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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME


MARCET BOILER
SAFETY REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTS
Students performing experimental work in the Engineering laboratory must follow and abide
by the following safety regulations and guidelines. Students must complete a safety declaration
form before they are allowed to work in the laboratory.
GENERAL

Students are not allowed to enter the laboratory without the permission of the lecturer
or laboratory assistant.
Unauthorized experimental work in the laboratory is strictly
forbidden.
Prior to the use of laboratory out of timetabled periods, students must apply for usage
from relevant laboratory staff.
Students are not allowed to work alone in the laboratory.
Bags and books must not be left on benches or on stools and should be placed
in designated area. Do not block passageways or fire exits.
All working spaces must always be kept clean.
Long hair, ties, jewellery and clothing must never be allowed to hang loose, since any
of these items can easily become entangled in the moving parts of machinery, and hence
cause serious injury.
Suitable clothing must be worn; long trousers or jeans are recommended for boys
and dresses, slacks or jeans for girls. In particular, sleeveless t-shirts and sleeveless
blouses are prohibited.
Students must wear covered footwear during laboratory and workshop sessions.
Sandals, open-toed shoes, slippers or similar footwear are prohibited. Students may
be refused entry to the laboratory or workshop if not in proper footwear.
Storage and/or consumption of food and drink, smoking and the application of
cosmetics in the laboratory are not allowed.
Indiscipline in the laboratory or workshop (e.g. whistling, horseplay etc.) will not
be tolerated.
No reagent, solution or apparatus is to be removed from the laboratory without
approval from the lecturer.
Do not pour waste down the sink unless authorized to do so by your
lecturer.
Defective equipment or broken glassware must be reported to the lecturer or lab
assistant.
Do not run in the laboratory or along corridors. Exercise care when opening and
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closing doors on entering and leaving the laboratory.


Laboratory doors must be kept closed at all times during practical
classes.

SAFETY NOTE (ENERGY AND FLUIDS LABORATORY)


-Appropriate lab attires (t-shirts, trousers and shoes) MUST BE WORN at all times as
precautionary measures.
-During the heating process, the marcet boiler will be very hot; therefore, be careful while
handling it.
-Do not touch the surface of the boiler when the experiment is running and 2 hours after it has
just been turned off.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relationship between the saturation temperature and the corresponding
pressure for water.
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS
1. Marcet boiler
INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics is defined as a study related to the transfer of heat and work between a system
and its surrounding, undergoing a process causing any of the properties of the system change. An
ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or density, and
absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R.
mRT
M
However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few changes on the ideal gas
equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas.
PV=

When energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules enables the
increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is reached.
The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. At lower
pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while less energy required in
achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a
given pressure level is called saturated temperature.

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At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance changes phase is called the
saturation temperature Tsat. Similarly, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure
substance changes phase is called the saturation pressure Psat.
The water inside the boiler is heated up by the electrical resistance and starts to evaporate. As
more water changes phase from liquid to vapor, more vapor accumulates inside the boiler vessel
and increases the pressure imposed on the water surface. This pressure buildup tends to increase
the resistance faced by liquid molecules as they change into vapor, consequently increasing the
saturation pressure of the remaining liquid.
For a pure substance existing as a mixture of two phases, the Clapeyron relationship relates the
pressure, heat and expansion during a change of phase provided that the two phases are in
equilibrium. The Clapeyron relationship is:
dT T ( v g v f ) T v g
=
=
dP
hfg
h fg
where:
vf
Specific volume of water
vg
Specific volume of steam
hf
Enthalpy of water
hg
Enthalpy of steam
hfg
Latent heat of vaporization = hg - hf
T
Absolute temperature
P
Absolute pressure
C

DFC

EFC

GFC B

JC

LC

HC

IHGCIFC

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Figure 1: Marcet Boiler Apparatus


LEGEND
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Pressure Gauge
Pressure transducer
Overflow Valve (Behind)
Pressure Vessel
Drain Port
Pressure Relief Valve/Relief Port
Thermocouple
Mains Switch
Pressure Meter
Temperature Meter
Heater On/Off Switch
Water Inlet

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Place the LS-17002 Marcet Boiler Apparatus on a level floor. Lock the castor wheel.
Plug the 3 pin plug to the 240VAC main power supply. Turn ON the power supply.
Switch ON the Mains Switch (H) in front of the control panel.
Connect the drain / water inlet port (E) to the laboratory water supply.
Connect the overflow outlet (C) to laboratory drain.
Open the drain / water inlet port and the overflow valve. Fill the vessel with the laboratory
water supply until the water is overflow from the overflow valve.
7. Set the temperature to 181C from the temperature controller.
8. Switch ON the heater ON/OFF button (D). Allow the water to heat up in the vessel.
9. Open the overflow valve, let the steam issue freely while the water is boiling.
10. Once the steam come out from the valve, quickly close the valve and tare the pressure meter
to zero. Then the experiment can be start.
11. Record down the temperature and the pressure readings for every 0.5 Bar increment. Tabulate
it to the table provided.
12. Follow the instruction given in the calculation section for further analysis.

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RESULT
Pressure
(bar)

Temperature
(C)

Temperature
(K)

Measured slope
(dT/dP)

Calculated slope
(Tvg/hfg)

RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION


1. Plot the T versus P and measure the slop of each point.
2. Plot (dT/dP) experiment versus P. To measure the slop (dT/dP) experiment, takes previous &
next values of pressure and temperature for each record.
3. Compare with the theoretical slop calculated using Clapeyron equation and steam table the
next page.
4. To measure the slop (dT/dP)theoretical, take the values of the specific volume & enthalpy for
each corresponding temperature record, use interpolation when required.
5. Plot dT/dP versus P and Tvg/hfg versus P on a same graph.
6. Compare and discuss the graph plotted from experiment data to that of the calculated data.
7. Discuss any discrepancy and sources of error of the experiment.
8. Discuss the liquid and vapor behavior observed through the experiment and list some
examples of its industrial applications.

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Pressure, Pabs
(bars)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0

Table 1: Steam table


Specific volume of
Temperature, T
steam, vg
(C)
(m3/kg)
99.6
1.694
120.2
0.8856
133.5
0.6057
143.6
0.4623
151.8
0.3748
158.8
0.3156
165.0
0.2728
170.4
0.2403
175.4
0.2149
179.9
0.1922
184.1
0.1774
188.0
0.1632
191.6
0.1512
195.0
0.1408
198.3
0.1317
201.4
0.1237
204.3
0.1167
207.1
0.1104
209.8
0.1047
212.4
0.09957

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Latent heat of
vaporization, hfg
(kJ/kg)
2258
2202
2164
2134
2109
2087
2067
2048
2031
2015
2000
1986
1972
1960
1947
1935
1923
1912
1901
1890

REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.

Coulson & Richardson: Chemical Engineering Volume 1 Butterwoth-Heinemann.


Holman JP: Heat Transfer 8th. Ed, McGraw-Hill
Incropera FP & De Witt DP: Introduction to Heat Transfer 2nd.Ed, Wiley, 1990
McCabe WL, Smith JC & Harriott P: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering 5th. Ed.
McGraw-Hill.
5. Kay JM & Nedderman RM: :Fluid Mechanics and transfer Processes Cambridge, 1985

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