ca Lo tho thun m chin dch Thng Lo, tin cng tnh
Sm Na, nhm tiu dit sinh lc ch, gii phng t ai v dn, xy dng v m rng
cn c du kch, y mnh cuc khng chin ca nhn dn Lo. Ngy 8/4/1953, chin
dch bt u.
Sau gn 1 thng chin u, lin qun Vit - Lo loi khi vng chin u 3 tiu on
v 10 i i, gii phng ton tnh Sm Na, mt phn tnh Xing Khong v tnh
Phongsal vi trn 30.000 dn. Cn c khng chin Thng Lo c m rng, ni lin
vi Ty Bc Vit Nam, to th uy hip mi i vi gic Php.

44

Chin dch Thng Lo ginh c thng li l thng li ca tnh on kt chin

u gia hai dn tc Vit - Lo, gia qun i nhn dn Vit Nam v qun gii phng
Patht Lo chng k th chung l thc dn Php xm lc.
Phi hp vi chin trng chnh Bc b, t cui 1950 n gia 1953, cc chin
trng Trung b v Nam b, qun dn ta anh dng chin u chng ch cn qut, nh
n ch, nh phc kch, tp kch, ni bt l li nh c cng, tiu hao v tiu dit
nhiu sinh lc ch, tiu dit hoc bc rt nhiu cn c ch, ph hu nhiu c s kinh t
ca chng, nhiu t chc t ngu...
IV. Cuc khng chin ton quc chng thc dn Php kt thc
(1953 - 1954)
1. m mu mi ca Php - M - K hoch Nava
Sau 7, 8 nm tin hnh chin tranh xm lc Vit Nam, nht l sau tht bi trong
mt lot chin dch tin cng v phn cng ca qun ta Bin gii thu - ng 1950, Ho
Bnh ng - xun 1951 - 1952, Ty Bc thu - ng 1952, Thng Lo h 1953, thc dn
Php b tn tht ln v lc lng qun s, tiu tn ln v ti chnh. n nm 1953, thc
dn Php b loi khi vng chin u hn 30 vn qun v tiu tn hn 2.000 t phrng.
Vng chim ng ca chng b thu hp. Kh khn ln nht ca ch trn chin trng l
ngy cng i vo th b ng phng ng, thiu hn mt lc lng c ng chin lc
mnh i ph vi cc cuc tn cng mi ca ta.
Tht bi dn dp v qun s, kh khn to ln v kinh t ca Php ng Dng
tc ng mnh n tnh hnh chnh tr trong nc, gy nn cuc khng hong ni cc,
lm cho ni cc Php dng ln xung 17 ln trong vng 8 nm, lm bng ln cuc
u tranh ca qun chng i chm dt chin tranh xm lc ng Dng.
Li thot duy nht lc ny buc thc dn Php phi la chn l da hn vo M,
xin thm nhiu vin tr y mnh chin tranh xm lc, vi mong mun ginh thng
li qun s quyt nh kt thc chin tranh trong danh d.
V pha M, t lu chng nui dng chin lc nhm gt Php c chim
Vit Nam v cc nc khc ng Dng, bin cc nc ny thnh thuc a kiu mi
v cn c qun s ng Nam . tuy hin ti c nhng iu kin thun li
thc hin, l qun Php ang b sa ly v c nguy c tht bi hon ton, M khng
d g thc hin, v tnh hnh th gii, quan h gia cc nc ln ang cn nhiu phc
tp, cuc chin tranh Triu Tin li va chm dt (7/1953). V vy, M ch c th y
nhanh qu trnh can thip su hn vo cuc chin tranh xm lc ng Dng, ln dn
quyn ca Php, tng cng vin tr la, v kh, qua buc Php ko di, m rng,
quc t ho chin tranh.
45

Ngy 7/5/1953, vi s tho thun ca M, tng Nava (Navarre), tham mu trng

lc qun khi Bc i Ty Dng, c c lm Tng ch huy qun i vin chinh Php
ng Dng thay tng Xalng. Nava vch k hoch qun s mang tn K hoch
Nava, vi mc ch xoay chuyn cc din chin tranh ng Dng, hy vng trong 18
thng ginh ly thng li qun s quyt nh chuyn bi thnh thng. K hoch nava
thc hin theo 2 bc:
* Bc th nht, trong thu - ng 1953 v xun 1954, gi th phng ng chin lc
trn chin trng min Bc, trnh giao chin vi qun ch lc ca ta; thc hin tin
cng chin lc bnh nh min Trung v min Nam ng Dng, ginh ly nhn lc,
vt lc, c bit phi thanh ton cho c Lin khu V, ng thi ra sc m rng ngu
qun, tp trung binh lc, xy dng i qun c ng chin lc mnh.
* Bc th hai, t thu - ng 1954, chuyn lc lng ra chin trng min Bc, thc
hin tin cng chin lc, c ginh thng li qun s quyt nh, buc ta phi m phn
theo nhng iu kin c li cho chng, l kt thc chin tranh trong danh d.
l k hoch chin lc c quy m rng ln, th hin tp trung s c gng ln
nht v cui cng ca thc dn Php, c s ng h v gip ca M trong cuc chin
tranh xm lc ng Dng.
Thc hin k hoch Nava, thc dn Php tng thm ng Dng 12 tiu on b
binh rt t Php, Bc Phi, Nam Triu Tin sang, ng thi xin M tng thm vin tr
qun s (tng gp i, chim ti 73% chi ph chin tranh ng Dng), v thc p
ngu qun bt thm lnh, a lc lng qun ngu vo u nm 1954 ln ti con s ln
nht t trc n nay l 334.000 qun trong tng s 480.000 qun ch ni chung trn
ton chin trng ng Dng.
T thu - ng 1953, Nava tp trung ng bng Bc b mt lc lng c ng
mnh gm 44 tiu on (trong tng s 84 tiu on ton ng Dng). Qun ch tng
cng nhng cuc cn qut bnh nh vng chim ng, m rng hot ng th ph bit
kch vng rng ni bin gii, m nhng cuc tin cng ln vo vng bin Ninh Bnh Thanh Ho (thng 10/1953) nhm ph k hoch tin cng ca ta.
2. Cuc tin cng chin lc ng - Xun 1953 - 1954 v chin dch lch s in
Bin Ph
a. Cuc tin cng chin lc ng - Xun 1953 - 1954:
Trc nhng thay i trong cc din chin tranh ng Dng v trn c s nh
gi m mu mi ca Php - M th hin trong k hoch Nava, Hi ngh B Chnh tr
Trung ng ng hp trong thng 9/1953 ra k hoch tc chin ng - Xun 1953 1954 vi quyt tm gi vng quyn ch ng nh ch trn c hai mt trn chnh din
46

v sau lng ch, phi hp hot ng trn phm vi c nc v ton ng Dng. Nm

vng nhim v tiu dit sinh lc ch l chnh, phng hng chin lc ca ta trong
ng - Xun l Tp trung lc lng m nhng cuc tin cng vo nhng hng quan
trng v chin lc m ch tng i yu nhm tiu dit mt b phn sinh lc ch, gii
phng t ai, ng thi buc chng phi b ng phn tn lc lng i ph vi ta trn
nhng a bn xung yu m chng khng th b, do phi phn tn binh lc m to ra
cho ta nhng iu kin thun li mi tiu dit thm tng b phn sinh lc ca chng
(6. 47), v phng chm chin lc chung trong ton b cuc tin cng ng - Xun l
Tch cc, ch ng, c ng, linh hot, nh chc thng (chc thng th nh cho k
thng, khng chc thng th kin quyt khng nh).
Thc hin phng hng chin lc trn, trong ng - Xun 1953 -1954, qun ta
m mt lot chin dch tin cng qun ch trn nhiu hng hu khp cc chin
trng ng Dng.
Ngy 20/11/1953, pht hin b i ch lc ca ta di chuyn ln Ty Bc, Nava cho 6
tiu on u - Phi tinh nhu nhy d xung in Bin Ph.
Ngy 10/12/1953, b i ch lc ta c mt Ty Bc, mt b phn t chc bao vy
uy hip ch in Bin Ph, b phn cn li m cuc tin cng ch th x Lai Chu.
Qua 10 ngy chin u, qun ta loi khi vng chin u 24 i i ch, gii phng
ton b Lai Chu (tr in Bin Ph). Nava buc phi a 6 tiu on c ng t ng
bng Bc b tng cng cho in Bin Ph. Nh th l sau ng bng Bc b, in
Bin Ph tr thnh ni tp trung binh lc th hai ca ch.
u thng 12/1953, lin qun Vit - Lo m cuc tin cng ch Trung Lo, loi
khi vng chin u 3 tiu on u - Phi, gii phng 4 vn cy s vung v th x Th
Kht, bao vy uy hip ch Xavanakht v cn c Sn. ch buc phi tng cng lc
lng cho Sn v Sn tr thnh ni tp trung binh lc th ba ca chng.
H Lo, mt n v nh qun tnh nguyn Vit Nam phi hp vi qun i Patht
Lo men theo dy Trng Sn tin xung gii phng th x Atp v ton b cao nguyn
Blven, loi khi vng chin u 1.000 ch, sau phi hp vi qun gii phng
Campuchia gii phng Vnsai v Kimpang, uy hip Tungstreng, ni lin khu du kch
Campuchia vi cn c H Lo.
Ngy 20/1/1954, Nava tp trung 20 tiu on b binh m Chin dch tlng tin
cng nh chim Tuy Ho, Ph Yn, ri m rng nh chim ton b vng t do ca ta
Lin khu V theo k hoch nh. Gi vng quyn ch ng nh ch, u thng
2/1954 b i ch lc ta m cuc tin cng ch Bc Ty Nguyn, loi khi vng chin
u 2.000 ch, gii phng th x v ton tnh Kontum, ng thi bao vy uy hip Plycu.

47

ch buc phi b d cuc tin cng Tuy Ho, Ph Yn tng cng lc lng cho
Plycu v Plycu tr thnh ni tp trung binh lc th t ca chng.
Cng vo cui thng 1/1954, nh lc hng phn on ca ch, to iu kin
cho qun ta y mnh mi cng tc chun b in Bin Ph, b i ch lc ta phi
hp vi qun i Patht Lo m cuc tin cng ch Thng Lo, gii phng lu vc
sng Nm Hu. Tha lc ch hoang mang, mt b phn lin qun Vit - Lo tin ln
pha Bc, gii phng hon ton tnh Phongsal, mt cn c khng chin ca nhn dn
Lo, m rng thm 1 vn cy s vung. Khu gii phng Sm Na ca Lo ni lin vi
khu Ty Bc ca Vit Nam.
Lo s lin qun Vit - Lo tha thng nh vo Lung Phabng, Nava dng cu
hng khng a qun t ng bng Bc b tng cng cho Lung Phabng v Mng
Si, Lung Phabng v Mng Si tr thnh ni tp trung binh lc th nm ca ch.
Phi hp cht ch vi mt trn chnh din, phong tro chin tranh du kch pht trin
mnh vng sau lng ch.
Nam b, b i ch lc khu v ch lc tnh y mnh tin cng vo vng tm b
chim, tiu dit nhiu ch, h tr qun chng u tranh qun s, chnh tr, kt hp vi
ch vn.
Nam Trung b, chin tranh du kch pht trin mnh, tiu dit hoc bc rt nhiu
cn c im ca ch, gii phng nhiu vng rng ln, nh vng in Bn - Qung Nam
c trn 4 vn dn, vng Hn Khi v Ty - Bc Khnh Ho, vng Tnh Linh v Lng
Sn (Bnh Thun)...
Bnh - Tr - Thin, b i ta hot ng mnh trn ng s 9, ph hu nhiu cu
cng, dit nhiu ch, dit v bc rt 6 cn c ch, gii phng hon ton huyn Hng
Ho (Qung Tr). Trn ng s 1 v ng xe la, qun ta dit nhiu xe v on tu
ca ch.
ng bng Bc b, qun ta hot ng mnh. Phng tuyn sng y b ph v, cn
c ca ta t ngn v hu ngn sng Hng c m rng. Con ng s 5 - tuyn giao
thng huyt mch ca ch - lin tip b phc kch, nhiu lc b t lit, lm cho nhiu
on tu, xe b ph hu. Nhiu thnh ph, th x, ngay c th H Ni, mt s sn bay
nh sn bay Gia Lm (H Ni), sn bay Ct Bi (Hi Phng) b b i ta tp kch, dit
nhiu ch, ph hu my bay v nhiu phng tin chin tranh khc, nhiu kho tng ca
ch.
Cuc tin cng chin lc ng - Xun 1953 - 1954 ca ta lm ph sn bc u
k hoch qun s Nava ca Php - M, buc qun ch lc ca chng phi b ng phn
tn v giam chn ti min rng ni bt li cho chng. Cuc tin cng chin lc thng
48

li ng thi l s chun b nhng iu kin vt cht v tinh thn cho qun dn ta m

cuc tin cng c tnh cht quyt nh vo tp on c im in Bin Ph ca ch.
b. Chin dch lch s in Bin Ph
Bc vo ng - xun 1953 - 1954, khi bt u trin khai k hoch Nava, pht hin
hng tin cng ch yu ca qun ta ln Ty Bc Vit Nam v Thng Lo, thc dn
Php iu lc lng ln qun i ln hng , cho qun b ng khng xung
cnh ng Mng Thanh, chim in Bin Ph bo v vng c ngha chin lc
ny ng Dng v ng Nam .
in Bin Ph l mt thung lng rng ln pha Ty vng rng ni Ty Bc, c
lng cho Mng Thanh di gn 20 kilmt, rng t 6 n 8 kilmt, cch H Ni
khong 300 cy s, cch Lung Phabng khong 200 cy s ng chim bay. Thung
lng ny nm gn bin gii Vit - Lo, c con sng Nm Rm chy theo hng Nam Bc xung sng Nm Hu, c sn bay Mng Thanh c xy dng t 1889. Dn s
in Bin Ph c 2 vn ngi thuc 11 dn tc khc nhau (Kinh, Thi, Mo, Nng,
Mng, Ty, Lo, X Puc, Hoa, Pnoi).
Theo nh gi ca Nava v nhiu nh qun s Php - M th in Bin Ph vo
Mt v tr chin lc quan trng chng nhng i vi chin trng ng Dng, m cn
i vi min ng Nam (8. T. V. 70). N nh ci bn xoay c th xoay i bn pha
Vit Nam, Lo, Min in, Trung Quc (15), nh ci cha khoa bo v Thng Lo, t
chim li vng mt Ty Bc trong nhng nm 1950 - 1953 v to iu kin
nh tiu dit qun ch lc ca ta ti y.
in Bin Ph c Php, c M gip (v c vn, k thut, trang b...) xy dng
thnh tp on c im mnh nht ng Dng, thnh trung tm im ca k hoch
qun s Nava. Qun ch chim ng y tng dn t 6 tiu on ln 13 tiu on gm
nhng n v b binh, pho binh, cng binh, xe tng, khng qun vo loi tinh nhu
nht ng Dng, trong c 12 tiu on c ng, tc bng 1/3 lc lng c ng
ca ch Bc b v bng 1/6 lc lng c ng ca chng trn chin trng ng
Dng, vi qun s lc cao nht 16.200 tn. Lc lng ca chng c b tr thnh h
thng phng ng mnh, gm 49 c im, chia lm 3 khu: khu Trung tm Mng Thanh
c ch huy s, nhiu trung tm khng, nhiu c im bao quanh sn bay; phn khu
Bc c 3 trung tm khng l Him Lam, c Lp, Bn Ko; phn khu Nam c trung
tm khng Hng Cm.
S hnh thnh h thng phng th in Bin Ph lc u ch cu nguy Lai
Chu, bo v Thng Lo, nhng v sau c to thnh mt ci by him c, ci
nht ht mu c, ci my nghin khng l, nhm vo qun ch lc ca ta. C s thc
t cho nhng tnh ton trn y ca Php - M, l tnh kin c v ht sc phc tp
49

ca h thng cng s phng ng in Bin Ph, l sc mnh p o v lc lng qun

c ng tinh nhu ng, chim u th tuyt i v khng qun, c gii, c trang b
hin i.
Do vo sc mnh qun s v tin vo u th ca v kh, thc dn Php, c quc
M i n nhn nh in Bin Ph l Pho i bt kh xm phm v t ngy
3/12/1953, chng quyt nh tip nhn cuc chin u ti in Bin Ph, thch qun ta
nh ln tiu dit.
u thng 12/1953, trc vic thc dn Php tng cng lc lng qun i,
phng tin chin tranh chim ng in Bin Ph v quyt nh tip nhn cuc chin
u ti y, B Chnh tr Trung ng ng hp thng qua k hoch tc chin ca B
Tng t lnh v quyt nh m chin dch in Bin Ph, mt trn quyt chin chin
lc ln nht gia ta v Php.
B Chnh tr cho rng, in Bin Ph l mt tp on c im mnh, nhng c ci
yu c bn l b c lp. N rt xa hu phng ca ch, mi tip t vn chuyn u da
vo hng khng. i vi ta, in Bin Ph cng l ni xa hu phng ln (Vit Bc v
Thanh - Ngh - Tnh t 300 n 500 cy s). tin hnh chin dch in Bin Ph, kh
khn ln nht ca ta l vn cung cp. Nhng qun dn ta c nhiu kh nng khc
phc kh khn hn k ch. l hu phng ca ta ang chuyn mnh trong cuc cch
mng rung t. Hn na, qun i ta trng thnh sau thng li trong cc chin
dch Bin gii, Ha Bnh, Ty Bc, Thng Lo, c tin b trong tc chin, trang b k
thut, nht l vi ch quyt chin quyt thng c th nh c tp on c im.
Mc tiu ca chin dch l tiu dit mt b phn quan trng sinh lc tinh nhu ca
ch y, gii phng vng Ty Bc v to iu kin cho lc lng v trang ca Lo gii
phng vng Bc Lo, ng thi to iu kin tiu hao, tiu dit sinh lc ch trn
chin trng ton ng Dng. in Bin Ph tr thnh trung tm im ca K hoch
ng - xun 1953 -1954 ca ta, im quyt chin chin lc gia ta v ch.
Trong Ch th ngy 22/12/1953, Ch tch H Ch Minh nu r: Chin dch ny l
mt chin dch rt quan trng khng nhng v qun s m c v chnh tr, khng nhng
i vi trong nc m c i vi quc t. V vy, ton qun, ton dn, ton ng phi tp
trung hon thnh cho k c.
bo m cng tc chun b v ch huy chin dch, B Chnh tr quyt nh thnh
lp B Ch huy v ng u mt trn do i tng V Nguyn Gip, U vin B Chnh
tr, Tng t lnh qun i nhn dn Vit Nam trc tip lm Ch huy trng kim B th
ng u mt trn; Chnh ph quyt nh thnh lp Hi ng cung cp mt trn do Phm
Vn ng, U vin B Chnh tr, Ph Th tng lm Ch tch.

50

Quyt tm chin lc ca B Chnh tr Trung ng ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh

l tiu dit ton b qun ch in Bin Ph bin thnh ch v hnh ng ca
ton ng ton qun v ton dn ta.
Trong sut cuc khng chin chng Php, nhn dn v qun i ta cha bao gi
ng trc nhim v to ln v nng n nh nhim v ng - xun 1953 - 1954. Nhng
cng cha lc no c cao tro cch mng si ni, rm r v ho hng nh cao tro
chin u v phc v chin u ng - xun 1953 - 1954.
Vi khu hiu tt c cho tin tuyn, tt c nh thng, ta a c mt hu
phng hng hu, t vng t do Vit Bc, Lin khu III, Lin khu IV, vng mi gii
phng Ty Bc, n vng du kch v cn c du kch ng bng Bc B ngi, ca
v c nhit tnh chin u cho mt trn in Bin Ph.
Hng chc vn dn cng vt qua o cao, ni dc, nng ma, rt mt, vt qua
ma bom, bo n, chuyn lng thc v n dc cho b i nh gic. 261.453 dn
cng min ngc, min xui vi trn 18.301.570 ngy cng tham gia chin dch.
25.056 tn go, 907 tn tht, 971 tn thc phm khc c huy ng cung cp cho mt
trn in Bin Ph.
Hng vn thanh nin xung phong phi hp vi cc n v cng binh anh dng ph
bom n chm ca ch, m ng n cc trn a. Trong thi gian ngn, hng nghn
cy s ng c xy dng v sa cha phc v chin dch. ng t Yn Bi sang, t
Thanh Ho ra, t khu III, Ho Bnh, Sn La ln. ng Tun Gio i in Bin Ph
c m rng. ng b, ng thu ngy m vn chuyn 30.759 tn vt cht ra tin
tuyn.
Cc phng tin vn chuyn t th s n c gii u c huy ng. Hu ht t
vn ti gm 628 chic c a ra mt trn. B i vn ti nu cao tinh thn khc phc
kh khn, xe chy khng n ban m, vt qua bom n chm, bo m mt khi lng
ln vt t cho chin dch. 11.800 thuyn cc loi t thuyn bum, thuyn c mc n b
mng ngc sng M t Thanh Ho ln, vt thc sng t Lin khu III, Ho Bnh,
Ph Th ln, hoc xung dng Nm Na t Phong Th, Lai Chu... tip t cho mt trn.
21.000 xe p th, 500 nga th v hng nghn xe tru b th c huy ng phc v
chin dch.
Cng tc vn chuyn, tip t cho chin dch vi khi lng t c gp phn
quyt nh vo thng li ca qun dn ta trn mt trn chin u.
nh ch in Bin Ph, thc hin theo nguyn tc ch o nh chc thng
vn dng phng chm chin dch lc u l nh nhanh thng nhanh, sau i l
nh chc tin chc, phng chm tc chin l cng kin chin, nh mt lot trn
cng kin c tnh cht trn a, nh tiu dit mt hoc mt s trung tm khng ca
51

ch, hnh thnh th bao vy, chia ct khng ch ch, sit cht dn vng vy ch, trit
hn ngun tip t v cu vin ca chng, tin ln tiu dit ton b qun ch.
Chin dch bt u t ngy 13/3 n ngy 7/5/1954, chia lm 3 t:
* t 1 - T 13 n 17/3, qun ta tin cng tiu dit cc cn c Him Lam, c Lp,
Bn Ko, v ton b phn khu Bc. Ton t ta loi khi vng chin u gn 2.000 ch.
* t 2 - T 30/3 n 26/4, qun ta ng lot tin cng cc cn c pha ng khu
Trung tm Mng Thanh, nh E1, D1, C1, C2, A1... Ta chim phn ln cc cn c ca
ch, to thm iu kin bao vy, chia ct, khng ch ch. Sau t ny, M khn cp
vin tr cho Php v e do nm bom nguyn t in Bin Ph; ta kp thi khc phc
kh khn tip t, nng cao quyt tm ginh thng li.
* t 3 - T 1 n 7/5, qun ta ng lot tin cng khu Trung tm Mng Thanh v
phn khu Nam, ln lt tiu dit cc cn c khng cn li ca ch. Chiu 7/5, qun
ta nh vo s ch huy ch. 17 gi 30 ngy 7, tng Cttri cng ton b Ban Tham
mu ca ch u hng, b bt sng. L c Quyt chin quyt thng ca qun ta php
phi bay trn nc hm tng Cttri. Sau 55 ngy m chin u, qun ta tiu dit
hon ton tp on c im in Bin Ph.
Cc chin trng ton quc y mnh u tranh nhm tiu hao, giam chn, phn
tn lc lng ch, to iu kin cho in Bin Ph ginh ton thng.
Ti Bc b, b i H Ni t nhp trng bay Gia Lm, ph hu 18 my bay ch.
B i a phng v dn qun du kch hot ng mnh lm t lit ng s 5, tiu dit
nhiu n bt ch. Kt hp tin cng qun s vi tin cng chnh tr v ch vn, qun
dn ta trong v sau in Bin Ph lm cho hng vn lnh ngu b ng, hng lot t
chc t ngu tan r, vng gii phng m rng, ni lin vng t do, to nn ch ng
chn vng chc cc lc lng v trang ca ta tin cng ch, uy hip chng th.
Sau in Bin Ph, trong thng 6 v u thng 7/1954, ch buc phi rt khi Vit Tr,
Ch Bn (Ho Bnh), Thi Bnh, Bi Chu, Pht Dim, Ninh Bnh, Nam nh, Ph L.
Phn ln ng bng Bc b c gii phng.
Ti Trung b, qun dn Lin khu V y li c t tin cng tlng ln th 2, loi
khi vng chin u gn 5.000 ch. B i Ty Nguyn hot ng mnh trn ng s
14, t chc trn phc kch ln trn ng s 19, loi khi vng chin u ton b binh
on s 100 ca ch, tp kch ln th 2 vo th x Plycu, dit nhiu ch.
Ti Nam b, tin cng qun s ca b i c s kt hp ni dy, u tranh chnh tr
v binh vn ca qun chng ph hu hoc bc rt hng nghn cn c ch. Ti Si
Gn v cc th, phong tro qun chng u tranh chnh tr i ho bnh, ci thin

52

dn sinh din ra si ni. Vng gii phng m rng ni lin t ng sang Ty, to u th
mi cho cuc u tranh.
Trong ton b cuc tin cng chin lc ng - xun 1953 - 1954, nh cao l chin
dch in Bin Ph, qun dn ta loi khi vng chin u 113.000 ch, thu 19.000
sng cc loi, ph 81 i bc, 177 my bay, gii phng nhiu vng ng dn ng bng
Bc b, Trung b, Nam b.
Ring ti mt trn in Bin Ph, trong gn 2 thng chin u, qun ta tiu dit
hon ton tp on c im ca ch, loi khi vng chin u ton b qun ch gm
16.200 tn, trong c 1 tng, thu v ph hu ton b phng tin chin tranh, bn ri
v bn chy 62 my bay cc loi.
Cuc tin cng chin lc ng - xun 1953 - 1954, nh cao l chin dch lch s
in Bin Ph, l chin thng ln nht, oanh lit nht, tiu biu cho tinh thn anh
dng, kin cng, bt khut ca dn tc trong cuc khng chin trng k chng thc
dn Php xm lc v can thip M. Chin thng ly lng in Bin Ph c ghi
vo lch s dn tc nh mt Bch ng, mt Chi Lng hay mt ng a th k XX, v
i vo lch s th gii nh mt chin cng chi li t ph thnh tr ca h thng n dch
thuc a ca ch ngha quc (5. 50).
Chin thng in Bin Ph p tan hon ton k hoch qun s Nava ca Php M, ging n quyt nh vo ch xm lc ca thc dn Php, lm xoay chuyn cc
din chin tranh ng Dng, to iu kin thun li cho cuc u tranh ngoi giao
ca ta ginh thng li.
3. Hi ngh Ginev v Hip nh Ginev 1954 v vic lp li ho bnh ng
Dng
Bc vo ng - xun 1953 - 1954, ng thi vi cuc tin cng ch trn mt trn
qun s, ta m cuc tin cng chng trn mt trn ngoi giao. Ngy 28/11/1953, Ch
tch H Ch Minh tuyn b: Nu thc dn Php tip tc cuc chin tranh xm lc th
nhn dn Vit Nam quyt tm tip tc cuc chin tranh i quc n thng li cui cng.
Nhng nu Chnh ph Php rt c bi hc trong cuc chin tranh my nm nay,
mun i n nh chin Vit Nam bng cch thng lng v gii quyt vn Vit
Nam theo ng li ho bnh th nhn dn v Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho
sn sng tip mun (1. 457)... C s ca vic nh chin Vit Nam l Chnh ph
Php tht th tn trng nn c lp thc s ca nc Vit Nam (5. 457).
Tuyn b ca Ch tch H Ch Minh t r thin ch ho bnh ca Vit Nam, c
tc dng thc y phong tro u tranh cho ho bnh Php v trn th gii, m ra kh
nng gii quyt bng con ng ho bnh cuc chin tranh ng Dng.

53

Thng 1/1954, Hi ngh ngoi trng bn nc (Lin X, M, Anh, Php) hp ti

Bclin tho thun v vic triu tp mt hi ngh quc t Ginev gii quyt vn
Triu Tin v lp li ho bnh ng Dng.
Gia lc qun ta chun b m cuc tin cng t 3 quyt nh s phn qun Php
in Bin Ph, Hi ngh Ginev v ng Dng chnh thc khai mc ngy
26/4/1954, v bt u tho lun v vn lp li ho bnh ng Dng t ngy
8/5/1954.
Tham d Hi ngh Ginev v ng Dng ngoi bn nc tham d Hi ngh ngoi
trng Bclin (Lin X, M, Anh, Php) cn Cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa v cc
nc c lin quan. Phi on Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho do Ph Th tng
kim B trng B Ngoi giao Phm Vn ng lm trng on, chnh thc c mi
hp t ngy 8/5/1954, vi t th l i biu cho mt dn tc chin thng.
Cuc u tranh trn bn Hi ngh din ra gay gt v phc tp do lp trng
ngoan c ca Php v M. Lp trng ca Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho l
nh ch chin s trn ton ci ng Dng, gii quyt vn qun s chnh tr cng lc
cho c 3 nc Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia trn c s tn trng c lp, ch quyn, thng
nht v ton vn lnh th ca mi nc ng Dng.
Cn c vo iu kin c th cuc khng chin ca ta, v so snh lc lng gia ta v
Php trong cuc chin tranh, v vo xu th chung ca th gii sau chin tranh l gii
quyt cc vn tranh chp bng thng lng, vo thc trng mi quan h gia cc
nc ln tham d Hi ngh, gia Trung Quc, Lin X vi Vit Nam lc , Vit Nam
dn ch cng ho phi chp nhn gii php Hip nh Ginev ngy 21/7/1954 v vic
lp li ho bnh ng Dng.
Vn bn Hip nh Ginev 1954 v ng Dng gm Hip nh nh ch chin s
Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia; Bn tuyn b cui cng ca Hi ngh; cc Ph bn khc...
Ni dung Hip nh nu r:
- Cc nc tham d Hi ngh cam kt tn trng cc quyn dn tc c bn l c lp,
ch quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th ca ba nc Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia;
cam kt khng can thip vo cng vic ni b ca ba nc .
- Hai bn tham chin (lc lng khng chin cc nc ng Dng v Php) cng
ngng bn, lp li ho bnh trn ton ng Dng.
- Hai bn tham chin thc hin cuc di chuyn, tp kt qun i hai vng: Vit
Nam, qun i cch mng Vit Nam v qun i vin chinh Php tp kt hai min Bc
- Nam, ly v tuyn 17 (dc theo sng Bn Hi - Qung Tr) lm gii tuyn qun s tm
thi cng vi mt khu phi qun s hai bn gii tuyn. Gii tuyn qun s ch c tnh
54

cht tm thi, hon ton khng th coi l ranh gii v chnh tr v lnh th. Lo, lc
lng khng chin tp kt hai tnh Sm Na v Phongsal. Campuchia, lc lng
khng chin phc vin ti ch, khng c vng tp kt.
- Cm vic a qun i, nhn vin qun s, v kh nc ngoi vo cc nc ng
Dng. Cc nc ngoi khng c t cn c qun s ng Dng. Cc nc ng
Dng khng c tham gia bt c khi lin minh qun s no v khng cho nc
khc dng lnh th ca mnh vo vic gy chin tranh hoc phc v cho mc ch xm
lc.
- Khng phn bit i x, khng tr th i vi nhng c nhn, nhng tp th cng
nh i vi gia nh ca h cng tc vi mt trong hai bn trong thi gian chin
tranh.
- Vit Nam tin ti thng nht bng cuc tng tuyn c t do trong c nc s t
chc vo thng 7/1956 di s kim sot ca mt U ban quc t (gm n , Ba Lan,
Canada do n lm ch tch).
- Trch nhim thi hnh Hip nh Ginev thuc v nhng ngi k hip nh v
nhng ngi k tc h.
M khng k vo bn tuyn b chung ca Hi ngh, m ra mt Tuyn b ring cam
kt tn trng Hip nh.
Tuy cn nhng hn ch, Hip nh Ginev cng vi chin thng lch s in Bin
Ph chm dt cuc chin tranh xm lc ca thc dn Php v can thip M ng
Dng.
Hip nh Ginev nm 1954 v ng Dng l vn bn php l quc t ghi nhn
cc quyn dn tc c bn ca nhn dn cc nc ng Dng v c cc cng quc
cng cc nc tham d Hi ngh cam kt tn trng.
Vi Hip nh Ginev 1954 v ng Dng, Php buc phi rt ht qun v nc;
M tht bi trong m mu ko di, m rng quc t ho chin tranh xm lc ng
Dng; min Bc nc ta hon ton gii phng, chuyn sang giai on cch mng x
hi ch ngha.
4. ngha lch s, nguyn nhn thng li ca cuc khng chin chng Php:
Khi bt u cuc chin tranh xm lc Vit Nam (23/9/1945), thc dn Php cho
rng: ch nm, by tun l, cng lm nm, by thng l chinh phc c ton b t
nc ny. Nhng tm, chn nm theo ui cuc chin tranh xm lc qua, thc dn
Php vn khng thc hin c mc tiu chinh phc ca mnh, tri li chng b cuc
chin u ca nhn dn Vit Nam gy nhiu thit hi, buc phi chm dt chin tranh
55

xm lc v rt ht qun i vin chinh v nc. Trong gn 9 nm theo ui cuc chin

tranh xm lc Vit Nam, c hn 50 vn lnh Php v tay sai b dit, b thng, b bt;
nc Php tiu tn gn 3.000 t Phrng, ni cc Php khng hong: 20 ln chnh ph
dng ln xung, 7 ln thay i cao u, 8 ln thay i tng ch huy qun vin chinh
ng Dng.
Khi bt u cuc khng chin chng cuc chin tranh xm lc ca thc dn Php
c quc M gip , ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh nu r cuc khng chin s
lu di, gian kh, nhng nht nh thng li.
Cuc khng chin lu di, gian kh ca nhn dn ta chm dt cuc chin tranh
xm lc ca thc dn Php c quc M gip , ng thi chm dt ch thc dn
c ca Php trong gn mt th k trn t nc ta.
Vi thng li ca cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php v can thip M, chnh
quyn dn ch nhn dn, thnh qu Cch mng thng Tm c bo v, cng c v pht
trin, na nc ta min Bc hon ton gii phng, hon thnh v c bn cuc cch
mng x hi ch ngha, to c s nhn dn ta gii phng na nc cn li min
Nam, hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn trong c nc, thng nht t
nc.
Cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc v can thip M ca nhn dn ta
ging n nng n vo tham vng xm lc, m mu n dch ca ch ngha thc dn
quc sau Chin tranh th gii th II, gp phn lm tan r h thng thuc a c ca
chng, c v mnh m phong tro gii phng dn tc trn th gii, trc ht l cc nc
Chu , Chu Phi, Chu M Latinh. Ch tch H Ch Minh ni: Ln u tin trong lch
s, mt nc thuc a nh yu nh thng mt nc thc dn hng mnh. l
thng li v vang ca nhn dn Vit Nam, ng thi cng l mt thng li ca cc lc
lng ho bnh, dn ch v x hi ch ngha trn th gii (1. 771).
Cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php v can thip M ca nhn dn ta ginh c
thng li l do nhiu nguyn nhn to nn.
Trc ht, cuc khng chin c s lnh o ng n ca ng, ng u l Ch
tch H Ch Minh. Ngay t u, ta c ng li khng chin ton dn, ton din,
trng k, t lc cnh sinh, vi chin lc, chin thut ca chin tranh nhn dn, va
khng chin va kin quc; c chnh sch i on kt dn tc v tranh th s ng tnh
ng h ca nhn dn th gii.
Hai l, cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta c mt trn nhn dn thng nht v mt
h thng chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn trong c nc. Mt trn Lin Vit c hnh
thnh v pht trin khng ch vng t do, m c vng sau lng ch. Nh chng ta
56

ph c m mu chia r dn tc, chia r Nam - Bc, chia r lng - gio ca ch, ph

m mu Dng ngi Vit tr ngi Vit, ly chin tranh nui chin tranh ca chng.
Ba l, cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta c lc lng v trang nhn dn ba th
qun sm c xy dng v khng ngng ln mnh; chin u gan d, mu tr; vn
dng sng to chin lc, chin thut ca chin tranh nhn dn, i t chin tranh du
kch ln chin tranh chnh quy, t du kch chin ln vn ng chin ri trn a chin v
kt hp gia chng. Lc lng v trang ba th qun ca ta t nhn dn m ra, lun gn
b vi nhn dn, c nhn dn tin yu, m bc, nui dng.
Bn l, cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta c hu phng rng ln ca chin tranh
nhn dn c xy dng vng chc v mi mt (chnh tr, kinh t, qun s, vn ho, gio
dc) v khng ngng ln mnh, bo m cung cp theo yu cu ngy cng tng ca cuc
khng chin v sc ngi sc ca. Hu phng cng tin tuyn pht huy truyn thng
yu nc, chin u kin cng bt khut ca dn tc, huy ng sc mnh ca dn tc,
ca ton dn thc hin nhng nhim v khng chin v kin quc.
Nm l, cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta cng vi cuc khng chin ca nhn dn
Lo v nhn dn Campuchia tin hnh trong mt lin minh chin u ca nhn dn ba
nc chng k th chung, phi hp v gip nhau chin u, cng ginh thng li.
Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta li c s ng tnh, ng h v gip ca Trung
Quc, Lin X v cc nc dn ch nhn dn khc, ca nhn dn Php v loi ngi
tin b. Th gii ng h to ln cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta, ng thi phn i
mnh m cuc chin tranh xm lc ca thc dn Php v can thip M.

Hng dn hc tp
Ni dung chng II bao qut thi k lch s t ngy 19/12/1946 (khi cuc khng
chin ton quc chng thc dn Php tr li xm lt bng n) n ngy 21/7/1954 Hip
nh Ginev v chm dt chin tranh lp li ho bnh k kt) c thc hin trong
khung thi gian 22 tit l thuyt.
Cn nm vng nhng vn v ni dung ca chng:
* Nguyn nhn dn ti chin tranh trn phm vi c nc ta l t pha Php, k c
m mu xm lc nc ta mt ln na, k lin tip gy ra nhng cuc xung t v trang
mang tnh cht khiu khch Hi Phng v Lng Sn (11/1946), H Ni (12/1946),
cui cng l gi ti hu th (18/12/1946) cho Chnh ph ta, buc nhn dn ta h v kh
u hng.
* Quyt nh ng n, kp thi pht ng cuc khng chin ton quc, ng li
khng chin ng n, sng to ca ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh l ng li chin
57

tranh nhn dn, khng chin ton dn, ton din, trng k, t lc cnh sinh, va
khng chin va kin quc. ng li khng chin chng Php c nu u tin trong
ch th Khng chin - Kin quc (25/11/1945 ca ng, tip trong Li ku gi ton
quc khng chin (19/12/1946) ca Ch tch H Ch Minh, ch th Ton dn khng
chin (22/12/1946) ca ng, Khng chin nht nh thng li (1947) ca Tng b th
Trng Chinh.
* Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta chng thc dn Php tr li xm lc (t 1950
chng c can thip M) c tnh t 23/9/1945, (khng chin ton quc t 19/12/1946)
n 21/7/1954. Cuc chin u Th H Ni (t 20 gi 30 pht ngy 19/12) v cc
th pha Bc v tuyn 16 m u cuc khng chin ton quc. Hip nh Ginev
(21/7/1954) l mc kt thc khng chin chng Php, nhng quyt nh kt thc khng
chin l chin thng lch s in Bin Ph.
* L cuc khng chin ton dn, ton din (trn tt c cc mt trn qun s, chin
tranh - ngoi giao, kinh t, vn ho - gio dc) mang tnh cht cch mng, tnh cht ca
cuc chin tranh nhn dn, do v chin lc khng c phng ng, m ch c tin
cng. Nhng v tc chin, n thun v qun s (mt mt ca cuc khng chin ton
din), c th c phng ng. Cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php v can thip M
c m u bi giai on phng ng v t chin dch Bin gii thu - ng 1950 chuyn
sang giai on tin cng. (Phn cng l hnh ng ch ng chng , din ra trong c
hai giai on phng ng v tin cng). Chin dch Bin gii ng thi m u giai on
pht trin mi, ginh thng li ton din cuc khng chin, vi nh cao chin thng lch
s in Bin Ph.
* Nhng s kin quan trng trong cuc khng chin chng Php v can tip M, mt
cuc khng chin ton din, l:
+ V qun s l cuc chin u Th H Ni v cc th Bc v tuyn 16 m
u khng chin ton quc thng li; chin dch phn cng Vit Bc thu - ng 1947;
chin dch tin cng Bin gii thu - ng 1950; chin dch phn kch Ho Bnh ng xun 1951 - 1952; chin dch Ty Bc thu - ng 1952, chin dch Thng Lo thng
4/1953; cuc tin cng chin lc ng - xun 1953 - 1954 vi nh cao chin dch lch
s in Bin Ph - trn thng hon ton, quyt nh kt thc chin tranh 9 nm.
+ V chnh tr - ngoi giao l ch trng pht ng ton quc khng chin, mt cuc
khng chin ton dn, ton din, trng k, t lc cnh sinh, va khng chin - va
kin quc ca ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh; i hi ng ton quc ln th 2 vi
vic ng Lao ng Vit Nam thnh lp, ra hot ng cng khai (3/3/1951) (v
Campuchia, Lo c ng ring ca mnh); chnh sch on kt dn tc v on kt
ng Dng, ph m mu chnh tr ca ch Dng ngi Vit tr ngi Vit, Dng
58

ngi ng Dng tr ngi ng Dng; thng nht mt trn thng nht dn tc;
thnh lp Lin minh chin u Vit - Min - Lo thng 3/1951; Trung Quc, Lin X
v cc nc dn ch khc u 1950 cng nhn v t quan h ngoi giao vi Chnh ph
ta, gip nhn dn ta khng chin; Hi ngh Ginev v Hip nh Ginev nm 1954 v
lp li ho bnh ng Dng v vn chm dt chin tranh ng Dng.
+ V kinh t l ch trng xy dng kinh t khng chin t cp t tc, ph m mu
kinh t ca ch Ly chin tranh nui chin tranh, thc hin nhiu chnh sch kinh t ti chnh, chnh sch rung t bi dng nng dn, lc lng ch yu ca khng chin.
+ V vn ho - gio dc - y t l ch trng xy dng nn vn ho, gio dc, y t
mang tnh dn tc, dn ch, cch mng, phc v s nghip khng chin, kin quc, phc
v dn sinh.
Khi hc chng ny cn c s lin h vi tri thc c thy im mi hin nay trong
mt s nhn nh nh gi khch quan v trch nhim a n cuc chin tranh ng
Dng trong 9 nm; nhng chin dch tin cng ta m hng trung du, ng bng cui
1950 u 1954; kt qu Hip nh Ginev 1954 v chm dt chin tranh lp li ho
bnh ng Dng; phn k giai on khng chin chng Php; hon cnh quc t ca
cuc khng chin; ca M can thip vo cuc chin tranh xm lc ca Php
ng Dng.

Cu hi n tp chng 2
1. V sao ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh pht ng cuc khng chin chng Php trong
ton quc (19/12/1946)?
2. Cuc chin u ca qun dn ta th H Ni v cc th khc pha Bc v tuyn
16 trong nhng ngy u ton quc khng chin din ra nh th no? Kt qu v
ngha?
3. Ni dung c bn v ngha lch s ng li khng chin chng thc dn Php xm
lc (1945 - 1954) ca ng?
4. Chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng 1947 v chin dch Bin gii thu - ng 1950: nguyn
nhn, din bin, kt qu, ngha?
5. Ti sao ni sau chin thng Bin gii thu - ng 1950, cuc khng chin chng thc
dn Php v can thip M chuyn sang giai on pht trin mi, ton din?
6. Cuc khng chin chng Php ca nhn dn ta trn cc mt trn chnh tr - ngoi
giao, kinh t, vn ho - gio dc - y t th hin nh th no? Kt qu v ngha?

59

7. m mu ca Php - M trong cuc chin tranh ng Dng t 1950 v khi bc vo

ng - xun 1953 - 1954?
8. Cuc tin cng chin lc ng - xun 1953 - 1954 v chin dch lch s in Bin
Ph: ch trng, k hoch ca ta, din bin, kt qu, ngha?
9. Hi ngh Ginev v Hip nh Ginev 1954 v ng Dng: hon cnh Hi ngh v
k kt Hip nh, ni dung Hip nh, nh gi kt qu.
10. ngha lch s v nguyn nhn thng li khng chin chng Php ca nhn dn ta
(1945 - 1954).

60

Chng III
Vit Nam t 1954 n 1960

I. Tnh hnh Vit Nam t sau Hip nh Ginev 1954 v nhim v

cch mng trong thi k mi
1. Tnh hnh Vit Nam sau Hip nh Ginev 1954
Ngy 21/7/1954, Hip nh Ginev v chm dt chin tranh lp li ho bnh ng
Dng c k kt. Cch mng Vit Nam bc sang giai on mi vi nhim v to ln l
cng c ho bnh, thc hin thng nht t nc, hon thnh c lp v dn ch.
thc hin ho bnh, qun i hai bn phi ngng bn. Bc u tin l phi tch
qun i hai bn ra hai vng khc nhau. Theo quy nh ca Hip nh, vic ngng bn,
tp kt chuyn qun v chuyn giao khu vc s c thc thi trong thi gian 300 ngy k
t 21/7/1954 n ngy 19/5/1955.
Chng ta thc hin nghim chnh nhng iu khon trn. Nhng ngay t nhng
ngy u, quc M, bn phn ng Php v chnh quyn tay sai tm mi cch gy kh
khn v ph hoi vic thi hnh cc iu khon ca Hip nh. Chng c tnh khiu
khch, tr hon vic ngng bn trn chin trng, tin hnh d d v cng bc gn 1
triu ng bo cng gio di c vo Nam. Chng tho g, mang i hoc ph hoi my
mc, dng c, ti sn cng cng, nhm lm t lit v gy ri lon trong vic tip qun
cc vng mi gii phng. Nhng do thi nghim chnh v tinh thn u tranh kin
quyt ca Chnh ph v nhn dn ta nn cc iu khon trn c thc hin.
Ngy 10/10/1954, qun Php rt khi H Ni, ta tip qun Th . H Ni rp bng
c hoa, biu ng v ting hoan h vang dy ca ng bo n mng on qun chin
thng tr v. Ngy 1/1/1955, mt cuc mt tinh ln c t chc ti qung trng Ba
nh lch s cho mng Trung ng ng, Chnh ph v Ch tch H Ch Minh tr
v Th . S kin lch s ny gy n tng su sc v c ngha chnh tr to ln.
Ngy 16/5/1955, ton b khu vc Hi Phng c gii phng. Tn lnh vin chinh
cui cng ca qun i Php rt khi min Bc. Na nc ta hon ton c gii
phng. l thng li to ln ca cch mng Vit Nam.

61

Trong khi , min Nam, theo quy nh ca Hip nh Ginev, lc lng Lin
hip Php tm thi nm quyn kim sot trong hai nm ch hip thng tng tuyn c.
Trong thi gian thc dn Php cng c nhng hnh ng ph hoi Hip nh mi
c k kt. Ngy 14/5/1956 Chnh ph Php gi cho hai ch tch Hi ngh Ginev
1954 v ng Dng bn Thng ip thng bo v vic qun vin chinh Php rt ht v
nc.
Qun i Php rt khi min Nam Vit Nam trong khi cn nhiu iu khon ca
Hip nh c lin quan n trch nhim ca h cha c thi hnh, nh iu khon v
vic t chc hip thng tng tuyn c hai min Nam - Bc.
Cng trong qu trnh , quc M tm mi cch ph hoi Hip nh, M gt
dn Php, c chim min Nam vi m mu chia ct t nc Vit Nam, bin min Nam
Vit Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi v cn c qun s. quc M xy dng chnh
quyn Ng nh Dim thc hin m mu ni trn.
Ngy 25/6/1954, mt thng trc khi Hip nh Ginev chnh thc k kt, M p
Php a Ng nh Dim thay Bu Lc lm th tng chnh ph b nhn min Nam
Vit Nam.
Ngy 23/7/1954, Ngoi trng M alt tuyn b khng cho ch ngha cng sn lan
trn ng Nam v Ty Nam Thi Bnh Dng.
Thng 9/1954, M li ko mt s nc thnh lp khi qun s ng Nam
(SEATO) v ngang nhin t min Nam Vit Nam di s bo tr ca khi ny.
c s gip v ch o ca M, chnh quyn Ng nh Dim tr thnh cn c
c lc trong vic ph hoi Hip nh Ginev, t chi tng tuyn c thng nht Vit
Nam. Dim tuyn b khng c Hip thng tng tuyn c, by tr Trng cu dn , t
suy tn lm tng thng, t chc bu c ring r, lp quc hi lp hin, ban hnh hin
php ca ci gi l Vit Nam Cng ho...
bin min Nam Vit Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi v cn c qun s, quc
M k mt lot hip ngh qun s vi chnh quyn Ng nh Dim, trong c 3 hip
ngh ng ch :
- Hip ngh Hp tc kinh t, k di hnh thc trao i vn th ngy 21/2/1955 v
ngy 7/3/1955.
- Hip ngh Hp tc kinh t, k di hnh thc trao vn th ngy 22, 23/4/1955 v
24, 25/6/1955.
- Hip ngh Thu hi v kh trang b ca vin tr qun s M, k di hnh thc
trao i vn th ngy 1/3 v ngy 15/5/1955.
62

Da trn c s php l mi , quc M khng ngng a nhn vin, c vn

qun s vo min Nam Vit Nam. Ngoi phi on vin tr qun s MAAG thnh lp
trc , cn c phi on T chc - hun luyn - kim tra (TRIM), phi on Hun
luyn tc chin (CATO). Cc loi v kh, phng tin chin tranh do M a vo min
Nam mi ngy mt nhiu. T ch hu nh khng c g, n nm 1960 chnh quyn Ng
nh Dim c khong 250 my bay cc loi, 250 tu chin c trng ti c ln, 600 xe bc
thp, 100 xe tng...
quc M cn gip cho chnh quyn Ng nh Dim xy dng lc lng v trang
c cc qun chng, binh chng vi tng s qun l 470.000 ngi. Chnh quyn M Dim s dng i qun ny nhm tin ti lp sng Bn Hi, thc hin k hoch Bc
tin. i qun ny c khoc v ngu trang, gi l Qun lc Vit Nam cng ho,
thc cht l cng c ca M do M tr lng, t chc, hun luyn, trang b v ch huy
thc hin m mu phn cch mng.
Hng lot cn c khng qun c xy dng khp min Nam. quc M cn xy
dng mt h thng vin thng iu khin cc hot ng ca khng qun M gia
min Nam Vit Nam, Philippin v Thi Lan.
Di chnh quyn M - Dim, min Nam Vit Nam cn tr thnh thuc a M
bc lt v kinh t. Chnh quyn Ng nh Dim k vi M cc hip ngh nhm u tin
cho M v ng minh ca M xut khu t bn v hng ho vo min Nam Vit Nam,
c min thu quan v mi khon thu ni a. M - Dim cn tch ng tin min
Nam khi ng Phrng ph thuc vo ng la M. Quy nh ny to iu kin
cho hng ho ca M trn vo min Nam d dng cnh tranh vi hng ho ca Php
v n nm 1959 M chim hng u t l 26% tng s hng ho nhp khu min Nam.
Mt khc, chnh quyn Ng nh Dim cn thi hnh mt lot chnh sch v bin
php nhm km hm v bp nght s pht trin cc ngnh kinh t dn tc. Trong nng
nghip, chnh quyn Dim thc hin chng trnh ci cch in a. Thc cht ca
chng trnh ny l nhm tc ot rung t m chnh quyn cch mng mang li
cho nng dn, khi phc, duy tr, bo v quyn chim hu rung t ca giai cp a
ch. Chnh quyn Dim cn lp khu tr mt, khu dinh in, p chin lc. Hnh
thc ny va l t chc kinh t bc lt nng dn, va l t chc chnh tr km kp,
khng ch nng dn.
i vi cc ngnh cng thng nghip, chnh quyn Ng nh Dim m bo cho
M v phe M tiu th c nhiu hng ho ng di chiu bi vin tr.
Tt c nhng vic lm ca M - Dim u tri vi cc iu khon quy nh ca Hip
nh Ginev nm 1954 v khng ngoi mc ch tch hn mt phn lnh th ca Vit
Nam t v tuyn 17 tr vo thnh mt quc gia ring bit, i lp vi min Bc Vit Nam,
63

khng loi tr l mt phn lnh th ca M. Thng 5/1957, Ng nh Dim tuyn b ti

Oasinhtn Bin gii Hoa K ko di ti v tuyn 17.
2. Nhim v cch mng Vit Nam trong thi k mi
Xut pht t c im tnh hnh trn (t nc b chia ct lm hai min di hai ch
chnh tr - x hi khc nhau, min Bc hon ton gii phng, hon thnh cch mng
dn tc dn ch nhn dn, min Nam cn tm b cc th lc phn ng quc bn
ngoi cu kt vi bn phn cch mng trong nc thng tr), cch mng Vit Nam tin
hnh ng thi hai chin lc cch mng x hi ch ngha min Bc v cch mng
dn tc dn ch nhn dn min Nam.
min Bc, sau khi cuc khng chin chng Php kt thc, cch mng dn tc dn
ch nhn dn cn bn hon thnh. Quyn lnh o cch mng ca giai cp cng nhn
thng qua i tin phong ca n l ng Lao ng Vit Nam - ngy nay l ng Cng
sn Vit Nam - ngy cng vng chc, khi lin minh cng nng c tng cng, chnh
quyn dn ch nhn dn c cng c.
T tnh hnh c th trn, ng ch trng a min Bc tin ln ch ngha x hi.
Ch trng ny va p ng yu cu v nguyn vng ca nhn dn c nc, va ph
hp vi quy lut pht trin ca cch mng Vit Nam v vi xu th pht trin ca thi i.
Trong iu kin lch s c th ca cch mng Vit Nam, khi giai cp cng nhn v nng
dn ng vai tr quyt nh, ng Cng sn c quyn lnh o, th s kt thc thng
li ca cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn cng c ngha l s m u ca cch mng
x hi ch ngha (5. 69).
Trc khi thc hin nhng nhim v c trng ca cch mng x hi ch ngha,
min Bc phi tri qua thi k hon thnh ci cch rung t, hn gn vt thng chin
tranh, khi phc kinh t. Trong qu trnh cch mng x hi ch ngha, c thi k
quc M tin hnh chin tranh ph hoi, nn min Bc va chng chin tranh ph hoi
ca gic M bo v min Bc, va xy dng ch ngha x hi, xy dng min Bc tr
thnh cn c a cch mng ca c nc v hu phng ln ca cuc khng chin
chng M cu nc ca dn tc.
min Nam, vn cn di ch thng tr ca quc v tay sai, s nghip gii phng
dn tc do cha hon thnh. Trong iu kin , nhn dn min Nam c nhim v
tip tc cuc cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn, y mnh u tranh chng quc
M v tay sai, gii phng min Nam, bo v min Bc hon thnh cch mng dn tc
dn ch nhn dn trong c nc tin ti ho bnh thng nht t nc.
Nh vy, t nm 1954 mi min thc hin nhng nhim v cch mng khc nhau
nhm gii quyt nhng yu cu c th cp bch trc mt. Nhng nhim v ca cch
64

mng hai min nhm thc hin nhng mc tiu chung ca cuc u tranh chng
quc M v tay sai, thc hin mt nc Vit Nam ho bnh, thng nht, c lp, dn ch
v giu mnh, tch cc gp phn vo s nghip ca nhn dn th gii v ho bnh, c
lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi. V vy, nhim v chin lc cch mng ca hai
min c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau, to iu kin cho nhau pht trin. Cch mng
x hi ch ngha min Bc khng ch mang li i sng m no hnh phc cho nhn dn,
m cn lm nhim v gii phng min Nam, chun b cho nhim v xy dng t nc
sau chin tranh. Min Bc l hu phng ln, c vai tr quyt nh nht i vi ton b
s nghip cch mng ca c nc. Cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn min Nam
va c nhim v trc tip gii phng min Nam va c nhim v bo v min Bc. Min
Nam l tin tuyn ln, c vai tr quyt nh trc tip trong vic nh ch thng tr ca
quc v tay sai, thng nht t nc. Hu phng min Bc v tin tuyn min Nam
l hai b phn ca cuc khng chin chng M cu nc, v cng do cng thc hin
nhng mc tiu, nhim v chung, nn cch mng gia hai min c quan h vi nhau.
l quan h gia hu phng v tin tuyn, gia hai chin lc cch mng x hi ch
ngha v cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn. Thng li ginh c mi min l
thng li chung ca s nghip chng M cu nc ca c dn tc.
Nhng nhim v cch mng ca nhn dn Vit Nam t sau ngy ho bnh lp li l
ht sc nng n. Chnh trong hon cnh lch s , bng nhng thng li ginh c
trong lao ng sn xut v trong chin u chng minh s ng n v ng li, s
sng to trong ngh thut lnh o ca ng cng nh tnh cn c trong lao ng, anh
dng trong chin u c th hin m nt hn bao gi ht.
II. Min Bc cng c, hon thnh ci cch rung t, khi phc
kinh t, ci to quan h sn xut x hi ch ngha
1. Thc trng kinh t - x hi min Bc sau 1954:
c im ln ca tnh hnh min Bc sau 1954 l min Bc hon ton c gii
phng khi ch quc v phong kin, chuyn t thi chin sang thi bnh, c thm
nhng iu kin chnh tr - x hi thun li thc hin nhng nhim v ca giai on
cch mng mi. Nhng min Bc vn gp khng t kh khn to ln, nht l trong lnh
vc kinh t - x hi do hu qu ca chin tranh v tn d ca ch thc dn phong
kin li.
cc vng mi gii phng, hu qu nhng cuc cn qut ca ch theo chnh sch
tam quang (t sch, ph sch, git sch) li ht sc nng nn. Nhiu thn xm tiu
iu, x xc, chnh sch dn dn lp vnh ai trng li hng vn mu rung t b b
hoang, p b ph hoi, tru b b git hi. Tnh trng chung nng thn l nhn

65

cng, nng c v tru b - sc ko ch yu trong nng nghip - u thiu thn nghim

trng, k thut canh tc ht sc lc hu, i sng nhn dn thp km.
Trong cc thnh th mang tnh cht phn vinh gi to, hng ngoi trn ngp th
trng, lm cho cng nghip dn tc vn t i, nh b, chim v tr th yu khng th
pht trin c. Tiu th cng nghip b chn p, sa st hoc ph sn. Ti cc c s cng
nghip ln do thc dn Php nm gi trc y, nh m than Hn Gai, nh my xi mng
Hi Phng, dt Nam nh, in H Ni... b ch tho g hoc ph hoi trc khi giao
li cho ta. V th, nhiu c s cng nghip khng th hot ng ngay c. Tnh hnh
lm cho nhiu cng nhn tht nghip, i sng gp nhiu kh khn.
Ti cc vng t do c ca ta trong khng chin, tuy nng nghip, cng nghip c
ch pht trin, nhng quy m nh b, k thut lc hu. Do vy, nng sut thp, khng
p ng c nhu cu sn xut v i sng nhn dn trong thi bnh.
Trong khi , ci cch rung t mi bt u thc hin cui nm 1953 mt s a
phng thuc vng t do, ch chim hu rung t ca giai cp a ch phong kin
vn cn, nng dn vn b a ch bc lt, sc sn xut nng thn cha c gii phng
hon ton. iu nh hng n pht trin sn xut.
Nhng kh khn trn cn phi c gii quyt nhanh chng. Gii quyt nhng kh
khn , khng ch do i hi cp bch ca vic khi phc v pht trin kinh t sau
chin tranh, m cn c mt ngha chnh tr su sc, nht l trong iu kin t nc
cn tm thi b chia ct lm hai min.
Trong tnh hnh , ng v Nh nc ch trng y mnh cuc vn ng ci cch
rung t, khi phc kinh t nhm cng c min Bc, a min Bc sang giai on cch
mng mi.
2. Hon thnh ci cch rung t, khi phc kinh t (1954 - 1957)
a. Hon thnh ci cch rung t
Ci cch rung t l ch trng ln ca ng v Nh nc ta trong khng chin
chng Php, nhm thc hin trit khu hiu ngi cy c rung (mt trong hai khu
hiu chin lc ca cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn). Cuc vn ng ci cch
rung t bt u t cui nm 1953, nhng ch mi thc hin t 1 ti mt s vng t do
min Bc (Vit Bc, Thanh - Ngh - Tnh) th ho bnh lp li (1954). Sau khi chin
tranh chm dt, ng thi vi nhim v khi phc kinh t, min Bc tip tc thc hin
ci cch rung t, hon thnh nhim v phn phong. Vic thc hin ci cch rung t
l nhm tho mn quyn li v kinh t v chnh tr ca nng dn, cng c khi cng
nng lin minh, m rng mt trn dn tc thng nht.

66

Cn c vo thc t, U ban ci cch rung t Trung ng ra ngh quyt: y

mnh pht ng qun chng thc hin ci cch rung t.
Thc hin ngh quyt , t hai ci cch rung t v l t u tin tin hnh
trong ho bnh. T cuc ci cch rung t bt u lan rng cc vng trung du v
ng bng Bc b. Trong hn hai nm (1954-1956), min Bc tin hnh 4 t ci
cch rung t, thc hin trn tng s 3.653 x. Ton b cng cuc ci cch rung t
ginh c thng li c tnh cht chin lc: nh ton b giai cp a ch phong
kin, xo b quyn chim hu rung t ca chng, em 810.000 hcta rung t, 10 vn
tru b, 2 triu nng c chia cho nng dn ngho, thc hin trit khu hiu ngi
cy c rung, a nng dn ln v tr ngi ch nng thn.
Trong qu trnh thc hin ci cch rung t, chng ta phm nhng sai lm nghim
trng thuc t khuynh. l khng nm vng tnh hnh c im nng thn min Bc,
cc vng mi gii phng, nn c nhng nhn nh nh gi sai lm v t chc ca ta
nng thn, v giai cp a ch, khng phn bit nhng a ch tng tham gia, ng h
khng chin, n nh t l phn trm a ch nng thn, sai lm trong phn nh giai
cp nng thn, x l khng ng i vi cn b, ng vin c cng vi cch mng,
dng phng php u t trn lan, th bo, gy tnh hnh cng thng nng thn.
Nhng sai lm gy ra nhiu tn tht, gy tnh hnh mt n nh nng thn, nh
hng xu cho chnh sch on kt ca ng v Mt trn.
l nhng sai lm thuc v mt s vn c tnh nguyn tc sch lc, ch
trng, bin php thc hin. Chng nhng sai lm, m nc ta, nhng ch trng v
bin php ci cch rung t nh lm thm ch khng cn thit.
Qua mt thi gian thc hin ci cch rung t, pht hin c sai lm, ng v
Nh nc tin hnh kim im cng khai sai lm, c ch trng v bin php kin quyt
sa sai, v dnh c nm 1957 sa sai. Vic kin quyt sa sai v kt qu t c
lm cho tnh hnh nng thn dn dn tr li n nh. Nhng iu quan trng l vic
lm cng khai ca ng v Nh nc ly li lng tin ca nhn dn i vi ng v
Nh nc.
Tuy c nhng sai lm ni trn, nhng thng li ca ci cch rung t l thng li
to ln, c tnh cht chin lc, lm thay i hn b mt nng thn min Bc. Thng li
em li nim phn khi cho nng dn. H c lm ch nng thn c v kinh t v
chnh tr, khi cng nng lin minh c cng c thm mt bc. N c tc dng to ln
trong vic y mnh sn xut, khi phc kinh t, hn gn vt thng chin tranh.
b. Khi phc kinh t, hn gn vt thng chin tranh

67

Khi phc kinh t l nhim v tt yu trong thi k u sau chin tranh. Ti k hp

th 5 Quc hi kho I (thng 9/1955), Quc hi ra nhim v trong thi k khi
phc kinh t, gm 3 mt:
- Khi phc nn sn xut b ph hoi trong chin tranh.
- n nh tnh hnh kinh t - ti chnh.
- Cng c v pht trin kinh t quc doanh v xy dng b phn kinh t hp tc x.
y l nhim v trung tm ca thi k ny, c ton dn tch cc tham gia
hng ng v trin khai trong tt c cc ngnh. Yu cu ca nhim v ny l sau hai
nm, v c bn phi t c mc sn xut trc chin tranh, nhm gim bt kh khn
v nng cao mt bc i sng nhn dn.
Khi phc kinh t nng nghip
i vi nn kinh t nc ta, nng nghip c v tr quan trng, v n cung cp nguyn
liu, lng thc v tiu th sn phm cng nghip, c bit l sn xut lng thc. i
vi min Bc nc ta, ni n khi phc kinh t, trc ht l ch yu l khi phc kinh
t nng nghip. Phi khi phc sn xut nng nghip mi gii quyt c vn lng
thc, lm c s cho vic khi phc v pht trin cc ngnh kinh t khc. Khi phc sn
xut nng nghip nng cao mc sng cho nhn dn, do , s cng c c khi cng
nng lin minh vng chc. Do ng v Nh nc ch trng ly khi phc nng
nghip lm ch yu, trn c s khi phc nng nghip m khi phc ton b nn kinh t
quc dn.
Giai cp nng dn min Bc va mi c gii phng hon ton khi ch bc lt ca
quc, phong kin v c chia rung t, ht sc phn khi, cng hng say bc vo
khi phc v pht trin sn xut. Vi c tnh cn c, sng to trong lao ng, nng dn
min Bc hng hi khai khn t hoang, bo m cy cy ht din tch rung t ca
ng bo b cng p di c vo Nam, tng thm n tru b, sm thm nhiu nng c.
Nhiu p nc (nh p Bi Thng, Lng, Thc Hung...), nhiu on b ch
ph hoi trong khng chin, nay c sa cha. Cng vi vic khi phc, sa cha, ta
cn xy dng thm nhng cng trnh thu nng mi c tc dng m rng din tch ti,
tiu nc.
Vi s n lc phi thng trn, sn xut nng nghip tng nhanh sn lng lng
thc. n cui nm 1957, tng sn lng lng thc t 4.000.000 tn, vt xa mc
trc chin tranh (1939: 2.407.000 tn). Sn lng hoa mu quy ra thc t bnh qun
hng nm l 680.000 tn, gp ba ln trc chin tranh. Cc loi cy cng nghip chnh
tng 65,4% so vi nm 1939. Kt qu ca vic khi phc sn xut nng nghip y li
nn i c tnh cht kinh nin min Bc, i sng ca nhn dn lao ng c n
68

nh. ng thi vi vic nng cao i sng nhn dn lao ng, vic khi phc nhanh
chng sn xut nng nghip to c s thun li khi phc cc ngnh kinh t khc.
Khi phc sn xut cng nghip v th cng nghip
Nn cng nghip min Bc b chnh sch thuc a ca thc dn Php km hm, nn
rt nh b. C s cng nghip nng hu nh khng c. Cui nm 1954 gi tr sn lng
cng nghip ch chim 1,5% tng gi tr sn lng cng - nng nghip. Cng nghip nh
nh b li b chin tranh tn ph, k thut lc hu. V vy vic khi phc v pht trin
cng nghip phi tin hnh tng bc v c thi gian chun b iu kin.
T thc t , Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho quyt nh tp trung khi phc
v pht trin cng nghip nh trc, ng thi cng c v pht trin cc c s cng
nghip nng trong phm vi cn thit v kh nng vn c ca mnh.
Thc hin ch trng trn, giai cp cng nhn vi tinh thn da vo sc mnh l
chnh, kt hp vi vic s dng c hiu qu vin tr ca cc nc anh em, khi phc
v m rng hu ht cc c s cng nghip, cc nh my, x nghip quan trng, nh m
than Hn Gai, cc nh my dt Nam nh, xi mng Hi Phng, in H Ni. Chng ta
cn xy dng thm mt s nh my mi, nh c kh H Ni, dim Thng Nht, g Cu
ung, thuc l Thng Long, c hp Hi Phng, ch Ph Th... Trong vic xy dng
nh my c kh H Ni l s kin quan trng trong lch s pht trin cng nghip Vit
Nam. y l c s u tin ca ngnh ch to my nc ta. n cui nm 1957, ton b
min Bc c tt c 97 nh my, x nghip do Nh nc qun l.
Trong ba nm khi phc, cng nghip min Bc khng nhng tng ln v s lng,
m cht lng cng c nhiu thay i. Ngoi vic xut hin c s ch to my mc u
tin, k thut ch bin sn phm nhiu x nghip c tin b. Nhiu mt hng trc kia
phi nhp ca nc ngoi nay bt u sn xut c trong nc.
Cng vi vic khi phc v pht trin cng nghip, cc ngnh th cng nghip min
Bc cng c khi phc nhanh chng. n nm 1957, s th th cng tng ln gn
460.000 ngi (gp 2 ln s th th cng nm 1941, l nm th cng nghip pht trin
cao nht trc cch mng thng Tm). Ngnh th cng nghip cung cp 58,8% s
hng ho cng nghip trong nc. Cc ngnh nh sn xut vt liu xy dng, nng c,
dt, may mc, lm mui, mm... u vt mc trc nm 1941.
Nhn chung trong ba nm khi phc kinh t, gi tr tng sn lng cng nghip v
th cng nghip hng nm tng kh nhanh, gp phn hn gn vt thng chin tranh,
n nh i sng nhn dn.
Khi phc v pht trin thng nghip

69

Sau khi ho bnh lp li, ngnh thng nghip ca min Bc c nhiu kh khn. Th
trng min Bc gn nh ngng hot ng do s lng on ca t bn Php... Mt kh
khn khng nh na l nhu cu cung cp tng ln trong khi sn xut cng, nng nghip
b tn ph nng n, khng sc cung cp cho th trng khi lng hng ho cn thit.
Bn cnh nn thng nghip cc vng t do, l nn thng nghip cc vng mi gii
phng, c nhng im khc bit. Mt bn mang tnh cht c lp t ch, phc v sn
xut, phc v dn sinh, cn mt bn ph thuc vo nn kinh t quc, phn ln hng
ho giao lu trn th trng nm trong tay t nhn. Thng nghip x hi ch ngha cn
nh b. V vy trn lnh vc th trng cuc u tranh din ra rt gay go, phc tp.
Da trn tnh hnh c th , Chnh ph ch trng chuyn thng nghip phc v
quc, phc v chin tranh xm lc thnh thng nghip phc v sn xut, phc v
nhn dn thnh th v nng thn, hng dn mt s thng gia trc y bun bn hng
khng cn thit cho nhn dn chuyn sang kinh doanh cng nghip, bnh n vt gi.
Khi phc v pht trin thng nghip phc v nhn dn trn c s tng cng mu
dch tt i vi i sng nhn dn v i vi sn xut.
Trong 3 nm khi phc, nn thng nghip min Bc t nhiu thnh tch: nng
tng mc bn l ln 70,6% so vi nm 1955; doanh s thng nghip tng gp 2 ln so
vi nm 1955, gi c c thng nht v n nh, gp phn ng k vo vic n nh v
ci thin i sng nhn dn. H thng mu dch quc doanh v hp tc x mua bn c
m rng v cung cp ngy cng nhiu mt hng cho nhn dn thnh th v nng thn.
Vic giao lu kinh t gia cc a phng trong min Bc c m rng, gim bt s
cch bit gia thnh th v nng thn. Hot ng ngoi thng tng bc tp trung vo
nh nc, quan h bun bn vi nc ngoi cng m rng. Tnh n nm 1957, min
Bc nc ta t quan h bun bn vi 27 nc trn th gii.
Khi phc v pht trin giao thng vn ti
H thng giao thng vn ti min Bc di thi thuc Php rt km, li b tn ph,
h hng trong thi k chin tranh, trc khi rt khi min Bc, thc dn Php tip tc
ph hoi.
Trong tnh hnh y, vi nhim v khi phc kinh t, pht trin vn ho, ci thin i
sng nhn dn, cng c quc phng, Nh nc ch trng khi phc nhanh chng h
thng giao thng vn ti, nh ng st, ng b, ng thu, bu in... Vic khi
phc v pht trin h thng giao thng vn ti l vic lm c ngha quan trng, l iu
khng th thiu trong pht trin sn xut, xy dng kinh t, vn ho.
Cui nm 1957, min Bc khi phc c gn 700 kilmt ng st, quan trng
nht l tuyn ng st H Ni - Lng Sn. Khi phc v lm thm 10.607 kilmt
ng t. Xy dng v m rng thm nhiu bn cng, ca sng, nh Hi Phng, Hn
70

Gai, Cm Ph, Bn Thu... gp phn quan trng trong vic pht trin giao lu hng ho
trong nc v th gii, phc hi kinh t. ng hng khng dn dng quc t c khai
thng.
C cu kinh t cng nh quan h sn xut min Bc bc u c s thay i.
Thnh phn kinh t quc doanh chim 58% gi tr sn lng trong cng nghip; 100%
trong cc ngnh xy dng c bn, bu in, ng st; 61% trong cc ngnh bun bn;
97% trong ngnh ngoi thng v 100% trong ngnh ngn hng. Nh vy, kinh t quc
doanh gi vai tr lnh o nn kinh t quc dn.
Hon thnh ci cch rung t v khi phc kinh t, hn gn vt thng chin tranh
l nhng nhim v kinh t - x hi c tin hnh trong thi gian 1954 - 1957 c tc
dng h tr cho nhau, gp phn vo nhng nhim v chnh tr, qun s, nhm cng c
min Bc, xy dng min Bc thnh cn c a cch mng ca c nc, l hu phng
ca cuc khng chin chng M cu nc ca dn tc.
3. Ci to quan h sn xut x hi ch ngha, bc u pht trin kinh t - vn ho
(1958 - 1960)
a. Ci to quan h sn xut x hi ch ngha
Sau 3 nm hon thnh ci cch rung t, khi phc kinh t, nn kinh t min Bc
c nhiu thay i; thnh phn kinh t thc dn phong kin b xo b, thnh phn kinh t
quc doanh chim u th v gi vai tr lnh o.
Tuy vy, nn kinh t min Bc lc ny cn bn vn l kinh t nng nghip phn tn,
lc hu, lao ng th cng vi nng sut thp, cc thnh phn kinh t da trn ch
chim hu t nhn v t liu sn xut. Kinh t c th ca nng dn, th th cng, tiu
thng, tiu ch chim rt ln. Thnh phn kinh t cng thng nghip t bn t doanh
cn tn ti.
Trong tnh hnh , Nh nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho ch trng ci to x hi
ch ngha i vi cc thnh phn kinh t c th. Ci to quan h sn xut l mt trong
nhng nhim v c trng ca cch mng x hi ch ngha. l ch trng ln ca
ng v Nh nc ta trong bc u ca thi k min Bc qu ln ch ngha x hi,
nhm xo b cc thnh phn kinh t khng phi x hi ch ngha.
Thng 12/1958, ti k hp th 9 Quc hi kho I thng qua k hoch 3 nm ci
to v pht trin kinh t - vn ho (1958 - 1960), bao gm nhng nhim v sau y:
- Ci to nng nghip, th cng nghip v cng thng nghip t bn t doanh theo
hng x hi ch ngha, khu chnh l hp tc ho nng nghip, ng thi tch cc pht
trin v cng c thnh phn kinh t quc doanh.

71

- y mnh pht trin sn xut nng nghip v cng nghip, ly sn xut nng
nghip lm khu chnh, ch yu nhm gii quyt vn lng thc, ch trong pht trin
cng nghip, tng thm cc t liu sn xut v gii quyt phn ln hng tiu dng.
Trn c s , nng cao mt bc i sng vt cht v vn ho ca nhn dn, nht
l nhn dn lao ng v tng cng cng c quc phng.
Mc d c nhng tin b sau 3 nm khi phc kinh t, nhng nng nghip min Bc
vn mang nng tnh cht tiu nng, phn tn, lc hu, khng th p dng k thut mi
vo sn xut. Mun tin hnh cch mng x hi ch ngha, mt nhim v cp bch t
ra l phi ci to quan h sn xut trong nng nghip, tc phi tin hnh hp tc ho
nng nghip, to tin i ln sn xut ln.
Cuc vn ng hp tc ho nng nghip min Bc tin hnh trong iu kin cha
c gii ho nng nghip. Do ci to x hi ch ngha trong nng nghip, i hi ci
to quan h sn xut kt hp vi ci tin k thut, tng nng sut lao ng, v gio dc
t tng x hi ch ngha cho nng dn.
Mun phong tro hp tc ho thng li phi da vo bn nng v trung nng lp
di, on kt cht ch vi trung nng, hn ch v i n xo b bc lt ca ph nng,
ci to t tng ph nng, ngn nga a ch ngc u dy, tip tc m ng cho a
ch lao ng ci to, a nng dn vo con ng hp tc ho nng nghip. Trong qu
trnh vn ng, t chc nng dn i vo con ng lm n tp th, phi m bo ba
nguyn tc: t nguyn, cng c li v qun l dn ch. Cuc vn ng hp tc ho nng
nghip min Bc phi i t thp n cao, tri qua ba bc: T i cng - Hp tc x bc
thp - Hp tc x bc cao; t hp tc x quy m nh n hp tc x quy m ln, lm cho
nng dn quen dn vi li lm n tp th v ph hp vi tnh hnh qun l ca cn b
hp tc x.
cho cuc vn ng c kt qu, u nm 1958, Nh nc m nhiu lp hun luyn
cho cn b hp tc x; nm 1959, t chc cho nng dn hc tp chnh sch hp tc ho
nng nghip, tranh lun rng ri v con ng x hi ch ngha v t bn ch ngha. T
cuc vn ng hp tc ho nng nghip tr thnh phong tro rng khp. Nh nc
cng h tr tch cc cho phong tro hp tc ho nng nghip, nh u t vn, cho
nng dn vay vn, cung cp phn bn, sc ko, nng c... Nh , n cui nm 1960,
vic ci to nng nghip theo hnh thc hp tc x bc thp cn bn hon thnh, c 85%
s nng h vo hp tc x vi 68,08% din tch rung t.
Ti min ni, do c nhng c im ring, ng v Nh nc ch trng tin hnh
cuc vn ng hp tc ho nng nghip, pht trin sn xut kt hp vi hon thnh ci
cch dn ch. Chng ta thc hin cuc vn ng 2.000 x vi 3 triu dn. Tnh

72

n thng 6/1961, ton min ni c 357.000 h nng dn vo hp tc x, chim 75,64%

tng s h nng dn.
Cuc vn ng hp tc ho nng nghip n cui nm 1960 cn bn hon thnh. N
xo b c bn ngun gc ch ngi bc lt ngi nng thn, cng vi ci cch
rung t xo b c bn giai cp bc lt min Bc nc ta.
Bn cnh thng li , thnh phn kinh t quc doanh trong nng nghip cng c
m rng. 56 nng trng quc doanh vi din tch 10 vn hcta c xy dng.
Trn c s hp tc nng nghip, phong tro thi ua tng nng sut, p dng nhng
bin php k thut cng c y mnh. Nh sn lng lng thc c tng ln.
1959 v 1960 l nhng nm c sn lng lng thc t mc cao cha tng c.
Hon thnh cn bn cng cuc ci to nng nghip c tc dng y mnh sn xut
nng nghip. Thng li ny cn to iu kin thun li cho cng cuc ci to cc thnh
phn kinh t khc.
Sau ba nm khi phc kinh t, ngnh th cng nghip min Bc trong chin tranh
sn xut gim st nay c v tr quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn, gii quyt c
phn ln cc mt hng tiu dng cho nhn dn, cung cp mt s mt hng xut khu v
t liu sn xut cho cc ngnh khc.
Nhng do li kinh doanh phn tn, th th cng khng pht huy c mt tch cc.
V vy ci to th cng nghip theo hng x hi ch ngha to iu kin cho ngnh
th cng nghip v th th cng xo b mt lc hu, gp phn cng cc ngnh kinh t
khc xy dng nn kinh t quc dn tin tin, hin i. i n mc tiu , ci to th
cng nghip thng qua hnh thc hp tc x sn xut th cng nghip, kt hp cht ch
vic ci to quan h sn xut vi ci tin k thut.
c s gip ca ng v Nh nc, trong thi k ci to, th th cng min Bc
hng ng ch trng trn. n cui nm 1960, c 87,9% th th cng c ci to,
tham gia cc hnh thc hp tc x.
i vi thng nghip, sau ba nm khi phc, thng nghip min Bc vn cn nh
b, cha p ng c nhu cu trong nc v trn th gii. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi
bun bn nh ng vai tr quan trng trong vic trao i v lu thng hng ho gia cc
min ca t nc, a hng n tay ngi tiu dng.
Nh nc ch trng ci to thng nghip di hnh thc hp tc x mua bn v
hp tc x va mua bn va sn xut, nhm chuyn dn mt b phn nhng ngi mua
bn nh sang sn xut. n cui nm 1960, min Bc c 10,5 vn ngi bun bn nh
tham gia cc hnh thc hp tc x, chim 45,1% tng s ngi bun bn nh trong din
ci to, c 5 vn ngi chuyn sang sn xut nng nghip v th cng nghip.
73

i vi cng thng nghip t bn t doanh v giai cp t sn dn tc, khi chuyn

sang cch mng x hi ch ngha, vic ci to cng thng nghip t bn t doanh v
giai cp t sn l mt ch trng ca ng v Nh nc.
Vic ci to thnh phn kinh t cng thng nghip t bn t doanh v giai cp t
sn c tin hnh trong iu kin lch s c th ca mi nc. min Bc nc ta, vic
lm tin hnh trong iu kin lch s l: Nh nc dn ch nhn dn ca ta vng
mnh da trn nn tng cng nng lin minh; thnh phn kinh t quc doanh gi vai tr
lnh o; giai cp t sn min Bc nh b, li tng l bn ng minh trong cch mng
dn tc dn ch, tn thnh cng lnh ca Mt trn T quc, c kh nng tip thu ci
to; t nc ta b chia ct lm hai min. Do , vic ci to giai cp t sn min Bc
phi nhm bo m s on kt mi lc lng trong c nc chng quc M v tay
sai.
T iu kin lch s c th , ng v Nh nc ch trng ci to i vi cng
thng nghip t bn t doanh bng phng php ho bnh. Chnh sch ca nh nc
i vi giai cp t sn dn tc l s dng mt tch cc, hn ch mt tiu cc ca h.
Vi phng php ci to ho bnh, v kinh t, Nh nc khng tch thu t liu sn
xut ca nh t sn, m dng chnh sch chuc li v tr dn. V chnh tr, vn coi giai
cp t sn dn tc l thnh vin ca Mt trn T quc Vit Nam, ch khng phi l i
tng ca cch mng.
Trong qu trnh thc hin ci to, Nh nc ch trng kt hp cc bin php kinh t
- hnh chnh - gio dc, kt hp ci to kinh t vi ci to t tng, bin ngi t sn
tr thnh ngi lao ng trong ch mi, xo b quan h sn xut t bn. y l qu
trnh u tranh giai cp, nn n din ra gay go v phc tp. Giai cp t sn dn tc c
s chng li. m bo cuc ci to t kt qu phi da vo qun chng cng nhn,
on kt cht ch vi nhn dn lao ng, gio dc nh t sn. i vi nhng phn t
ngoan c, ta kin quyt u tranh. Cng vi chnh sch chuc li t liu sn xut, Nh
nc ta ch sp xp vic lm cho ngi t sn trong cc x nghip, to iu kin cho h
i vo con ng lao ng.
n cui nm 1960, cuc vn ng ci to x hi ch ngha i vi cc thnh phn
kinh t trn, cn bn hon thnh. Quan h sn xut x hi ch ngha bc u c
xc lp v v c bn xo b ch ngi bc lt ngi trn min Bc, a c i b
phn (trn 85%) ngi lao ng lm n c th vo lm n tp th trong cc hnh thc
hp tc x, v chnh hp tc x m bo nhng iu kin vt cht, tinh thn, chnh tr
cho b phn tham gia chin u, xy dng c nhng c s vt cht u tin ca ch
ngha x hi.

74

Trong qu trnh thc hin ci to x hi ch ngha i vi cc thnh phn kinh t

khng phi x hi ch ngha, ta phm nhng sai lm, thiu st, nh ng nht ci
to vi xo b nhm xo b cc thnh phn kinh t phi x hi ch ngha v coi xa
b l mc tiu ca cch mng x hi ch ngha trong thi k qu . Trong khi thc
hin nhim v ci to cc thnh phn kinh t phi x hi ch ngha, ta th hin t
tng ch quan, nng vi, duy ch, mong mun thc hin nhanh chng, dt im theo
kiu chin dch (c bn hon thnh trong ba nm 1958 - 1960).
Do ch o ci to mc phi t tng ch quan, nng vi, duy ch, nn dn n
sai phm nguyn tc t nguyn trong vn ng xy dng hp tc x, khng pht huy
y tnh ch ng sng to ca qun chng, khng to ra c ng lc mnh m
thc y s pht trin nng ng ca nn kinh t.
Nguyn nhn ch yu ca nhng sai phm trn l do khng nm vng cc quy lut
kinh t ca thi k qu . Qu t mt x hi tin t bn ln ch ngha x hi, tt yu
tn ti thnh phn kinh t c th, kinh t t bn t nhn trong nn kinh t nhiu thnh
phn, cn pht huy vai tr tch cc ca cc thnh phn kinh t c th, t bn t nhn
trong vic lm sng ng nn kinh t, pht trin lc lng sn xut. i hi ng ln
th VI (12/1986) khng nh trn thc t nc ta tn ti c cu kinh t nhiu thnh
phn v phi coi trng nhng thnh phn kinh t . iu chng t rng, chnh sch
kinh t nhiu thnh phn c ngha chin lc lu di, c tnh quy lut t sn xut nh
ln ch ngha x hi.
b. Bc u pht trin kinh t - vn ho
ng thi vi nhim v ci to l nhim v xy dng, pht trin kinh t - vn ho.
Pht trin kinh t
Trong pht trin kinh t, trng tm l pht trin thnh phn kinh t quc doanh,
cng nghip quc doanh l c s ch yu ca nn cng nghip x hi ch ngha. V vy
trong k hoch ba nm (1958 - 1960), ng v Nh nc ch trng ra sc pht trin
cng nghip sn xut cc t liu sn xut, tip tc y mnh pht trin cng nghip
hng tiu dng. i i vi vic pht trin cng nghip quc doanh trung ng, Nh nc
ch trng pht trin th cng nghip v bt u xy dng cc x nghip quc doanh a
phng. Nh nc u t phn ln vn cho xy dng c bn trong cng nghip
(chim 46,52% gp ba ln so vi k hoch ba nm khi phc).
Vi s vn u t trn, Nh nc xy dng nhiu cng trnh ln nh. T ch c
97 x nghip cng nghip quc doanh nm 1957, n nm 1960 c 172 x nghip do
trung ng qun l v trn 500 c s do a phng qun l. Mt h thng cc nh my,
x nghip thuc cc ngnh: in lc, khai khong, luyn kim, ch to nng c, ch to c
75

kh, ho cht, phn bn, vt liu xy dng c hnh thnh. Khu gang thp Thi
Nguyn, mt c s luyn kim u tin ca Vit Nam c xy dng trong thi k ny.
Ngnh cng nghip tiu dng c pht trin v t kt qu ln. Nm 1959, tng s
hng tiu dng c sn xut trong nc tng 283,7% so vi nm 1955, sc mua ca
nhn dn cng tng ln so vi trc, m bo cung cp c 90% hng tiu dng cn
thit cho i sng nhn dn.
S lng x nghip tng, nn gi tr tng sn lng cng nghip tng. Gi tr sn
lng cng nghip quc doanh chim t l cao: nm 1957 l 26,9%, n nm 1960 l
52,4%.
S pht trin nhanh chng cng nghip min Bc trong ba nm 1958 -1960 c tc
dng thc y cc ngnh kinh t khc pht trin, bc tranh kinh t ca min Bc khi
sc. Vi s pht trin ca cng nghip, giai cp cng nhn Vit Nam pht trin v s
lng v cht lng, to iu kin cho n pht huy vai tr lnh o ton b s nghip
cch mng x hi ch ngha.
Ngnh thng nghip x hi ch ngha cng pht trin mnh m. T mt s mu
dch quc doanh trong khng chin, n nm 1959, mu dch quc doanh c 12 tng
cng ty chuyn nghip, bao gm 1.400 ca hng.
S pht trin thng nghip x hi ch ngha c tc dng gi vng vai tr ch
o v n nh th trng, gp phn quan trng trong vic ci thin i sng vt cht
cng nh tinh thn ca nhn dn lao ng.
Pht trin vn ho - gio dc - y t
Nhng tin b v mt kinh t to iu kin cho s nghip vn ho - gio dc - y t
pht trin.
Nhim v ca cng tc vn ho l ng vin v t chc mi lc lng vn ho, khoa
hc, gio dc, ngh thut, nhm gio dc t tng x hi ch ngha cho nhn dn, c v
mi ngi thi ua xy dng ch ngha x hi v u tranh thng nht nc nh.
Thnh tch ca vn ho l ng vin nhng ngi lm vn ho, ngh thut, in
nh, bo ch phc v cho cng cuc cch mng x hi ch ngha.
Trn mt trn gio dc, Nh nc y mnh cng tc xo nn m ch. n cui
nm 1960, min Bc cn bn xo xong nn m ch min xui cho nhng ngi
di 50 tui. Hn 10 triu ngi bit c bit vit. Cng tc b tc vn ho cng pht
trin tin ti thc hin ph cp cp 1 cho ton dn.

76

H thng gio dc ph thng c hon chnh v m rng vi s hc sinh tng 80%

so vi nm 1957. cc a phng min ni, trng ph thng cc cp cng pht trin.
Cc dn tc t ngi c Nh nc gip ci tin v xy dng ch vit ca mnh.
Cc trng i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip thu ht con em lao ng vo hc v
cung cp cn b khoa hc k thut cho cng cuc xy dng ch ngha x hi. n nm
1960, min Bc c 9 trng i hc vi 11.070 sinh vin (gp 2 ln so vi nm 1957).
Cng tc y t c nhiu tin b, t c nhng thnh tu mi trong lnh vc nghin
cu y hc cha bnh au mt, phng chng v cha bnh lao. C s y t bao gm cc
bnh vin, bnh x, trm y t, c xy dng phc v nhn dn. Vic kt hp gia
ng y v Ty y tng cng kh nng cha bnh cho nhn dn.
Min Bc t c nhng thnh t ng k trn lm thay i cn bn b mt x
hi min Bc.
4. Cng c min Bc - chiu c min Nam (1954 - 1960)
Thng li trong khi phc kinh t c tc dng cng c chnh quyn dn ch nhn
dn vng mnh. Trong thi k ny, Nh nc dn ch nhn dn min Bc chuyn
sang lm nhim v lch s ca chuyn chnh v sn, lnh o nhn dn min Bc xy
dng ch ngha x hi. S ng h ca nhn dn i vi Nh nc, s tham gia ca nhn
dn vo cng vic qun l Nh nc tng thm sc mnh ca Nh nc trong giai
on cch mng mi.
Ngy 14/9/1957, k hp th 7 Quc hi kho I thng qua d tho Lut Cng
on. y l mt bin php nhm pht huy vai tr ca giai cp cng nhn trong qun l
kinh t v qun l nh nc. Cui nm 1957, cuc bu c hi ng nhn dn v u ban
hnh chnh cc a phng c tin hnh.
Cng vi vic thc hin quyn dn ch, chc nng chuyn chnh ca nh nc cng
c tng cng. i vi cc hot ng tnh bo, gin ip, ph hoi cng cuc xy dng
ch ngha x hi ca k th, Nh nc ta kin quyt trn p. Ngy 15/6/1956, Chnh ph
ban hnh sc lnh trng tr nhng hnh ng ph hoi ti sn ca nh nc v nhn
dn, cn tr vic thc hin cc chnh sch kinh t. Thng 7/1956, Cc Cnh st nhn
dn c thnh lp. Vic trn p bn phn cch mng tin hnh kp thi, Nh nc dn
ch nhn dn c cng c.
Thng 3/1957, Ngh quyt Hi ngh ln th 12 (m rng) ca Trung ng ng vch
r s cn thit phi tng cng lc lng quc phng, tch cc xy dng qun i nhn
dn tng bc tin ln chnh quy, hin i, va bo v cng cuc lao ng xy dng ca
nhn dn ta min Bc, va ng h cuc u tranh chng quc M v tay sai ca
nhn dn ta min Nam.
77

Ngy 5/9/1955, i hi Mt trn dn tc thng nht ton quc hp ti H Ni, thnh

lp Mt trn T quc Vit Nam v bu ra U ban Trung ng Mt trn do Tn c
Thng lm ch tch. Cng lnh ca Mt trn tp hp, c v ton dn ra sc cng c
min Bc v mi mt, c v lng yu nc v nim tin ca ng bo min Nam nhm
tranh th thc hin thng nht nc nh trn c s c lp v dn ch.
Hin php 1946 hon thnh s mng lch s ca n. Vic ban hnh hin php
mi, ph hp vi tnh hnh mi l cn thit. Ngy 31/12/1959, Quc hi kho I chnh
thc thng qua bn Hin php mi. Ngy 1/1/1960 Ch tch nc Vit Nam dn ch
cng ho cng b bn Hin php mi vi ton th nhn dn Vit Nam v th gii.
Hin php 1960 l o lut c bn ca Nh nc. Bn Hin php xc nhn a v
lm ch t nc ca nhn dn, quy nh quyn li v ngha v ca cng dn v nhn
mnh Nh nc m bo cho mi cng dn c hng quyn li ca mnh.
Hin php 1960 khng nh ch v nguyn vng ca nhn dn lao ng v xy
dng ch ngha x hi min Bc v u tranh thc hin thng nht nc nh, nhm
xy dng mt nc Vit Nam ho bnh, thng nht, c lp, dn ch v giu mnh. Hin
php 1960 cn t c s cho vic xy dng php ch x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. Hin
php ny cn c tc dng c v nhn dn min Nam trong cuc u tranh chng quc
M v tay sai.
Nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho khng ngng m rng hot ng ngoi giao nhm
gp phn vo cuc u tranh chung ca nhn dn th gii v nhng mc tiu ho bnh,
c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi. Chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ho
nhiu ln cng b chnh sch ngoi giao da trn nguyn tc ho bnh v hu ngh gia
cc dn tc. Ngy 20/3/1955 ti k hp th 4 - Quc hi kho I, Chnh ph ta tuyn b
chnh sch ngoi giao ca mnh l tng cng quan h hu ngh vi cc nc bn, vi
Lin X v cc nc dn ch nhn dn khc.
T 1954 Vit Nam dn ch cng ho v cc nc x hi ch ngha c nhiu cuc
thm ving hu ngh, trao i nhng vn ln v tnh hnh th gii. Nm 1957, Ch
tch H Ch Minh dn u on i biu ng v Nh nc i thm cc nc x hi ch
ngha cm n s gip ca cc nc i vi cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta
chng thc dn Php xm lc v tranh th s gip ca cc nc trong cng cuc
xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc. Nm 1958, on i biu Quc hi do Ch tch
Tn c Thng dn u i thm hu ngh mt s nc x hi ch ngha ng u v
Chu . Vit Nam cng khng ngng pht trin quan h hu ngh vi cc nc dn tc
ch ngha - Phi - M Latinh trn c s 5 nguyn tc chung sng ho bnh. c bit
khi on kt chin u ca nhn dn ba nc Vit Nam - Campuchia - Lo cng bn
cht.
78

Nhng thng li trong hot ng ngoi giao ca Vit Nam dn ch cng ho trong
nhng nm t 1954 tr i cho tc dng nng cao uy tn v a v ca ta ln trng quc
t, tranh th c s ng tnh, ng h ca cc nc x hi ch ngha, nhn dn tin b
trn th gii trong cng cuc xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc v u tranh chng
M v tay sai min Nam.
III. Min Nam u tranh chng ch M - Dim gi gn ho bnh
tin ti ng khi (1954 - 1960)
1. Ch M - Dim min Nam Vit Nam
Sau khi khng thc hin c i vi Vit Nam ni ring v ng Dng ni
chung trong cuc chin tranh xm lc do Php tin hnh (1945 - 1954), chu cho
Php k hip nh Ginev 1954 v ng Dng, rt ht qun vin chinh v nc
(5/1956), quc M chuyn sang trc tin i vi min Nam Vit Nam l bin
min Nam Vit Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi, sau i vi c nc Vit Nam.
c th hin trong k hoch 6 im do tng Clin - i s M u tin min Nam thc thi. Ngy 7/11/1954 Clin n min Nam Vit Nam v mang theo k hoch :
- ng h chnh quyn Dim v vin tr thng cho Dim khng qua tay Php.
- Xy dng cho Dim mt qun i do M hun luyn v trang b.
- Lp quc hi min Nam hp php ho ch Dim.
- Thi hnh ci cch in a v thc hin nh c cho s ngi min Bc di c vo
Nam.
- Thay i cc th thu, u tin cho hng ho v t bn M trn vo th trng min
Nam.
- o to cn b hnh chnh cho Dim.
y l k hoch u tin ca M nhm nm cht ngu quyn Ng nh Dim, ht
cng Php chim min Nam Vit Nam. Trc sc p ca M, Php buc phi rt ht
qun vin chinh v nc. Ngy 30/5/1956 n v cui cng ca qun Php ri khi
min Nam Vit Nam. Cuc rt qun ny l s chm dt ch thc dn c ca Php v
thay th bng s thng tr ca ch ngha thc dn mi M - mt hnh thc thng tr tinh
vi, xo quyt v tn bo khng km. Thng qua chnh quyn v qun i tay sai, quc
M thc hin bin min Nam Vit Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi v cn c qun s,
ri dng min Nam lm bn p tin cng min Bc, ngn chn ln sng cch mng gii
phng dn tc v cch mng x hi ch ngha ng Nam Chu .

79

i vi chnh quyn Dim, va ln nm chnh quyn tin hnh thanh ton cc th

lc thn Php, thit lp chnh quyn c ti, pht xt, gia nh tr, thn M, i lp vi
nhn dn, chng li cch mng.
Ng nh Dim cn lp ra cc t chc chnh tr phn ng lm vy cnh. Gia 1954,
ng Cn lao Nhn v ra i do Ng nh Nhu ng u, lm nng ct trong mi c
quan quan trng. Cui 1954, thnh lp t chc Phong tro cch mng quc gia do
Trn Chnh Thnh cm u. T chc ny nu Chng trnh cch mng nhm chng
cng thc, bi phong. Chng cng thc cht l chng cc lc lng yu nc,
cch mng, thc thc cht l gt php M c chim min Nam, bi phong thc
cht l ph trut Bo i Dim thu tm quyn lc min Nam.
L sn phm ca ch ngha thc dn mi, li ra i trong th tht bi, cho nn ch
Ng nh Dim theo ui chnh sch n p khng b.
T gia nm 1955, khi ng c min Nam, thy r cng sn l him ho i
vi chng, v c lnh ca M, tp on Ng nh Dim tin hnh khng b, n p
nhng ngi yu nc mt cch c t chc, vi quy m rng khp min Nam. Chng coi
chng cng l quc sch. Chnh quyn Ng nh Dim kin ton b my n p.
Thng 3/1955, Tng u Cng dn v c thnh lp v ngy cng tng cng, chuyn
lo vic n p chnh tr. Hi ng nhn dn ch o t cng thnh lp Si Gn nhm
ch o thc hin chnh sch khng b. Trong mi b, cc nha, cc s cc tnh u lp
ra Hi ng t cng. Cc c vn M n min Nam gip Dim xy dng b my cnh
st, o to cn b, ph bin k thut iu tra, tra tn. M cn cung cp cho Dim tin,
v kh, dng c tra tn v cc phng tin khc.
to ra c s php l cho chnh sch chng cng, chnh quyn Dim ban hnh cc
o lut pht xt: o d s 6 (ngy 11/1/1956) v vic lp cc tri tp trung, o d s
13 (20/2/1956) bp nght quyn t do bo ch, c bit lut pht xt thng 10/1959 (thng
5/1959) v vic lp to n qun s c bit Si Gn, Bun Ma Thut, Hu... v a my
chm v cc a phng thi hnh ngay ti ch cc bn n t hnh. Chng tin hnh
hng lot cc cuc vy bt, tn st, b t nhng ngi khng chin c, nhng ngi yu
nc, khng ng h Dim. Vi phng chm Th git nhm cn hn b st, Tiu dit
cng sn khng thng tic, M - Dim gy ra cc v tn st vi nhng hnh thc
git ngi man r thi trung c, kt hp vi nhng phng php cc hnh hin i hng
lm nht ch u tranh ca nhn dn ta min Nam.
Bn cht ca chnh quyn M - Dim th hin trong mt lot v tn st, nh ch
c (Qung Nam) ngy 4/9/1954, v tr th nhng ngi khng chin c Vnh Trinh
(huyn Duy Xuyn - Qung Nam) ngy 21/1/1955, v trit h Hng in (Qung Tr)

80

thng 7/1955, v ln nht l v u c mt lc 6.000 ngi yu nc tri giam Ph

Li (Th Du Mt) ngy 1/12/1958... git hi hng ngn ngi.
M - Dim cn t chc cc chin dch t cng, dit cng: Chin dch inh Tin
Hong cn qut cc tnh Cn Th, Long Xuyn, Chu c, Rch Gi, H Tin.
Chin dch Hong Diu cn qut vng Rng Sc thuc tnh B Ra; chin dch
Trng Tn Bu cn qut cc tnh ng Nam b...
Bng nhng chin dch cn qut , trn thc t M - Dim gy cuc Chin
tranh mt pha. Chin tranh mt pha l chin tranh thc dn mi u tin ca M
min Nam c thc hin bng th on bo lc ca cuc chin tranh xm lc thc
dn mi ca chng.
Nhng hnh ng ti c ca M - Dim khin cho cuc u tranh ca nhn dn
ta min Nam gp v vn kh khn, gian kh, v phi chng li k th ln, mnh, ht
sc tn bo trong khi lc lng cch mng nh yu (phn ln lc lng b i, cn b
tp kt ra Bc theo Hip nh Ginev). y l thi k en ti nht ca cch mng min
Nam. Nhng nhn dn ta min Nam vn bn b u tranh gi gn lc lng chun
b cho nhng bc nhy vt.
2. u tranh chng ch M - Dim gi gn ho bnh (1954 -1959)
Vi bin min Nam Vit Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi v cn c qun s, dng
min Nam lm bn p tin cng min Bc, y li ch ngha cng sn, ngn chn ln
sng cch mng ng Dng v ng Nam , quc M can thip ngy cng su,
cn tr vic thi hnh hip nh Ginev 1954 v ng Dng. K th c th trc mt
ca nhn dn min Nam l quc M cng tp on tay sai Ng nh Dim v phi
thc dn Php phn ng - k ph hoi Hip nh Ginev.
Nhim v c th trc mt ca nhn dn min Nam l thc hin Hip nh nh
chin, cng c ho bnh, thc hin t do dn ch... ci thin dn sinh, thc hin thng
nht v tranh th c lp.
Nhng trong iu kin min Nam, lc lng v trang tp kt ra Bc v khng
cn chnh quyn cch mng, quc M li ang tin hnh Chin tranh mt pha
thit lp nn thng tr ca ch ngha thc dn mi, do vy, phi c mt hnh thc u
tranh thch hp, l u tranh chnh tr, trit li dng kh nng cng khai hp php
u tranh, kt hp vi u tranh b mt bt hp php, vn dng khu hiu v sch lc
linh hot tp hp rng ri mi lc lng u tranh c hiu qu.
Bo v ho bnh va ginh c thc hin thng nht nc nh l nguyn vng
tha thit ca nhn dn min Nam v cng ph hp vi nhng iu khon ca Hip nh
Ginev v ng Dng. Nhng hnh ng ph hoi ho bnh, ngn cn hip thng
81

tng tuyn c t do thng nht hai min Nam - Bc Vit Nam ca M - Dim, gy
ln sng cng phn trong nhn dn ta min Nam, dn n phong tro u tranh ca
nhn dn chng ch M - Dim.
M u l Phong tro ho bnh Si Gn - Ch Ln vo thng 8/1954 ca tr thc
v cc tng lp nhn dn. Sau khi cng b bn hiu triu ca mnh ng h hip nh
Ginev, ng h hip thng tng tuyn c, phong tro c cc tng lp nhn dn
hng ng. khp ni, ti Si Gn - Ch Ln, nhng U ban bo v ho bnh c
thnh lp v hot ng cng khai. Phong tro cn t c mi quan h vi U ban quc
t gim st v kim sot vic thi hnh Hip nh Ginev 1954 Vit Nam.
Thng 11/1954 M - Dim tin hnh khng b, dp tt phong tro. Chng cho tay sai
lng bt cc nh lnh o phong tro. Nhng phong tro u tranh v mc tiu ho bnh
ca cc tng lp nhn dn tip tc dn cao, lan rng ti cc vng nng thn v cc vng
thnh ph ln nh Hu, Nng...
Gia nm 1955, tuy v danh ngha Phong tro ho bnh Si Gn - Ch Ln
khng cn, nhng cc u ban c s vn tip tc hot ng di hnh thc l nhng u
ban cu t nn nhn b ho hon. Khi thy phong tro tip tc lan rng, M - Dim tm
cch ngn cm, khng cho nhn dn tip xc vi u ban cu t, ro nhng khu b chy,
khng b nhng ngi tham gia... u ban vn tip tc hot ng v bin thnh nhng
Ban phng nn chy.
Gia nm 1955, cng gn ti ngy hip thng tng tuyn c, phong tro u tranh
cng si ng. Khp ni min Nam t chc mt tinh, biu tnh, bi cng, bi ch, ri
truyn n, a kin ngh i M - Dim thi hnh nghim chnh Hip nh Ginev.
Thng 7/1955, Mt trn Lin Vit - Nam b, ku gi nhn dn u tranh i m hi ngh
hip thng. Ngy 10/7/1955, dn chng Si Gn - Ch Ln t chc nh cng, bi th,
hng ng li ku gi, biu th ch thng nht t nc ca ton dn. Trung b,
phong tro u tranh trn c s php l Hip nh Ginev pht trin mnh. n thng
7/1956, phong tro u tranh ca nhn dn i thi hnh Hip nh tip tc pht trin
mc d M - Dim tin hnh nhng chin dch t cng dit cng gt gao.
Nhng phong tro trn li cun hng triu ngi tham gia t Qung Tr n C
Mau, bao gm tt c cc tng lp nhn dn, cc gio phi, cc dn tc t ngi... hnh
thnh mt mt trn t nhin chng M - Dim, tranh th c d lun th gii.
Phong tro u tranh i ci thin i sng cng pht trin trong cc tng lp lao
ng min Nam v gi c sinh hot t , chnh sch thu kho nng n. Giai cp
cng nhn min Nam i u trong phong tro ny.

82

Ngy 1/8/1954, cng nhn Si Gn - Ch Ln u tranh i t do dn ch. T ngy

2 n 4/8/1954, cng nhn cao su Lc An bi cng i tng 4% lng v hoan nghnh
Hip nh Ginev.
Sang nm 1955, phong tro bi cng dn dp din ra, i tng lng, ci thin i
sng. Nhng cuc bi cng ny c s kt hp vi cuc u tranh ca nhn dn cc khu
ph i cung cp nc, chng ui nh, pht v...
Nhn li trong nhng nm u sau ho bnh lp li, nhn dn min Nam da vo
chnh ngha v php l Hip nh Ginev u tranh chnh tr. Cuc u tranh ny
thu ht ng o cc tng lp nhn dn tham gia di nhiu hnh thc phong ph. ng
bo min Nam nu cao tinh thn yu nc, on kt u tranh ca dn tc, lin tc
tin cng k ch.
Trong khi , chnh quyn Ng nh Dim cng l r mt phn dn, hi nc. Di
ch thng tr ca M - Dim, nhn dn min Nam hng ngy phi chu cnh bc lt, t
y, chm git... S p bc bc lt y y nhn dn min Nam n ng cng phi
dng n bo lc cu nc cu nh. Mun vy, nhn dn min Nam phi y mnh
xy dng, cng c lc lng v trang v bn v trang, xy dng cn c lm ch da.
Bn cng v ng li cch mng min Nam (8/1956) ca ng ghi r: u
tranh chnh tr l ch yu, nhng trong hon cnh nht nh phi s dng v trang t
v. cng... nhn mnh: cch mng l con ng duy nht ng ca nhn dn min
Nam tin ti lt chnh quyn M - Dim, thnh lp chnh quyn cch mng.
c s lnh o kp thi, nhn dn min Nam a phong tro cch mng tin ln
bc pht trin mi:
Phong tro u tranh chnh tr si ni vi s lt ngi tham gia ngy cng ng.
1957 c 2 triu lt ngi tham gia, 1958 c 3,7 triu lt ngi tham gia, 1959 c ti 6
triu lt ngi tham gia. Nhng cuc u tranh chng khng b, tr th nhng ngi
tham gia khng chin, chng t cng, dit cng din ra gay gt. Ti cc vng nng
thn, nng dn tip tc chng cp t, chng t thu cao, xo b lut 10/1959. Ti cc
th, cuc u tranh ca cng nhn vn lin tc din ra v li cun ng o cc tng
lp nhn dn tham gia, vi quy m ngy cng ln v c s lin kt vi nhau. Nm 1958
cng nhn Cantch nh cng trong 16 ngy phn i ch M sa thi th. Cuc nh
cng ny c cng nhn hng du Sen ca Anh, cng nhn ho xa v cng nhn nh
my n Ch Qun ng h. in hnh nht l cuc biu tnh ngy 1/5/1958 Si Gn.
Cuc biu tnh thu ht 50 vn ngi tham gia, gm cc gii cng nhn, hc sinh,
sinh vin, t sn dn tc, nhng ngi lao ng ngho, i hip thng tng tuyn c.
Nh vy, trong nhng nm 1958 - 1959 phong tro u tranh ca nhn dn min
Nam c m rng v hnh thc u tranh c thay i ph hp vi tnh hnh mi do M 83

Dim gy ra. u tranh gi gn lc lng kt hp vi xy dng v pht trin lc lng

cch mng, u tranh chnh tr ho bnh chuyn sang v trang t v. Ti Nam b xy
dng c 37 i i v trang. Lc lng v trang hot ng b mt v t chc mt s
cuc tin cng vi quy m thch hp.
Ti chin khu , mt n v tp trung c tiu on ca min ng Nam b c
thnh lp.
Thng 4/1958, Bc i - mt huyn pha Bc tnh Ninh Thun, ng bo kt hp
u tranh chnh tr vi u tranh v trang t v, bo v bun ry, chng dn dn. Nhng
hot ng v trang t v c tc dng ln, thc y phong tro u tranh ca nhn dn
min Nam ln cao.
3. Phong tro ng khi min Nam Vit Nam (1959-1960)
Nguyn nhn phong tro
Tri qua bn nm t 1954 n u 1959, M - Dim thi hnh nhng bin php qun
s - chnh tr thm c, nhng khng ngn cn c phong tro yu nc ca nhn dn
ta min Nam. Nhng chnh sch t cng, dit cng, tng cng khng b n p,
t cng sn ngoi vng php lut, l my chm khp min Nam, l biu hin s suy yu
v tht bi ca chnh quyn M - Dim, mt chnh quyn khng hp lng dn.
Chnh sch n p ca chnh quyn M - Dim lm cho cc tng lp nhn dn ta
ht sc cng phn, t hnh thnh nn mt mt trn chng M - Dim. Hng ng ngu
qun ngu quyn cng ny sinh nhng mu thun gay gt trc s sp ca mt s
chnh quyn tay sai thn M trn th gii, nh Nam Triu Tin, Cu Ba... Mt s bo
an, dn v i tm on th cch mng thanh minh cho hnh ng ca mnh. Tnh
hnh cng lm cho ni b chnh quyn M - Dim thm ri lon, a n nhng cuc
thanh trng ln nhau.
Nhng biu hin trn y cho thy s khng hong ca ch M - Dim, to ra
nhng iu kin chn mui cho qun chng ni dy ph ch km kp ca ch nng
thn - khu yu nht trong h thng cai tr ca chng.
Gia lc , Hi ngh ln th 15 (1/1959) ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng
Lao ng Vit Nam quyt nh pht ng qun chng nng dn khi ngha tng phn,
dng u tranh chnh tr kt hp vi u tranh v trang, p tan chnh quyn ch, ginh
chnh quyn v tay nhn dn.
Din bin phong tro
Ngy 28/8/1859, Tr Bng, mt huyn thuc min ni pha Ty tnh Qung Ngi,
qun chng ni dy u tranh chnh tr kt hp vi u tranh v trang ph v 16 c
84

s ngu qun ngu quyn cp x, bc rt 7 n ch, dit hng trm tn c n, lp chnh

quyn cch mng thn x di hnh thc nhng U ban nhn dn t qun. T Tr
Bng, khi ngha lan ra 4 huyn ginh thng li. Thng li ny c v nhn dn ta
u tranh, ng thi chng minh Ngh quyt 15 ca Trung ng ng ph hp vi
nguyn vng ca nhn dn, p ng yu cu cch mng min Nam.
Ti Nam B, qun chng ni dy v trang dit c n, ph ch km kp ca ch, lm
tan r tng mng h thng ngu quyn c s ca chng. Tiu biu l cuc ni dy Bn
Tre.
T 17/1 n 25/1/1960, di s lnh o ca Tnh u Bn Tre, nhn dn huyn M
Cy ni dy, m u phong tro ton tnh. Nhn dn ni dy vi v kh th s, gio mc,
gy gc, sng loi, ng lot nh vo n bt, dit c n, gii tn chnh quyn,
to th uy hip ch. T M Cy, phong tro ng khi lan sang cc huyn khc: nh
Thu, Phc Hip, Bnh Khnh, Thnh Ph, Minh Tn... Ch trong mt tun l, nhn
dn Bn Tre tiu dit, bc hng, bc rt 20 n bt, thu hng trm sng. Cc thn x
sau khi ph th km kp ca ch, m i hi mng thng li chia rung t cho nng
dn, m phin to xt x bn c n.
T trong phong tro ng khi, mt n v v trang tp trung u tin ca tnh Bn
Tre c thnh lp. Ti cc huyn trong tnh, qun chng ni dy ginh quyn lm ch,
thnh lp nhng i v trang tuyn truyn. Chnh quyn Dim huy ng lc lng qun
i n p phong tro, trng im l huyn M Cy.
Ngy 22/2/1960, chng huy ng 10.000 qun ch lc t th x Bn Tre, M Tho,
Tr Vinh v Si Gn tn cng vo ba x nh Thu, Bnh Khnh v Phc Hip. Chng
cn phi hp vi tu chin, my bay, i bc chia nhiu hng dp tt phong tro.
Trc hnh thnh , lc lng v trang chn nh ch v sau c lnh rt
khi vng vy. ng thi, Ban ch o ng khi pht ng u tranh chnh tr, tn
cng vo huyn l M Cy, chng khng b, i ch rt qun. Hng ngn qun chng,
a phn l ph n ko v th trn M Cy u tranh chng ch cn qut. Cuc phn
kch ca ch vo huyn M Cy b tht bi. T phong tro ng khi Bn Tre, rt ra
kinh nghim v phng php cch mng, v vic s dng hai lc lng chnh tr v qun
s, tin cng ch bng ba mi gip cng chnh tr, qun s v binh vn.
T Bn Tre, phong tro ng khi lan nhanh cc tnh Nam b, Ty Nguyn v mt
s tnh Trung Trung b. Cc lc lng v trang ln mnh nhanh chng v t chc
nhng trn nh ln, nh trn Tua Hai (Ty Ninh) ngy 26/1/1960.
Kt qu, ngha lch s, nguyn nhn thng li

85

Phong tro ng khi ca nhn dn min Nam din ra t u nm 1959. Tnh n

cui 1960, c 2/3 chnh quyn ch c s tan r. Cc Tnh bo trung ng M th
nhn: mt thi k ht sc nghim trng i vi Tng thng Ng nh Dim v Vit Nam
cng ho... Trn mt na ton b vng nng thn nm pha Nam v Ty Nam Si Gn,
cng nh mt s vng pha Bc nm di s kim sot ca cng sn... di chnh
quyn cch mng. 2/3 rung t b M - Dim cp ot v tay nhn dn, cc quyn
t do dn ch c thc hin. l nhng vn rt c bn ca cch mng dn tc dn
ch c gii quyt tuy cha trn vn. Trong phong tro ng khi, lc lng cch mng
pht trin nhanh chng, bao gm c lc lng chnh tr, trong i qun tc di
lm cho qun ch khip s: tnh, huyn cc n v v trang tp trung ln lt ra i;
cc tn x u c lc lng dn qun du kch.
Phong tro ng khi ca nhn dn min Nam (1959 - 1960) l n ging mnh v
bt ng vo tp on thng tr M - Dim, lm cho chng hoang mang, lo s. Hin tng
o ng, r ng trong ngu qun cng pht trin. Mu thun gia M - Dim cng nh
mu thun ni b chnh quyn Dim gay gt, dn n o chnh Dim 11/11/1960. Cuc
o chnh khng thnh, Dim thng tay n p, tr th (30.000 ngi b bt).
y l s kin lch s quan trng ca cch mng min Nam trong thi k 1954 1960. N ging n nng n vo chin lc Aixenhao, lm tht bi hon ton chin lc
Chin tranh mt pha ca quc M, buc chng phi chuyn sang chin lc chin
tranh khc.
i vi cch mng min Nam, ng khi l ci mc nh du bc nhy vt quan
trng, chuyn cch mng min Nam t th gi gn lc lng sang th tin cng mnh
m, pht trin ln cao tro khp min, kt hp u tranh chnh tr v u tranh v
trang, to iu kin cho nhn dn min Nam nh thng cc chin lc tip sau ca
quc M. Thng li ca phong tro ng khi gp phn p tan k hoch Bc tin, to
iu kin thun li cho nhn dn min Bc xy dng ch ngha x hi. Thng li ca
phong tro ng khi (1959 - 1960) c ngha v mt chin lc u tin ca cch mng
min Nam, lm thay i cc din chin tranh.
Vi thng li trn ca nhn dn min Nam, ngy 20/12/1960 ti x Tn Lp, huyn
Chu Thnh, tnh Ty Ninh, i biu cc dn tc, cc gii, cc giai cp, cc ng phi,
tn gio ton min Nam, hp i hi thnh lp Mt trn dn tc gii phng min Nam
Vit Nam.
Mt trn tuyn b Chng trnh 10 im nhm tp hp lc lng nh ch
thng tr M - Dim, xy dng mt nc Vit Nam c lp, dn ch, ho bnh v trung
lp, tin ti thng nht nc nh. Mt trn dn tc gii phng min Nam Vit Nam ra
i p ng c yu cu cch mng v nguyn vng ca qun chng nhn dn min
86

Nam. Mt trn tr thnh ngn c on kt ton dn, to thnh sc mnh to ln p

tan mi m mu ca quc v tay sai.
Thng li ca phong tro ng khi l nh tinh thn yu nc, truyn thng u
tranh kin cng bt khut chng ngoi xm ca dn tc. T trong khng b man r ca
k th, cch mng b tn tht nng n, tng chng kh c th vt qua, nhn dn ta
trn khp min vn ni dy p tan ch km kp ca M - Dim ginh quyn lm ch.
Thng li ca phong tro ng khi (1959 - 1960) l nh s lnh o ng n, sng
to ca ng, th hin trong Ngh quyt 15 v ng li v phng php cch mng.
Phong tro ng khi n ra ng lc thi c chn mui.

Hng dn hc tp
Ni dung chng III bao qut thi k lch s t sau ngy 21/7/1954 (sau Hip nh
Ginev v lp li ho bnh ng Dng) n nm 1960 (nm kt thc k hoch ci
to quan h sn xut x hi ch ngha, chun b chuyn sang thc hin k hoch nh
nc 5 nm ln th nht min Bc t nm 1961; nm khi ngha tng phn t phong
tro ng khi pht trin ln chin tranh cch mng chng cuc chin tranh xm lc t
cuc chin tranh c bit ca M min Nam), c thc hin trong khung thi gian 13
tit l thuyt.
Cn nm vng nhng vn v ni dung ca chng:
c im tnh hnh nc ta sau Hip nh Ginev v Vit Nam l nc ta b M v
bn tay sai ca M chia ct lm hai min di hai ch chnh tr - x hi khc nhau;
ng li ng n, sng to, cha c tin l trong lch s ca ng v Ch tch H Ch
Minh l tin hnh ng thi hai min Bc - Nam hai chin lc cch mng (cch mng
x hi ch ngha min Bc v cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn min Nam) v
mi quan h gia cch mng hai min trong vic thc hin nhng nhim v v mc tiu
chung ca cch mng c nc l Chng M cu nc.
Cch mng min Bc thc hin nhng nhim v ca cch mng x hi ch ngha
(trong thi k u t 1954 n 1960 l ci to quan h sn xut theo hng x hi ch
ngha), ng thi tip tc thc hin nhng nhim v cn li ca cch mng dn tc dn
ch nhn dn cha hon thnh trong chin tranh (chng Php) l hon thnh ci cch
rung t, khi phc kinh t, hn gn vt thng chin tranh, v nhim v cng c b
my nh nc, cc t chc chnh tr - x hi, tng cng kh nng phng th t nc,
nhm cng c min Bc, chiu c min Nam.
Cch mng min Nam tip tc thc hin nhng nhim v ca cch mng dn tc
dn ch nhn dn, tc l tip tc cuc cch mng c bt u t nm 1930, nhng
87

c tip tc sau Cch mng thng Tm 1945 v khng chin chng Php 1945 - 1954,
do chng M v tay sai ginh c lp dn tc (gii phng min Nam) cn bo v c
lp dn tc (bo v min Bc), thng nht t nc. Trc mt trong thi k t 1954 n
1960, nhn dn ta min Nam tin hnh u tranh hp php theo php l Hip nh
Ginev 1954 v Vit Nam thc hin Hip nh, kt hp u tranh chnh tr vi u
tranh v trang t v, chng khng b, i t do, ho bnh, thng nht t nc (1954 1959), tin ln cuc ng khi (1959 - 1960) tin hnh u tranh bo lc, kt hp u
tranh chnh tr vi u tranh v trang.
Khi hc chng ny, cn c lin h vi cc tri thc c thy im mi hin nay
trong mt s nhn nh nh gi khch quan v ci cch rung t v ci to quan h
sn xut theo hng x hi ch ngha min Bc, v phong tro u tranh chng M ngu min Nam, t u tranh chnh tr, ho bnh ln u tranh v trang bo lc, lm
cuc ng khi (1959 - 1960).
Ci cch rung t l cuc cch mng ca nng dn nng thn do giai cp cng
nhn (ng Cng sn) lnh o, nhm nh ch chim hu rung t ca giai cp
a ch phong kin, thc hin khu hiu ngi cy c rung.
Ci cch rung t bt u t cui 1953 khi cuc khng chin chng Php sp kt
thc, tin hnh trong hn 3 nm (1953 - 1956), chia lng ra 5 t: t u tin hnh
trong thi chin mt s x vng t do min Bc (Vit Bc, Thanh - Ngh - Tnh...), bn
t tip tin hnh trong thi bnh cc vng t do cn li v cc vng mi gii phng
min Bc.
Ci cch rung t, bn cnh thnh tch to ln l em li rung t cho nng dn
khng c rung hoc t rung, ginh li cho h quyn lm ch nng thn c v kinh t
v chnh tr, cn phm khng t sai lm nghim trng, ko di, mang tnh cht t
khuynh trn mt s vn c tnh nguyn tc sch lc, ch trng bin php thc
hin. Sai lm ca ci cch rung t, tuy c pht hin chm, nhng khi pht hin,
ng v Nh nc kin quyt v kp thi sa cha. Cng vic sa sai bt u t cui
1956 sang nm 1957. Nh sa sai c kt qu m hu qu ca sai lm c hn ch nhiu
v ngha ca ci cch rung t vn ht sc to ln.
Chng nhng sai lm, m nc ta, nhng ch trng v bin php ci cch rung
t nh lm thm ch khng cn.
Ci cch x hi ch ngha l s thc hin nhim v ca cch mng x hi ch
ngha v quan h sn xut. Nhn thc v ci to trc v nay c s thay i. Trc quan
nim ci to nhm xo b cc thnh phn kinh t c th v t nhn da trn s hu t
nhn v t liu sn xut, ch li ch yu hai thnh phn kinh t quc doanh v hp
tc x da trn hai hnh thc s hu nh nc v tp th v t liu sn xut. Nhng hin
88

nay (trong thi k i mi), quan nim ci to khng phi nhm xo b m s dng
c hiu qu, tn ti lu di tt c cc thnh phn kinh t (khng phn bit hnh thc
s hu v t liu sn xut) cn c tc dng thc y sn xut pht trin.
Ci to x hi ch ngha min Bc (ch trng thc hin tp trung trong mt k
hoch 3 nm 1958 - 1960) t c nhng thnh tch quan trng v trn nhiu mt c
tc dng thc y sn xut pht trin, nht l trong iu kin chin tranh, nh hp tc
x m mt b phn thot ly sn xut tham gia b i, dn cng phc v nhim v chin
u tin tuyn yn tm vi i sng gia nh hu phng.
Ci to x hi ch ngha min Bc cng phm mt s sai lm nghim trng
thuc sai lm t khuynh, ch quan, nng vi, duy ch, l mong mun thc hin
nhanh, dt im theo kiu chin dch, a n nhng sai phm khc, nh thc hin
khng y cc nguyn tc vn ng xy dng hp tc x: t nguyn, cng c li,
qun l dn ch. Nhng khc vi sai lm trong ci cch rung t, sai lm trong ci to
x hi ch ngha chm c pht hin. Hu qu ca sai lm cng nghim trng trong
thi bnh.

Cu hi n tp chng 3
1. Cch mng tng min Bc - Nam c yu cu v thc hin nhng nhim v g?
2. Ti sao ng ch trng tin hnh ng thi hai min Bc - Nam hai chin lc
cch mng khc nhau trong thi k 1954 - 1960? Ni dung v ngha ca ch trng
nh th no?
3. Hon thnh ci cch rung t min Bc (1953 - 1957): Ch trng, thnh tch,
hn ch, ngha.
4. Ci to quan h sn xut x hi ch ngha min Bc (1958 - 1960): Ch trng,
thnh tch hn ch, ngha.
5. Sau khi thc hin hai k hoch 3 nm (1954 - 1957) v (1958 - 1960), tnh hnh mi
mt ca min Bc (chnh tr, kinh t - x hi, vn ho - gio dc - y t) c nhng thay
i nh th no?
6. M - Php v tay sai thc hin m mu g i vi nc ta sau Hip nh Ginev
v Vit Nam c hiu lc n nm 1960?
7. Phong tro u tranh chng ch M - Dim ca nhn dn ta min Nam trong
nhng nm u ca Hip nh Ginev 1954 v Vit Nam din ra nh th no?
8 Phong tro ng khi min Nam (1959 - 1960) din ra trong iu kin lch s
nh th no? Ch trng, din bin, kt qu, ngha lch s ca cuc ng khi?
89

Ti liu tham kho

1. H Ch Minh - Tuyn tp
Nxb S tht, H Ni 1960
2. H Ch Minh - Tuyn tp (tp I)
Nxb S tht, H Ni 1980
3. H Ch Minh - Tuyn tp (tp 4)
Nxb S tht, H Ni 1984
4. Vn kin ng (t 25/12/1945 n 31/12/1947),
Nxb S tht, H Ni 1969
5. L Dun: Di l c v vang ca ng, v c lp t do, v ch ngha x hi tin ln
ginh nhng thng li mi Nxb S tht, H Ni 1970
6. V Nguyn Gip: in Bin Ph Nxb QND, H Ni 1964
7. B Quc phng - Vin Lch s Qun s:
S nghip v t tng qun s ca Ch tch H Ch Minh Nxb QND, H Ni 1990
8. B Quc phng - Vin Lch s Qun s:
Lch s cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php (1945 - 1954) (t tp 1 n tp 5) Nxb S Tht, H Ni (t 1985 n 1992)
9. Chin thng in Bin Ph - Sc mnh dn tc v tm vc thi i Nxb QND, H
Ni 1994.
10. in Bin Ph - Mc vng lch s
Nxb QND, H Ni 1994.
11. Trn Thc Nga (ch bin), Bch Ngc Anh, Trn B , Nguyn Xun Minh:
Lch s Vit Nam - Nxb Gio dc, H ni 1987
12. Cao Vn Lng:
90

Lch s cch mng min Nam Vit Nam (giai on 1954 - 1960) Nxb KHXH, H Ni 1991
13. Trn B (ch bin), Nguyn Ngc C, Nguyn Quc Hng:
Lch s 11 (Ban KHTN v ban KHTN - KT),
Nxb Gio dc, 1994 (ti liu gio khoa thc nghim)
Trn B (ch bin)... Lch s 11,
Nxb Gio dc, 1995 (ti liu gio vin thc nghim)
14. L Mu Hn (ch bin), Trn B , H S Khoch, Nguyn nh L, Nguyn Vn
Th: Lch s 12 - tp 2 (Ban khoa hc x hi) - Nxb Gio dc, 1995 (ti liu gio
khoa thc nghim)
Trn B (ch bin)... Lch s 12
Nxb Gio dc, 1995 (ti liu gio vin thc nghim)
15. Nava: ng Dng hp hi Nxb Plng, Pari 1958 (bn ting Vit)

91

Chu trch nhim ni dung:

Ts. Nguyn vn ha
Bin tp:
T cng ngh thng tin
Phng kho th - m bo cht lng gio dc

92