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REF
EFF. DATE
REVISION
PAGE NO.
TU-SOE-ME-LS018
1-AUGUST-2015
1
1-6
Students are not allowed to enter the laboratory without the permission of the lecturer
or laboratory assistant.
Unauthorized experimental work in the laboratory is strictly
forbidden.
Prior to the use of laboratory out of timetabled periods, students must apply for usage
from relevant laboratory staff.
Students are not allowed to work alone in the laboratory.
Bags and books must not be left on benches or on stools and should be placed
in designated area. Do not block passageways or fire exits.
All working spaces must always be kept clean.
Long hair, ties, jewellery and clothing must never be allowed to hang loose, since any
of these items can easily become entangled in the moving parts of machinery, and hence
cause serious injury.
Suitable clothing must be worn; long trousers or jeans are recommended for boys
and dresses, slacks or jeans for girls. In particular, sleeveless t-shirts and sleeveless
blouses are prohibited.
Students must wear covered footwear during laboratory and workshop sessions.
Sandals, open-toed shoes, slippers or similar footwear are prohibited. Students may
be refused entry to the laboratory or workshop if not in proper footwear.
Storage and/or consumption of food and drink, smoking and the application of
cosmetics in the laboratory are not allowed.
Indiscipline in the laboratory or workshop (e.g. whistling, horseplay etc.) will not
be tolerated.
No reagent, solution or apparatus is to be removed from the laboratory without
approval from the lecturer.
Do not pour waste down the sink unless authorized to do so by your
lecturer.
Defective equipment or broken glassware must be reported to the lecturer or lab
assistant.
Do not run in the laboratory or along corridors. Exercise care when opening and
1
DOC. REF
EFF. DATE
REVISION
PAGE NO.
TU-SOE-ME-LS018
1-AUGUST-2015
1
1-6
When energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules enables the
increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is reached.
The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. At lower
pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while less energy required in
achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a
given pressure level is called saturated temperature.
DOC. REF
EFF. DATE
REVISION
PAGE NO.
TU-SOE-ME-LS018
1-AUGUST-2015
1
1-6
At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance changes phase is called the
saturation temperature Tsat. Similarly, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure
substance changes phase is called the saturation pressure Psat.
The water inside the boiler is heated up by the electrical resistance and starts to evaporate. As
more water changes phase from liquid to vapor, more vapor accumulates inside the boiler vessel
and increases the pressure imposed on the water surface. This pressure buildup tends to increase
the resistance faced by liquid molecules as they change into vapor, consequently increasing the
saturation pressure of the remaining liquid.
For a pure substance existing as a mixture of two phases, the Clapeyron relationship relates the
pressure, heat and expansion during a change of phase provided that the two phases are in
equilibrium. The Clapeyron relationship is:
dT T ( v g v f ) T v g
=
=
dP
hfg
h fg
where:
vf
Specific volume of water
vg
Specific volume of steam
hf
Enthalpy of water
hg
Enthalpy of steam
hfg
Latent heat of vaporization = hg - hf
T
Absolute temperature
P
Absolute pressure
C
DFC
EFC
GFC B
JC
LC
HC
IHGCIFC
DOC. REF
EFF. DATE
REVISION
PAGE NO.
TU-SOE-ME-LS018
1-AUGUST-2015
1
1-6
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pressure Gauge
Pressure transducer
Overflow Valve (Behind)
Pressure Vessel
Drain Port
Pressure Relief Valve/Relief Port
Thermocouple
Mains Switch
Pressure Meter
Temperature Meter
Heater On/Off Switch
Water Inlet
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Place the LS-17002 Marcet Boiler Apparatus on a level floor. Lock the castor wheel.
Plug the 3 pin plug to the 240VAC main power supply. Turn ON the power supply.
Switch ON the Mains Switch (H) in front of the control panel.
Connect the drain / water inlet port (E) to the laboratory water supply.
Connect the overflow outlet (C) to laboratory drain.
Open the drain / water inlet port and the overflow valve. Fill the vessel with the laboratory
water supply until the water is overflow from the overflow valve.
7. Set the temperature to 181C from the temperature controller.
8. Switch ON the heater ON/OFF button (D). Allow the water to heat up in the vessel.
9. Open the overflow valve, let the steam issue freely while the water is boiling.
10. Once the steam come out from the valve, quickly close the valve and tare the pressure meter
to zero. Then the experiment can be start.
11. Record down the temperature and the pressure readings for every 0.5 Bar increment. Tabulate
it to the table provided.
12. Follow the instruction given in the calculation section for further analysis.
DOC. REF
EFF. DATE
REVISION
PAGE NO.
TU-SOE-ME-LS018
1-AUGUST-2015
1
1-6
RESULT
Pressure
(bar)
Temperature
(C)
Temperature
(K)
Measured slope
(dT/dP)
Calculated slope
(Tvg/hfg)
DOC. REF
EFF. DATE
REVISION
PAGE NO.
Pressure, Pabs
(bars)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
TU-SOE-ME-LS018
1-AUGUST-2015
1
1-6
Latent heat of
vaporization, hfg
(kJ/kg)
2258
2202
2164
2134
2109
2087
2067
2048
2031
2015
2000
1986
1972
1960
1947
1935
1923
1912
1901
1890
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.