(Đặng Thành Nam) - Khám Phá Tư Duy Kĩ Thuật Giải Bđt - Bài Toán Min Max

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MUC LUC
Chng 1: Bat ang thc va cac ky thuat c ban
Chu e 1. Ky thuat bien oi tng ng .............................................. 04
Chu e 2. Ky thuat minh phan chng .................................................... 45
Chu e 3. Ky thuat quy nap toan hoc ..................................................... 56
Chu e 4. Ky thuat mien gia tr ............................................................. 60
Chu e 5. Ky thuat s dung nguyen l Diricle ....................................... 68
Chu e 6. Ky thuat tam thc bac hai ..................................................... 73
Chu e 7. Ky thuat anh gia bat ang thc tch phan ......................... 93
Chng 2: Bat ang thc va phng phap tiep can
Chu e 1. Cac ky thuat s sung bat ang thc AM-GM c ban .......... 102
Chu e 2. Ky thuat ghep cap trong chng minh ang thc AM-GM ............. 198
Chu e 3. Ky thuat s dung bat ang thc AM-GM dang cong mau so ........211
Chu e 4. Ky thuat s dung bat ang thc Cauchy-Schwarz .............. 218
Chu e 5. Ky thuat s dung bat ang thc Cauchy-Schwarz dang
phan thc ................................................................................ 243
Chu e 6. Ky thuat tham so hoa ........................................................... 278
Chu e 7. Bat ang thc Holder va ng dung ...................................... 291
Chu e 8. Ky thuat s dung bat ang thc Chebyshev ....................... 304
Chu e 9. Bat ang thc Bernoulli va ng dung .................................. 314
Chng 3: Phng trnh ham so trong giai toan bat ang thc va
cc tr
Chu e 1. Ky thuat s dung tnh n ieu vi bai toan cc tr va bat
ang thc mot bien so ......................................................... 325
Chu e 2. Ky thuat s dung tnh n ieu cho bai toan cc tr va bat
ang thc hai bien so .......................................................... 351
Chu e 3. Ky thuat s dung tnh n ieu cho bai toan cc tr va bat
ang thc ba bien so............................................................ 379
Chu e 4. Ky thuat s dung tnh thuan nhat....................................... 427
Chu e 5. Ky thuat s dung bat ang thc tiep tuyen ........................ 484
Chu e 6. Ky thuat khao sat ham nhieu bien...................................... 502
Chu e 7. Ky thuat s dung tnh chat cua nh thc bac nhat va tam
thc bac hai .......................................................................... 534
Chu e 8. Bat ang thc phu ang chu y va ap dung giai e thi tuyen sinh .. 540
Chu e 9. Bai toan chon loc bat ang thc va cc tr ba bien ............ 617
Chng 4: So phng phap chng minh bat ang thc khac
Chu e 1. Ky thuat lng giac hoa ....................................................... 654
Chu e 2. Ky thuat s dung bat ang thc Schur ................................ 684
Chu e 3. Ky thuat don bien ................................................................. 694
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vit
Chng 1:
BT NG THC V CC K THUT C BN
KIN THC C BN V BT NG THC
I. nh ngha bt ng thc
Gi s A v B l hai biu thc bng ch hoc bng s.
+ A B (hoc B A) , A B (hoc B A) c gi l cc bt ng thc.
+ A B A B 0; A B 0 A B.
+ Mt bt ng thc c th ng hoc sai v ta quy c khi ni v mt bt ng
thc m khng ni g thm th ta hiu l bt ng thc ng.
II. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc
a ; a a .
a b

ac.
b c
a, b, m ; a b a m b m .
a b

a+cb+d .
c d
a b+c acb.
ma mb khi m >0
a, b, ; a b
.
ma mb khi m < 0
a b
m m khi m >0
+
.
a, b, ; a b
a b khi m < 0
m
m
Nu a > b > 0
1 1
< .
a b
a c
a, b, c, d + ;
ab cd .
b d
a n b n
ab0
, n .
n a n b
a > 1 a x > a y
x > y > 0;
.
0 < a < 1 a x < a y
a > b a 2 n +1 > b 2 n +1; 2 n +1 a > 2 n +1 b , n .

3
Khm ph t duy K thut gii bt T Bi ton Max Min ng Thnh Nam
1. Bt ng thc v gi tr tuyt i
a a a , a .
a < < a < ( khi > 0 ) .
a >
a >
( khi > 0 ) .
a <
a b a + b a + b , ( a, b ) .
2. Bt ng thc lin quan n hm s m v logarit
a > 1
0 < a < 1

ax > a y ;
ax < a y .
>
>
x
y
x
y
a > 1
0 < a < 1

log a x > log a y;
log a x < log a y .
x > y > 0
x > y > 0
3. Bt ng thc AM GM
Cho n s thc khng m a1 , a2 ,..., an ta c
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1a2 ...an .
n
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1= a2= ...= an .
4. Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz

Cho 2 dy s thc ( a1 , a2 ,..., an ) ; ( b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) ta c
( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn )2 ( a12 + a22 + ... + an2 )( b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 ) .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi=
ai kb
=
i , i 1, n, k .
CH 1: K THUT BIN I TNG NG
Xut pht t bt ng thc c bn v ht sc t nhin x 2 0; A B 0 vi mi
s thc x ta c cc bt ng thc ht sc p mt. Ni dung ch ny cp n
k nng bin i bt ng thc v dng lun ng. Cc bi ton cp n l cc
bi ton trong ch ny cc bn ch s c s dng n trong cc ch khc
cc chng sau nh mt bi ton ph.
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
I. Cc bt ng thc c bn
Bnh phng ca mt s thc
Vi mi s thc x ta lun c x 2 0. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 .
T ta c cc bt ng thc vi 2 bin v 3 bin thng s dng nh sau:
( a b )2 0 hay
a 2 + b 2 2ab. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 0 hay
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
hoc ( a + b + c ) 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) hoc 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c ) .
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

Bt ng thc v tr tuyt i
Vi 2 s thc x,y ta lun c x + y x + y . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
xy 0 .
Vi 2 s thc x,y ta lun c x y x y . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x( x y) 0 .
Bt ng thc v di cnh ca mt tam gic

a + b > c; b + c > a; c + a > b .
a > b c ;b > c a ;c > a b .
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
II. Mt s hng ng thc cn lu
( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca ) .
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc =
( a + b + c )3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc .
( a b )( b c )( c a )
a b bc ca
+
+
=
.
c
a
b
abc
a b bc ca ab bc ca
+
+
+
.
.
=
0.
a+b b+c a+c a+b b+c c+a
1) K thut bin dng nh ngha
chng minh bt ng thc: A B . Ta chng minh bt ng thc
A B 0 ng.
(x
V d 1. Cho x > y v xy = 1. Chng minh rng
+ y2
( x y )2
8.
Li gii
Ta c x 2 + y 2 =( x y ) + 2 xy =( x y ) + 2
2
(x
+ y2
(v xy = 1)
=( x y ) + 4. ( x y ) + 4 .
4
Do BT cn chng minh tng ng vi
( x y )4 + 4 ( x y )2 + 4 8.( x y )2
5
( x y )4 4 ( x y )2 + 4 0
( x y ) 2 2 0 .
Bt ng thc cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh.

V d 2.
a) Cho x,y l hai s thc tho mn iu kin xy 1 .
Chng minh rng

1
1+ x
1
1+ y
2
.
1 + xy
b) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng nh hn 1 chng minh

1
1
1
3
.
+
+
3
3
3
1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 1 + abc
c) Cho x, y, z [ 0;1] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1
1
1
P=
+
+
(1 + xyz )
3
3
3
.
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
Li gii
a) Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
1
1 1
1
2 1 + xy
2 1 + xy
0
1+ x
1+ y
xy x 2
xy y 2
(1 + x ).(1 + xy ) (1 + y ).(1 + xy )
2
x( y x)
1 + x . (1 + xy )
2
y( x y)
1 + y 2 . (1 + xy )
( y x )2 ( xy 1)
0
(1 + x2 ).(1 + y 2 ).(1 + xy )
BT cui ny ng do xy 1. Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x = y hoc xy = 1 .
b) S dng bt ng thc:
1
1+ x
Ta c
6
1
1+ a
1
1+ b
1
1+ y
2
1 + a 3b 3
2
, ( xy 1) .
1 + xy
1
1+ c
1
2
1 + abc 1 + abc 4
1
1
2
+
3 3
1 + abc 4
1+ a b
2.
1+
2
a3b3 . abc 4
.
4
=
1 + abc
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.

Ch . Bt ng thc ny c p dng kh ph bin trong mt s bi ton cc tr.
Mt s dng tng t bt ng thc trn nh sau
1
1
2
, ( 1 < xy 1) .
2
2
1 + xy
1+ x
1+ y
1
1+ x
1 + x2
1+ y
1 + y2
2
, ( xy 1) .
1 + xy
2
, ( 1 < xy 1) .
1 + xy
c) S dng kt qu bi ton trn ta c :

1
1+ z
1
1+ x
1
1+ y
2
1 + x3 y 3
1
2
1 + xyz 1 + xyz 4
2
1 + x3 y 3
2
1 + xyz 4
1+
x4 y 4 z 4
4
=
1 + xyz
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta suy ra

1
1+ x
1
1+ y
1
1+ z
1
3
1
1
P=
+
+
(1 + xyz )
3
3
3
3
1 + xyz
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z

Vy gi tr ln nht ca P = 3 .
V d 3. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x,y ta c
2
3 1 + ( x + y )
.
1 + y2
4
Li gii
(1 + x )(
2
( 2 xy 1) + ( x y ) 1 + x + y 2 .
4
2
Ch : 1 + x 2 1 + y 2 =1 + ( x + y ) +
(
)
3
3
)(
1
.
2
V d 4. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a,b khng m tho mn a, b < 1;
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =
(1 2a )(1 2b ) 4 1 a b 2 .
3
a + b , ta c
2
(1 a )(1 b )
2a b
Li gii
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
( a b )2 ( 2a + 2b 3) 0 .
(1 a )(1 b )( 2 a b )2
Bt ng thc lun ng v ta c pcm.
Bi tp tng t
1
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a,b khng m tho mn a, b < 1; a + b ta c
2
(1 + 2a )(1 + 2b ) 4 1 + a + b 2 .
(1 a )(1 b )
2a b
2) K thut phn tch hng ng thc
Phn tch thnh tng cc bnh phng
( xi yi )
0.
i =1
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc bt k chng minh

a) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca .
b) ( ab + bc + ca ) 3abc ( a + b + c ) .
2
c) ( a + b + c )
2
)(
1
( b c )2 + ( c a )2 + ( a b )2 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
4
)(
d) a 2 + 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 + 2 3 ( a + b + c ) .
2
Li gii
2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 2ab 2bc 2ca 0
) (
) (
a 2 2ab + b 2 + b 2 2bc + c 2 + c 2 2ca + a 2 0 .

( a b) + (b c ) + (c a ) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

8
b) Thc hin tng t cu a) a v bt ng thc lun ng
( ab bc )2 + ( bc ca )2 + ( ca ab )2 0 .
c) Ta c:
1
1
1
( a + b + c )2 ( b c=
)2
( 2a b c )2 + ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca .
3
4
12
Tng t ta c:
1
1
( a + b + c )2 ( c a )2 ab + bc + ca
3
4
.
1
1
2
2
a
+
b
+
c
ab
+
bc
+
ca
(
)
(
)
3
4
Cng li theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.
d) Ch ng thc:
(a
)(
)(
)
( a + 2 )( b
+ 2 b2 + 2 c2 + 2 3( a + b + c )
1 2
3
2
2
2
c + 2 ( a b ) + 2 ( ab 1) + ( ac + bc 2 ) .
2
2
2
)(
+ 2 c2 + 2 3( a + b + c )
Ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .

V d 2. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
Chng minh rng
1
a) xy + yz + zx 1 ;
2
8
2
b) ( xy + yz + 2 xz )
3.
2
( x + y + z ) xy yz + 2
Li gii
a) Bt ng thc v tri tng ng vi:
2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 1 0 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 0 ( x + y + z ) 0 .
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh.

0
x + y + z =
1
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2 2 2 , chng hn ti x =
,y=
.
2
2
1
x + y + z =
Bt ng thc v phi:
1 ( xy + yz + zx ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ( xy + yz + zx )
1
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 0
2
xy + yz + zx 1
b) Ch iu kin ta rt gn v tri v a v chng minh

8
3
( xy + yz + 2 xz )2
xy + yz + 2 zx + 3
.
3
xy + yz + 2 zx + 1)
(
0
xy + yz + 2 zx + 3
Vy ta ch cn chng minh
xy + yz + 2 zx 1 = x 2 y 2 z 2
2
1
3
( x + z ) + y + y ( x + z ) 0 x + z + y + y2 0
2
4
Bt ng thc cui ng v ta c pcm.

2
y = 0
1
1
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x + z + y =0 x = , y =0, z =

.
2
2
2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1
V d 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh:

a) x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz .
b)
x3 + y 3 + z 3
3
xyz + ( x y )( y z )( z x ) .
3
4
3
y+z
c) x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz 2
x .
2
Li gii
( x + y + z ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx ) 0
.
1
( x + y + z ) ( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 0
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
b) Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:

1
3
( x + y + z ) ( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 ( x y )( y z )( z x )
6
4
.
2
2
2
( ( x + y ) + ( y + z ) + ( z + x ) ) ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) 9 ( x y )( y z )( z x )
Ch x + y x y ; y + z y z ; z + x z x v s dng bt ng thc
chng minh c cu a) ta c
10
( x + y) + ( y + z ) + ( z + x)
x y + y z + z x 33 ( x y )( y z )( z x )
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 3 3 ( x y )2 ( y z )2 ( z x )2
Nhn theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy

ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
c) Theo cu a) ta c x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz 0, do nu
lun ng.
+ Ngc li xt y + z 2 x > 0 ( y x ) + ( z x ) > 0 .
y+z
x 0 bt ng thc
2
t y =2a + x, z =2b + x bt ng thc tr thnh
12 x a 2 ab + b 2 + 6 ( a + b )( a b ) 0.
2
y+z
x>0.
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c hoc=
b c=
,a 0 .
Bt ng thc ng v a +=
b
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b l hai s thc khc 0 tho mn iu kin ab
1 1
+ +3.
a b
1
1
Chng minh rng ab 3 + 3 .
b
a
V d 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng chng minh
3( x 2 + xy + y 2 )( y 2 + yz + z 2 )( z 2 + zx + x 2 ) ( x + y + z )2 ( xy + yz + zx) 2 .
Li gii
3
1
3
Ch x 2 + xy + y 2 =
( x + y )2 + ( x y )2 x 2 + xy + y 2 ( x + y )2 .
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
y 2 + yz + z 2 ( y + z ) ; z 2 + zx + x 2 ( z + x )
4
4
27
2
2
2
Do ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )( y 2 + yz + z 2 )( z 2 + zx + x 2 ) ( x + y ) ( y + z ) ( z + x ) .
64
Ta ch cn chng minh
64
[( x + y )( y + z )( z + x)]2 [( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx)]2
81
8
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx)
9
x( y z )2 + y ( z x)2 + z ( x y )2 0
Bt ng thc cui ng. Ta c iu phi chng minh.
11
V d 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin 0 < a b c 1 .
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P=
a + b c (a + b) c .
Li gii
Ta c
P=
a + b c ( a + b ) c=
ac + bc a b ac + bc a b
1
1
1 1
a + b a b =
a b +
2
2
2 2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c= 1, a= b=
1
.
2
3) K thut thm bt hng s

Vic cng hoc tr hai v ca bt ng thc cho mt s no lm lc b i
phn phc tp ca bt ng thc.
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x y z. Chng
minh rng
xy + yz + zx x + z
a) 2
.
y + yz + z 2 y + z
xy + yz + zx
b)
x + xy + y
2
( x + z )( y + z )
( x + z ) + ( x + z )( y + z ) + ( y + z )2
2
Li gii
xy + yz + zx y 2 + yz + z 2
x+z
y+z
xy + yz + zx
y 2 + yz + z 2
y
y
x+z
y+z
zx
z2
z x ( y + z ) z ( x + z ) 0 z xy z 2 0
x+z y+z
Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z hoc

=
z 0,=
x y.
b) Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
( x + z )2 + ( x + z )( y + z ) + ( y + z )2 1 ( x + z )( y + z ) 1
x 2 + xy + y 2
12
3z ( x + y + z )
x 2 + xy + y 2
xy + yz + zx
z2
z 3 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) z x 2 + xy + y 2 0
xy + yz + zx
Bt ng thc cui ng v
3 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) 3 ( x + y ) z ( x + =
y ) 3z ( x + y ) z x 2 + xy + y 2 .
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi z = 0 .

4) K thut bin i vi bt ng thc cha cn
+ Php bnh phng hai v c u tin.
+ Cn chng minh
A1 + A2 + ... + An b1 + b2 + ... + bn .
Ta c chng minh
A1 =
b12 + c12 b12 = b1 .
Ri cng li theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.

V d 1. Chng minh vi mi s thc x,y cng du v s thc k, ta c
k2 + x + k2 + y k + k2 + x + y .
Li gii
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
k 2 + x + k 2 + y + 2 (k 2 + x)(k 2 + y ) 2k 2 + x + y + 2k k 2 + x + y
k + k ( x + y ) + xy k k + x + y xy 0
4
Bt ng thc cui ng ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi hoc x

bng 0 hoc y bng 0.
Bi 2. Chng minh rng vi x,y l hai s thc khng m tha mn x + y 1, ta lun
c
x2 + x + 4 + y 2 + y + 4 2 +
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 .
Li gii
x2 + y 2 + x + y + 8 + 2
(x
)(
+ x + 4 y2 + y + 4
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 + ( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 .
4+4
(x
)(
+ x + 4 y 2 + y + 4 xy + 2
)(
x 2 + x + 4 y 2 + y + 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 .
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 + 4 ( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 .
2
xy 4 ( x + y ) + x + y + 4 + x + y 7 0 (lun ng do x + y 1 ).
Tng qut. Tng t ta c cc bt ng thc cng dng sau

+ Vi mi s thc khng m x,y ta lun c
x2 + x + k 2 + y 2 + y + k 2 k +
( x + y )2 + x + y + k 2
.
13
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 hoc y = 0 .

+ Vi mi s thc khng m ta lun c
x2 x + 1 + y 2 y + 1 1 +
( x + y )2 x y + 1 .

+ 1 + a + 1 + b 1 + 1 + a + b , ( ab 0; a, b 1; a + b 1) .
5) K thut nh gi phn thc
1 1
< .
A B
V d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c dng ta c
a
b
c
1<
+
+
<2.
a+b b+c a+c
Li gii
1
1
a
a
Ta c : a + b < a + b + c
>
>
(1)
a+b a+b+c
a+b a+b+c
b
b
c
c
Tng t ta c :
>
(2) ,
>
(3)
b+c a+b+c
a+c a+b+c
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3), ta c :
a
b
c
+
+
> 1 (*)
a+b b+c a+c
a
a+c
Ta c : a < a + b
<
(4)
a+b a+b+c
c
c+b
b
a+b
Tng t :
<
(6)
<
(5) ,
c+a a+b+c
b+c a+b+c
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc (4), (5), (6), ta c :
a
b
c
+
+
< 2 (**)
a+b b+c a+c
a
b
c
T (*) v (**) , ta c : 1 <
+
+
< 2 (pcm)
a+b b+c a+c
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin
a
b
c
+
+
=
3.
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
a
b
c
3
Chng minh rng
+
+
.
1 + a + bc 1 + b + ca 1 + c + ab 4
Li gii
a
b
c
t=
x
=
;y
=
;z
x + y +=
z 3.
1 + bc
1 + ca
1 + ab
S dng nh gi c bn: A > B > 0
14
Ta cn chng minh
Ch
x
y
z
3
+
+
.
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z 4
x
x
.
1+ x 1+ x + y + z
y
y
1+ y 1+ x + y + z
z
z
1+ z 1+ x + y + z
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c mt s bng 3 v hai s bng 0.
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 1. Chng minh
1 + a2
1+ b
1 + b2
1 + c2
7
.
2
1+ c
1+ a
Li gii
Ta thy du bng t ti khi mt s bng 1 v hai s bng 0.
2
Vy gi s a = max {a, b, c}. Khi ta mnh dn nh gi 1 + b 2 1;1 + c 2 1 .

Ta c 1 + b 2 1
1 + c2 1
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + b2
1+ c
Suy ra P 2 + a 2 + b 2 +
1 + a2 ; .
1 + b2
1 + c2
1+ a
2 + a2 + (b + c ) +
2
2 + a 2 + b2 + c2 +
1
1 + a2
=2 + a 2 + (1 a ) +
1+ a
Ta ch cn chng minh 2 + a 2 + (1 a ) +
2
1
1+ a
1 + a2
7
.
2
( a 1) 4a + 3a 1 0
3
Bt ng thc cui lun ng nn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= 1, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
Ch . Bng cch tng t ta chng minh c
1 + ak
1+ b
1 + bk
1+ c
1 + ck
1+ a
7
.
2
Vi k l s nguyn dng.
15
V d 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x, y 1; x + y + z =3 .

Tm gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc P
=
x2
x 2 + y 2 + 4 ( xy + 1)
y2 1
z2 4z + 5
Li gii
Trc ht nh gia hai mu s hai phn thc bng cch thay z = 3 x y .
Ta chng minh x 2 + y 2 + 4 ( xy + 1) z 2 4 z + 5
x 2 + y 2 + 4 xy ( 3 x y ) + 4 ( 3 x y ) 1 0
2
2 ( x + y ) + 2 xy + 2 0 ( x + 1)( y + 1) 0
Bt ng thc ng.
Vy ta c P
x2 + y 2 1
2
x + y ) 2 xy 1
(
.
=
z2 4z + 5
z2 4z + 5
Ch . xy 1 x y = z 4; x + y = 3 z .
Khi
2
2
3 z ) 2 ( z 4 ) 1 z 2 8 z + 16
2 z 3)
(
(
P
=
=
+55.
z2 4z + 5
z2 4z + 5
3
3
x+ y=
5
3
2
z = 2
x=
1, y =, z =
2
2.
Du bng t ti x + y + z =3 xy =
5
3
2
x =, y =
xy= z 4
1, z =
2
2
z = 2
z2 4z + 5
6) K thut nh gi bt ng thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i

S dng hai bt ng thc quen thuc: x + y x + y ; x y x y .
Ch . T duy u tin l kh du gi tr tuyt i mun vy ta xt trng hp.
V d 1. Chng minh vi mi s thc a,b,c ta c
a + b + c + a+b+c a+b + b+c + c+a .
Li gii
Trong ba s a,b,c c t nht hai s cng du khng mt tnh tng qut gi s l a
v b khi a + b = a + b .
Vy ta ch cn chng minh c + a + b + c b + c + c + a
c 2 + ( a + b + c ) + 2 c ( c + a + b ) ( a + c ) + ( b + c ) + 2 ( a + c )( b + c )
2
ab + c ( c + a + b ) ( a + c )( b + c )= c ( c + a + b ) + ab
Bt ng thc cui lun ng (pcm).

16
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc i mt khng ng thi bng 0. Chng minh
(x
1
(x
y2
+ y2
)( y
)( y
z2
+ z2
)( z
)( z
x2
+ x2
) 1.
)
Li gii
Ta c x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2 x 2 y 2
T suy ra
(x
(x
y2
+ y2
(x
1
(x
)( y
)( y
z2
+ z2
y2
+ y2
)( y
)( y
) (x
2
)( z
)( z
x2
z2
+ z2
4x2 y 2 0 .
) 1
+x )
)( z x ) 1
)( z + x )
+ y2

V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m chng minh
3 3 abc + a b + b c + c a a + b + c.
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c. Khi bt ng thc tng ng vi:
3 3 abc + (a b) + (b c) + (c a) a + b + c
a b 3c + 3 3 abc 0 (a b) + 3 3 c
ab c 2 0
3
Bt ng thc cui lun ng v ta c pcm.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
3 3 abc + a b + b c + c a =
1.
1
Chng minh rng a bc + b ca + c ab .
3
V d 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc chng minh
x y + y z + z x 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z. Bt ng thc tr thnh
( x y) + ( y z) + ( x z) 2
1
1
1
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 ( x z ) 2 ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x )
17
2
2
2
2
4 ( x z ) 2 ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x )
( x z) ( x y) + ( y z)
2
[ ( x y ) + ( y z ) ] ( x y ) + ( y z ) 2 ( x y )( y z ) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui lun ng ta c pcm.

V d 5. Cho n s thc x1 , x2 ,..., xn (vi n 3 ). Chng minh
x1 + x2 + ... + x n x1 x2 + x2 x3 + ... + xn 1 xn + xn x1
+
.
n
2n
Li gii
Ch . Vi hai s thc x,y bt k ta lun c
max { x1 , x2 ,..., xn }
min { x, y} x, y max { x, y} v max { x, y} =
S dng max { x, y} =
x+ y+ x y
2
x+ y+ x y
2
ta c:
x1 + x2 + ... + x n x1 x2 + x2 x3 + ... + xn 1 xn + xn x1
+
n
2n
x + x + xn x1
x1 + x2 + x1 x2 x2 + x3 + x2 x3
+
+ ... + n 1
2n
2n
2n
max { x1 , x2 } + max { x2 , x3 } + ... + max { xn 1 , xn } + max { xn , x1}
max { x1 , x2 ,..., xn }
n
Bi ton c chng minh. Du bng t ti chng hn x1= x2= ...= x n .
7) K thut t n ph
Vi bt ng thc i xng hai bin ta c th t u =
a + b; v =
ab .
Vi phn thc ta c t cc mu s l cc bin mi.
V d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi a,b dng, ta c
a 2b 2 a 2 + b 2 2 ( a + b )( ab 1) .
Li gii
t a + =
b 2u , ab
= v , v > 0. Khi bt ng thc tng ng vi:
2
a 2b 2 (a 2 + b 2 2) (a + b)(ab 1)
a 2b 2 ( a + b ) 2ab 2 ( a + b )( ab 1)
v 4 (4u 2 2v 2 2) 2u (v 2 1)
2v 4u 2 (v 2 1)u v 4 (v 2 + 1) 0
18
iu ny chng t u
Mt khc u =
v
v 2 1 + (v 2 1) 2 + 8v8 (v 2 + 1)
4v 4
a+b
ab = v do ta ch cn chng minh:
2
v 2 1 + (v 2 1) 2 + 8v8 (v 2 + 1)
4
(v 1) 2 (v + 1)(v 2 + v + 1) 0
4v
Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1 .
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh rng
x2 z 2 y 2 x2 z 2 y 2
+
+
0.
y+z
z+x
x+ y
Li gii
t a =
x + y, b =y + z , c =+
z x khi v tri ca bt ng thc l
( a b) c + (b c ) a + (c a ) b =
b
ab bc ca
+ + a bc
c
a
b
1 ab
bc
1 bc
ca
1 ca
ab
=
+
+
0
2 c
a
2 a
b
2 b
c
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z.
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

3.
4
4
4
a
b
c
.
Chng minh rng
+
+
+
+
3
3
3
( a + b) (b + c ) (c + a ) b + c c + a a + b
Li gii
x
a + b =
a= 3 y
t b + c =
3 nn x, y, z > 0 v b= 3 z .
y do a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c =
c + a =
c= 3 x
z
Khi bt ng thc tr thnh:
4
x
4
y
4
z
3 y 3 x 3 z
.
+
+
y
x
z
4 3 x 4 3 y 4 3 z
3
+
0
+
x y 3
y z 3
z
x
2
2
2
x + 1)( x 2 )
y + 1)( y 2 )
z + 1)( z 2 )
(
(
(
+
+
0.
x3
y3
z3
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, t ta c pcm.
19
8) K thut s dng php th

T bi ton c iu kin t hai bin tr ln ta rt mt bin theo cc bin cn li
ri thay vo bt ng thc cn chng minh.
+ Dng ny ton nu c cn kt hp nh gi mt s l max hoc mt s l min.
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =
1.
5abc
Chng minh rng a + b + c +
2.
3
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c b a .
1 ab
1 ab
1 ab
ta phi chng minh a + b +
Thay c =
+ 5ab.
2
3( a + b )
a+b
a+b
ab ( 2 5ab ) + 3 ( a + b 1) 0
2
1
Bt ng thc hin nhin ng v ab .
3
9) K thut nh gi theo cp
p dng vi dng tch bt ng thc dng tch.
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc khong ( 0;1) . Chng minh rng
( a a )(b b )( c c ) ( a bc )( b ca )( c ab ) .
2
Li gii
a bc > 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c. Khi do a, b, c ( 0;1)
.
b ca > 0
Nu c ab < 0 bt ng thc lun ng.
Nu c ab 0 khi ta chng minh

Tht vy
bc (1 a )
bc (1 a )
( b ac )( c ab ) .
( b ac )( c ab ) bc (1 a )2 ( b ac )( c ab ) .
bc a 2 2a + 1 bc ab 2 ac 2 + a 2bc a ( b c ) 0 (lun ng).

2
ac (1 b ) ( a bc )( c ab )
.
Tng t ta c:
ab (1 c ) ( a bc )( b ca )
Nhn theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
1. Chng
minh rng 8a 2b 2 c 2 ( a bc )( b ca )( c ab ) .
20
Li gii
a bc > 0
.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c khi do a, b, c ( 0;1)
b ca > 0
Nu c ab 0 khi ta chng minh 2ab

Tht vy 2ab
( a bc )( b ca ) .
( a bc )( b ca ) 4a 2b2 ( a bc )( b ca ) .
4a 2b 2 ab a 2 c b 2 c + abc 2 4a 2b 2 + c a 2 + b 2 ab c 2 + 1 0
4a 2b 2 + c ( a b ) + ab 2c c 2 1 0 4a 2b 2 + c ( a b ) ab ( c 1) 0
2
2
2
2
ab 4ab ( a + b ) + c ( a b ) 0 ( c ab )( a b ) 0 (lun ng).
( b ca )( c ab ) ;2ca ( c ab )( a bc ) .
Tng t ta c 2bc
Nhn theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc

1
xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
.
3
10). K thut s dng tnh thun nht
a bt ng thc v dng ng bc s d x l hn(xem thm chng 3).
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
3.
Chng minh rng a3 ( b + c ) + b3 ( c + a ) + c3 ( a + b ) 6 .
Li gii
a 3 ( b + c ) + b3 ( c + a ) + c 3 ( a + b )
) (
2 2 2 2
a +b +c
3
2 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 4 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 3ab a 2 + b 2 + 3bc b 2 + c 2 + 3ca c 2 + a 2
Bt ng thc trn l tng ca ba bt ng thc c dng:
a 4 + b 4 + 4a 2b 2 3ab a 2 + b 2 = ( a b ) + ab ( a b )
4
= ( a b ) a 2 ab + b 2 0
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1.

11) Bin i hm lng gic
V d 1. Chng minh vi mi s thc x ta c cos(sin x) > sin(cos x) .
Li gii
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi: sin sin x sin(cos x) > 0

2
21
2cos 2
sin x + cos x
.sin 2
sin x cos x
2
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do
V vy 0 < 2
0< 2
>0.
2 sin x 2; sin x + cos

=
x
4
sin x cos
=
x
2
2
2
< 2
sin x cos x
2
sin x cos x
2
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
<
<
2 sin x + 2 .
4
B. BI TON CHN LC
Bi 1. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x y z .
1 1 1
1 1
Chng minh rng y + + ( x + z ) + ( x + z ) .
x z y
x z
Li gii
BT tng ng vi:
( x + z)
xz
y( x + z)
xz
x+z
y
y ( x + z ) y 2 + zx y 2 y ( z + x ) + zx 0 ( y x )( y z ) 0
Bt ng thc cui ng v 0 < x y z .

Ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x y z. Chng minh
x( x 2 + y 2 ) y ( z 2 + x 2 ) z ( y 2 + z 2 )
+
+
x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
x+ y
z+x
y+z
Li gii
1
xy ( y x) 1
1
1
+ yz ( y z )
0
x+ y x+z x+ y
y+z x+z
xy ( x y )( y z ) yz ( x y )( y z )
+
0
( x + y )( x + z )
( x + z )( y + z )
Ta c iu phi chng minh.

22
Bi 3. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc thuc on [ 0;1] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
) (
thc P= 2 x3 + y 3 + z 3 x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x .
Li gii
Ta c x, y, z [ 0;1] x x x; y 3 y 2 y; z 3 z 2 z.
3
T suy ra 2 x3 + y 3 + z 3 x 2 + x + y 2 + y + z 2 + z.
P x + y + z + x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x .
Ta chng minh x + y + z + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x 3 .
x 2 (1 y ) + y 2 (1 z ) + z 2 (1 x ) + x + y + z 3 0
x 2 1 (1 y ) + y 2 1 (1 z ) + z 2 1 (1 x ) 0 .
Bt ng thc cui ng do
( x 1) (1 y ) 0; ( y 1) (1 z ) 0; ( z 1) (1 x ) 0 .
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 3 xy ra khi x= y= z= 1 .

Bi 4. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m a,b,c ta c
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + abc ( a + b + c ) 2 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c. Khi c 2 ( c a )( c b ) 0 v
a 2 ( a b )( a c ) + b 2 ( b c )( b a ) = ( a b ) a 2 ( a c ) b 2 ( b c )
( a b ) a 2 ( b c ) b2 ( b c )
=( a b )( b c ) a 2 b 2 0
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

Nhn xt. y l mt trng hp ring ca bt ng thc Schur. Vi a,b,c l cc
s thc khng m v k > 0 ta lun c
a k ( a b )( a c ) + b k ( b c )( b a ) + c k ( c a )( c b ) 0 .
Bi 5. Cho a, b, c 0 thoa man iu kin a + b + c =

1.
Tim gia tri ln nht cua biu thc P =
2
b c)
(
a+
2
c a)
(
b+
2
a b)
(
c+
Li gii
Chuyn mi biu thc trong cn v cng bc hai ta co :
23
2
b c)
(
a+
=
a (a + b + c)
2
b c)
(
+
= a + a (b + c )
2
Suy ra
2
b c)
(
a+
Tng t ta c :
a+
b+
2
b + c ) 4bc
(
+
=
b+c
b+c .
a +
bc a +
2
2
b+c
2
( c a )2
4
2
a b)
(
c+
b+
c+a
;
2
a+b
4
2
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c :
( b c )2
c+
( c a )2
( a b )2
2 ( a + b + c )= 2.
4
4
4
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 2 t ti a= b= 0, c= 1 hoc cac hoan vi.
P=
a+
+ b+
+ c+
Nhn xt. Ta c th tng qut thnh bi ton nh sau :

Cho a,b,c,k l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c =
k . Chng minh rng
2
b c)
(
ka +
2
c a)
(
kb +
2
a b)
(
kc +
+
+
2k .
4
4
4
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin a + b + c =
1.
Chng minh rng
a + ( b c ) + b + ( c a ) + c + ( a b ) 3.
2
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c khi :
S dng bt ng thc Mincopsi ta c :
a + (b c ) + b + (c a ) + c + ( a b)
2
a+ b+ c
+ ( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a )
a+ b+ c
+ 4(a c) .
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh nu ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau ng.
)
2
4(a c) (
24
a+ b+ c
+ 4 ( a c ) 3( a + b + c )
2
a b
) +(
2
b c
) +(
2
c a
Ta c :
) (
a b +
Suy ra
(
(
(
) + ( b c ) + 2 ( a b )(
2
2
a b) +( b c)
2
2
2
c a) ( a b) +( b c)
2
2
2
c ) + ( c a ) 2( c a ) .
b c =
a b
) +(
2
a b
b c
Mt khc :
4(a c) 2
2
c a = 2
a c
(
= 2(
2(
=2 (
= 2
) 2 (
2
a+ c
) 2 ( a + c ) 1 + 4 ac
2
c ) 2a + c + c 1 + 4 ac
2
c ) a + b + c + c 1 + 4 ac
2
c ) c + 4 ac 0
a c
a
a
a
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
1
hoc
3
a= 1, b= c= 0 v cc hon v.
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

3.
Chng minh rng 2 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + 3 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .

Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut =
gi s a min {a, b, c} a 1 .
Ta c 2 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + 3 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 0
(
( 2a
)(
)
3) ( b + c ) + 2b c + 2 ( 3 2a ) bc + 3 3a 0
( 2a 3) ( 3 a ) + 2b c + 2 (3 2a ) bc + 3 3a 0 .
2a 2 3 b 2 + c 2 + 2b 2 c 2 + 3 3a 2 0
=
P
2 2
2 2
b + c 3 a
2
Ta c bc
=
. V a 1 3 2a > 0 do
2
2
25
P 2a 3 ( 3 a )
=
3a
2 3a
2
+ 2.
+ 2 3 2a
+ 3 3a
2
2
.
3
( a 1)2 3a 2 14a 1 0
8
V 3a 2 14a
=
1 3a ( a 1) 11a 1 < 0, a ( 0;1] .
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
3
Bi 8. Cho cc s thc a, b, c [ 0;1] thoa man a + b + c = .
2
Tim gia tri ln nht v gi tr nho nht cua biu thc=

P cos a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
Li gii
Do a, b, c [ 0;1] nn 0 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a + b + c =
3
< .
2 2
Vy P ln nht( nho nht) khi a 2 + b 2 + c 2 nho nht (ln nht)

- Tim gia tri nho nht cua a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
1
3
3
2
Ta co a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c ) = . Suy ra GTLN cua P bng cos ; xay
3
4
4
1
ra khi a= b= c=
2
- Tm gia tri ln nht cua a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
3
1
Gia s a b c a + b + c = 3c c .
2
2
Vy a + b + c = ( a + b ) 2ab + c ( a + b )
2
5
3
+ c =c + c
4
2
Do ( c 1)( 2c 1) 0
1
5
; xay ra khi ( a, b, c ) = 0,0, hoc cac hoanvi.

2
4
Bi 9. (TSH Khi D 2008) Cho x, y la cac s thc khng m.
Suy ra GTNN cua P bng cos
Tim gia tri ln nht, gia tri nho nht cua biu thc P =
( x y )(1 xy ) .
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2
Li gii
Ta co :
=
P
26
xy )
( x y )(1=
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2
+ yx )
( x + xy ) ( y =
2
( x + 1) ( y + 1)
2
x ( y + 1) y ( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2
2
( x + 1)
( y + 1)2
Vi x, y 0 ta c : 0
( x + 1)
1
y
1
;0
.
2
4
( y + 1) 4
Suy ra gi tr ln nht ca P bng
1
t ti =
x 1,=
y 0 v gi tr nh nht ca
4
1
t ti=
x 0,=
y 1.
4
Cch 2 : Ta c nh gi thng qua tr tuyt i nh sau :
P =
( x y )(1 xy )
(1 + x )2 (1 + y )2
( x + y )(1 + xy ) ( x + y + 1 + xy )2
(1 + x )2 (1 + y 2 ) 4 (1 + x )2 (1 + y )2
1
.
4
1
1
Do P . Ta c kt qu tng t.
4
4
Bi 10. Cho a, b, c 0 la cac s i mt khac nhau. Chng minh rng
( ab + bc + ca )
4.
2
c
a
(
)
1
(b c )
(a b)
Li gii
Gia s c = min {a, b, c} , khi o do a, b, c 0 ta suy ra: ab + bc + ca ab;
2
(b c )
(a c)
1
b2
;
1
a2
1
1
1
4.
Vy ta chi cn chng minh : ab
+
+
( a b )2 b 2 a 2
ab
( a b )2
(a b) 2 0
a b
ab
+ 40
+
b a
ab
( a b )2
2
a b )
(
ab
0
( a b )2
ab
Bi ton c chng minh. Xem thm chng 3.
Bi 11. Cho cc s thc tho mn iu kin a, b, c > 0 va

Tim gia tri nho nht cua biu thc
=
P
1 1 2
+ =.
a c b
a+b
c+b
.
+
2 a b 2c b
27
Li gii
2ac
thay vao biu thc ca P ta c :
a+c
2ac
2ac
a+
c+
a + 3c c + 3a
3 a c
a
c
a
+
+c =
P=
+
+
=+
1
+ 4.
2ac
2ac
2a
2c
2 c a
2a
2c
a+c
a+c
(ng theo AM-GM).
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 4 t ti a= b= c .
Ta co b =
Bi 12. Cho cc s thc a, b, c [1;3] thoa man iu kin a + b + c =

6.
Tim gia tri ln nht cua biu thc P = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
Li gii
t a =x + 1; b =y + 1; c =z + 1; x, y, z [ 0;2].
Khi o P = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ( x + 1) + ( y + 1) + ( z + 1)
2
= x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 ( x + y + z ) + 3
= ( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 2 ( x + y + z ) + 3
2
=
2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 18
T x, y, z [ 0;2] ( 2 x )( 2 y )( 2 z ) 0
8 4 ( x + y + z ) + 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) xyz 0
2 ( xy + yz + zx ) = 4 xyz 4 do xyz 0
T o suy ra P 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 18 14
ng thc xay ra khi va chi khi ( a, b, c ) = (1, 2,3) hoc cac hoan vi
Ch . t a =x + 1; b =y + 1; c =z + 1 chung ta tn dung tich xyz 0
Bi 13. Cho cc s thc a, b, c [ 0;1] .
1
1
1
+
+
3abc .
2a 2b 2c
Li gii
1
2
Ta c : ( a 1) 0 a ( 2 a ) 1
a.
2a
1
1
Tng t ta c :
b;
c.
2b
2c
Cng theo v cac bt ng thc trn ta c:
Chng minh rng
28
1
1
1
+
+
a + b + c 3 3 abc 3abc do abc 1 .
2a 2b 2c
ng thc xay ra khi va chi khi a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 14. Cho cc s thc a, b, c [ 0;1] va a + b + c 0 .
1
1
1
5
.
+
+
ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1 a + b + c
Li gii
Do bt ng thc i xng vi ba bin nn khng mt tinh tng quat ta gia s
1 a b c 0 .
Chng minh rng
Khi o
c
a
b
a + b + c 1 + b + c + (1 b )(1 c ) + bc
+
+
=
2
ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
bc + 1
bc + 1
Mt khac
=
a+b b+c c+a a+b

b+c
c+a
+
+ =
1 +
1 +
1 + 3
ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1 ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
(1 a )(1 b ) (1 b )(1 c ) (1 c )(1 a ) + 3 3
ab + 1
bc + 1
ca + 1
Cng theo v cac bt ng thc trn ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xay ra khi va chi khi a= b= 1, c= 0 hoc cac hoan vi.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [0;1] v a + b + c > 0.
5
ab
bc
ca
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P=
+
+
+
a + b + c 1 + ab 1 + bc 1 + ca
Bi 15. Cho cc s thc khng m a,b,c. Chng minh rng
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 4 ( a + b + c )( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
Li gii
Khng mt tinh tng quat ta gia s b nm gia a va c , ta xet hai trng hp
- Nu a b c VT 0 VP , ta co pcm.
- Nu c b a , khi o v phai
VP= 4 ( a + b + c )( a b )( b c )( c a ) = 4 ( a + b + c )( b a )( c b )( c a )
( a + b + c )( b a ) + ( c b )( c a )
Ta chi cn chng minh ( a + b + c )( b a ) + ( c b )( c a ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .

Tht vy bt ng thc nay tng ng vi : a ( 2a + 2c b ) 0 , ung v ta
c pcm.
29
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m a v b ta c
( a + b ) ( a 2 + b2 ) 8ab ( a + b ) 12ab
ab .
Bi 2. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic tho mn a b c. Chng minh
( a + b + c )2 9bc .
x 2 cos a 2 x + cos a
Bi 3. Cho a ( 0; ) , x ; y =2
. Chng minh rng 1 y 1 .
x 2 x cos a + 1
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x y z .
Chng minh rng
x2 y y 2 z z 2 x
+
+
x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
z
x
y
Bi 5. Cho a, b, c, d, e l cc s thc. Chng minh cc bt ng thc

a 2 + b2 + c 2 + d 2 + e2 a ( b + c + d + e ) ;
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + 1 a ( b + c + d + 1)
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh

a+b+c
.
3
a + ab + b
b + bc + c
c + ca + a
Bi 7. Cho x,y l hai s thc khng m khng ng thi bng 0. Chng minh
a3
b3
c3
3 x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2
2 x2 + 2 y 2 .
2( x + y)
Bi 8. Cho x,y l 2 s thc dng. Chng minh 1
Bi 9. Chng minh vi mi s thc a v b ta c
( x + y ) ( x3 + y 3 )
(x
a+b
1+ a + b
+y
2 2
9
.
8
a+b
1+ a + b
Du bng xy ra khi no?

Bi 10. Cho a,b l cc s thc v a khc 0. Chng minh a 2 + b 2 +
Bi 11. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a,b,c ta c
a 2 b2 c2
+
+
a +b+c.
b
c
a
Bi 12. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a,b,c ta c
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 abc ( a + b + c ) .
30
1
a
b
3.
a
Bi 13. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic. Chng minh

a b c b c a
+ + <1.
b c a a b c
Bi 14. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic tho mn iu kin a a 3 + b3 + c 3 .
2

2a 2b 2 + 2b 2 c 2 + 2c 2 a 2 a 4 b 4 c 4 > 0 .
Bi 17. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1 v z = min { x, y, z}.

2
Chng minh rng
x+2 y+2 z+2

.
1.
2x + 1 2 y + 1 2z + 1
Bi 18. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =

1.
1
1
1
5
Chng minh rng
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a 2
Bi 19. Chng minh vi mi a,b,c l cc s thc ta c
a ( a + b) + b (b + c ) + c (c + a ) 0 .
3
Bi 20. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic. Chng minh

a
b
c
a)
+
+
<2;
b+c c+a a+b
b) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) ;
c)
a
3
b +c
3
b
3
a +c
3
c
3
b +a
3
< 23 4 .
Bi 21. Cho a,b l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
a 3 + b3 a 2 + b 2
.
2
a+b
Bi 22. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x, y tho mn iu kin x + y 1, xy 2.

Ta c x3 + y 3 7 .
Bi 23. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc.
)(
Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 c 2 + d 2 ( ac + bd ) .

2
Bi 24. Cho a,b l 2 s thc khng m. Chng minh rng ta lun c

3 2
3
1
1
2
a + b + b + a + 2a + 2b + .
4
4
2
2
31
Bi 25. Cho x, y, z [ 0;2] thoa man x + y + z =

3.
Tim gia tri ln nht cua biu thc P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
3
a)
b)
1b+c
b+c
1+
1+
.
2 a
a
a3
a3 + ( b + c )
b3
b3 + ( c + a )
c)
a
2a
.
b+c a+b+c
d)
a
b
c
+
+
2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
e)
a
a + 8bc
2
4
a3
4
+ b3
c3 + ( a + b )
1.
4
+ c3
1.
a 2 + 8bc
b 2 + 8ca
c 2 + 8ab
Bi 27. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc i mt phn bit. Chng minh
f)
4
a3
c3
a2
b2
c2
( b c )2 ( c a )2 ( a b )2
2.
Bi 28. Chng minh rng vi ba s thc a, b, c ta lun co
( a + 1)(b + 1)( c + 1) ( ab + bc + ca 1) .
2
Bi 29. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn x = max { x, y, z} .

Chng minh
x +1 y +1 z +1 x y z
+
+
+ + .
y +1 z +1 x +1 y z x
Bi 30. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + 2 y =

1.
Chng minh
1 1
25
.
+
x y 1 + 48 xy 2
Bi 31. Cho a,b l hai s thc khc 0 tho mn iu kin ab

3
1
1
Chng minh rng ab 3 + 3 .
b
a
32
1 1
+ +3.
a b
Bi 32. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc thuc on [ 0;2] . Chng minh

a + b + c + d 1 + ab + 1 + bc + 1 + ca + 1 + ad .
Bi 33. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc thuc on [ 0;2] v a + b + c =

3.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P =
a 2 + b2 + c2
.
ab + bc + ca
Bi 34. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 =

1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
=
P a 3 ( b + c + d ) + b3 ( c + d + a ) + c 3 ( d + a + b ) + d 3 ( a + b + c ) .
Bi 35. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc thuc on [1;3] tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

14 .
c
b
Chng minh 1 2 + 8 .
a
a
Bi 36. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 + 9 5 ( a + b + c ) .
Bi 37. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
9 a3 + b3 + c3 + abc 8 ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
Bi 38. Cho a, b > 0 thoa man iu kin a 2 + b 2 =

1.
2
a
1 1
b
Chng minh rng + 2 2 +
.
a b
a
b
5
Bi 39. Cho a, b, c > 0 thoa man iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =.
3
1 1 1
1
.
Chng minh rng + <
a b c abc
Bi 40. Cho a, b l hai s thc tha mn a , b < 1, ta lun c
1
1 a
1
1 b
Bi 41. Vi mi s thc a, b 1 ta lun c
2
.
1 ab
1
1
ab
3
+
+
.
a + 1 b + 1 ab + 1 2
Bi 42. Cho a, b, c [ 0;1] . Chng minh rng a (1 b ) + b (1 c ) + c (1 a ) 1.

Bi 43. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a b c .
1 1 1
Chng minh rng ( a b + c ) + 1 .
a b c
33
Bi 44. Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
a 2 + ab + b 2 + b 2 + bc + c 2 + c 2 + ca + a 2 .
(a
Bi 45. Cho a,b,c,d thuc on [1;2] . Chng minh rng
)(
+ b2 c2 + d 2
( ac + bd )
) 25 .
12
Bi 46. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc. Chng minh

3 ( x y )2 3 ( y z )2 3 ( z x )2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx max
,
,
.
4
4
4
Bi 47. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh

3
2
2
2
x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz ( x + y + z ) .max ( x y ) , ( y z ) + ( z x ) .
4
Bi 48. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh
2
2
2
a+b+c 3
abc max
a b ; b c ; c a
3
{(
) (
)}
) (
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. Bt ng thc tng ng vi:
Ch ( a + b )
a+ b
6ab =
a b
( a b )2 + 2
( a + b )
a+ b
6ab 0 .
ab a + b ab 0.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .

Bi 2. Ta c a b ( a + b + c ) ( 2b + c ) .
2
Vy ta chng minh ( 2b + c ) 9bc 4b 2 5bc + c 2 0 ( b c )( 4b c ) 0 .

2
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do b c 0; 4b c 3b + a c = ( a + b c ) + 2b > 0 .

Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic ta c 4a 2b 2 > a 2 + b 2 c 2

Bi
3. Ta c 1 y 2
=
(x
( x 1)2 sin 2 a
2
Bi 4. Bt ng thc tng ng vi
34
2 x cos a + 1
0 1 y 1 .
x2 ( y z )
z
y2 ( z x)
x
z2 ( x y )
y
0.
x2 ( y z ) x2 ( y z )
y z
z
y
Theo gi thit ta c
.
y2 ( z x) y2 ( z x)
x y z
x
y
Suy ra
x2 ( y z )
z
y2 ( z x)
x
z2 ( x y )
x2 ( y z ) + y 2 ( z x ) + z 2 ( x y )
y
( x y )( x z )( y z ) 0
y

4a 2 + 4b 2 + 4c 2 + 4d 2 + 4e2 4a ( b + c + d + e )
) (
) (
) (
a 2 4ab + 4b 2 + a 2 4ac + 4c 2 + a 2 4ad + 4d 2 + a 2 4ae + 4e2 0

( a 2b ) + ( a 2c ) + ( a 2d ) + ( a 2e ) 0.
2
Bt ng thc lun ng. Dng thc xy ra khi v ch khi =

a 2=
b 2=
c 2=
d 2e .
Bt ng th hai l trng hp ring khi e = 1
Bi 6. Ta chng minh
x3
x + xy + y
2
2x y
vi mi s thc dng x v y.
3
Tht vy bt ng thc tng ng vi: ( x + y )( x y ) 0 (lun ng).

2
p dng bt ng thc trn ta c

a3
a + ab + b
2
b3
b + bc + c
2
2a b
;
3
2b c
;
3
2c a
.
3
c + ca + a
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy
ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
Bi tp tng t
Cho n l s nguyn dng ln hn hoc bng 2 v cc s thc x1 , x2 ,..., xn c
tch bng 1. Chng minh
c3
35
n
6
1i < j n xi
xi9 + x9j
+
xi3 x3j
x 6j
n ( n 1)
3
Bi 7. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi :

2
3 x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2
2
2
2 x + 2 y
2
x
+
y
(
)
3 x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2
8 x2 + y 2
)( x + y)
0 ( x y) 0
4
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y .

Bi 8. Bt ng thc v tri tng ng vi:
xy ( x y )
0.
x2 + y 2
4 xy + y 2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y .
(x
Bt ng thc v phi tng ng vi:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi =
x
8 x +y
2
2 2
0.
(2 3) y .
Bi 9. Bin i tng ng bt ng thc cho v dng lun ng

a + b a + b . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ab 0 .
Ch . Thc cht bt ng thc xut pht t tnh ng bin trn khong
x
.
( 1; + ) ca hm s y =
x +1
Bi tp tng t
Chng minh vi mi s thc a v b ta c
2014 + a + b
a + b + 2015
2014 + a + b
a + b + 2015
1
3
2
Bi 10. Bt ng thc tng ng vi b +
+a + 2 30
2a
4a
2
2a 2 3
1
b +
0
+
2a
4a 2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1
3
b=
,a =
4 .
2a
4
Bi 11. Bt ng thc chnh l phn rt gn ca bt ng thc sau
36
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 0 .
b
c
a
Bi 12. Bt ng thc cho chnh l phn rt gn ca bt ng thc sau
(a
b2
) + (b
2
c2
) + (c
2
a2
) + (a
2
bc
) + (b
2
ca
) + (c
2
ab
0.

Bi 13. Ch ng thc
a b c b c a a 2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a 2
+ + =
+
+
b c a a b c
ab
bc
ca
=
=
Ta c
) (
) (
c a 2 b2 + a b2 c2 + c a 2 b2
abc
( a c )( a b )( c b )
( a c )( a b )( c b )
abc
).
abc
<
abc
=
1.
abc

Bi 14. Ch nu coi v tri l mt a thc bc ba ca a th ta c 2 hai nghim
=
a b=
, a c. V vy ta phn tch c v tri di dng
R rng vi
( a b )( a c )( b c )( ab + bc + ca ) .
a 0
( a + b c )( b + c a )( c + a b ) > 0

Bi 16. Gi P l biu thc v tri ta c ng thc sau
P=
( a + b + c )( a + b c )( b + c a )( c + a b ) > 0 .

Bi 17. Quy ng rt gn bt ng thc tng ng vi :
1 + 2 x + 2 y 2 xz 2 + 2 z 2 + z
1 z + 2 (1 z )
( x + y) 0
37
Bt ng thc cui ng do vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x= y= z= 1 .
Bi 18. S dng bt ng thc a + b + c +
5abc
2 v quy ng rt gn bt ng
3
thc cn chng minh

2 ( a + b )( a + c ) + 2 ( b + c )( b + a ) + 2 ( c + a )( c + b ) 5 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
2 ( a + b + c ) + 5abc + 2 5 ( a + b + c )
2
S dng 5abc 6 3 ( a + b + c ) ta c
2 ( a + b + c ) + 5abc + 2 5 ( a + b + c ) 2 ( a + b + c ) + 8 8 ( a + b + c )
2
= 2 ( a + b + c 2) 0
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1, c= 0

hoc cc hon v.
2a = x + y z
Bi 19. t x = a + b, y = b + c, z = c + a 2b = y + z x .
2c = z + x y
Bt ng thc tr thnh
x3 ( x + y z ) + y 3 ( y + z x ) + z 3 ( z + x y ) 0
x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x xy 3 yz 3 zx3 0
Bi 20. a) Ta c
2a
2a
a
=
<
b+c b+c+b+c a+b+c
2b
2b
b
.
=
<
c+a c+a+c+a a+b+c
2c
2c
c
=
<
a+b a+b+a+b a+b+c
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
b) Ta c
0 < a < b + c a2 < a (b + c )
0 < b < c + a b2 < b ( c + a ) .
0 < c < a + b c2 < c ( a + b )

c) Ta c
38
a3 + b3 =( a + b ) 3ab ( a + b ) ( a + b )
3
3 4.
3
1
( a + b )2 .( a + b ) = ( a + b )3
4
4
c
a+b
a 3 + b3
Tng t ri cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 21. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
3
a 3 + b3 a 2 + b 2
4
( a b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 0 .
a + b
2
x3 + y 3 + 1 3 xy + 3 ( xy + 2 ) 0
( x + y + 1) x 2 + y 2 + 1 x y xy + 3 ( xy + 2 ) 0
1
( x + y + 1) ( x y )2 + ( x 1)2 + ( y 1)2 + 3 ( xy + 2 ) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui lun ng theo gi thit ta c pcm.
)(
Bi 23. Ta c a 2 + b 2 c 2 + d 2 = ( ac + bd ) + ( ad bc ) ( ac + bd ) .
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ad = bc .

2
1
1
1
1
Bi 24. Ta c : a 0; b 0 a 2 + a; b 2 + b .
2
2
4
4
Suy ra :
3 2
3
1
1
1
2
a + b + b + a + a + b + a + b + = a + b +
4
4
2
2
2
1 1
1 1
1
1
= a + + b + 4 a + b + = 2a + 2b +
4
4
4
4
2
2
1
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b=
.
2
Bi 25. Theo gi thit ta c :
x ( x 2) + y ( y 2) + z ( z 2) 0 x2 + y 2 + z 2 2 ( x + y + z ) =
6.
Bi 26. a) t
=
x
1 + x3 1 +
b+c
> 0. Ta cn chng minh
a
1 2
x x2 + 2
2
4 x3 + 1
x 4 4 x3 + 4 x 2 0 x 2 ( x 2 ) 0
2
39
Bt ng thc cui ng suy ra pcm.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b + c =
2a .
b)p dng cu a) ta c
a3
a3 + ( b + c )
b3
b3 + ( c + a )
c3
c3 + ( a + b )
a2
a 2 + b2 + c2
b2
a 2 + b2 + c2
c2
a 2 + b2 + c2
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy

ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
a) Bt ng thc tng ng vi:
a ( a + b + c ) 4a 2 ( b + c )
2
.
2
2
a ( a + b + c ) 4 a ( b + c ) 0 a ( a b c ) 0
Bt ng thc lun ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 0 hoc a= b + c .

b) p dng cu c) ta c
a
2a
b
2b
c
2c
.
b+c a+b+c c+a a+b+c a+b a+b+c

Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm. Vi a,b,c th ng thc khng
xy ra.
c) Bt ng thc tng ng vi:
(a
4/3
+ b 4/3 + c 4/3
)(
a8/3 = b 4/3 + c 4/3 2a 4/3 + b 4/3 + c 4/3
2(bc) 2/3 .4a 2/3 (bc)1/3
a 4/3 + b 4/3 + c 4/3
a8/3 + 8bc.a 2/3

= a 2/3 a 2 + 8bc
a 4/3
4/3
4/3
4/3
a 2 + 8bc a + b + c
Bt ng thc cui ng theo AM GM.
d) p dng chng minh cu e) xy dng ba bt ng thc cng dng ri cng li
ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 27. Ch hng ng thc
bc
ca
ab
+
+
=
1.
( a b )( a c ) ( b c )( b a ) ( c a )( c b )
40
Khi
a2
b2
c2
( b c )2 ( c a )2
b
c
a
+
=
+
+
+22.
2
(a b) b c c a a b
Bi 28. Ch ng thc :
( a + 1)(b + 1)( c + 1) =
2
( a + b + c ab bc ca )2 + ( ab + bc + ca 1)2 .

x + y +1
y + z +1
2
+ ( y z)
0 (lun ng) do
( x z )( x y )
xy ( x + 1)( y + 1)
yz ( y + 1)( z + 1)
x z 0, x y 0 .
Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc t ti x= y= z .

t +a t +b t +c
. Lc ny
+
+
t +b t +c t +a
v tri bt ng thc thay s 1 bi mt s dng bt k bt ng thc vn ng.
Bi 30. Thay x = 1 2 y vo bt ng thc cn chng minh a v chng minh.
Nhn xt. Nu tinh ta c th kho st hm f (t ) =
2
1
1
25
+
12 y 2 7 y + 1 0 (lun ng).
2
1 2 y y 1 + 48 (1 2 y ) y
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra ti=

x
1
1
1
hoc x= y=
.
=
,y
3
2
4
1
1
3
Bi 31. t x =
ab , y =
3 ,z =
3 xyz =
1.
a
b
Theo gi thit ta c x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 =
3 xyz
( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx 0 .
Do x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx=
1
1
1
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 0 .
2
2
2
3
1
1
Do x + y + z 0 x y z ab 3 + 3 .
b
a
Bi 32. Xut pht t a b 2, a, b [ 0;2] ta c:
( a b )2 4 a 2 + b2 4 + 2ab .
( a + b ) 4 + 2ab + 2ab= 4 (1 + ab ) a + b 2 1 + ab .
2
Tng t ta c: b + c 2 1 + bc ; c + d 2 1 + cd ; d + a 2 1 + da .
Cng theo v 4 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
41
+ bc + ca )
( a + b + c )2 2 ( ab=
9
2.
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca
1
2
S dng bt ng thc c bn ta c: ab + bc + ca ( a + b + c ) =
3 suy ra
3
9
P 2=
1.
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti a= b= c= 1 .
tm gi tr ln nht ca P ta tm gi tr nh nht ca ab + bc + ca .
Bi 33.
Ta c: P
=
V a, b, c [ 0;2] nn
( a 2 )( b 2 )( c 2 ) 0 abc 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 4 ( a + b + c ) 8 0 .
abc + 4 ( a + b + c ) 8 4 + abc
9
5
.
ab + bc + ca
=
2 P =
2
2
5
t ti=
a 2,=
b 1,=
c 0 v cc hon v.
2
Bi 34. Vit li biu thc P di dng:
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng
) (
) (
P= ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + cd c 2 + d 2 + da d 2 + a 2 + ac a 2 + c 2 + bd b 2 + d 2 .
:
( x y )4 = x 4 + y 4 + 6 x 2 y 2 4 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) =
x4 + y 4 + 6 x2 y 2 ( x y )
p dng vo bi ton suy ra
3 a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2
P
3 a +b +c +d
2
( a b )4 + ( b c )4 + ( c d )4 + ( d a )4 + ( a c )4 + ( b d )4
4
2 2
3
=
4
4
3
1
.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng t ti a= b= c= d=
4
2
Tng qut. Cho n s thc khng m x1 , x2 ,..., xn tha mn mn x1 + x2 + ... + xn =
1.
xi2 x 2j .
j =1
1i j n
Bi 35. t v tri bt ng thc l P. Khi
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =
42
=
P
ac 2ab bc
=
+2
a2
( a b + c )2 b
(a
+ b 2 + c 2 + 2ac 2ab 2bc 2ab 14

2a 2
+2
b 7
+2 2 +2
a a
a a
2a
b
7
Mt khc a, b, c [1;3] nn 3, 2 7 P 3 7 + 2 = 8 .
a
a
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 1, b = 3,
c = 2.
Bi 36. Nhn xt. D on du bng ca bt ng thc t ti a= b= c= 1 nn ta
t n ph a = x + 1, b = y + 1, c = z + 1, ( x, y, z 1) a v chng minh bt ng thc:
( x + 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + ( z + 1)2 + ( x + 1)( y + 1)2 + ( y + 1)( z + 1)2 + ( z + 1)( x + 1)2 + 9

5 ( x + y + z + 3) .
Khai trin v rt gn ta c:
2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2 0 .
( x + y + z ) + x 2 ( z + 1) + y 2 ( x + 1) + z 2 ( y + 1) 0 (lun ng).
2
Bi ton c chng minh.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 0 a = b = c = 1 .
5 a3 + b3 + c3 + 9abc 4 ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) .
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c: a3 + b3 + c3 3abc .
Suy ra 5 a3 + b3 + c3 + 9abc 4 a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc .

Ta i chng minh: a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc ab ( a + b ) + bc ( c + a ) + ca ( a + b ) .
a ( a b )( a c ) + b ( b c )( b a ) + c ( c a )( c b ) 0 .
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c khi : c ( c a )( c b ) 0 v

a ( a b )( a c ) + b ( b c )( b a ) = ( a b ) a ( a c ) b ( b c )
2
= ( a b ) a 2 b2 + c ( b a ) = ( a b ) ( a + b c ) 0
Suy ra a ( a b )( a c ) + b ( b c )( b a ) + c ( c a )( c b ) 0 .
Bi 38. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
43
1 1
a b
+ 2 2 + + 2 a + b + 2ab 2 2ab + 1
a b
b a
( a + b )2 1
2
+1
a + b + (a + b) 1 2 2
2
1 2 t 2 + t + 2 2 0 (*) ; vi t = a + b 1; 2
(Vi ( a + b ) = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab > a 2 + b 2 =1 a + b > 1

2
Va ( a + b ) 2 a 2 + b 2 = 2 a + b 2
2
Suy ra t 1; 2 ). Bt ng thc (*) lun ung vi t 1; 2 .

Bi 39. Do a, b, c > 0 nn bt ng thc tng ng vi : bc + ca ab < 1
Ta c : ( a + b c ) 0 bc + ca ab
2
Bi ton c chng minh.

1
1
Bi 40. Ta c:
+
2
1 a
1 b2
1 2
5
a + b 2 + c 2 = < 1 (lun ung).
2
6
(1 a )(1 b )
2
Ta chng minh
(1 a )(1 b ) 1 ab 1 a
2
b 2 + a 2b 2 1 2ab + a 2b 2 ( a b ) 0
(lun ng).
Bi 41. Quy ng rt gn a v bt ng thc: ( ab 1)( a 1)( b 1) 0 (lun

ng do a, b 1 ).
Bi 42. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :
a + b + c ( ab + bc + ca ) 1
Xut pht t gi thit ta c :
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) 0 1 ( a + b + c ) + ( ab + bc + ca ) abc 0

( a + b + c ) ( ab + bc + ca ) 1 abc 1
ng thc xay ra khi va chi khi a= b= 0, c= 1 hoc cac hoan vi.
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
+
+ +
a b c a b+c
a c b a b+c
a+c
a+c
1
1
ac
b(a b + c)
ac b ( a b + c )
44
b ( a b + c ) ac a ( b c ) b ( b c ) 0 ( a b )( b c ) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do a b c . Ta c pcm.

3
1
3
2
2
2
Bi 44. Ta c a 2 + ab + b 2 = ( a + b ) + ( a b ) ( a + b ) .
4
4
4
a 2 + ab + b 2
3
3
a+b
(a + b) .
2
2
Tng t ta c : b 2 + bc + c 2
3
3
b+c
(b + c ) ;
2
2
c 2 + ac + a 2
3
3
c+a
(c + a) .
2
2
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c : P 3 ( a + b + c ) =3 .

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
Bi 46. Gi s
3( x y )
4
1
.
3
3 ( x y )2 3 ( y z )2 3 ( z x )2
,
,
= max
.
4
4
4
Ta chng minh x + y + z xy yz zx
2
3( x y )
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 4 xy 4 yz 4 zx 3x 2 + 3 y 2 6 xy .
x 2 + y 2 + 4 z 2 + 2 xy 4 yz 4 zx 0 ( x + y 2 z ) 0 (lun ng).
2
Bi ton c chng minh.
Bi 47. Ta c: x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz = ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx .
Bi ton a v chng minh
3 ( x y )2 3 ( y z )2 3 ( z x )2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx max
,
,
.
4
4
4
y chnh l kt qu bi ton trn v ta c iu phi chng minh.
CH 2: K THUT CHNG MINH PHN CHNG

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Gi s cn chng minh bt ng thc no ng, ta gi s bt ng thc
l sai v kt hp vi iu kin gi thit ch ra iu v l. iu v l c th l tri
vi gi thit hoc tri vi mt iu ng. T suy ra bt ng thc cn chng
minh l ng.
45
B. BI TP MU
Bi 1. Chng minh rng t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc sau l ng
a 2 + b 2 2bc; b 2 + c 2 2ca; c 2 + a 2 2ab .
Li gii
a 2 + b 2 < 2bc
Gi s tt c cc bt ng thc trn u sai khi b 2 + c 2 < 2ca .

2
2
c + a < 2ab
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
) (
) (
a 2 2ab + b 2 + b 2 2bc + c 2 + c 2 2ca + a 2 < 0

( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a ) < 0 (mu thun).
2
V vy iu phn chng l sai nn khng nh bi ng (pcm).
Bi 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc khong ( 0;1) . Chng minh t nht mt trong
1
1
1
cc bt ng thc sau l ng a (1 b ) ; b (1 c ) ; c (1 a ) .
4
4
4
Li gii
1
a (1 b ) > 4
Gi s tt c cc bt ng thc trn u sai khi b (1 c ) > .

4
c (1 a ) > 4
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c a (1 a ) b (1 b ) c (1 c ) >

2
1
a +1 a
Ch . 0 < a (1 a )
=.
2
4
1
b +1 b
0 < b (1 b )
=
2
4
1
c +1 c
0 < c (1 c )
=
2
4
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c

1
a (1 a ) b (1 b ) c (1 c ) , dn ti mu thun vi (1).
64
46
1
(1).
64
Vy iu phn chng l sai do t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc cho l

ng (pcm).
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc khong ( 0;1) . Chng minh t nht mt trong cc
bt ng thc sau l sai

1
1
1
a (1 b ) > ; b (1 c ) > ; c (1 a ) > .
4
4
4
Bi 3. (HOMC 2007) Cho p = abcd l mt s nguyn t c bn ch s.

Chng minh rng phng trnh ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d =
0 khng c nghim hu t.
Li gii
Gi s phng trnh c nghim hu t th nghim ny phi m gi s nghim
p
l x0 =
, p , q * , ( p , q ) =
1. Khi
q
a
p3
q
+b
p2
q
a q
p
.
+ d = 0 ap3 + bp 2 a cpq 2 + dq3 = 0
q
d p
Do p,q l cc s t nhin c mt ch s v v p,q l nghim ca phng trnh
( qx + p ) ( ex 2 + fx + g ) , e, f , g * .
nn f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d =
Ta c abcd = f (10)=
(10q + p )(100e + 10 f
+ g )= qp.efg tri vi gi thit
abcd l mt s nguyn t.
Vy iu phn chng l sai ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp tng t
(HOMC 2007) Cho p = abc l mt s nguyn t c ba ch s.

Chng minh rng phng trnh ax 2 + bx + c =
0 khng c nghim hu t.
Bi 4. Gi s f1 ( x) =x 2 + a1 x + b1; f 2 ( x) =x 2 + a2 x + b2 l hai tam thc bc hai vi
h s nguyn c nghim chung l a. Chng minh rng nu a khng l s nguyn th
tam thc bc hai sau lun c nghim thc f ( x) = x 2 + ( a1 + a2 ) x + b1 + b2 .
Li gii
p
Ta chng minh a khng th l s hu t tht vy gi s a = , p, q , ( p, q ) =1 .
q
Do a l nghim ca
f1 ( x) a 2 + a1a + b1 =0
p2
q
+ a1
p
+ b1 =0 p 2 + a1 pq + b1q 2 =0 .
q
47
Suy ra p 2 q p q ( p, q ) = q =1 a tri vi gi thit a khng l s nguyn.

V vy a khng l s hu t.
Do a l nghim chung ca
2
0
a + a1a + b1 =
f1 ( x), f 2 ( x)
( a1 a2 ) a =b2 b1 (1) .
2
0
a + a2 a + b2 =
Do a khng l s hu t nn (1) a=
1 a2 ; b=
1 b2 .
Khi f1 ( x) =x 2 + a1 x + b1; f ( x) =x 2 + 2a1 x + 2b1 .

Do f1 ( x) c nghim nn a12 4b1 0 khi f(x) c
1 2
1
a1 4b1 + a12 0 .
2
2
iu chng f(x) c nghim ta c pcm.
=' a12 2b1=
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

Chng minh rng
1 1 1
+ + =
3.
a b c
a+b + b+c + c+a 3 2 .

Li gii
a = x 2 + z 2 y 2
a+b
b+c
c+a
,y=
,z =
t x =
b = x 2 + y 2 z 2 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
c = z + y x
Ta cn chng minh x + y + z 3 vi iu kin
1
x +y z
2
1
y +z x
2
1
z + x2 y 2
2
=
3.
Tht vy gi s x + y + z < 0. Khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho ba

s dng ta c
1
1
1
3
.
+ 2 2 2+ 2 2 2
2
2
2
x +y z
y +z x
z +x y
3 x2 + y 2 z 2 y 2 + z 2 x2 z 2 + x2 y 2
)(
)(
Mt khc
)(
)(
x+ y+z
z 2 + x2 y 2 x2 y 2 z 2
< 1.
3
1
1
1
Suy ra 2
+ 2
+ 2
> 3 mu thun vi gi thit.
2
2
2
2
x +y z
y +z x
z + x2 y 2
x2 + y 2 z 2
y 2 + z 2 x2
Vy iu phn chng l sai v ta c iu phi chng minh.

48
Ta cng xt bi ton quen thuc sau trch t thi IMO 2001

Bi 6.( IMO 2001) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
a
b
c
+
+
1.
a 2 + 8bc
b 2 + 8ac
c 2 + 8ba
Li gii
a
b
c
t x =
=
;y =
;z
,( x; y; z (0;1))
a 2 + 8bc
b 2 + 8ac
c 2 + 8ba
a2
x2
b2
y2
c2
z2
.
=
rng:
=
;
=
;
8bc 1 x 2 8ac 1 y 2 8ba 1 z 2
Suy ra
1
x2
y2
z2
=(
)(
)(
).
512 1 x 2 1 y 2 1 z 2
Ta cn chng minh x + y + z 1 vi x, y, z (0;1) v

(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )(1 z 2 ) =
512( xyz )2 (1).
Gi s ngc li x + y + z < 1 .
Theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )(1 z 2 ) > [( x + y + z )2 x 2 ][( x + y + z )2 y 2 ][( x + y + z )2 z 2 ]
.
= ( x + x + y + z )( y + z )( x + y + z + y )( z + x)( z + z + x + y )( x + y )
1
512( xyz ) 2
4( x 2 yz ) 4 .2( yz ) 2 .4( y 2 zx) 4 .2( xz ) 2 .4( z 2 xy ) 4 .2( xy ) 2 =
iu ny mu thun vi (1).
Vy iu phn chng l sai v ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1. Chng minh
1
1
1
+
+
1.
5a + 1
5b + 1
5c + 1
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha iu kin a + b + c + abc =
4.
Chng minh rng: a + b + c ab + bc + ca .
Li gii
Gi s ngc li c a + b + c < ab + bc + ac .
S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3 ta c(Xem chng 4).
9abc
4(ab + bc + ac) (a + b + c) 2
a+b+c
> (a + b + c)[4 (a + b + =
c)] abc(a + b + c)
a +b+c <3.
Khi abc < 1 4= abc + a + b + c < 4 . Mu thun.
49
Suy ra bt ng thc u ng.

T bt ng thc ny ta chng minh c mt bt ng thc kh sau
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng v k s thc tho mn iu kin
3
a
b
c
1
4k 2 + 2k 1 0 ta lun c k +
k +
k +
k + .
b + c
c + a
a+b
2
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Chng minh rng nu a + b =
2cd th t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc
sau l ng c 2 a; d 2 b .
Bi 2. Chng minh rng t nht mt trong ba bt ng thc sau l ng
a 2 + b2
( b + c )2 ; b 2 + c 2 ( c + a )2 ; c 2 + a 2 ( a + b )2 .
2
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc khong ( 0;2 ) . Chng minh rng t nht mt
trong cc bt ng thc sau l sai a ( 2 b ) > 1; b ( 2 c ) > 1; c ( 2 a ) > 1 .
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn a + b + c > 0; ab + bc + ca > 0; abc > 0 .
Chng minh rng a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 .
Bi 5. Chng minh rng nu a1a2 2 ( b1 + b2 ) th t nht mt trong hai phng
trnh sau c nghim x 2 + a1 x + b1= 0; x 2 + a2 x + b2= 0 .
Bi 6. Cho abc 0. Chng minh t nht mt trong ba phng trnh sau c nghim
ax 2 + 2bx +=
c 0; bx 2 + 2cx +=
a 0; cx 2 + 2ax +=
b 0.
Bi 7. Cho f ( x) = x 2 + ax + b . Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr ca a v b th t

nht mt trong ba s
1
f (0) , f (1) , f (1) ln hn hoc bng .
2
Bi 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin
1. a + b + c =2; a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =2 .
4
2. Chng minh rng c ba s a,b,c u thuc on ;0 .
3
Bi 9. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + ab + bc + ca < 0 .

Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 < c 2 .
Bi 10. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc i mt khc nhau chng minh rng t nht mt
trong ba bt ng thc sau l sai
9ab ( a + b + c ) ;9bc ( a + b + c ) ;9ca ( a + b + c ) .
2
50
Bi 11. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng chng minh t nht mt trong cc bt

ng thc sau l sai a + b < c + d ; ( a + b )( c + d ) < ab + cd ; ( a + b ) cd < ( c + d ) ab .
Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1. Chng minh rng:
1
1
1
+
+
1
1 + 8a
1 + 8b
1 + 8c
Bi 13. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc chng minh. Chng minh rng:
1
min{a b 2 ; b c 2 ; c d 2 ; d a 2 }
4
Bi 14. (USAMO 2000 ) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng.
Chng minh rng:
a+b+c 3
abc max ( a b ) 2 ;( b c ) 2 ;( c a ) 2
3
Bi 15. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng v k s thc tho mn iu kin
a
b
c
1
4k + 2k 1 0 ta lun c k +
k +
k +
k + .
b + c
c + a
a+b
2
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. Gi s c hai bt ng thc u sai khi
c 2 < a;
d2 < b
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c
c 2 + d 2 < a + b= 2cd ( c d ) < 0 v l.
2

Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc tho mn iu kin ac 2 ( b + d ) . Chng minh rng
t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc sau l sai a 2 < 4b; c 2 < 4d .
Bi 2. Gi s tt c cc bt ng thc trn u sai khi
a +b
2
b +c
2
2
b + c)
(
<
;
2
c + a)
(
<
;
c2 + a2 <
( a + b )2 .
2
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c
51
2 a +b +c
2
2
2
2
a + b) + (b + c ) + (c + a )
(
<
2 a +b +c
2
) < 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
(v l).
( a b) + (b c ) + (c a ) < 0
2
iu phn chng l sai do ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 3. Gi s tt c cc bt ng thc trn l ng khi
a ( 2 b ) > 1; b ( 2 c ) > 1; c ( 2 a ) > 1 .
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c a ( 2 a ) b ( 2 b ) c ( 2 c ) > 1 (1).

Ch .
0 < a ( 2 a ) = ( a 1) + 1 1
2
0 < b ( 2 b ) = ( b 1) + 1 1 .
2
0 < c ( 2 c ) = ( c 1) + 1 1
2
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c a ( 2 a ) b ( 2 b ) c ( 2 c ) 1 mu

thun vi (1).
Vy iu phn chng l sai(pcm).
Bi 4. Gi s tn ti mt s nh hn hoc bng 0 gi s l a khi do abc > 0 nn
a < 0; bc < 0 .
Khi ab + bc + ca= a ( b + c ) + bc > 0 a ( b + c ) > bc > 0 b + c < 0 .
Suy ra a + b + c < 0 mu thun vi gi thit. Vy iu phn chng l sai(pcm).
a 2 4b1 < 0
Bi 5. Gi s c hai phng trnh u v nghim khi 1
.
2
a2 4b2 < 0
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c 4 ( b1 + b2 ) > a12 + a22 .

Mt khc a12 + a22 2a1a2 4 ( b1 + b2 ) .
Suy ra 4 ( b1 + b2 ) > 4 ( b1 + b2 ) v l.
Bi 6. Gi s c ba phng trnh u v nghim khi
'1 = b 2 ac < 0
2
'2 = c ab < 0 .
2
'3 = a bc < 0
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca < 0

52
1
1
1
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 < 0 (v l).
2
2
2
Vy iu phn chng l sai ta c pcm.
Bi 7. Gi s khng c s no trong ba s f (0) , f (1) , f (1) ln hn hoc bng

1
1
1
< b < (1)

f (0) = b < 2
2
2
1
1
1
3
khi f (1) = a + b + 1 <
< a + b < (2) .
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
f (1) = a + b + 1 < 2
2 < a + b < 2 (3)
Cng theo v ca (2) v (3) ta c

1
3 < 2b < 1 b < mu thun vi (1).
2
4
Bi 8. Gi s tn ti mt s khng thuc on ;0 ta c th gi s l a khi
3
b + c =2 a
b + c =2 a
b + c =2 a
.
2
2
2
2 a2
( a + 1)2
( b + c ) 2bc =
b + c =2 a
bc =
4
2
2
2
Ch . ( b + c ) 4bc ( 2 a ) 4 ( a + 1) 3a 2 + 4a 0 a 0 mu thun.
3
Bi 9. Gi s ngc li a 2 + b 2 c 2 khi
2 a 2 + b 2 + ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) = ( a + b + c ) 0
2
(mu thun vi gi thit).

Bi 10. Gi s tt c cc bt ng thc trn l ng cng theo v ba bt ng thc
ta c 9 ( ab + bc + ca ) 3 ( a + b + c )
( a + b + c ) 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 0
2
1
1
1
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 0 a = b = c
2
2
2
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit ba s a,b,c i mt phn bit.
Vy iu phn chng l sai v bi ton c chng minh.
Bi 11. Gi s tt c cc bt ng thc l ng khi
53
a + b < c + d (1)
( a + b )( c + d ) < ab + cd (2) .
( a + b ) cd < ( c + d ) ab (3)
Nhn theo v ca (1) v (2) ta c
( a + b )2 ( c + d ) < ( c + d )( ab + cd ) ( a + b )2 < ab + cd
.
2
cd > a 2 + ab + b 2 = ( a b ) + 3ab 3ab cd > 3ab (4)
Nhn theo v ca (2) v (3) ta c
( a + b )2 cd ( c + d ) < ( c + d ) ab ( ab + cd )
2
( a + b ) cd < ( ab + cd ) ab ab ( ab + cd ) > 4abcd .
ab + cd > 4cd cd > 3ab (5)
T (4) v (5) ta c iu mu thun.

Vy phn chng l sai v ta c pcm.
1
1
Bi 12.
t x =
=
;y =
;z
1 + 8a
1 + 8b
D thy 0 < x, y, z <=
1 v a
1
1 + 8c
1 x2
1 y2
1 z2
.
=
;b =
;
c
8x
8 y2
8z 2
Do abc=1 nn ta c 83 x 2 y 2 z 2 =
(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )(1 z 2 ) .
Theo bi ta cn chng minh x + y + z 1 .
Gi s ngc li x + y + z < 1 .
Ta c:
1 x 2 > ( x + y + z )2 x 2 =( z + y )[( x + y ) + ( x + z )] 2( y + z ) ( x + y )( x + z > 0 .
Thit lp tng t vi hai biu thc cn li ta c

1 y 2 > 2( x + z ) ( y + z )( y + x) > 0
1 z 2 > 2( y + x) ( x + z )( z + y ) > 0
Nhn li theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c:

83 x 2 y 2 z 2 =(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )(1 z 2 ) > 8( x + z )2 ( y + x)2 ( z + y )2
.
8 xyz > ( x + y )( z + x)( y + z )
iu ny mu thun do theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c

( x + y )( z + x)( y + z ) 8 xyz .
Do ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 13. Gi s min{a b 2 ; b c 2 ; c d 2 ; d a 2 } >
54
1
.
4
Suy ra a + b + c + d (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 ) > 1 .
Mt khc:
(a + b + c + d )2
(a + b + c + d ) + 1 1
4
.
a+b+c+d
2
= (
1) 1 > 1
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 (a + b + c + d ) >
Suy ra a + b + c + d (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 ) < 1 nn iu gi s l sai .

Suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Bi 14. Gi s ngc li
a+b+c 3
abc > max ( a b ) 2 ;( b c ) 2 ;( c a ) 2
3
Suy ra a + b + c 3 3 abc > 2(a + b + c ab bc ca ) .

2 ab + 2 bc + 2 ca > a + b + c + 3 3 abc
i bin li x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3 xyz < 2 ( xy )3 + 2 ( yz )3 + 2 ( zx)3 .

Nhng theo bt ng thc Schur ta c:
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3 xyz xy ( x + y ) + yz ( y + z ) + zx( z + x)
2 ( xy )3 + 2 ( yz )3 + 2 ( zx)3
Suy ra mu thun, vy gi s sai, suy ra iu cn chng minh.

2a
2b
2c
Bi 15. t x=
, y=
,=
z
xy + yz + zx + xyz= 4 .
b+c
c+a
a+b
Ta c xyz 1; x + y + z xy + yz + zx .
Bt ng thc tr thnh: ( 2k + x )( 2k + y )( 2k + z ) ( 2k + 1)
4k 2 ( x + y + z ) + 2k ( xy + yz + zx ) + xyz 12k 2 + 6k + 1 .
Ta c 4k 2 ( x + y + z ) + 2k ( xy + yz + zx ) + xyz
4k 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 2k ( xy + yz + zx ) + xyz
=
( 4k
= 16k 2
) ( xy + yz + zx ) + xyz= ( 4k
+ 8k xyz ( 4k + 2k 1)
+ 2k
+ 2k ( 4 xyz ) + xyz
16k 2 + 8k 4k 2 2k + 1= 12k 2 + 6k + 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c
55
CH 3: K THUT QUY NP TON HC

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Gi s ta cn chng minh bt ng thc A(n) 0 vi A(n) l mt biu thc c
cha s nguyn dng n vi n n0 .
Ta thc hin chng minh bng quy np nh sau
Chng minh bt ng thc ng vi gi tr u tin ca n l n0 .
Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n= k > n0 tc A(k ) 0 .
Sau chng minh A(k + 1) 0 da vo A(k ) 0 .
Kt lun bt ng thc ng.
B. BI TP MU
V d 1. Cho n l s nguyn dng n 5. Chng minh rng 2n > n 2 .
Li gii
+ Vi n = 5;25 = 32 > 52 = 25 . Vy bt ng thc ng vi n = 5 .
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n= k > 5 tc 2k > k 2 .
Khi
2k +1 = 2.2k > 2k 2 =
( k + 1)2 + k 2 2k 1 = ( k + 1)2 + k ( k 5) + 3k 1 > ( k + 1)2 .
Vy bt ng thc ng vi n= k + 1 .
Theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp tng t
Cho n l s nguyn dng ln hn 1. Chng minh n n > ( n + 1)
n 1
Bi 2. Cho a,b l cc s thc khng m v n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng

n
a n + bn a + b
.
2
2
Li gii
+ Vi n = 1 bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc.
k
a k + bk a + b
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n= k > 1 tc
.
2
2
+ Ta cn chng minh
a k +1 + b k +1 a + b
2
2
k +1
Ch
k +1
a + b a k + bk
a+b
a + b a + b
.
.
=
2
2
2
2 2
56
a k +1 + b k +1 a + b a k + b k
.
a k +1 + b k +1 ab k + ba k
2
2
2
Vy ta chng minh
a a k bk + bk ( b a ) 0 ( a b ) a k bk 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng.

Vy theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch
khi a = b .
Tng qut vi n s thc khng m v m l mt s nguyn dng ta c
m
a1m + a2m + ... + anm a1 + a2 + ... + an
.
n
n
Bi 3. Cho s nguyn dng M > 3. Gi s x1 , x2 ,..., x2014 l cc s nguyn dng
sao cho x1.x2 .....x2014 = M . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

3
.
S = x13 + x23 + ... + x2014
Li gii
Ta chng minh vi n l s nguyn dng x1 , x2 ,..., xn tho mn iu kin
x1 x2 ...xn = M th x13 + x23 + ... + xn3 ( x1 x2 ...xn ) + n 1 .
3
V bi ton chnh l trng hp ring khi n bng 2014.

+ Vi n bng 1 bt ng thc chnh l hng ng thc.
)(
+ Vi n bng 2 ta c x13 1 x23 1 0 x13 + x23 1 + x13 x23 .

Vy bt ng thc ng vi n bng 1,2.
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n= k > 2 tc
x13 + x23 + ... + xk3 ( x1 x2 ...xk ) + k 1 (1).
3
Ta cn chng minh x13 + x23 + ... + xk3+1 ( x1 x2 ...xk +1 ) + k .

3
Do (1) nn ta ch cn chng minh xk3+1 + ( x1 x2 ...xk ) 1 + ( x1 x2 ...xk xk +1 )

3
) (( x x ...x ) 1) 0
xk3+1 1
1 2
Bt ng thc cui ng.

Theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca S bng M 3 + 2013 t ti mt s bng M v 2013 s
bng 1.
Bi 4. Cho n l s nguyn dng xk 1, k =
1, n. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
n
.
+
+ ... +
n
1 + x1 1 + x2
1 + xn 1 + x1 x2 ...xn
57
Li gii
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n= k > 1, tc
k
1
1
1
(1).
+
+ ... +
k
1 + x1 1 + x2
1 + xk 1 + x1 x2 ...xk
+ Ta cn chng minh
1
1
1
1
k +1
.
+
+ ... +
+
1 + x1 1 + x2
1 + xk 1 + xk +1 1 + k +1 x1 x2 ...xk +1
Do (1) nn ta ch cn chng minh
k
k +1
1
(2).
+
1 + k x1 x2 ...xk 1 + xk +1 1 + k +1 x1 x2 ...xk +1
Ch
k 1
1
+
1 + xk +1 1 + k +1 x1 x2 ...xk +1
k
1+
2k
k 1
( x1 x2 ...xk ) k +1 xkk++11
k
1+
k 1 2 k
x1 x2 ...xk k +1 xkk++11
k
1 + k x1 x2 ...xk
2k
1 + k +1 x1 x2 ...xk +1
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c (2). Tc bt ng thc ng vi

n= k + 1 .
Vy theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi
v ch khi x1= x2= ...= xn .
Bi 5. (VMO 2011) Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng x v s nguyn
dng n ta c
) x +1
x n x n +1 + 1
xn + 1
ng thc xy ra khi no?
2 n +1
Li gii
3
x x2 + 1
x +1
+ Vi n = 1 bt ng thc tr thnh

x +1
2
( x + 1) 8 x x 2 + 1 0 ( x 1) 0 .
4
Vy bt ng thc ng vi n = 1 .
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n = k tc
Ta cn chng minh
58
) x +1
x k x k +1 + 1
xk + 1
2 k +1
(1).
) x +1
x k +1 x k + 2 + 1
2 k +3
x k +1 + 1
2
Do (1) nn ta ch cn chng minh
k +1
k +1 k + 2
2 k
x
+1
x +1 x x +1 x
k
k
+
1
x +1
x +1
2
( x + 1) x k x k +1 + 1 4 x k + 1 x k +1 x k + 2 + 1 0 .
2
( x 1)
(x
k +1
1 0
Bt ng thc lun ng. Vy theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1 .
kt thc ti trnh by li gii chng minh bt ng thc AM GM bng
quy np.
Bi 6. (BT AM GM ) Cho a 1 , a 2 , , a n l cc s thc khng m.
Chng minh rng ta lun c a1 + a2 + ... + an n n a1a2 ...an
Li gii
C s quy np vi n = 1, 2 c kim tra d dng.
Gi s bt ng thc c chng minh cho n s.
Xt n+1 s khng m a 1 , a 2 , , a n+1 . t a 1 a 2 a n+1 = An+1. Nu tt c cc s
bng nhau th bt ng thc ng.
Trong trng hp ngc li, phi tn ti hai s a i , a j sao cho a i < A < a j .
Khng mt tnh tng qut, c th gi s a n < A < a n+1 .
Khi ta c (a n A)(a n+1 A) < 0, suy ra a n + a n+1 > a n a n+1 /A + A.
T ta c a 1 + a 2 + + a n + a n+1 > a 1 + + a n-1 + a n a n+1 /A + A (1)
By gi p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho n s a 1 + + a n-1 + a n a n+1 /A ta
c a1 + a2 + ... + an 1 + an n n a1a2 ...an 1
an an +1
nA .
=
A
Kt hp vi (1) ta c iu phi chng minh.

C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic vung c c l cnh huyn. Chng
minh a 2 n + b 2 n c 2 n vi mi s nguyn dng n.
Bi 2. Cho n s thc khng m x1 , x2 ,..., xn tho mn iu kin
2 ( x1 + x2 + ... + xn ) 1 .
59
1
.
2
Bi 3. Chng minh rng vi n s nguyn dng phn bit ta c
Chng minh rng (1 x1 )(1 x2 ) ... (1 xn )
a13 + a23 + ... + an3 ( a1 + a2 + ... + an ) .

2
Bi 4. Cho x 1 , x 2 , , x n l cc s thc thuc [0, 1]. Chng minh rng

x 1 (1-x 2 ) + x 2 (1-x 3 ) + + x n (1-x 1 ) [n/2]
Bi 5. Cho n 2 v x 1 , x 2 , , x n l n s nguyn phn bit.
Chng minh rng (x 1 -x 2 )2 + (x 2 -x 3 )2 + + (x n x 1 )2 4n 6
Bi 6. Chng minh rng vi x 1 x 2 x n 0 ta c bt ng thc
n
xi
xi2
=i 1 =i 1
Bi 7. Chng minh rng nu a 1 , a 2 , , a n l cc s nguyn dng phn bit th ta

2
n 3
7
5
bt ng thc
(ai + ai ) 2 ai
=i 1 =
i 1
n
Bi 8. (Bt ng thc Mc-Lauflin) Vi mi s thc a 1 , a 2 , , a 2n v b 1 , b 2 , , b 2n

ta c bt ng
2n
n
thc
ak2 bk2 (a2 k b2 k 1
=
=
k 1=
k 1
k 1
2n
2n
a2 k 1b2 k ) ak bk .
=
k 1
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. Vi n = 1 bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc.
Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n= k > 1 tc a 2 k + b 2 k c 2 k (1).
2 k +1
2 k +1
2 k +1
Ta cn chng minh a ( ) + b ( ) c ( ) .
2 k +1
2 k +1
Ch do c (1) nn ta ch cn chng minh c 2 a 2 k + b 2 k a ( ) + b ( )
)(
2 k +1
2 k +1
a 2 + b 2 a 2 k + b 2 k a ( ) + b ( ) a 2b 2 k + b 2 a 2 k 0 .
Bt ng thc. Vy theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh.

CH 4: K THUT MIN GI TR
A. GII THIU
Phng php ny kh c bn v thng c s dng trong cc bi ton tm
cc tr vi cc bt ng thc c dng: a f ( x) b vi x D .
60
Nguyn tc chung l a v tm iu kin phng trnh m = f ( x) c nghim

trn D.
Trong trng hp c nhiu bin ta cn a v phng trnh vi mt bin hoc
a v h phng trnh nu c.
B. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
1) Tm min gi tr bng cch xt iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai
Mt phng trnh bc hai c dng: Ax 2 + Bx + C =
0 vi A 0 .
iu kin phng trnh c nghim l:
= B 2 4 AC 0 .
V vy cn tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca mt biu thc
m = f ( x, y , z ) .
Ta bin i tng ng m a v mt phng trnh bc ca x hoc y hoc
ca z.
Khi s dng iu kin c nghim ta tm c Max v Min ca m.
3
x y + z =
.
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin 2
2
2
5
x + y + z =
x+ y2
.
z+2
Li gii
Trong biu thc ca P c z khc so vi x v y do vy ta tm cch rt x + y theo
z v a v phng trnh bc hai i vi z. Vic tm Max v Min ca P ta chn
bng iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh bc hai i vi z.
Ta c ( z + 2 ) P = x + y 2 ( z + 2 ) P + 2 =
2
( x + y )2 .
Ch
x y =3 z
x y = 3 z
3z 2 + 6 z + 1 .
2
1
2 1
2
2 ( x + y) =
2
2
x
y
x
y
5
z
+
+
=
)
(
)
x + y =5 z
2 (
2
V vy
( z + 2 ) P + 2 =3 z 2 + 6 z + 1
2
( z + 2 ) P 2 + 4 ( z + 2 ) P + 3z 2 6 z + 3 =
0
2
P 2 + 3 z 2 + 4 P 2 + 4 P 6 z + 4 P 2 + 8P + 3 =
0 (1)
Ta c (1) l phng trnh bc hai i vi z iu kin c nghim l
61
=
'
( 2P
+ 2P 3
) (P
2
)(
+ 3 4 P 2 + 8P + 3 0
36
P0
23
+ Vi=
x 2,=
y 0,=
z 1 ta c P bng 0. Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 0.
23P 2 + 36 P 0
20
66
7
+ Vi x =
,y=
, z =th P bng -36/23. Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng
31
31
31
36
.
23
Bi tp tng t
3
x y + z =
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin 2
.
2
2
5
x + y + z =
x + y 1
.
z+2
3 2 3
3+ 2 3
.
P
3
3
2) K thut s dng iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh lng gic
Phng trnh dng: A sin x + B cos x =
C
p s:
c nghim khi v ch khi A2 + B 2 C 2 .

V d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x ta c
2 cos x + 2sin x + 3
2.
11 2cos x sin x + 4
Li gii
t y=
cos x + 2sin x + 3
y ( 2cos x sin x + 4 )= cos x + 2sin x + 3 .
2cos x sin x + 4
( 2 y 1) cos x ( y + 2 ) sin x =3 4 y (1) .
( 2 y 1)2 + ( y + 2 )2 ( 3 4 y )2
iu kin (1) c nghim l
11 y 2 24 y + 4 0
2
y2
11
Bi ton c chng minh.

3) K thut iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh - h phng trnh
Thay v tm trc tip Max v Min ca biu thc ta a v tm iu kin c
nghim ca h phng trnh.
V d 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc tho mn iu kin
(x
62
y 2 + 1 + 4 x2 y 2 x2 y 2 =
0.
Chng minh rng
3 5
3+ 5
.
x2 + y 2
2
2
Li gii
t m
= x 2 + y 2 . Ta cn tm Max v Min ca m.
Thay v i chng minh trc tip ta tm iu kin h phng trnh sau c
m
= x2 + y 2
nghim
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
0
x y + 1 + 4 x y x y =
m
= x2 + y 2
4
4
2
2
2 2
0
x + y + x 3 y + 2 x y + 1 =
m
= x2 + y 2
2
2 2
3 x2 + y 2 + 4 x2 + 1 =
0
x + y
2
m 2 3m + 1
x
=
= x2 + y 2
m
2
2
2
m + 1 + 4x 0 2 m + m + 1
m 3=
y =
4
iu kin h phng trnh c nghim l
m 2 3m + 1
0
3 5
3+ 5
4
.
m
2
2
2
m + m +1
0
4
3 5
3+ 5
.
x2 + y 2
2
2
Bi tp tng t
V vy
Cho x,y l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x, y 1;4 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2= 18 xy 16 .

Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
p s: Pmin =16
2 x+ y
x2 + x + y 2 + y + 5 + x + y
17 4 ; Pmax = 64
37 6 .
V d 2. Cho x,y l cc s thc thay i tho mn iu kin

x + y =
2
2x + 1 + 2 y + 1 .
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P

=
( x y )2 .
63
Li gii
u2 1
x
=
2x + 1
2 .
, ( u, v 0 )
2
2y +1
v 1
y = 2
u
=
t
=
v
iu kin bi ton tr thnh
u 2 + v2 2
2 = u + v u 2 + v2 6 = 2 (u + v )
2
( u + v ) 2 ( u + v ) 2uv 6 =
0.
2
2
u 2 v2
u 2 1 v2 1
Khi P =
=
2
2
4
( u + v )2 4uv ( u + v )2
=
4
4
( u v )2 ( u + v )2
( u + v )2 2 ( u + v ) 2uv 6 =
0 (1)
.
Vy ta c h phng trnh
( u + v )2 4uv ( u + v )2
P=
(2)
4
1
2
2
T (1) ta c 2uv = ( u + v ) 2 ( u + v ) 6 ( u + v )
2
( u + v ) 4 ( u + v ) 12 0 2 u + v 6 .
2
Ch u + =
v
2( x + y) + 2 + 2
( 2 x + 1)( 2 y + 1)
V vy ta c t = u + v 6;6 .
Khi
{(u + v )
P=
2( x + y) + 2 6 .
2
2
2 ( u + v ) 2 ( u + v ) 6 ( u + v )
4
( u + v )2 + 4 ( u + v ) + 12 ( u + v )2 t 2 t 2 + 4t + 12
=
4
4
2
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t 2 t 2 + 4t + 12
4
) lin tc trn on
t 6;6
f '(t )= t t 2 + 3t + 6 ; f '(t )= 0
t=
64
6;6 ta c
3 + 33
.
2
3 + 33 3 69 + 11 33
Ta c f ( 6) =
9 + 6 6; f
; f (6) =
0.
=
2
8
3 + 33 3 69 + 11 33
.
V vy P=
f=
f
=
max
max
8
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
3 + 33
7 + 33
=
=
u + v
x + y
2
2
3 + 33
x + y 2 3 + 33
2=
=
x +1 + 2y +1
2
2
14 + 2 33 414 + 66 33
14 + 2 33 + 414 + 66 33
x =
,y
8
8
+ 2 33 + 414 + 66 33
14 + 2 33 414 + 66 33
x 14
=
,y
8
8
3 69 + 11 33
).
8
V d 3. (TSH Khi A 2006) Cho x,y l 2 s thc v x 0, y 0 tha mn iu
kin xy ( x + y ) = x 2 + y 2 xy .
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc =
A
1
x
1
y3
Li gii
u
x + y =
Nhn thy x, y i xng nn t:
.
x. y = v
Gi thit bi ton tr thnh: u.v = u 2 3v v =

Ta c
1
x3
1
y3
x3 + y 3
V u 2 4v u 2
( xy )3
u (u 2 3v)
v3
u2
(do u 3 )
u+3
u +3
= 2 =
v
u
u2
u 1
4u 2
4
u 1
.
1
0
u+3
u+3
u+3
u 3
Ch tm Max ca A ta ch cn xt vi
Max ca A bng 16 vy :
u+3
> 0 nn ta ch cn chng minh
u
u+3
4 vi u 1 hoc u 3 .
u
65
3
u+3
f(u) = 2 < 0
u
u
Trn mi khong ( ; 3 ) v [1; +) do f(u) f(1); u 1 .
Xt hm s f(u) =
Cn 0 < f(-3) < f(u) <1, u > -3.

Vy gi tr ln nht ca A bng 16.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
1 2sin x + cos x + 1
Bi 1. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x ta c
2.
2 sin x 2cos x + 3
Bi 2. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x v y ta c
2
3y2 + 2 + 2 3y2 + 1
cos3 x + y sin 3 x + 1
.

cos3 x + 2
9
Bi 3. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x,y tho mn iu kin
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
5
2
2
x y=
+
3.
4
2
2
Chng minh rng
5 5
5+ 5
.
x2 + y 2
2
2
Bi 4. Cho x,y l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x 2 + xy + y 2 3 .

Chng minh rng 4 3 3 x 2 xy 3 y 2 4 3 3 .
3
x + y + z =
Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin 2
.
2
2
5
x + y + z =
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
x y+3
.
z+2
Bi 6. Cho x,y l hai s thc thay i tho mn iu kin

Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
2x + 3 + y + 3 =
4.
x+2 + y+9 .
D. HNG DN GII P S
2sin x + cos x + 1
Bi 1. t y =
( 2 y ) sin x + ( 2 y + 1) cos x = 3 y 1 .
sin x 2cos x + 3
iu kin phng trnh c nghim l: ( 2 y ) + ( 2 y + 1) ( 3 y 1)
2
1
4 y2 6 y 4 0 y 2 .
2
Bi ton c chng minh.
66
cos3 x + y sin 3 x + 1
Bi 2. t m =
( m 1) cos3 x y sin 3 x =
1 2m .
cos3 x + 2
iu kin phng trnh c nghim l ( m 1) + y 2 (1 2m )

2
3m 2 2m y 2 0
1 3y2 + 1
1 + 3y2 + 1
.
m
3
3
2
1 + 3y2 + 1
1 + 3y2 + 1
3y2 + 2 + 2 3y2 + 1
=
Suy ra m
.
m2
3
3
9
Bi ton c chng minh.
2
m 2 5m + 5
x
=
4
.
Bi 3. Tm c:
2
2 m m+5
y =
4
iu kin h phng trnh c nghim l:
m 2 5m + 5
0
5 5
5+ 5
4
.
m 2 5m + 5 0
m
2
2
2
m m + 5
0
4
Bi ton c chng minh.
Bi 4. Nu y = 0 bt ng thc lun ng.
Xt vi =
y 0 t m
x 2 xy 3 y 2 t 2 t 3
.
=
x 2 + xy + y 2 t 2 + t + 1
Suy ra m t 2 + t + 1 = t 2 t 3 ( m 1) t 2 + ( m + 1) t + m + 3 = 0 .
iu kin phng trnh c nghim l =
3m 2 6m 13 0
( m + 1)2 4 ( m 1)( m + 3) 0
3 4 3
3 + 4 3
.
m
3
3
Ch do 0 < x 2 + xy + y 2 3 4 3 3 x 2 xy 3 y 2 4 3 3 .
Bi ton c chng minh.
5
x + y =
Bi 5. Ch z 2 v ngc li ta c 2
v nghim.
2
1
x + y =
Khi ( z + 2 ) P = x y + 3 ( z + 2 ) P 3 = x y .
T h iu kin ta c
67
x + y =3 z
x + y = 3 z
2
1
3z 2 + 6 z + 1 .
2
2 1
2
2 ( x y) =
2
2
x
y
x
y
5
z
+
+
=
(
)
(
)
x + y =5 z
2
2
Khi ( z + 2 ) P 3 =3 z 2 + 6 z + 1
2
( z + 2 ) P 2 6 ( z + 2 ) P + 3z 2 6 z + 8 =
0
2
P 2 + 3 z 2 + 4 P 2 6 P 6 z + 4 P 2 12 P + 8 =
0
iu kin phng trnh c nghim l
( 4P
3P 3
) (P
2
23P 2 54 P + 15 0
V vy Pmin
=
)(
+ 3 4 P 2 12 P + 8 0
27 8 6
27 + 8 6
P
23
23
27 8 6
27 + 8 6
.
=
; Pmax
23
23
2
3 10
Bi 6. Thc hin tng t bi tp mu: Pmax =
+ 22; Pmin = .
2
2
CH 5: K THUT S DNG NGUYN L DIRICLE
BI TP MU
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + y + z + 1 =
4 xyz .
Chng minh rng xy + yz + zx x + y + z .
Li gii
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti 2 trong 3 s ( x 1),( y 1),( z 1) cng du,
khng mt tnh tng qut gi s ( x 1)( y 1) 0 xy x + y 1 .
xy + yz + zx x + y 1 + yz + zx .
Vy ta cn chng minh x + y 1 + yz + zx x + y + z z ( x + y 1) 1 .
Theo gi thit ta c z =
x + y +1
.
4 xy 1
Vy ta chng minh
x + y +1
2
2
. ( x + y 1) 1 ( x + y ) 1 4 xy 1 ( x y ) 0 .
4 xy 1
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
68
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c + abc =
4.
Chng minh rng a + b + c ab + bc + ca .
3.
)(
)(
Chng minh rng 1 a + a 2 1 b + b 2 1 c + c 2 1 .

Li gii
Trong ba s 1 a,1 b v 1 c lun tn ti hai s cng du khng mt tnh tng
qut gi s hai s l 1 b v 1 c suy ra (1 b )(1 c ) 0 .
)(
) (b
Khi 1 b + b 2 1 c + c 2 =
)(
b c2 c + b2 + c2 b c + 1
= bc ( b 1)( c 1) + b 2 + c 2 b c + 1
b2 + c2 b c + 1
1
( b + c )2 ( b + c ) + 1
2
1
a 2 4a + 5
( 3 a )2 ( 3 a ) +=1
2
2
V vy bt ng thc c chng minh nu ta chng minh c
=
(1 a + a ). a
4a + 5
2
1 ( a 1) a 2 3a + 3 0 (lun ng).
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
Nhn xt. Ngoi ra bi ton c th gii bng k thut dn bin xem chng 4.
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin
2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xyz =
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = xy + yz + zx 2 xyz .

Li gii
Trong 3 s (2 x 1),(2 y 1),(2 z 1) lun tn ti hai s cng du, khng mt tnh
z
tng qut gi s ( 2 x 1)( 2 y 1) 0 2 ( x + y ) 4 xy 1 z ( x + y ) 2 xyz .
2
1 z
.
Ch 1 z 2= 2 xyz + x 2 + y 2 2 xy + 2 xyz= 2 xy ( z + 1) xy
2
1 z z 1
V vy P
+ =.
2
2 2
1
1
1
th P bng . Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng .
Vi x= y= z=
2
2
2
69
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc =
4.
Chng minh rng ab + bc + ca abc 2 .
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1.
1
1
1
2
Chng minh rng
+
+
+
1.
2
2
2
( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1) ( x + 1)( y + 1)( z + 1)
Li gii
Trong ba s ( x 1),( y 1),( z 1) lun c hai s cng du, khng mt tnh tng
qut gi s ( x 1)( y 1) 0 xy + 1 x + y 2 ( xy + 1) ( x + 1)( y + 1) .
S dng bt ng thc
( x + 1)
( y + 1)
1
.
1 + xy
Chng minh xem chng 3.

1
1
1
z
1
z
Suy ra VT
+
+
= +
+
=
1.
2
2
1 + xy ( z + 1)
(1 + xy )(1 + z ) 1 + z ( z + 1) (1 + z )2
1
abc + 2 +
( a 1)2 + ( b 1)2 + ( c 1)2 a + b + c .
2
Li gii
Lun tn ti hai trong ba s (a 1),(b 1),(c 1) cng du, khng mt tnh tng
qut gi s ( a 1)( b 1) 0 ab a + b 1 .
Khi ta ch cn chng minh
1
c ( a + b 1) + 2 +
( a 1)2 + ( b 1)2 + ( c 1)2 a + b + c
2
( a 1) + ( b 1) + ( c 1) 2 ( a + b 2 )( c 1)
2
S dng bt ng thc C S v bt ng thc AM GM ta c
( a 1) + ( b 1) + ( c 1)
2
( a + b 2 )2 +
2
( c 1) 2
2
( a + b 2 )2 .
2 ( a + b 2 )( c 1) 2 ( a + b 2 )( c 1)
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m chng minh

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc + 1 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
70
( c 1)2
Li gii
Bi ton c trnh by trong ch K thut s dng tam thc bc hai.
Di y l li gii tip cn theo nguyn l Dircihlet.
Lun tn ti 2 trong 3 s ( a 1) , ( b 1) , ( c 1) cng du, khng mt tnh tng
qut ta gi s ( a 1)( b 1) 0 2c ( a 1)( b 1) 0 2abc 2 ( ac + bc c ) .

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 1 + 2 ( ac + bc c ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
( a b ) + ( c 1) 0
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .

Bi ton tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m chng minh
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a 2b 2 c 2 + 2 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc =

4.
Chng minh rng abc ab + bc + ca abc + 2 .
Li gii
Bt ng thc v tri n gin bi trong 3 s c t nht mt s khng vt qu 1
gi s l c khi ab + bc + ca abc= ab (1 c ) + c ( a + b ) 0 .
ng thc xy ra chng hn ti a= 2, b= c= 0 .
Ta chng minh bt ng thc v phi:
Trong ba s (a 1),(b 1),(c 1) lun c hai s cng du, khng mt tnh tng
qut gi s ( a 1)( b 1) 0 ab a + b 1 abc c ( a + b 1) .
Vy ta chng minh c ( a + b 1) + 2 ab + bc + ca ab 2 c .
Ch 4 = (a 2 + b 2 ) + c 2 + abc 2ab + c 2 + abc ab 2 c .
Bi 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1.
1
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
+
1.
2
2
2
(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) a + b + c + 1
Li gii
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet th 2 trong 3 s ( a 1) , ( b 1) , ( c 1) cng du, khng
mt tnh tng qut ta gi s ( a 1)( b 1) 0 1 + ab
=
Ch .
(1 + a )
(1 + b )
c +1
a +b.
c
1
c
.
=
1 + ab c + 1
71
1
1
c
1.
+
+
=
2
c +1
c + 1 ( c + 1)
+ c +1
c
Gi P l biu thc v tri ta c P
A. BI TP RN LUYN
1
1
1
1
.
+ 2
+ 2
=
2
a + 8 4b + 8 9c + 8 3
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =a + 2b + 3c .
B. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. n gin t=
x a=
, y 2b=
, z 3c ta c
1
x +8
2
1
y +8
2
1
.
=
z +8 3
2
Ta cn Max v Min ca P = x + y + z .
Theo gi thit kt hp s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
1
1
1
1
1
= 2
+ 2
2
6
6
x +8
y +8
z +8
=
y2 + 2
6 y2 + 8
z2 + 2
) 6( z
+8
1
3
y2 + 2 z2 + 2
.
y2 + 8 z2 + 8
Tng t ta c
1
y2 + 8
1 x2 + 2 z 2 + 2
1
1
. 2
; 2
2
3 x +8 z +8 z +8 3
y 2 + 2 x2 + 2
.
y 2 + 8 x2 + 8
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c:
(x
)( )
Mt khc ( x + 2 )( y + 2 )( z
2
)(
+ 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 2 27 (1).
2
+ 2 3 ( x + y + z ) (2).
2
Tht vy bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
x 2 y 2 z 2 + 2 x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 8 6 ( xy + yz + zx ) .
Trong ba s ( x 2 1),( y 2 1),( z 2 1) lun c hai s cng du, khng mt tnh

tng qut gi s
( x 1)( y 1) 0 x
2
72
y x2 + y 2 1 x2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x2 + y 2 1 .
2 2
Do ta ch cn chng minh
z 2 x 2 + y 2 1 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 8 6 ( xy + yz + zx )
( x y ) + 3 ( yz 1) + 2 ( xy 1) + 3 ( xz 1) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui ng suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c
( x + y + z )2 9 3 x + y + z 3 .
1
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng -3 t ti a =
1, b =
,c =
.
2
3
1
1
Gi tr ln nht ca P bng 3 t ti =
.
a 1,=
b
=
,c
2
3
CH 6: K THUT S DNG TAM THC BC HAI

Cc tnh cht v nghim v du ca tam thc bc hai c mt ng dng ht sc
su rng trong gii ton. Di y ti trnh by mt ng dng ca tam thc bc hi
trong chng minh bt ng thc. Bt ng thc tip cn bng phng php ny c
th ni l rt t nhin.
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP

Xt tam thc bc hai f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c .
nh l 1. Nu a > 0 th f(x) t gi tr nh nht ti x0 =
f ( x0 ) =
b 2 4ac
.
4a
nh l 2. Nu a < 0 th f(x) t gi tr ln nht ti x0 =

f ( x0 ) =
b
v gi tr nh nht
2a
b
v gi tr ln nht
2a
b 2 4ac
.
4a
nh l 3. Nu = b 2 4ac 0 th f(x) lun c nghim.

a > 0
nh l 4. Nu
th f ( x) 0 vi mi x.
2
= b 4ac 0
a < 0
nh l 5. Nu
th f ( x) 0 vi mi x.
2
= b 4ac 0
73
B. BI TP MU
Bi 1. Chng minh rng vi x,y,z l cc s thc c tng bng 1 ta c
( 3x + 4 y + 5 z )2 44 ( xy + yz + zx ) .
Li gii
Thay z =1 x y bt ng thc tr thnh:
( 3x + 4 y + 5 5 x 5 y )2 44 xy + 44 ( x + y )(1 x y )
48 x 2 + 16 x ( 3 y 4 ) + 45 y 2 54 y + 25 0
V tri l tam thc bc hai ca x vi h s ca x 2 dng v c
'x =
64 ( 3 y 4 ) 48 45 y 2 54 y + 25 =
176 ( 3 y 1) 0 .
2
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

1
1
1
.
=
x =
,y =
,z
2
3
6
Cch 2: Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
9 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 25 z 2 20 xy + 4 yz + 14 zx .
S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
5
5
4 x 2 + 9 y 2 2. 4 x 2 .9 y 2 20 xy
3
3
7
7
4 x 2 + 36 z 2 2.
4 x 2 .36 z 2 14 xz
12
12
y 2 + 4 z 2 2 y 2 .4 z 2 4 yz
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm. Nh vy khng cn gi thit bi

ton ba s c tng bng 1(Xem thm ch k thut tham s ho Chng 2).
Bi 2. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a v b ta lun c
)(
) (
3 1 a + a 2 1 b + b 2 2 1 ab + a 2b 2 .
Li gii
Vit li bt ng thc di dng:
(a
3a + 3 b 2 3a 2 5a + 3 b + 3a 2 3a + 1 0 .
V tri l tam thc bc hai ca b c a 2 3a + 3 > 0, a v
b =
3a 2 5a + 3
)(
) (
Do v tri lun khng m. Bi ton c chng minh.
74
4 a 2 3a + 3 3a 2 3a + 1 =
a 2 3a + 1 0, a
a 2 3a + 1 =
0
3 5
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
.
3a 5a + 3 a = b =
b
=
2
2 a 2 3a + 3
Bi tp tng t
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a,b,c,d ta c
3(a 2 ab + b 2 )(c 2 cd + d 2 ) 2(c 2 a 2 abcd + b 2 d 2 ) .
Ta cng xt mt s bi ton cng dng sau y
Bi 2.1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
)(
)(
3 1 a + a 2 1 b + b 2 1 c + c 2 1 + abc + a 2b 2 c 2 .
Li gii
)(
)
Suy ra 2 (1 a + a )(1 b + b ) 1 + a b
Ta c 2 1 a + a 2 1 b + b 2 =1 + a 2b 2 + ( a b ) + (1 a ) (1 b ) .
2
2 2
)(
Do ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc sau
) (
3 1 + a 2b 2 1 c + c 2 2 1 + abc + a 2b 2 c 2 .
3 + a 2b 2 c 2 3 + 2ab + 3a 2b 2 c + 1 + 3a 2b 2 0 .
Coi v tri l tam thc bc hai ca c c h s ca c 2 dng v
= 3 + 2ab + 3a 2b 2
)(
4 3 + a 2b 2 1 + 3a 2b 2 = 3 (1 ab ) 0 .
4
Do v tri lun khng m.

Bi ton c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 2.2. Cho x v y l hai s thc khng cng dng ta lun c
)(
4 2
x x + 1 y 2 y + 1 x 2 y 2 xy + 1 .
3
Li gii
Theo gi thit trong hai s lun c mt s khng dng khng mt tnh tng
qut ta gi s y 0 khi vit li bt ng thc di dng:
( y 2 )2 x 2 ( 4 y 2 7 y + 4 ) x + (1 2 y )2 0 .
Coi v tri l tam thc bc hai ca x ta c
=
(4y
7y + 4
4 ( y 2 ) (1 2 =
y)
y 24 y 2 51 y + 24 0, y 0 .
2
75
Bi ton c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi=

x
1
=
, y 0 hoc
2
1
.
2
M rng bi ton cho 3 bin ta c kt qu
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng cng dng ta lun c
16 2
x x + 1 y 2 y + 1 z 2 z + 1 1 xyz + x 2 y 2 z 2 .
9
=
x 0,=
y
)(
)(
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

2.
Chng minh rng: 1 + 2abc ab + bc + ac .
Li gii
2
.
3
Khi t S =+
a b, P =
ab theo gi thit bi ton ta c
Gi s c max {a, b, c} c
=
S 2 2 P + c 2 =2 P =
Ta cn chng minh 1 + 2c.
S 2 + c2 2
.
2
S 2 + c2 2 S 2 + c2 2
+ c.S
2
2
( 2c 1) S 2 2cS + 2c3 c 2 4c + 4 0
V tri l tam thc bc hai vi h s dng do vy ta ch cn chng minh
(
4 ( c 1) ( c
'S = c 2 ( 2c 1) 2c3 c 2 4c + 4 0
2
+ c 1 0
2
.
3
hoc cc hon v.
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do c
Bi tp tng t
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) =1 + 4abc .
Chng minh rng: a + b + c 1 + abc .
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m thay i tha mn iu kin
a+b+c =
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = a ( b c ) + b ( c a ) + c ( a b ) .
4
76
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c, khi
P = a ( b c ) + b ( c a ) + c ( a b ) a ( b + c ) + ba 4 + ca 4
4
= a ( b + c ) + a 4 ( b + c ) = a ( b + c ) ( b + c ) + a 3
3
= a ( b + c ) ( a + b + c ) 3a ( b + c )( a + b + c )
=a ( b + c ) (1 3a ( b + c ) ) =3 a ( b + c ) + a ( b + c )
2
1
1
1
=
3 a ( b + c ) +
6 12 12
1
3+ 6
3 6
t
ti a =
=
,b =
, c 0 hoc
12
6
6
cc hon v.
Ch . Ta c bt ng thc mnh hn nh sau
a (b + c ) + b (c + a ) + c ( a + b)
4
1
( a + b + c )4
12
Bi 5. Cho cc s thc thay i x,y,z tha mn iu kin

x2 + y 2 + z 2 +
16
xy =
3.
25

3 2
5
( x + y 2 ) + z 2 + xy 10( xy + yz + zx) .
5
6
Li gii
Nhn xt. Trc ht ta cha quan tm n iu kin ca x,y,z m n tnh
cht i xng ca x v y trong iu kin cng nh biu thc ca P nn ta s dng
P=
( x + y )2
.
2
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
3
5
P ( x + y ) 2 + z 2 + xy 10( xy + yz + zx)
10
6
3
5
2
( x + y )2 . z 2 + xy 10 ( xy + yz + zx )
10
6
nh gi: x 2 + y 2
= ( x + y ) z + xy 10( xy + yz + zx) xy + yz + zx 10( xy + yz + zx )
Mt nh gi d nhn ra l a v tam thc bc 2:

77
2
5 5
5
xy + yz + zx 10 ( xy + yz + zx =
) xy + yz + zx .
2
2
2

5
xy + yz + zx =
2
5
5
2
3
,y=
,z =
x =
x
y
=
17
34
34
16
5
5
2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 +
xy =
3=
x =
,y =
,z 3
25
17
34
34
z ( x + y) 0
5
5
2
5
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti
hoc
,y=
,z =
3
17
2
34
34
=
x
5
=
,y
34
5
2
.
=
,z 3
17
34
Bi 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

3.
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = xy + yz + 2 yz .
Li gii
Ta tm gi tr nh nht ca P
Xut pht t bt ng thc c bn:
( x + y + z )2 0 xy + yz + zx
x2 + y 2 + z 2
3
= .
2
2
3
3 x2 + z 2
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2

= 3 .
Suy ra P = ( xy + yz + zx ) + zx + zx
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
x + y + z =
0
0, z =
,y=
x =
2
2
2
2
2
.
=
3
x + y + z
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
, y = 0, z =
x =
x +z
x +y +z
3
xz =
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
hoc
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 3 t ti x =
, y=
0, z =
2
2
3
3
.
, y = 0, z =
2
2
Cch 2: Vit li biu thc P di dng
x=
P + 3 = ( x + z ) + y ( x + z ) + y 2 ( x + z ) + y ( x + z ) + y 2 P 3 = 0 (1) .
2
78
Coi (1) l phng trnh bc 2 vi n l ( x + z ) ta c iu kin c nghim ca
phng trnh l ( x + z=
y 2 4 y 2 P 3 0 P 3 +
)
3y2
3 .
4
y = 0
3
3
0, z =
,y=
x =
y
2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x + z = =0

.
2
3
3
, y = 0, z =
x =
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
3
2
2
Ta c kt qu tng t cch trn.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca P
Ta tm s thc k > 0 nh nht sao cho P = xy + yz + 2 zx k x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ng

vi mi x,y,z v x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Khi gi tr ln nht ca P bng 3k.
Vit li bt ng thc trn di dng: ky 2 y ( x + z ) + kx 2 + kz 2 2 xz 0 .
y l mt tam thc bc hai vi h s ca y 2 dng nn ta ch cn tm k sao
cho y 0 .
Tc
( x + z )2 4k ( kx 2 + kz 2 2 xz ) 0 (1 4k 2 )( x 2 + z 2 ) + 2 xz (1 + 4k ) 0, x, z .
y l mt bt ng thc i xng vi x v z nn ta chn x= z= 1 .
1 3
k
2 .
Suy ra 1 4k 2 + 1 + 4k 0 2k 2 2k 1 0
1+ 3
k
2
Vy=
k
3 1+ 3
1+ 3
.
P
2
2
3+ 3
3 3
.
, y=
4
2
Nhn xt. Ngoi li gii bng tam thc bc hai nh trn ta c th s dng k thut
tham s ha hoc s dng C S.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= z=
1
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on ;3 . Chng minh
3
a
b
c
7
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a 5
79
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c} .
( 3a 2b ) c 2 ( 2a 2 ab 3b2 ) c + 3a 2b 2ab2 0 .
V 3a 2b > 0 ta ch cn chng minh
( 2a
ab 3b 2
4 ( 3a 2b ) 3a 2b 2ab 2 0
( a b )( a 9b ) 4a 2 + b 2 0
1
Bt ng thc cui ng do a b 0; a 9b 3 9. =
0.
3
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi=

a 3,=
b
1
=
, c 1.
3
Nhn xt. Bng cch tng t ta chng minh c

a
b
c
8
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a 5
Ngoi ra c th a v xt tnh n iu ca hm s (Xem chng 3).
Bi tp tng t
(TSH Khi A 2011) Cho cc s x, y, z [1;4] tha mn iu kin

x y, x z .
x
y
z
.
+
+
2x + 3y y + z z + x
HD: Chng minh Pmin =
34
.
33
Bi 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m.

Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc + 1 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
Li gii
Vit li bt ng thc di dng: a 2 + 2 ( bc b c ) a + ( b c ) + 1 0 .
2
Coi v tri bt ng thc trn l tam thc bc hai ca a ta c:

'a = ( bc b c ) ( b c ) 1 = bc ( b 2 )( c 2 ) 1 .
2
TH1: Nu bc b c 0 ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

TH2: Nu bc b c 0 ( b 1)( c 1) 1 ta xt hai kh nng sau:
Kh nng 1. Nu ( b 2 )( c 2 ) 0 'a 1 ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
80
b, c 2
Kh nng 2. Nu ( b 2 )( c 2 ) 0
v ( b 1)( c 1) 1 nn b, c 2
b, c 2
khi s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
2
b+ 2b c+ 2c
'a= b ( 2 b ) .c ( 2 c ) 1
.
1= 0, ta c iu phi
2
2
chng minh.
Ch . Xem thm li gii bng Nguyn l Dirichlet trong ch tng ng.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2abc 1 0 .

Chng minh rng a b + b c + c a a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2abc 1 .
Bi 9. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x + y + z = xy + yz + zx .
Chng minh rng
x
x +1
2
y
y +1
2
1
.
2
z +1
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c: z ( x + y 1) = x + y xy .
1
x + y =
+ Nu x + y =1
, v nghim.
xy = 1
x + y xy
+ Vy x + y 1 v z =
.
x + y 1
Vy ta cn chng minh
y + 1 x + y xy
+1
x + y 1
2 ( x + y xy )( x + y 1)
2x
2y
2
+ 2
+
1
x + 1 y + 1 ( x + y xy )2 + ( x + y 1)2
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2
x2 + 1
y2 + 1
x +1
x + y xy
x + y 1
1
2
( xy 1)2
( x + y xy )2 + ( x + y 1)2
Ch theo bt ng thc CS ta c
2
+ 1)
( x + 1)2 + ( y=
( x + 1)2 (1 y )2 + ( y + 1)2 (1 x )2
x2 + 1
y 2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1) (1 y )2 ( y 2 + 1) (1 x )2
2
( x + 1)(1 y ) + ( y + 1)(1 x )
4 ( xy 1)
=
2
2
2
2
x 2 + 1 (1 y ) + y 2 + 1 (1 x )
x 2 + 1 (1 y ) + y 2 + 1 (1 x )
2
81
4 ( x + y xy ) + 4 ( x + y 1) x 2 + 1 (1 y ) + y 2 + 1 (1 x )
2
y 2 3 y + 3 x2 3 y 2 8 y + 3 x + 3 y 2 3 y + 1 =
0
V tri bt ng thc l tam thc bc hai ca x vi h s ca x2 dng v c
x =
3y2 8 y + 3
)(
4 y2 3y + 3 3y2 3y + 1 =
3 y 2 1 0 .
iu chng t bt ng thc ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x=
y=
1, z =
1 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 10. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

2 v
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc =
2.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P max {a, b, c} min {a, b, c} .
=
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c} , c = min {a, b, c} P = a c .
Ta c: 2 = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc =
2=
( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca ) .
1
( a + b + c ) ( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2
2
2
( a b) + (b c ) + (c a ) =
2
Suy ra: P 2 + ( a b ) + ( b c ) =
2.
2
P 2 + ( a c ) + ( c b ) + ( b c ) =2
2
P 2 + ( a c ) + 2 ( b c ) 2 ( a c )( b c ) =
2.
2
P2 P (b c ) + (b c ) 1 =
0
2
Coi ng thc trn l phng trnh bc 2 vi n l (b c). phng trnh ny

4
2
c nghim ta phi c b c = P 2 4 P 2 1 0 P 2 P
.
3
3
2+ 3
a c = 3
a =
3
2
1
2
2
0 b =
(b c ) + =
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( b c )
.
3
3
3
a + b + c =
0
2 3
c =
3
a b c
82
2
2+ 3
2
2 3
t ti=
hoc
a
=
,b =
,c
3
3
3
3
cc hon v.
Cch 2: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c} , c = min {a, b, c} P = a c .
Ta c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca =1 ( a + b + c ) 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) =1
2
ab + bc + ca =
1
Suy ra: P 2 =( a c ) =( a + c ) 4ac =( 2 b ) 4 1 b ( a + c )

2
2
4 4
2
=( 2 b ) 4 + 4b ( 2 b ) =3b 2 + 4b =3 b +
3
3 3
=
a
b 3=
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =

c
b
=
3
a + b + c =
2
c =
2+ 3
3
2
3
2 3
3
Cch 3: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c = min {a, b, c} .

t a =
x + c, b =y + c, ( x, y 0 ) .
Ta c: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca =
1 suy ra
( x + c ) + ( y + c ) + c 2 c ( x + c ) c ( y + c ) ( x + c )( y + c ) =
1.
2
y 3y2
=
1 x
x +
2
4
x 2 xy + y 2 =
1
2
2
x y + 3 x =
1 y
2
4
Suy ra P max { x, y}
=
2
3
.
2
3
2
.
3
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic v x,y,z l cc s thc thay
i tha mn ax + by + cz =
0 . Chng minh xy + yz + zx 0 .
1
x + y + z =
.
2
2
4
x + 2 y + 3 z =
83
Tm gi tr ln nht ca x.
Bi 3. Cho x,y l hai s thc tho mn iu kin x 2 + xy + y 2 6 ( x + y ) + 11 =
0.
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P= y + 2 x .
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P =9 xy + 10 yz + 11zx .
Bi 5. Cho hai s thc dng x,y tho mn iu kin x 2 y = 1 . Chng minh rng
x x2 + y 2 + x2 2 .
Bi 6. Cho n s thc a1 , a2 ,..., an thuc on [0;1]. Chng minh
(1 + a1 + a2 + ... + an )2 4 ( a12 + a22 + ... + an2 ) .
Bi 7. Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n sao cho vi mi s thc x1 , x2 ,.., xn ta c

x12 + x22 + ... + xn2 ( x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 ) xn .
Bi 8. Chng minh vi mi s thc x,y,z v a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic ta

c a ( x y )( x z ) + b ( y z )( y z ) + c ( z x )( z y ) 0 .
Bi 9. (Vasile-Cirtoaje) Chng minh vi mi s thc a,b,c ta c
(a
+ b2 + c2
3 a3b + b3c + c3 a .
Bi 10. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3. Chng minh

9
a + ab + 2abc .
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc + 3 (1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) .
2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc + 8 5 ( a + b + c ) .
(a
)(
)(
+ 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 + 2 9 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
Bi 14. Cho tam gic c ba gc A,B,C chng minh vi mi s thc x ta c

1+
1 2
x cos A + x ( cos B + cos C ) .
2
Bi 15. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x v y ta c
x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y > 0 .

84
Bi 16. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x v y ta lun c
( x + y )2 xy + 1
3 ( x + y) .
Bi 17. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x,y,z v ba gc A,B,C ca mt

tam gic ta c x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 xy cos C + 2 yz cos A + 2 zx cos B .
xyz + x + y + z =
4.
Chng minh rng x + y + z xy + yz + zx .
0 < a b c
. Chng minh
x, y , z > 0
Bi 19. Cho
x y z (a + c)
ac ( xa + yb + zc ) + +
4ac
a b c
( x + y + z )2 .
a 2 + b 2 =
1
.
3
c + d =
Bi 20. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc tha mn iu kin

Chng minh rng ac + bd + cd
9+6 2
.
4
Bi 21. (TSH Khi A 2011) Cho cc s x, y, z [1;4] tha mn iu kin

x y, x z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P=
x
y
z
.
+
+
2x + 3y y + z z + x
Bi 22. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc tha mn b > c > d . Chng minh
( a + b + c + d )2 > 8 ( ac + bd ) .
Bi 23. Cho a,b,c,d,p,q l cc s thc tha mn iu kin
p 2 + q 2 a 2 b2 c2 d 2 > 0 .
)(
Chng minh p 2 a 2 b 2 q 2 c 2 d 2 ( pq ac bd ) .
2
Bi 24. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic v p,q,r l ba s thc thay

i tha mn iu kin p + q + r =
0 . Chng minh a 2 qr + b 2 rp + c 2 pq 0 .
)(
Bi 25. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a,b ta c a 2 + 2 b 2 + 2 3 ( ab + a + b ) .

D. HNG DN GII P S
ax + by
. Vit li bt ng thc cn chng minh di
Bi 1. T gi thit ta c: z =
c
ax + by
dng: xy
( x + y ) 0 ax 2 y ( a + b c ) x + by 2 0 .
c
85
Coi v tri bt ng thc trn l tam thc bc hai ca x ta c:

2
2
2
=
y 2 ( a + b c ) 4aby=
y 2 ( a + b c ) 4ab
x
2
= y 2 ( a b ) + c 2 2c ( a + b ) y 2 c 2 + c 2 2c ( a + b=
) 2cy 2 ( c a b ) 0

Bi 2. Thay z =1 x y vo phng trnh th hai ta c
x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3 (1 x y ) 4 =
0
2
0
5 y 2 + 6 ( x 1) y + 4 x 2 6 x 1 =
' y 9 ( x 1) 5 4 x 2 6 x 1 0
=
2
11x 2 12 x 14 0
Khi
=
x
6 190
6 + 190
x
11
11
6 + 190
15 3 190
10 2 190
.
=
y
=
,z
11
55
55
6 + 190
.
11
Bi 3. Rt y= P 2 x thay vo iu kin bi ton ta c:
Vy gi tr ln nht ca x bng
x 2 + x ( P 2 x ) + ( P 2 x ) 6 ( x + P 2 x ) + 11 =
0
2
3 x 2 ( 3P 6 ) x + P 2 6 P + 5 =
0
=
x
( 3P 6 )2 12 ( P 2 6 P + 5) 0
P 2 12 P + 8 0 6 2 7 P 6 + 2 7
Vy Pmin =
6 2 7; Pmin =
6+2 7 .
Bi 4. Thay z =1 x y vo biu thc ca P v rt gn ta c
11x 2 + (12 y 11) x + 10 y 2 10 y + P =
0
=
x
(12 y 11)2 44 (10 y 2 10 y + P ) 0
.
2
74 2 22
121
74
11 195 195
y
y
= y +
11
37
196
11
37 148 148
195
25 11 27
Vy Pmax = ( x; y; z ) =
; ; .
148
74 37 74
Bi 5. Gi P l biu thc v tri ta c y =
86
1
x2
suy ra
P = x2 + x4 +
1
x
P x2 =
P 2 2 Px + x 4 = x 4 +
1
x
x4 +
1
x2
2 Px 4 P 2 x 2 + 1= 0
=
P 8P 0 P P3 8 0 P 2
2
4
1
=
, y 2 th P bng 2. Vy Min ca P bng 2.
2
Bi 6. Xt tam thc bc hai
Khi
=
x
f ( x) = x 2 (1 + a1 + a2 + ... + an ) x + a12 + a22 + ... + an2 .
Ta c
f (0) = a12 + a22 + ... + an2 0; f (1) = a1 ( a1 1) + a2 ( a2 1) + ... + an ( an 1) 0 .
Suy ra f (0). f (1) 0 x0 [ 0;1] sao cho f ( x0 ) = 0 tc f(x) c nghim.
V vy 0 (1 + a1 + a2 + ... + an ) 4 a12 + a22 + ... + an2 .

2
x1= x2= ...= xn 1

.
Bi 7. Bt ng thc ng vi mi s thc nn ng vi
xn = 2
Khi bt ng thc tr thnh ( n 1) + 22 2 ( n 1) n 5 1 n 5 .

Ta chng minh vi n=1,2,3,4,5 l cc gi tr cn tm.
Xt tam thc bc hai f ( xn ) = xn2 ( x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 ) xn + x12 + x22 + ... + xn21 .
Ta c xn =
( x1 + x2 + ... + xn1 )2 4 ( x12 + x22 + ... + xn21 ) .
Do n 5 v theo bt ng thc CS ta c
4 x12 + x22 + ... + xn21 ( n 1) x12 + x22 + ... + xn21

( x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 )
xn 0 f ( xn ) 0
iu chng t bt ng thc lun ng vi n = 1,5 . Vy n=1,2,3,4,5 l tt c

cc gi tr cn tm.
Bi 8. V tri vit li thnh tam thc bc hai ca x ta c
ax 2 ( ay + az + by bz + cz cy ) x + ayz + by 2 byz + cz 2 cyz .
( ay + az + by bz + cz cy )2 4a ( ayz + by 2 byz + cz 2 cyz ) .
Ta c =
(a
+ b 2 + c 2 2ab 2bc 2ca ( y z )
87
Ch a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 0 .
Bi 9. t b =
a + x; c =
a + y. Bt ng thc c vit li di dng:
(x
xy + y 2 a 2 x3 5 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 + y 3 a + x 4 3x3 y + 2 x 2 y 2 + y 4 0 .
V tri l tam thc bc hai ca a c h s ca a2 khng m.

Ch x 2 xy + y 2 = 0 x = y = 0 bt ng thc lun ng.
Vi x 2 xy + y 2 > 0 khi
a = x3 5 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 + y 3
=
3 x3 x 2 y 2 xy 2 + y 3
4 x 2 xy + y 2
2
)( x
3x3 y + 2 x 2 y 2 + y 4
iu chng t bt ng thc lun ng(pcm).

Bi 10. Thay b = 3 a c v a v chng minh
( 2c + 1) a 2 + ( 2c 2 5c 4 ) a +
f (a) =
Ch =
a
( 2c
5c 4
18 ( 2c + 1=
)
9
0.
2
( 2c 1)2 c ( c 4 ) 2 0, c [0;3] .
iu chng t bt ng thc lun ng.

3
1
.
a
,=
b 1,=
c
2
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc + 3 1 + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + abc .
a 2 + a ( bc b c 1) + b 2 + c 2 bc b c + 2 0 .
a 2 + a ( bc b c 1) + ( b c ) + bc b c + 2 0 .
2
Coi v tri bt ng thc trn l tam thc bc hai ca a ta c:

a=
( bc b c 1)2 4 ( b c )2 + bc b c + 2
= b 2 c 2 2b 2 c 2bc 2 3b 2 3c 2 + 4bc + 6b + 6c 7 .
) (
= b 2 c 2 2c 3 2 c 2 2c 3 b 3c 2 + 6c 7
Li coi y l tam thc bc hai ca b ta c:
(
) ( c 2c 3)( 3c + 6c 7 )
.
( c 2c 3)( c 2c 3 + 3c 6c + 7 )
4 ( c 2c 3) ( c 1) = 4 ( c 1) ( c + 1)( c 3)
'b = c 2 2c 3
=
=
88
TH1: Nu bc b c 1 0 ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

TH2: Nu bc b c 1 0 ( b 1)( c 1) 2 ta xt hai kh nng
Kh nng 1. Nu c 3 c 2 2c 3 0, 'b 0 a 0 ta c ngay iu phi
chng minh.
2
Kh nng 2. Nu c 3 b 1
1 b 2 lc ny ta li coi a l tam
c 1
thc bc hai ca c v thc hin tng t trn ta c ngay 'c 0 a 0 ta c
ngay iu phi chng minh.
Bi 12. Vit li bt ng thc di dng:
2a 2 + a ( bc 5 ) + 2b 2 + 2c 2 5b 5c + 8 0 .
Coi v tri ca bt ng thc l tam thc bc hai ca a ta c:
( bc 5)2 8 ( 2b2 + 2c 2 5b 5c + 8)
a=
= b 2 c 2 16b 2 16c 2 10bc + 40b + 40c 39 .
= b 2 c 2 16 10b ( c 4 ) 16c 2 + 40c 39
Ta c: 2b 2 + 2c 2 5b 5c + 8 > 0, b, c (xt tam thc bc hai vi b hoc c).

TH1: Nu bc 5 ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
TH2: Nu bc 5 li coi a l tam thc bc hai ca b ta c:
)(
'=
25 ( c 4 ) c 2 16 16c 2 + 40c 39
b
2
= 8 2c 4 5c3 24c 2 + 55c 28 = 8 ( c 1) ( c 4 )( 2c + 7 )

2
Kh nng 1. Nu c 4 c 2 16 0, 'b 0 a 0 ta c ngay iu phi

chng minh.
5 5
Kh nng 2. Nu c 4 b < 4 lc ny coi a l tam thc bc hai ca c
c 4
v thc hin tng t trn ta c 'c 0 a 0 ta c iu phi chng minh.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a= b= c= 1 .
)(
)(
Bi 13. Ta cn chng minh: a 2 + 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 + 2 9 ( ab + bc + ca ) 0 .
) (
) (
)
2 ( c a + 1) + a b c
4 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 a 2b 2 + 1 + 2 b 2 c 2 + 1 +
2 2
2 2 2
+ 1 9 ( ab + bc + ca ) 0 .
) (
) (
2 a 2b 2 + 1 + 2 b 2 c 2 + 1 + 2 c 2 a 2 + 1 + a 2b 2 c 2 + 2 4ab + 4bc + 4ca + 2abc + 1 .

89
Ta cn i chng minh.
(
3( a
4 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 4ab + 4bc + 4ca + 2abc + 1 9 ( ab + bc + ca ) 0 .
+ b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc + 1 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 0
(lun ng) do
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca 0 v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc + 1 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 0 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh
abc + 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 11 7 ( a + b + c ) .
Bi 14. Vit li bt ng thc di dng

x 2 2 x ( cos B + cos C ) + 2 (1 cos A ) 0 .
Ta c =
' x ( cos B + cos C ) 2 (1 cos =
A ) 4sin 2
2
Do bt ng thc c chng minh.

Bi 15. Ch
)(
A 2 B C
1 0 .
cos
2
2
'x =
( sin y + cos y ) 1 + sin 2 y 1 + cos2 y = (1 sin y cos y ) < 0 .
2
Bi 16. Ch x =
3 y 1 0 dpcm .
Bi 17. Ch 'x =
( y sin C z cos B ) 0 .
2
x
sin A
y
z
.
=
sin B sin C
Bi 18. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi

s z min { x, y, z} z 1. Khi
=
x=
4 yz
.
y + z + yz
Ta cn chng minh
4 yz
4 yz
+ y + z ( y + z ).
+ yz
y + z + yz
y + z + yz
1 + z z 2 y2 + z2 + z 4 y + ( z 2) 0
y=
90
(z
+ z4
4 1 + z z2
) ( z 2) =
2
z ( z 1) ( 5 z 8 ) 0
2
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1

hoc x= y= 2, z= 0 hoc cc hon v.(xem thm k thut phn chng).
Bi 19. t f ( x) = x 2 (a + c) x + ac = 0 c 2 nghim a,c
M: a b c f (b) 0 b 2 (a + c)b + ac 0
ac
y
a + c yb + ac ( a + c ) y
b
b
x
y
z
xa + ac + ( yb + ac ) + ( zc + ac ) ( a + c ) x + ( a + c ) y + (a + c) z
a
b
c
x y z
xa + yb + zc + ac + + ( a + c )( x + y + z )
a b c
Theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c
b+
( xa + yb + zc ) ac
x y z
+ + ( a + c )( x + y + z )
a b c
2
2
x y z
4 ( xa + yb + zc ) ac + + ( a + c ) ( x + y + z )
a b c
x y z (a + c)
( xa + yb + zc ) ac + +
( x + y + z )2 (pcm)
4ac
a b c
Bi 20. Thay d = 3 c vo biu thc v tri c tam thc bc hai ca c
2
f (c) =ac + b(3 c) + c(3 c) =c 2 c(b a 3) + 3b

3 + a b 12b + ( a b + 3)
f
=
2
4
Ta ch cn chng minh
12b + ( a b + 3)
9+6 2
6 ( a + b ) 2ab 6 2 1
4
4
2
6 ( a + b ) ( a + b ) 1 6 2 1
.
)(
a+b 2 a+b+6 2 0
Bt ng thc cui ng do a + b 2 a 2 + b 2 =2 .

a= b=
1
3
.
, c= d=
2
2
91
Bi 21. Ta chng minh

P=
x
y
z
34
+
+
2 x + 3 y y + z z + x 33
( 31x 3 y ) z 2 + 96 y 2 35 x 2 5 xy z + 31x 2 y 3 xy 2 0
V tri l tam thc bc hai ca z vi h s ca z2 dng nn ta ch cn

chng minh
(96 y
) 4 (31x 3 y ) (31x y 3xy ) 0

( x y )( x 4 y ) (1125 x + 2631xy + 2304 y ) 0
2
35 x 2 5 xy
Bt ng thc cui ng do x y 0; x 4 y 0 .
Nhn xt. Vi cch lm ny ta ch cn gi thit bi ton l x y .
a 2 + 2 ( b + d 3c ) a + ( b + c + d ) 8bd > 0 .
2
V tri l tam thc bc hai ca a t gi tr nh nht ti 3c b d gi tr nh

nht ny bng
( 3c b d )2 2 ( 3c b d )2 + ( b + c + d )2 8bd
2
2
= ( b + c + d ) ( 3c b d ) 8bd
=
8 c 2 ( b + d ) c + bd =
8 ( c b )( c d ) > 0
8 ( b + d c ) c 8bd =
Pmin =

Bi 23.
V p 2 + q 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 =
(p
) (
a 2 b 2 + q 2 c 2 d 2 > 0 nn
tn ti t nht mt trong hai s p 2 a 2 b 2 , q 2 c 2 d 2 dng. Khng mt

tnh tng qut ta gi s p 2 a 2 b 2 > 0 .
Xt tam thc bc hai
f ( x) =
(p
a 2 b 2 x 2 2 ( pq ac bd ) x + q 2 c 2 d 2 .
Ta c: p 2 . f (q ) =
( aq pc ) ( bq pd ) 0 nn f ( x) lun c nghim.
2
)(
Suy ra ' x 0 ( pq ac bd ) p 2 a 2 b 2 q 2 c 2 d 2 .
2

Tng qut vi n s thc tho mn iu kin a12 a22 ... an2 > 0 ta c
(a
2
1
92
)(
a22 ... an2 b12 b22 ... bn2 ( a1b1 a2b2 ... an bn ) .
2
Bi 24. Thay r = p q vo bt ng thc cn a v chng minh:
a 2 q ( p q ) + b 2 ( p q ) p + c 2 pq 0 a 2 q 2 + p c 2 b 2 a 2 q p 2b 2 0 .
Coi v tri bt ng thc trn l tam thc bc hai ca q ta c:
=
p 2 c2 b2 a 2
q
= p2 c2 ( a + b )
)(
2
4 p 2 a 2b=
p 2 c 2 b 2 a 2 2ab c 2 b 2 a 2 + 2ab
)(c
(a b)
)0
Do c > a b , c < a + b . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

a 2b 2 + 2 a 2 + b 2 + 4 3ab 3 ( a + b ) 0
a 2 b 2 + 2 3a ( b + 1) + 2b 2 3b + 4 0
Ta ch cn chng minh rng
)(
a= 9 ( b + 1) 4 b 2 + 2 2b 2 3b + 4
2
=
( b 1) 8b 2 + 4b + 23 0
2
Bt ng thc cui ng.

Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1 .
CH 7: K THUT NH GI BT NG THC TCH PHN
Di y ch trnh by mt s bi ton bt ng thc tch phn m phng php
gii ch thng qua cc bt ng thc i s ri ly tng tch phn s dn n kt
qu ca bi ton.
Bt ng thc tch phn l bi ton kh hay tm hiu thm bn c tm c
cc Chuyn khc v bt ng thc tch phn trn Din n hc tp trc tuyn
Mathlinks.vn
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Bi ton: Cho f , g , h : [ a, b ] l cc hm kh tch trn [ a, b ] ng thi tha

mn iu kin g ( x) f ( x) h( x) vi mi x [ a, b ] ta c
b
g ( x)dx f ( x)dx h( x)dx .

Cc bt ng thc ph hay c s dng
sin x < x v x
x3
x3 x5
< sin x < x + , x > 0 .
3!
3! 5!
93
cos x > 1
x2
x2
x2 x4
v 1
< cos x < 1
+ , x > 0 .
2
2
2 4!
x
< ln (1 + x ) < x .
x +1
Yu cu. Cc bt ng thc i s nh C si, Cauchy Schwarz, cn nm vng.
Nh vy dng bt ng thc c bn ca tch phn chnh l quy bi ton v nh
gi bt ng thc trong du tch phn.
B. BI TP MU
b
Bi 1. [IMC 2011] Chng minh rng
(x
+ 1 e x dx e a e b
thc a < b .
Li gii
Vi mi s thc x ta lun c x + 1 2 x suy ra
2
(
a
x 2 + 1 e x dx 2 xe x dx =
e a e b .
a
Bi ton c chng minh hon ton.

1
Bi 2. Chng minh rng
x sin x
1 + x sin x dx < 1 ln 2 .
0
Li gii
1
Vit li bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng:
dx
1 + x sin x > ln 2 .
0
dx
dx
>
=
>ln2.
2
1 + x sin x 0 1 + x
4
0
Vi mi x > 0 sin x < x

sin x
x , x ( 0;1]
.
Bi 3. Cho hm s f ( x) c xc nh bi f ( x) =
sin
x
lim
,x = 0
x0+ x
1
17
1703
Chng minh rng
.
< f ( x)dx <
18 0
1800
94
vi mi s
Li gii
R rng vi gi thit hm s f ( x) cho th f ( x) lin tc trn [ 0;1] .
Tip n s dng bt ng thc ph x
x3
x3 x5
< sin x < x +
, x > 0 , ta
6
6 120
x 2 sin x
x2 x4
.
<
<1
+
6
6 120
x
Chuyn qua tch phn hai v ca bt ng thc trn ta c
c 1
1
1
1
x2
x2 x4
sin x
17
sin x
1703
<
<
<
.
1
dx
dx
1
dx
dx <
6 x
6 120
18
x
1800
0
0
0
0
1
Bi 4. Chng minh rng
4
1
1
vi mi s nguyn dng
< tan n xdx <
2 ( n + 1) 0
2 ( n 1)
n2.
Li gii
t an = tan n xdx vi mi 0 x
0
0 tan x 1 tan n x tan n 1 x
an an 1 tc dy {an } gim.
Suy ra an + 2 + an < 2an < an + an 2 .
Mt khc ta li c an + 2=
+ an
n
2
x dx
tan x 1 + tan =
0
V an=
2 + an
tan
0
T suy ra
n2
1
1
x 4
tan n=
n +1
n +1
0
1
1
2
.
x 1 + tan=
x dx
x 4
tan n=
n 1
n 1
0
2
1
1
.
< an <
2 ( n + 1)
2 ( n 1)
Vy
4
1
1
< tan n xdx <
, n 2 .
2 ( n + 1) 0
2 ( n 1)
T chng minh trn suy ra lim n tan n xdx =

n
1
.
2
95
4
Bi 5. [VMC 1994] Xt tch phn I n =
4 xdx, n * .
a) Tnh I n .
b) Chng minh rng I n < 22 n +3 ( 2ne )
1
2
Li gii
Ta c
I=
n
2
2
= 22 n + 4 cos 2 n +1t sin 2 tdt= 22 n + 4 cos 2 n +1tdt cos 2 n +3tdt

4 xdx
0
0
0

vi x 4cos 2 t , t 0, .
=
2
=
Xt tch
phn J m
cos
tdt , m > 1 .
Tch phn tng phn ta c:

=
Jm
m
tdt
cos =
m 1
t)
cos td ( sin=
( m 1) sin
tcos m 2tdt
2
2
=
( m 1) cosm2tdt cosmtdt
0
m 1
c J1
J m = J m 2 . Ta=
m
cos tdt
=
1 suy ra
2n 2 2
2n + 2 2n
2
2 n + 4 2n
=
I n 22 n + 4 ( J 2 n +1 J 2 n=
.
... .1
.
... .1
+3 ) 2
2n + 3 2n + 1 3
2n + 1 2n 1 3
22 n + 4
2n ( 2n 2 ) ...2 2n + 2
2n ( 2n 2 ) ...2
2n+4
.
=
1
2
( 2n + 1)( 2n 1) ...3 2n + 3
( 2n + 3)( 2n + 1)( 2n 1) ...3
Chng minh I n < 22 n +3 ( 2ne )
96
1
2
t x = 4t. =
Khi I n 2
2 n +3
1 tdt ta chng minh t n 1 t <
1
hay
2ne
1
.
2ne
S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
t 2 n (1 t ) <
2 n +1
t
t
t
+ + ... + + 1 t
t
2n
2n
n
2=
=
t 2 n (1 t ) ( 2n ) (1 t ) ( 2n ) 2n 2n
+
n
n
2
2
1

Nh vy ta chng minh
( 2n )2 n .
( 2n + 1)2n+1
2n
( 2n )2n < 1 e < 2n + 1 2n+1 1 < 2n + 1 ln 1 + 1 .

(
)
2n
2n
( 2n + 1)2n+1 2ne
D dng chng minh c ln (1 + x ) >
x
, x > 0 .
x +1
T ta c iu phi chng minh.

2
Bi 6. Chng minh rng
sin nx
x
dx >
2 1
1
1
+
+ ... + .
1+ n 2 + n
2n
Li gii
2
2 n
sin nx
I n =
t t = nx. Khi
dx
=
x
sin t
=
t dt
n
2 n 1 ( k +1)

k =n
sin t
t
dt .
( k +1)
2 n 1
1
2
( k + 1) sin t dt =
( k + 1) .
k n=
k n
=
k
>
2 n 1
Bi 7. Chng minh rng
6n 2 + 2n + 1
6n
< n 1 + xdx <

0
2n + 1
vi mi n , n 2 .
2n
Li gii
Ta s chng minh
1+
x n ( n 1) 2 n
x
x 1 + x 1 + vi mi x 0, n *
2
n
n
2n
(1.1)
Khi ly tch phn hai v ca (1.1) trn [ 0,1] ta c iu phi chng minh.
97
x
x2 1
1 2n + 1
1
=
Tht vy ta c 1 + dx =
v
x + =+
n
2n 0
2n
2n
0
1
3
2
x 2 ( n 1) x 1 6n + 3n ( n 1) 6n 2 + 2n + 1
.
=
=
x+
2n
6n 2 0
6n 2
6n 2
Vic chng minh bt ng thc (1.1) ch vic kho st hm s.

Bnh lun: V sao li gii ngh n vic chng minh bt ng thc (1.1)?.
y l mt kinh nghim khi gii ton, l da vo khai trin Taylor ca hm
1
x n 1 2
1 + n 2n2 x dx =
0
s f ( x=
)
n
1 + x ti x = 0 ta c
1 + x =1 +
x n ( n 1) 2 n ( n 1)( n 2 ) 3
x +
x + ...
n
2n 2
6n3
Cng t tng ny vi cos

x
=
1 ix
e + e ix
2
v =
sin x
1 ix
e e ix
2i
v khai
trin Taylor cho hm e x v ta c cc bt ng thc sau y.

x2
x2 x4
x3
x3 x5
v 1
vi mi x > 0 .
< cos x < 1
+
< sin x < x +
2
2 24
6
6 120
Lc ny ch vic ly tch phn hai v trn [ a, b ] , ( 0 < a 0 .
Li gii
Trc tin ta chng minh: sin x x
x3
, x 0
6
Tht vy xt hm s f ( x=
) sin x x +
x3
ta c
6
x2
f ''( x) = sin x + x f '''( x) =1 cos x 0 .
2
Suy ra f ''( x) f ''(0) =
0 f '( x) f '(0) =
0 f ( x) f (0) =
0.
f '( x) =cos x 1 +
Tc l sin x x
x3
, x 0 .
6
Suy ra
2
98
sin x dx
2
2 x6
x3 x7 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 2
=
=
x dx =
1 > 0 .
6
3
21
3
7
3 42 0
Bi 9. Chng minh rng vi mi n nguyn dng ta lun c

1
xn + 1
xn + xn1 + ... + x + 1 dx n + 1 .
0
Li gii
)(
Vi mi k [ 0, n ] v x [ 0,1] ta c 1 x n 1 x n k 0 x k + x n k x n + 1 .
Cho k = 0,1, 2,..., n v cng theo v ca n + 1 bt ng trn theo v, suy ra
2 x n + x n 1 + ... + x + 1 ( n + 1) x n + 1
1
Suy ra
x +1
n
xn + 1
x +x
n
n 1
+ ... + x + 1
2
.
n +1
.
xn + xn1 + ... + x + 1 dx n + 1 dx =
n +1
0

Bi 10. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc I n
=
3
8
sin n + 2 x cos n + 2 x
+
dx .
n
sin n x
cos x
Li gii
3
Vi mi x , cos x > 0,sin x > 0 khi ta c
4 8
2( n +1)
2 n +1
n
x + cos ( ) x
sin n + 2 x cos n + 2 x 2 sin
2 n +1
2 n +1
=
+
2n sin ( ) x + cos ( ) x .
n
n
n
cos x
sin x
sin 2 x
Mt khc hm f (n) = a n +1 l hm li nn ta c
) (
2 n +1
2 n +1
f sin 2 x + f cos 2 x = sin ( ) x + cos ( ) x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
2f
= 2
2
2
n +1
1
2n
Suy ra
2 n +1
2 n +1
1 In
2n sin ( ) x + cos ( ) x =
3
8
3
8
sin n + 2 x cos n + 2 x
.
+
=
dx
dx
n
n
8
sin x
cos x
Bi 11. Vi mi s thc ai , i = 1, 2,..., n . Chng minh rng
ai a j
1i n ,1 j n i +
j +1
0.
99
Li gii
2
c f ( x) =
Xt a thc f ( x) = ai x ta =
ai xi
=
i =1
i 1
1i n,1 j n
ai a j xi + j .
n y ly tch phn hai v trn [ 0,1] ta c iu phi chng minh.

C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Chng minh rng
0
a) 2 3 <
b)
3x 2
6 x + 5dx < 34 .
x
2
3
dx
4 x x
2
2
8
d)
sin 2 x
dx >
e)
1
2
1
dx
f)
, n * .
2 0 1 x 2n 6
Bi 2. Chng minh rng vi mi x > 0 ta lun c
c)
e x 1 < e 2t + e t dt <
0
1 2 sin x
ln ln 2
.
dx
2
2cos1 1 x
3 x
x +1
( e 1) e
x
sin x
5 2 sin x
3
.
<
dx <
6 x
2
6
e
Bi 4. Chng minh rng
( ln x )2013 dx >
x
1
.
2014.2015.2016
( cos x )sin x
( cos x )sin x + ( sin x )cos x dx < 1 .
0
2
Bi 5. Chng minh rng
Bi 6. Cho 0 < a b chng minh rng

b
a)
( x + 2 )5
a
b
b)
100
x2 + x + 1
dx
x4 + x2 + 1
(x
+ 3x + 2
1 2b + 1
.
ln
54 2a + 1
dx
5
( 2b 1)( 2a + 1) .
1
ln
2916 ( 2a 1)( 2b + 1)
dx
1
.
2
Bi 3. Chng minh rng
3
.
2
12e
1
n
e2
e 1
Bi 7. Chng minh rng 1 +
e x dx 1 +
vi n * .
n
n
0
Bi 8. Chng minh rng
1 + x 2 ln 2 ( x + 1)dx
17
.
16
Bi 9. Vi mi s nguyn dng n . Chng minh rng
tan
xdx >
.
2n + 4
Bi 10. Chng minh rng
<
1
1 k sin x
2
dx <
2 1 k2
vi mi k ( 0,1) .
n 2 2
sin nx
<
dx
vi n 1 .
Bi 11. Chng minh rng x
sin x
8
0
4
Bi 12. Vi mi s nguyn dng n 2 .

1
n
n+2
e+n
< e x dx <
Chng minh rng
.
n +1 0
n +1
1
Bi 13. Vi k 0 chng minh rng
(x x
2 k
dx
2
4
k + 1 + 2k + 1
1
,n 2 .
2ln 2n
Bi 14. Cho cc s thc dng a1 , a2 ,..., aN .
In >
Chng minh rng
a a
m +mn n+ 1 ak2 .
m
n 0
= 0=
k 1
=
101
Chng 2:
BT NG THC V PHNG PHP TIP CN
CH 1:
CC K THUT S DNG BT NG THC AM GM C BN

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
I. Bt ng thc C si (AM-GM) cho 2 s khng m
a+b
ab .
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.
Cc dng tng ng ca bt ng thc trn
2
(a + b) .
a+b
2
2
ab
v a + b
2
2
V d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a v b ta c
1 1
4
.
+
a b a+b
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 2 s ta c
2
( a + b )
1 1
2
+ 2 ab .
=
4.
a
b
ab
1 1
4
.
+
a b a+b
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .
II. Bt ng thc C si (AM-GM) cho 3 s khng m
a+b+c 3
abc .
3
Cc dng tng ng ca bt ng thc trn
Do
a+b+c
abc
.
3
V d 2. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a,b,c ta c

1 1 1
9
.
+ +
a b c a+b+c
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s dng ta c
102
( a + b + c )
1 1 1 3
3
+ + 3 abc . 3
=
9.
abc
a b c
1 1 1
9
.
+ +
a b c a+b+c
III. Bt ng thc C si (AM-GM) cho n s khng m
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1a2 ...an .
n
Do
1. Cc bt ng thc hay s dng

Trc tin nhc li mt s bt ng thc hay c s dng
1
2
2
a 2 + b 2 ( a + b ) ; ( a + b ) 4ab
2
1
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca; a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c )
3
( a + b + c )2 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) ; ( ab + bc + ca )2 3abc ( a + b + c )
8
9
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a + abc
(1)
4
( a + b + c )3 (2)
27
Chng minh (1) v (2) xem bn di

2. K thut nh gi trung bnh cng qua trung bnh nhn
Gi thit bi ton thng cho tch ca cc s
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho n s dng
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1a2 ...an .
n
V d 1. Chng minh vi mi a,b,c l cc s thc ta c
(a
)(
)(
+ b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 8a 2 b 2 c 2 .
Li gii
Ta c
a 2 + b 2 2 a 2b 2 =
2 ab
b2 + c 2 2 b2c 2 =
2 bc
c2 + a2 2 c2a2 =
2 ca

103
V d 2. (TSH Khi D 2005) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

xyz = 1. Chng minh rng
1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
3 3.
xy
yz
zx
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 3 s dng ta c
3 3 x3 y 3 .1
1 + x3 + y 3
3
=
xy
xy
xy
3 3 y 3 z 3 .1
1 + y3 + z3
3
=
yz
yz
yz
1 + z 3 + x3
3 z 3 x3 .1
3
=
zx
zx
zx
3
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c

1
1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z3
1 + z 3 + x3
1
1
+
+
3
+
+
.
xy
yz
zx
yz
zx
xy
Mt khc AM GM cho 3 s dng ta c

1
1
1
1
1
1
.
.
3.
+
+
33
=
xy
yz
zx
xy yz zx
T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .

V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3.
Chng minh rng
a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + c ( a + b ) 3 2abc .
Li gii
a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + c ( a + b ) 36 abc ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .
3
Mt khc
a+b+c
abc
1 .
=
3
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 8abc
Suy ra
a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + c ( a + b ) 3 8a 2b 2 c 2 3 8a 3b3c3 =
3 2abc .
6

104
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu a > b; a + b + c =

4.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 4a + 3b +
c3
.
(a b)b
Li gii
Ch iu kin a + b + c= 4, a > b, c3 ta s tch P thnh tng ca cc s dng
s dng AM GM sao cho mt i (a-b) v xut hin tng (a+b+c) v phi.
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho ba s dng ta c
P = 4a + 3b +
c3
=
(a b)b
33 ( a b ) .b.
(a b) + b +
c3
+ 3( a + b )
(a b)b
c3
+ 3 ( a + b )= 3 ( a + b + c )= 12
(a b)b
c3
a b = b =
( a b ) b a = 2; b = c =1
4
a + b + c =
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 12.

Bi tp tng t
Cho a > b > c > 0 chng minh a +
108
( a b )3 ( b c )2 c
7 .
V d 5. (IMO 2012) Cho a2 , a3 ,..., an l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

a2 a3 ...an = 1 . Chng minh rng (1 + a2 ) (1 + a3 ) ... (1 + an ) > n n .
3
Li gii
k
( ak + 1)k
1
1
1
1
k
= ak +
+
+ ... +
, k =2, n .
k .ak .
k
k
k
1
1
1
( k 1)k 1

( k 1) times

=
ak
Khi a2 a=
3 ...an
1
=
, k 2, n .
k 1
1
= 1, v l. Vy du bng khng xy ra khi
(n 1)!
Nhn theo v (n 1) bt ng thc trn ta c:
(1 + a2 )2 (1 + a3 )3 ...(1 + an )n >
22 33
nn
.
...
.a a ...an =
nn .
1
2
n 1 2 3
1 2 (n 1)
105

V d 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc chng minh
1 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )(1 xy )(1 yz )(1 zx ) 1

.
2
2
2
8
8
1 + x2 1 + y 2 1 + z 2
)(
)(
Li gii
S dng ng thc v bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s ta c
(1 + x )(1 + y ) =( x + y ) + ( xy 1) 2 ( x + y )( xy 1)
(1 + y )(1 + z ) =( y + z ) + ( yz 1) 2 ( y + z )( zyz 1)
(1 + z )(1 + x ) =( z + x ) + ( zx 1) 2 ( z + x )( zx 1)
2
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c
8 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )(1 xy )(1 yz )(1 zx ) 1 + x 2
) (1 + y ) (1 + z )
2
2 2
1 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )(1 xy )(1 yz )(1 zx ) 1

8
8
2 2
2 2
2 2
1+ x
1+ y
1+ z
)(
)(

Bi tp tng t
1 ( x + y )(1 xy ) 1
Cho x,y l hai s thc. Chng minh
.
2 1 + x2 1 + y 2
2
)(
V d 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x max{ y, z}.

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
x
y
z
+ 2 1 + + 33 1 + .
y
z
x
Li gii
P
x
y
z
y
z x
+2 2
+ 33 2
=
+ 2 2 4 + 33 2 6
y
z
x y
z
x
2x
2x
y
z
+ 4 4 + 6 6 + 1
3
2 y
2 y
z
x
232
x4 y 6 z
11 .

=
y z x
Ch gi thit bi ton ta c
x
y
z
+ 4 4 + 6 6 1111
y
z
x
106
) 6 xz
2 2
2x
2
x
z
; 3
1; 1 1
1
2 y
2
y
x
232
) 6 xz 3(
232 .
2
2
3
3
+ 1
3 2 2 =1 + 2 2 + 3 2 .
2
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
T suy ra P 11.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 2 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x max{ y, z} .
x
y
z
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + 2 1 + + 4 4 1 + .
y
z
x
3. nh gi trung bnh nhn qua trung bnh cng

S dng bt ng thc AM GM theo chiu
a1a2 ...an
a1 + a2 + ... + an
.
n
Ta c 2 hng x l
+ nh gi trc tip.
+ Nhn thm hng s mc ch lc b bin hoc hng s khng thch hp.
Nhn dng bt ng thc c dng:
A1 + m A2 + ... + m An B .
Khi p dng bt ng thc AM GM theo chiu trung bnh nhn qua trung
bnh cng cho mi cn thc v tri.
V d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi a, b 1 ta c a b 1 + b a 1 ab .
Li gii
Nhn xt. V phi khng cha hng s do vy s dng AM GM trit tiu cc
s 1 trong 2 cn thc do nhn thm vo mi cn vi 1.
b 1 + 1 ab
a b =
1 a ( b 1) .1 a.
=
2
2
a 1 + 1 ab
b a =
=
1 b ( a 1) .1 b.
2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 2 .
Bi tp tng t
1) Chng minh rng x 12 y + y 12 x 2 12 vi x, y l cc s thc cc

cn thc c ngha.
2) Cho x,y l hai s thc tho mn iu kin x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 =
1.
107
Chng minh rng : x 2 + y 2 =

1.
0 x 3
V d 2. Cho
. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
0 y 4
P=
( 3 x )( 4 y )( 2 x + 3 y ) .
Li gii
Nhn xt. Ta cn trit tiu i x v y v vy nhn thm vo (3 x) v (4 y ) ln
lt thnh 2 ( 3 x ) ,3 ( 4 y ) khi s dng AM GM cho 3 s dng.
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 3 s khng m ta c
1
P = 2 ( 3 x ) . 3 ( 4 y ) . ( 2 x + 3 y )
6
1 2 (3 x ) + 3( 4 y ) + ( 2 x + 3 y )

36
=
6
3

x 0,=
y 2 . Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 36.
Bi tp tng t
5
Cho 0 x ,0 y 3 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
2
P =( 5 2 x )( 3 y )( 2 x + 3 y 5 ) .
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = ( a + 2b + 3c )( 6a + 3b + 2c ) .
Li gii
Vi cc h s lch nhau trc tin gim bin bng php th c =1 a b. Khi
a v P =( 3 2a b )( 2 + 4a + b ) .
Ta thy nu p dng trc tip AM GM cho hai s trit tiu c b tuy nhin
cn d 2a khng nh gi c v vy ngh n trit tiu a bng cch nhn thm
2 vo (3 2a b) .
Ta c: P =
( a + 2b + 3 (1 a b ) ) ( 6a + 3b + 2 (1 a b ) )
=( 3 2a b )( 2 + 4a + b ) =2 ( 3 2a b ) 1 + 2a +
2
b
b
3 2a b + 1 + 2a + 2
4 2
2.
8
2
=
=
2
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 8 t ti a= c=
108
1
, b= 0 .
2
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 3.

(5a + b)(b 2 + 4ac) .
Li gii
b
b
b
Ta c: 5a + b 5(a + ); b 2 + 4ac =b 2 + 2(ab + bc) + 4ac =4(a + )(c + ) .
2
2
2
b
2a + 2b + 2c 3
P 10(a + ) 2 (2c + b) 10(
) =
80 .
2
3
Du bng xy ra khi =
b 0;=
a 2=
c 2.
V d 5. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a v b ta c
) (
2a ( a + b ) + b 2 a 2 + b 2 3 a 2 + b 2 .
3
Li gii
Trc ht chuyn bt ng thc v dng mt bin bng cch chia hai v bt
ng thc cho b 2 v a v chng minh bt ng thc:
) (
2 x ( x + 1) + 2 x 2 + 1 3 x 2 + 1 .
3
Ch du bng t ti x = 1 v bc v phi l bc hai do vy ta cn tch

2 x ( x + 1) = 2 x ( x + 1) . ( x + 1) s dng bt ng thc AM GM thun tin
3
cho vic so snh vi v phi.

2 x ( x + 1)=
3
2 x ( x + 1) . ( x + 1)
2
2 x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)
2 + x +1
2
2
2 x2 + 1
2 x ( x + 1) + 2 x 2 + 1
3
( x + 1)2 + 2 x ( x + 1) + x 2 + 3 .
2
2
x + 1) + 2 x ( x + 1) + x 2 + 3
(
( )
6 ( x + 1) 4 x
3 x +1
2
+ 4 x + 4 2 ( x 1) 0
2

109
V d 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh
81abc a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c ) .
5
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc 3abc ( a + b + c ) ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
Ta ch cn chng minh 27 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) ( a + b + c ) .
2
Tht vy s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho ba s dng ta c

3
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
1
a + b + c ( ab + bc + ca )
=
( a + b + c )6 .
27
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1. Chng minh
a + b + c 5 a 2 + b2 + c2
.
3
3
V d 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
a+b 3
a+b a+b+c
.
+ abc 33 a.
.
2
2
3
Li gii
a + 3 ab.
6a 2
3b
6bc
+3
+3
3.
( a + b )( a + b + c ) a + b + c ( a + b )( a + b + c )
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho ba s dng ta c

3
6a 2
=
( a + b )( a + b + c )
3b
3
=
a+b+c
3
3 1.1.
3 1.
2a
3a
1
2a
3a
.
1 +
+
a + b a + b + c 3 a + b a + b + c
3b
1
3b
1 + 1 +
a + b + c 3
a+b+c
6bc
=
( a + b )( a + b + c )
3 1.
2b
3c
1
2b
3c
.
1 +
+
a + b a + b + c 3 a + b a + b + c
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c .
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
110
a + 3 ab + 3 abc 3 a + b a + b + c
.
a.
.
3
2
3
2) Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
3a
bc
2b3 d
25
.
+ 33
+ 44
3
a+b+c
( a + b )( a + b + c + d )
81( a + b ) ( a + b + c + d ) 6
V d 7. Chng minh rng vi mi x,y,z khng m ta c

y3 + z3
z 3 + x3
x3 + y 3 ( x + y ) + ( y + z ) + ( z + x )
.
+ zx 3
+ xy 3
2
2
2
8
Li gii
3
yz 3
y3 + z3
=
yz 3
2
y+z
. yz. yz. yz. y 2 yz + z 2
2
3
y + z 3 yz + y 2 yz + z 2
y+z
.
=
2
4
2
3
3
z 3 + x3 z + x
3 x + y x+ y .
;
xy
2
2
2
2
x= y= z .
Tng t ta c zx 3
V d 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m chng minh rng
( a + b )2 ( b + c )2 ( c + a )2 4 ( a 2 + bc )( b2 + ca )( c 2 + ab ) .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c. Khi a 2 + bc a 2 + ac ( a + c ) .

2
)(
Vy ta chng minh ( a + b ) ( b + c ) 4 b 2 + ca c 2 + ab .
2
Tht vy s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
)(
) (
= (b
4 b 2 + ca c 2 + ab b 2 + ca + c 2 + ab
+ ab + bc + ca + c 2 bc
( ( b + a )( b + c ) + c ( c b ) )
(b + a ) (b + c )
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi =

a b=
,c 0
hoc cc hon v.
111
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin
2
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =
)(
)(

a 2 + bc b 2 + ca c 2 + ab .
V d 9. Cho a, b, c l cc s thuc on [0, 1].
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A = ( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) .
Li gii
Gi s a = max {a, b, c} .
Nu a b c A 0 .
Nu a c b .
2(c b) (1 + 3)(a c) ( 1 + 3)(a + b + c)

.
4
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho ba s dng ta c :
Khi A
2(c b) (1 + 3)(a c) (1 + 3)(a + b + c)
2 ( c b ) + 1 + 3 ( a c ) + 1 + 3 ( a + b + c )
.
3b + 2 3a + 3b 2 3 8 3
=

=
3
9
3
1
2 3
ti (a, b, c) = (1,0, ) .
9
3
Ch . Ta c th m rng on [0;1] v gii bi ton bng tnh n iu ca hm
s(xem chng 3).
4. K thut ghp cp
Xem chi tit trong ch sau
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1. Chng minh
a + bc b + ca c + ab
+
+
2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii
Ch iu kin tng bng 1 ta c
+
+
=
b+c
c+a
a+b
a ( a + b + c ) + bc b ( a + b + c ) + ca c ( c + a + b ) + ab
=
+
+
b+c
c+a
a+b
( a + b )( a + c ) + ( b + c )( b + a ) + ( c + a )( c + b )
=
b+c
c+a
a+b
Suy ra Pmax =
112

( a + b )( a + c ) + ( b + c )( b + a ) 2 a + b
(
)
b+c
c+a
( b + c )( b + a ) + ( c + a )( c + b ) 2 b + c
(
)
c+a
a+b
( a + b )( a + c ) + ( c + a )( c + b ) 2 c + a
(
)
b+c
a+b
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra
1
khi v ch khi a= b= c=
.
3
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + c2
+
+
3.
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii
)(
)(
1 + a 2 1 + b2 1 + c2
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + c2
6
.
+
+
3
b+c
c+a
a+b
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Ta ch cn chng minh
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 1
2
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
(1 + a 2 )(1 + b 2 )(1 + c 2 ) ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
)(
Ti y ta nh gi ghp cp 1 + a 2 1 + b 2 ( a + b ) .
2
Ch s dng bt ng thc CS ta c:
(1 + a )(1 + b ) = (1 + a )(b + 1) ( a + b ) ;
(1 + b )(1 + c ) = (1 + b )( c + 1) ( b + c ) ;
(1 + c )(1 + a ) = (1 + c )( a + 1) ( a + c ) .
2
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.

)(
Ch . Ta c ng thc sau: 1 + x 2 1 + y 2 =( x + y ) + ( xy 1) .
2
T cng c ngay bt ng thc trn tng t nh dng CS.

Bng cch tng t ta chng minh c vi mi k dng ta c
113
k + a2
k + b2
k + c2
+
+
34 k .
b+c
c+a
a+b
5. K thut nh gi mu s
Cc bt ng thc hay c s dng nh gi mu s
x3 + y 3 xy ( x + y ) ; x5 + y 5 x 2 y 2 ( x + y ) .
Ch dng ton ny thng cho cc iu kin rng buc ta cn tinh t phn tch
mu s thnh nhn t da vo iu kin.
Ch nu mu s c cha cn hoc tng cc bin ta c th t mi mu s l
mt n khi a v s dng bt ng thc AM GM n gin hn.
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng.
1
1
1
a+b+c
.
Chng minh rng 2
+ 2
+ 2
2abc
a + bc b + ac c + ab
Li gii
p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
a 2 + bc 2a bc
2
a + +bc
2
1
1 1
1
+ .
a bc 2 ab ac
1 1
1
+
b + ac b ac 2 bc ab
2
1
1 1
1
+
2
c + ab c ab 2 ac bc
2
2
2
a+b+c
.
+ 2
+ 2
2
2abc
a + bc b + ac c + ab
1
1
1
1
.
+ 3 3
+ 3
3
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc abc
Li gii
Ta c
2
Tng t ta c:
a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) a 2 ab + b 2 = ab ( a + b ) + ( a + b )( a b ) ab ( a + b )
114
1
a + b + abc
3
1
1
c
=
=
ab ( a + b ) + abc ab ( a + b + c ) abc ( a + b + c )
Tng t ta c
1
b + c + abc
3
1
c + a + abc
3
a
abc ( a + b + c )
b
abc ( a + b + c )

khi v ch khi a= b= c .
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1. Chng minh
1
1
1
+
+
1.
x + y +1 y + z +1 z + x +1
3
3
HD: t
=
x a=
, y b=
, z c3 a v bt ng thc trn.

xy
yz
zx
+ 5
+ 5
1.
5
5
5
x + y + xy y + z + yz z + x5 + zx
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1.
Chng minh rng
a
b +c
3 3
.
2
c +a
a +b
Li gii
Ch iu kin ta c th vit bt ng thc di dng
2
a
b +c
2
b
c +a
2
c
a +b
iu ny lm ta suy ngh nh gi
Tht vy ta c
a
b +c
2
a
a
a2
=
=
=
b2 + c2 1 a 2 a 1 a 2
3 3 2
a + b2 + c2 .
2
3 3 2
a .
2
2a 2
2a 1 a
2
2a 2
2a 2 + 1 a 2 + 1 a 2
)(1 a )
3 3a 2
=
2
3 3b 2
c
3 3c 2
;
2
2
c2 + a2
a 2 + b2
1
.
3
Tng t ta c
115
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
a
b +c
2
b
c +a
2
c
a +b
2
3 3
2 a 2 + b2 + c2
ab
bc
ca
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
.
c + ab
a + bc
b + ca 2
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c
ab
ab
=
=
c + ab
c ( a + b + c ) + ab
1 ab
ab

+
;
( c + a )( c + b ) 2 c + a c + b
ab
bc
=
a + bc
1 bc
bc

+
;
( a + b )( a + c ) 2 c + a a + b
ca
=
b + ca
1 ca
ca

+
.
( b + c )( b + a ) 2 a + b b + c
bc
ca

ab
bc
ca
a+b+c 1
.
+
+
=
2
2
c + ab
a + bc
b + ca
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1. Chng minh
1
1
1
1
.
+
+
a + bc
b + ca
c + ab 6abc
V d 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin xyz = 1 .
Chng minh rng
1
x + 2y + 3
2
1
y + 2z + 3
2
1
z + 2x + 3
2
Li gii
x 2 + y 2 2 xy;
y 2 + 1 2 y.
Cng li theo v ta c: x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3 2 ( x + xy + 1) .
Suy ra
116
1
1
.
.
x + 2 y + 3 2 x + xy + 1
2
1
.
2
1
.
3
1
1
.
y + 2 z + 3 2 y + yz + 1
1
1
1
.
2
2
z + 2 x + 3 2 z + zx + 1
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc
Tng t ta c
1
1
1
1
ta c P
+
+
.
2 x + xy + 1 y + yz + 1 z + zx + 1
1
1
1
Vy ta cn chng minh
+
+
1.
x + xy + 1 y + yz + 1 z + zx + 1
Tuy nhin y l mt ng thc lun ng, tht vy

1
1
1
+
+
x + xy + 1 y + yz + 1 z + zx + 1
1
1
1
=
+
+
x + xy + 1 y + y. 1 + 1 1 + 1 .x + 1
xy
xy xy
x
xy
1
=
+
+
=1
x + xy + 1 xy + 1 + x 1 + x + xy
Nhn xt. Bn c lu ng thc quan trng vi x,y,z c tch bng 1 ta c
1
1
1
+
+
=
1.
x + xy + 1 y + yz + 1 z + zx + 1
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin xyz = 8 .
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+
.
2x + y + 6 2 y + z + 6 2z + x + 6 4

1
1
1
1
+ 5
+ 5
.
5
2
2
2
x x + 3 xy + 6 y y + 3 yz + 6 z z + 3 zx + 6 3
V d 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
1 1 1
+ + =
1.
a b c
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
.
+
+
4
Li gii
Ch iu kin c vit li di dng: abc = ab + bc + ca .
Chng minh rng
117
a2
a3
a3
Khi = =
=
a + bc a 2 + abc a 2 + ab + bc + ca
a3
.
( a + b )( a + c )
a3
a + b a + c 3a
a3
4a b c
.
+
+
a
+
b
a
+
c
8
8
4
a
+
b
a
+
c
8
(
)(
)
(
)(
)
b2
4b a c c 2
4c a b
.
b + ca
8
c + ab
8
a= b= c= 3 .
a + 3c
4b
8c
.
P=
+
a + 2b + c a + b + 2c a + b + 3c
Li gii
x =a + 2b + c a = x + 5 y 3 z
t y = a + b + 2c b = x 2 y + z .
z = a + b + 3c
c = z y
Tng t ta c
x + 2 y 4( x 2 y + z ) 8( z y )
Khi P = +
y
z
x
2 y 4x 4z 8 y
=
+
+
+
17
x
y
y
z
y 2x
z 2y
= 2 + + 4 +
17
x y
y z
P4
y 2x
z 2y
.
+8 .
17= 12 2 17 .
x y
y z
(
(
(
)
)
a 5 2 7 x
=
y 2x
=
x y
y = 2 x
b = 3 2 2 x .
2 y 2x
z = 2y =
z =
y z
=
c 2 2 x
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 12 2 17 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y l cc s thc dng.
118
x+3
4y
8
.
+
x + 2y +1 x + y + 2 x + y + 3
P=
6. K thut nghch o
Mt s trng p dng trc tip AM GM lm bt ng thc i chiu v vy
ta kho lo chia phn thc cho t thc p dng AM GM. K thut ny hay c
p dng vi bt ng thc Bernoulli(xem ch sau).
a3
a3 + ( b + c )
b3
b3 + ( c + a )
c3
c3 + ( a + b )
1.
Li gii
( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1)
x2 x + 1 + x + 1 x2 + 2
.
=
2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 hoc x = 2 .
1 + x3=
Ta c
a3
=
3
a3 + ( b + c )
1
b+c
1+
2
2
b+c
+2
a
2a 2
2a 2
a2
=
=
2
a 2 + b2 + c2
2a 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2
2a 2 + ( b + c )
Tng t ta c
b3
b3 + ( c + a )
c3
c3 + ( a + c )
b2
a 2 + b2 + c2
c2
a 2 + b2 + c2

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc = 8.
Chng minh
a2
b2
c2
(1 + a )(1 + b ) (1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + c )(1 + a )

3
4
.
3
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh rng

a
b
c
+
+
>2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
119
Li gii
2a
2a
a
=
;
b + c 2 a (b + c ) a + b + c
2b
2b
b
=
;
c + a 2 b (c + a) a + b + c
2c
2c
c
=
.
a + b 2 c (a + b) a + b + c

a
b
c
a
b
c
+
+
2
+
+
2.
=
b+c
c+a
a+b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =+
b c, b =+
c a, c =+
a b
a + b + c= 2 ( a + b + c ) v l. Vy ng thc khng xy ra ta c iu phi
chng minh.
Bi tp tng t
2
2a
2b
2c
+3
+3
3.
b+c
c+a
a+b
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

2.
Chng minh rng
1 + bc
(b + c )
1 + ca
(c + a)
c
2.
a+b
3) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m v tng i mt khc 0. Chng minh rng

x
y
z
+
+
2.
2
2
2
2
2
y +z
z +x
x + y2
4) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0. Chng minh
a
b
c
+
+2
2.
b+c
2c + a
a+b+c
5) Cho x,y l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
x
+
y +1
y
+
x +1
1
2.
x+ y

a 2 + b2 + c
a + b + c2
120
b2 + c2 + a
b + c + a2
c2 + a2 + b
c + a + b2
3.
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s dng ta c
a 2 + b2 + c
=
a + b + c2
b2 + c2 + a
a 2 + b2 + c
( a + b + c )( a + b
2 (b + c + a )
2
+c
2 a 2 + b2 + c
a + b + c + a 2 + b2 + c2
c2 + a2 + b
2 c2 + a2 + b
b+c+a
a+b+c+a +b +c
c+a+b
a + b + c + a + b + c2
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn v a v chng minh
2
4 a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2 ( a + b + c )
3 a 2 + b2 + c2 3 .
a+b+c+a +b +c
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
2.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
b +c +d
c +d +a
d +a +b
a + b2 + c2
2
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin

a (b + c )
P=
Ch
a 2 + bc
b (c + a)
b 2 + ca
Li gii
c (a + b)
c 2 + ab
) (
)
( a + bc ) ( b + c=) b ( a + c ) + c ( a + b )
Do vy nu t x =a ( b + c ) ; y =b ( c + a ) ; z =c ( a
a ( b + c ) = a b 2 + c 2 + 2bc a b 2 + c 2
2
a (b + c )
a + bc
2
b (c + a)
x
;
y + z b 2 + ca
c (a + b)
y
;
z + x c 2 + ab
+ b 2 ta c
z
.
x+ y
Nh vy sau khi cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn a v bi ton trnh by.

x
+
y+z
y
+
z+x
z
2.
x+ y
Ta c gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 t ti=

a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
Cch 2: Nu c mt s bng 0, khng mt tnh tng qut gi s l c, khi
121
a
b
+ =
b
a
P=
a b
+ 2 2.
ab
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi=
a b=
,c 0 .
Nu c ba s u dng khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
a (b + c )
a 2 + bc
(a
Tng t ta c
a (b + c )
2
+ bc a ( b + c )
b (c + a)
b + ca
2
a (b + c )
a 2 + bc + a ( b + c )
2
2b ( c + a )
( b + a )( b + c )
c (a + b)
c + ab
2
2a ( b + c )
( a + b )( a + c )
2c ( a + b )
( c + a )( c + b )
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c:

a (b + c )
a + bc
2
b (c + a)
b + ca
2
c (a + b)
c + ab
2
2a ( b + c )
2b ( c + a )
2c ( a + b )
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + a )( b + c ) ( c + a )( c + b )
2
2
2
2a ( b + c ) + 2b ( c + a ) + 2c ( a + b )
=
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
2 ( a + b )( a + c )( b + c ) + 8abc
=
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
8abc
=
>2
2+
+
a
b
(
)( b + c )( c + a )
So snh hai trng hp ta c gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 t ti

=
a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
7. K thut s dng bt ng thc AM GM dng lu tha
m
a1m + a2m + ... + anm a1 + a2 + ... + an
.
n
n
Trong ak , k = 1, n l cc s khng m v m,n l cc s nguyn dng.

Ch . Xem chng minh trong ch Bt ng thc Bernoulli.
Cc bt ng thc dng ny hay c s dng
1
1
3
4
a 3 + b3 ( a + b ) ; a 4 + b 4 ( a + b ) .
4
8
a3
( b + 3c )
122
b3
( c + 3a )
c3
( a + 3b )
3
.
64
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM GM dng lu tha ta c
3
b
c
a
b + 3c + c + 3a + a + 3b
a
b
c
+
+
3
.
3
( b + 3c )3 ( c + 3a )3 ( a + 3b )3
Ch s dng bt ng thc CS ta c
3
(a + b + c)
a
b
c
+
+
b + 3c c + 3a a + 3b a ( b + 3c ) + b ( c + 3a ) + c ( a + 3b )
2
Suy ra
a3
( b + 3c )
(a + b + c)
4 ( ab + bc + ca )
b3
( c + 3a )
c3
( a + 3b )
3 ( ab + bc + ca )
4 ( ab + bc + ca )
.
=
3
4
3
.
64

Bi tp tng t
3
a b c 1
+
+
.
a + 2b b + 2c c + 2a 9
1
1
4
a 4 + b4 + c4 ( a + b + c ) .
8
64
Li gii
4
c c
a+b+ 2 + 2
1 4 1 4
1
4
4 1 4
4
4
a + b + c = a + b + c + c 4
( a + b + c )4 .
=
8
16
16
4
64
c
.
2
Ngoi ra bt ng thc c dng ng cp ta c th chun ho a v xt hm
s(xem chng 3).
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b=
a +bc + 3 b+ca + 3 c+ a b 3 a + 3 b + 3 c .
Li gii
123
3
a + b c + 3 b + c a 3 4(a + b c + b + c a) =
23 b
b + c a + 3 c + a b 3 4 (b + c a + c + a b) =
23 c
c + a b + 3 a + b c 3 4(c + a b + a + b c) =
23 a

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic. Chng minh
a +bc + b+ca + c+ a b a + b + c .
V d 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
4
x+ y 4 x+ y 4 x+ y
x
y
z
+
+
2 4
+4
+4
.
z
z
z
z+x
x + y
y+z
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc: 8( A4 + B 4 ) ( A + B ) 4 ta c:
4
y+z
4
8x
.
=
4
4
4
y+4z
(4 y + z )
8
4
x
x 1
1
.
4 y +4 z
4 4 y 4 z
Xy dng cc BT cn li ri cng v theo v, ta c:
4
Mt khc:
VT
2 4x+4z
.
.
4 y
2
Li c:
x+4z
8( z + x)
.
4
4 y
y
Suy ra: VT 4
z+x 4 x+ y 4 y+z
+
+
=
VP .
y
z
x

8. K thut bin i tng ng kt hp AM GM
i khi nh gi bt ng thc trc tip bng AM GM khng hiu qu khi
cn kt hp bin i gia iu kin bi ton v bt ng thc cn chng minh. a
v cc bt ng thc n gin hn p dng AM GM.
124

1
1
1
+
+
=
2.
a +1 b +1 c +1
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
4a + 1 4b + 1 4c + 1
Li gii
( 4a + 1)( 4b + 1) ( 4a + 1)( 4b + 1)( 4c + 1) 2 ( a + b + c ) + 1 32abc .
Ch iu kin bi ton tr thnh
( a + 1)( b + 1)= 2 ( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1) ab + bc + ca + 2abc=
1.
a + b + c 3 ( ab + bc + ca=
)
3 (1 2abc ) .
Vy ta ch cn chng minh 2 3 (1 2abc ) + 1 32abc

1
abc 32
1
2 3 (1 2abc ) 32abc 1 abc 1
abc .
8
32
2
12 (1 2abc ) ( 32abc 1)
Bt ng thc cui ng bi s dng AM GM cho 3 s dng ta c
1= 2abc + ab + bc + ca 2abc + 3 a 2b 2 c 2 ; t=
3
abc
1
1
2
2t 3 + 3t 2 1 0 ( 2t 1)( t + 1) 0 t abc
2
8
1
.
2

1
1
1
+
+
=
2.
a +1 b +1 c +1
1 1 1
Chng minh rng + + 4 ( a + b + c ) .
a b c
Li gii
Cch 1: Thc hin tng t bi ton trn.
x
y
z
Cch 2: Ch tn ti cc s dng x,y,z sao=
cho a =
.
,b =
,c
y+z
z+x
x+ y
125
x
y+z z+x x+ y
y
z
+
+
4
+
+
.
x
y
z
y+z z+x x+ y
Bt ng thc trn l tng ca ba bt ng thc sau
1 1
1 1
4z
4x
1 1 4y
.
y +
;z +
; x +
x z z+x y x x+ y z y y+z
1
.
2
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1. Chng minh

1
1
1
2
+
+
+1.
a +1 b + c c +1 a + b + c +1
Li gii
2 ( a + b + c ) + ab + bc + ca + 3
3+ a +b + c
a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + 2
a + b + c +1
( a + b + c + 1) 2 ( a + b + c ) + ab + bc + ca + 3
( a + b + c + 3)( a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + 2 )
a 2 + b2 + c2 3
Bt ng thc cui lun ng bi theo AM GM ta c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 3 a 2b 2 c 2 =
3.
3

9. K thut sp th t
p dng vi cc bt ng thc hon v ta c th gi s a = min {a, b, c} hoc
a = max {a, b, c} hoc a l s nm gia b v c.
Di y l mt bt ng thc c s dng kh nhiu ti xin trnh by

4
3
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a + abc ( a + b + c ) .
27
Chng minh.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s b l s nm gia a v c ta c:
( b a )( b c ) 0 b2 + ac ab + bc b2c + c 2 a abc + bc 2
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a + abc a 2b + bc 2 + 2abc = b a 2 + c 2 + 2ac = b ( a + c )
126
3
a+c a+c
b+ 2 + 2
a+c a+c
4
2
Khi VT b ( a + c=
.
4
=
( a + b + c )3 .
) 4.b.
2
2
3
27
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch kh a= b= c .
( ab
+ bc 2 + ca 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 9 .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s b l s nm gia a v c
Ta c: a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a = b(c + a ) 2 abc c(a b)(b c)
b(c + a ) 2 abc= b(c 2 + ac + a 2 )
p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
( ab
+ bc 2 + ca 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) b(c 2 + ac + a 2 )(ab + bc + ca )
(c 2 + ac + a 2 ) + (ab + bc + ca )
b
b(c + a )2 (a + b + c)2 9b(a + c)2

=
4
4
.
3
a+c a+c
b + 2 + 2
a+c a+c
9b.
.
9
=
9
=
2
2
3

3.
P a b3 + 1 + b c 3 + 1 + c a 3 + 1 .
Li gii
a b3 + 1 = a
( b + 1) ( b2 b + 1) a.
b + 1 + b2 b + 1
ab 2
.
= a+
2
2
bc 2
ca 2
.
; c a3 + 1 c +
2
2
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c:
Tng t: b c3 + 1 b +
Pa+b+c+
ab 2 bc 2 ca 2
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
.
+
+
= 3+
2
2
2
2
127
( b a )( b c ) 0 b2 + ac ab + bc ab2 + a 2c a 2b + abc
2
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 a 2b + abc + bc 2 = b ( a 2 + ac + c 2 ) b ( a + c )
3
a+c a+c
b+ 2 + 2
a+c a+c
2
b ( a + c ) 4.b.
.
=
4
=
4.
2
2
3

a 0,=
b 1,=
c 2 hoc cc hon v.
b(a + c)
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
Suy ra P 3 +
3+
5.
2
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 5 t ti =
a 0,=
b 1,=
c 2 hoc cc hon v.
2

5.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = a 4b + b 4 c + c 4 a .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c} , khi
a 4 c a 3c 2
ac c 2
+
= a3 ab + bc +
+
2
2
2
2
a a a a+c
c
256. . . .
. b +
4 4 4 4
2
P = a 4b + b 4 c + c 4 a a 4b + a3bc +
c
= a3 ( a + c ) b + =
2
3c
c
a a+c
5
3. 4 + 4 + b + 2
a+b+ 4
a+b+c
256
= 256
256
= 256
5
5
5

a 4,=
b 1,=
c 0 hoc cc hon v.
a 4,=
b 1,=
c 0 hoc cc hon v.
Nhn xt. Tng qut vi a, b, c khng m tha mn a + b + c =

k ta lun c
a nb + bn c + cn a
n n k n +1
( n + 1)n+1
Chng minh.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c} khi
128
P = a n b + b n c + c n a a n b + a n 1bc +
a n c a n 1c 2
+
2
2
ac c 2
c
n 1
= a n 1 ab + bc +
+ =
a (a + c) b +
2
2
2
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
c
a a a a+c
c
1
. b +
a n =
( a + c ) b + nn . . ... .
2
2
n
n
n n
n 1
a a+c
c
n 1) . +
+b+
(
2
n
n
nn
1
n
+
a+b+c
nn
n +1
n +1
n +1
n +1
1 1
a + b + 2 + n c

nn
=
n +1
n n k n +1
=
( n + 1)n+1
kn
k
=
,b =
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
n +1
n +1
3.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch=

khi a
P=
(a
)(
)(
ab + b 2 b 2 bc + c 2 c 2 ca + a 2 .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c khi
b 2 bc + c 2 = b 2 + c ( c b ) b 2
c 2 ca + a 2 = c ( c a ) + a 2 a 2
Suy ra:
P a 2b 2 a 2=
ab + b 2
4 3ab 3ab 2
.
.
a ab + b 2
9 2 2
3ab 3ab
+
+ a 2 ab + b 2
4 2
4
4
6
2

=
c ) 12
( a + b )6
( a + b +=
9
3
9.27
9.27

a 2,=
b 1,=
c 0.
a 2,=
b 1,=
c 0 hoc cc hon v.
129
10. K thut c si ngc du

Vic p dng bt ng thc AM GM cho mu s i khi lm ngc chiu bt
ng thc do vy trc khi p dng ta bin i phn thc c th p dng trc
tip bt ng thc AM GM.
a
b
c
3
+
+
.
2
2
2
2
1+ b 1+ c
1+ a
Li gii
Ta c
a
1 + b2
a 1 + b 2 ab 2
1 + b2
ab 2
1 + b2
ab 2
ab
=a
2b
2
bc
c
ca 2
ca
;
=
c
c
2
2
2
2
2 1+ a
2
1+ c
1+ c
1+ a
a
b
c
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca 3
+
+
a+b+c
= 3
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
1+ b 1+ c
1+ a
b
=b
bc 2
=a
1
3.
( a + b + c )2 =
3
V d 2. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
V ab + bc + ca
yz
x + 2 yz
xy
zx
.
+
y + 2 zx z + 2 xy
Li gii
1
1
x
x
= 1
1
x + 2 yz 2 x + 2 yz 2 x + y + z
1
zx
1
y
y
= 1
1
y + 2 zx 2
y + 2 zx 2 x + y + z
1
xy
1
z
z
= 1
1
z + 2 xy 2 z + 2 xy 2 x + y + z
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z.
yz
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c =

3.
Chng minh rng
130
a2
a + 2b 2
b2
c2
b + 2c 2 c + 2 a 2
Li gii
a2
a + 2b 2
a a + 2b 2 2ab 2
a + 2b 2
b2
=a
2ab 2
a + 2b 2
1.
2ab 2
3
3 ab 4
=a
2
2
( ab ) 3
3
2
2
c2
2
2
bc
ca
3;
3
(
)
(
)
3
3
b + 2c 2
c + 2a 2
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta ch cn chng minh
(ab) 3 + (bc) 3 + (ca ) 3 3 .
Bt ng thc trn ng theo AM GM v

2
a + ab + b 3(ab) 3
2
b + bc + c 3(bc) 3
c + ca + a
2
3(ca ) 3
1
3
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 3. Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc
a
b
c
.
P= 3
+ 3
+ 3
b + 16 c + 16 a + 16
Li gii
Ta c:
ab3
ab3
bc3
ca3
bc3
ca3
.
+b 3
+c 3
= 3 3
+ 3
+ 3
16 P = a 3
b + 16 c + 16 a + 16
b + 16
c + 16
a + 16
9
( a + ab + b ) + ( b + bc + c ) + ( c + ca + a ) 2 ( a + b + c ) + ( a + b + c )2 =
tm gi tr ln nht ca P ta tm gi tr nh nht ca
ab3
bc3
ca3
b3 + 16 c3 + 16 a3 + 16

ab3
ab3
ab3 ab 2
.
=
=
b3 + 16 b3 + 8 + 8 12b 12
Tng t:
bc3
c3 + 16
bc 2 ca3
ca 2
.
; 3
12 a + 16 12
131
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c:

ab3
b3 + 16
bc3
c3 + 16
ca3
a3 + 16
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
.
12
Bi ton a v tm gi tr ln nht ca ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 y l mt bi ton

quen thuc.
( b a )( b c ) 0 b2 + ac ab + bc ab2 + ca 2 a 2b + abc
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 a 2b + abc + bc 2 = b a 2 + ac + c 2
a+c a+c
b+ 2 + 2
a+c a+c
2
b ( a + c ) 4.b.
.
=
4
=
4
2
2
3

a 0,=
b 1,=
c 2 v cc hon v.
Suy ra 16 P 1 P
1
.
16
1
t ti =
a 0,=
b 1,=
c 2 hoc cc hon v.
16
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng
Chng minh rng
1
2+a b
2
4 2
a 2b
2 + b c 2 + c2a
Li gii
2
1.
1
1
Ta c:
=1
1 a 3 b 3 1 a 2 + ab + ab .
2
2
3
9
2+a b
2+a b
2
1 2
2
1
b + bc + ab ;
1 c 2 + ca + bc .
2
9
9
2+b c
2+c a
Tng t ta c:
1
1
(a + b + c) 2
1
2
3
2
+
+
9
2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a
1
1
1
+
+
1
2
2
2 + a b 2 + b c 2 + c2a
132
11. S dng bt ng thc ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
8
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) .
9
Chng minh.
y l mt bt ng thc c s dng kh thng xuyn vi bt ng thc i
xng 3 bin da trn ng thc
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc .
Ta c ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc =
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .
a + b b + c c + a ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
ab . bc . ca
Mt khc: abc =
=
8
2 2 2
Suy ra:
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .
8
8
9
Do :
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) .
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =

1.
3
.
4
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc quen thuc:
8
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) .
9
Theo gi thit bi ton kt hp vi bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
8
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
9
8
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) . ( ab + bc + ca ) .
9
3
ab + bc + ca
4
Chng minh rng ab + bc + ca
1
.
2
1 1 1
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c + + .
a b c
1
1
1
3
Chng minh rng
+
+
.
( 2a + b + c )2 ( 2b + c + a )2 ( 2c + a + b )2 16
133
Li gii
( 2a + b + c )2 =( a + b ) + ( a + c )
( 2a + b + c )
4 ( a + b )( a + c )
1
1
.
4 ( a + b )( a + c )
Tng t cho 2 phn thc cn li a v chng minh

1
1
1
3
+
+
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + c )( b + a ) ( c + a )( c + b ) 4
2(a + b + c)
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
3
4
8
(a + b + c)
3
8
Ch ta c ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
9
Vy ta ch cn chng minh ab + bc + ca 3 .
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Theo gi thit ta c abc ( a + b + c ) ab + bc + ca .

( ab + bc + ca )2 3abc ( a + b + c ) 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
ab + bc + ca 3
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca 1 .
1
1
1
Chng minh rng a + b + c + 3 8abc 2
+ 2
+ 2
.
a +1 b +1 c +1
Li gii
Ch iu kin bi ton ab + bc + ca 1 ta c nh gi
2(a + b + c)
.
a 2 + 1 a 2 + ab + bc + ca =
( a + b )( a + c ) =
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
S dng bt ng thc ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Ta c
a2 + 1 8
9
Vy ta chng minh
134
2(a + b + c)
8
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) .
9
9
.
=
+
+
4
ab
bc
ca
(
)
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
a + b + c + 3 8abc.
9
4 ( ab + bc + ca )
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) + 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 18abc
3
ab + bc + ca
1
Ch abc
.
=
3
3 3
Do bt ng thc cui l tng ca 2 bt ng thc.
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 9abc
2 2
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 3 3. a 2b=
c
3
3 3abc 3 3abc
= 9abc .
3
abc
1
3
3 3
1
.
3
12. K thut chun ho

Bt ng thc c dng thun nht bc k c dng
P ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) 0 trong P (tx1 , tx2 ,..., txn ) = t k P ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .
Khi ta c th thc hin

+ Chun ho cho x m + y m + z m =
const (chuyn bi ton khng c iu kin v c
iu kin).
+ Hoc nhn(chia) vi i lng cha bin a bt ng thc v dng thun
nht gip chng minh n gin hn.
3
( a + b )2 ( b + c )2 ( c + a )2
abc
4
(a + b + c) .
3
Li gii
Bt ng thc c dng thun nht bc 1 ta chun ho a + b + c =
3.
Ta cn chng minh
( a + b )2 ( b + c )2 ( c + a )2
abc
4 .
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 8 abc
Ch
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( 3 a )( 3 b )( 3 c ) = 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) abc
ab + bc + ca 3abc ( a + b + c ) =
3 abc
Vy ta chng minh 9 abc abc 8 abc abc 1 .
135
3
a+b+c
Bt ng thc cui ng bi v abc
1.
=
3

Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
ab + bc + ca
.
8
3
3
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 3 a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a .
Li gii
Ta chuyn bt ng thc v dng thun nht bc ba bng cch thay
a 2 + b2 + c2 =
Ta cn chng minh
(a
(a
+ b2 + c2 ( a + b + c ) .
+ b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c ) 3 a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a
) (
) (
) (
a3 + ab 2 + b3 + bc 2 + c3 + ca 2 2 a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a
Bt ng thc ny l tng ca 3 bt ng thc

a3 + ab 2 2a 2b; b3 + bc 2 2b 2 c; c3 + ca 2 2c 2 a .

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 3abc 1 .
Li gii
Ch ta a bt ng thc v dng thun nht bc 2 bng cch thay
2=
3abc 2 3abc ( a + b + c )
1=
( a + b + c )2
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 3abc ( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c )
ab + bc + ca 3abc ( a + b + c )
( ab + bc + ca ) 3abc ( a + b + c )
2
136
1
.
3
Bt ng thc cui lun ng. Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy

1
ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
.
3
3 a 2 + b2 + c2
a b c
.
+ +
3
b c a
abc
Li gii
Chun ho abc = 1 ta cn chng minh
a b c
+ + 3 a 2 + b2 + c2
b c a
a b c
+ + 3 a 2 + b2 + c2
b c a
a b2
b c2
c
2
2
+
+
+
+ 2 + 2 3 a 2 + b2 + c2
2
2
c c
a a
b
b
Bt ng thc cui l tng ca 3 bt ng thc
a2
a2
b2
b2
c2
c2
a a
a4
+ 33 2 2 =
3a 2
c c
b c
b b
b4
+ 33 2 2 =
3b 2
a a
a c
c c
c4
3
+
3
=
3c 2
2
2
2
b b
a
a b
+
6(a + b + c)
a+b
b+c
c+a
.
+
+
3
c
a
b
abc
Li gii
Bt ng thc c dng thun nht bc 0 chun ho abc = 1 .
a+b
b+c
c+a
+
+
6(a + b + c) .
c
a
b
S dng bt ng thc Mincopski ta c
Ta cn chng minh
a+b
b+c
c+a
+
+
=
c
a
b
137
2
a c
b a
c b
+
+
+
+
+
b b
c c
a a
2
a
b
c c
a
b

+
+
+
+
+
c
a b
c
a
b
S dng bt ng thc trnh by trong v d 4 ta c

3( a + b + c )
a
b
c
+
+
=
3
b
c
a
b. c. a
3( a + b + c )
3( c + a + b )
c
a
b
+
+
=
3
b
c
a
b. c. a
3( a + b + c )
Suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

13. K thut t n ph
i khi t n ph a v bin mi gip nh gi AM GM n gin hn.
V d 1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.
b(a c) c(3b + a ) 2c(a b)
.
+
+
c(a + b) a (b + c)
b( a + c )
Li gii
t x =ab > 0 ; y =bc > 0 ; z =ca > 0, khi
x y 3y + z 2z 2 y
.
P=
+
+
z+ y x+z
x+ y
t m = z + y > 0 ; n = x + z > 0 ; p = x + y > 0 .

Suy ra 2 x =
n + p m ; 2y =
m + p n ; 2z =
p + n+ m.
n 2m p 2n
Khi P = +
+ + 4.
m n n p
n 2m
p 2n
n 2m p 2n
P= +
.
+2
.
4= 4 2 4 .
+ + 42
m n
n p
m n n p
Vi ( a, b, c ) = 1,1 + 2 2, 5 + 4 2 P =4 + 4 2 .
V vy Pmin =4 + 4 2 .
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc ln hn 1 v tho mn iu kin
xy + yz + zx + xyz =
20 .
138
Chng minh rng
3
( x 1)( y 1)( z 1) .
x+ y + z 3
Li gii
t a =x 1, b =y 1, c =z 1; a, b, c > 0 ta cn chng minh abc ( a + b + c ) 3 .
Ch gi thit bi ton tr thnh:
20
( a + 1)( b + 1) + ( b + 1)( c + 1) + ( c + 1)( a + 1) + ( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1) =
ab + bc + ca + 2 ( a + b + c ) + 3 + abc + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + abc =
20
3 ( a + b + c ) + 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 2abc =
17
S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 2 3abc ( a + b + c )

2 a +b+c
4 abc ( a + b + c )
+ abc
3
3
3
3
7(a + b + c) 7 4
7
=
( a + b + c )3 .( a + b + c ) 4 27abc.( a + b + c )
3
3
3
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn suy ra
4 abc ( a + b + c ) 7 4
+
27 abc. ( a + b + c ) 17
3
3
3
V tri l hm ng bin vi abc(a + b + c) t suy ra abc ( a + b + c ) 3 .
2 3abc ( a + b + c ) +

14. K thut la chn im ri
nh gi bt ng thc iu kin tin quyt l m bo du bng. Do vy vi
bt ng thc i xng cc bin thng bng nhau y l c s cho vic ta p dng
bt ng thc AM GM cho cc s dng hp l.
Trong trng hp kh on bin du bng xy ra ti y ta c th s dng
tham s ho hoc gii phng trnh o hm ring.
Chi tit hn v v phng php ny xem ch tham s ho.
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P = 3 a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a .
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
2
a + b =
3
a+b+c 1
2
Biu thc i xng 3 bin du bng t ti a = b = c =
= b + c = .
3
3
3
2
c + a =
3
139
Do la chn cc s
2
ghp cp vi tng tng ( a + b ) , ( b + c ) , ( c + a ) .
3
Li gii chi tit:

2 2
a+b+ +
9
2
2
9
3
3 3;
a=
+ b 3 .3 ( a + b ) . . 3 .
4
3 3
4
3
2 2
b+c+ +
9
2
2
9
3
3 3;
b=
+ c 3 .3 ( b + c ) . . 3 .
4
3 3
4
3
2 2
c+a+ +
9
2
2
9
3
3 3.
c=
+ a 3 .3 ( c + a ) . . 3 .
4
3 3
4
3
a + b + 3 b + c + 3 c + a 3 18 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 3 18 du bng t ti a= b= c=
1
.
3
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P=
2a + 3b + 3 2b + 3c + 3 2c + 3a .

1.
1
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a + b + c +
abc
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
a 2 + b2 + c2
1
1
Du bng t ti a =
3 3.
b=
c=
=
=
3
abc
3
Vy tch ghp cp nh sau: a + b + c +
1
1
8
.
= a +b + c +
+
abc
9abc 9abc
Li gii chi tit:

1
8
1
8
P = a +b + c +
4 4 a.b.c.
+
+
9abc 9abc
9abc
a 2 + b2 + c2
9
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 4 3 t ti a= b= c=
140
1
3
= 4 3.
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 +
3
.
2
1 1 1
+ + .
a b c
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
2
a=
1
Du bng t ti a= b= c=
2 1
=
a
2
2
b=
c=
1
4
.
1 1
= = 2
b c
1 1 1
Vy cn tch ghp nh sau: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + + +
a b c
1
1
1
1
1
1 3 1 1 1
= a2 +
+ + b2 + + + c2 + + + + + .
8a 8a
8b 8b
8c 8c 4 a b c
Li gii chi tit:

1
1
1
1
1 1 3 1 1 1
+ + b2 + + + c2 + + + + +
P= a 2 +
8a 8a
8b 8b
8c 8c 4 a b c
1 1
1 1
1 1
9
. + 33 b2 . . + 33 c 2 . . + 3
8a 8a
8b 8b
8c 8c 4 abc
9
9
27
+
4 4. a + b + c 4
3
27
1
t ti a= b= c=
.
4
2
Cch 2: Ta c
1
9
2
P (a + b + c) +
3
a+b+c
33 a 2 .
( 2 ( a + b + c ) 3) ( 2 ( a + b + c )2 + 3 ( a + b + c ) 36 )
12 ( a + b + c )
.
27 27
+
4
4

12 .
Chng minh rng a b 2 + c 2 + b c 2 + a 2 + c a 2 + b 2 24 .
Li gii
3
2
Du bng t ti a= b= c= 2 . Khi 4=
a 2a=
b 2 + c 2 ta s dng bt ng
thc AM GM nh sau:
141
4a.2a 2 . b 2 + c 2
4b.2b . c 2 + a 2
4c.2c . a 2 + b 2
b c +a
=
3
c a +b
=
3
a b +c
=
3
) 4a + 2a
) 4b + 2b
) 4c + 2c
+ b2 + c2
6
+ c2 + a2
.
6
+ a 2 + b2
6
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ch a + b + c 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

6 ta c
iu phi chng minh.
9
a + b + c =
.
a 5, a + b 8
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = abc .
Li gii
T iu kin ta d on du bng t ti =
a 5,=
b 3,=
c 1. V vy vit li P v s
dng AM GM cho ba s dng t trung bnh nhn sang trung bnh cng.
Ta c a 5 b + c 4; a + b 8 c 1 .
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho ba s dng ta c:
P
=
1
1 3a + 5b + 15c
. ( 3a.5b.15c )
15
15
3
1 3 ( a + b + c ) + 2 ( b + c ) + 10c
1 3.9 + 2.4 + 10.1
=

15
15
3
3
15
3
Vi =
a 5,=
b 3,=
c 1 th P bng 15. Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 15.
1
1
+
30 .
2
2
2
abc
a +b +c
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM - GM ta c
1
1
1
7
1
7
.
=
+
+
33
+
VT 2
+
2
2
9abc 9abc 9abc
a +b +c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .9abc.9abc 9abc
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 3 ( ab + bc + ca )
Ta c a + b + c .3ab.3bc.3ca
142
4
(a + b + c)
1
+ ab + bc + ca 1 + 3
1

.
=
4
81
4
1
a+b+c
Ch abc
.
=
3
27
T suy ra pcm.
Cch 2: Ta c: 3(ab + bc + ca ) (a + b + c)2

Mt khc: (ab + bc + ca )(a + b + c) 9abc
Do :
1
9
abc ab + bc + ca
1
1
7
+
+
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
a +b +c
9
21
+
=
30
2
(a + b + c)
(a + b + c)2
1
3
ab + bc + ca (a + b + c) 2
Ta c pcm.
B. BI TON CHN LC
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin b a > c > 0 .
Chng minh rng
ab +
c (a b)
ab
1
3.
c (a c)
Li gii
Nhn xt. Ta chng minh bt ng thc quen thuc sau y:
ab c ( a c ) + b ( b c ) .
Tht vy bt ng thc tng ng vi:
c (a c)
c (b c )
ab
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 2 s dng ta c
c (a c)
ab
1.
c (b c )
1c ac c bc
+
+ +
1.
=
2b
ab
ab
a
a
b
Gi ta p dng vo bi
+
143
ab +
c (a b)
ab
c ( a c ) c (b c )
1
1
=
+
ab +
c (a c)
c
a
( c)
ab
c ( a c ) c (b c )
1
c (a c)
c ( a c ) + c (b c ) + c ( a c ) c (b c ) +
1
c (a c)
c ( a c ) + c (b c ) +
=
= 2 c (c a) +
c ( a c ) + c (b c )
1
=
c (a c)
c (a c) + c (a c) +
33 c ( a c ). c ( a c ).
1
c (a c)
1
=
3
c (a c)
a= b= 2
.
c = 1
3.
a+b
b+c
c+a
Chng minh rng
+
+
3.
c + ab
a + bc
b + ac
Li gii
a+b
b+c
c+a
a+b b+c c+a
.
+
+
36
.
.
c + ab
a + bc
b + ac
c + ab a + bc b + ca
Ta ch cn chng minh ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + bc )( b + ca )( c + ab ) .

2
( a + b ) ( c + 1) .
a + bc + b + ca
( a + bc )( b + ca )
=
2
4
Tng t ta c:
2
( b + ca )( c + ab )
( b + c )2 ( a + 1)2 ;
( c + ab )( a + bc )
4
Nhn theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c
( a + bc )( b + ca )( c + ab ) ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
2
( a + c )2 ( b + 1)2 .
4
2
2
2
a + 1) ( b + 1) ( c + 1)
(
.
.
kt thc bi ton ta ch cn chng minh
64
3
a +1+ b +1+ c +1
V ( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1)
8.
=
3

144
64
( a + 1) ( b + 1) ( c + 1)
2
1 (lun ng).
Bi tp tng t
a+b
b+c
c+a
3
.
+
+
3
c + ab
a + bc
b + ac
2
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0 .
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + c2
+
+
3.
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii
Chng minh rng
)(
)(
1 + a 2 1 + b2 1 + c2
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + c2
6
.
+
+
3
b+c
c+a
a+b
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 1
2
Vy ta chng minh
)(
)(
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
1 + a 2 1 + b 2 1 + c 2 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .
( )( )
(1 + b )(1 + c ) ( b + c ) ;
(1 + c )(1 + a ) ( a + c ) .
S dng bt ng thc C S ta c 1 + a 2 1 + b 2 ( a + b ) ;
2

Chng minh rng
a
b
c
+
+
2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c ( a + b + c ) 4a ( b + c )
2
a
4a 2
a
2a
.
2
b + c (a + b + c)
b+c a+b+c
Tng t ta c
b
2b
c+a a+b+c
2c
c
a+b a+b+c
145
a
b
c
a
b
c
+
+
2
+
+
2.
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
b+c
c+a
a+b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c 1 s bng 0

v 2 s cn li bng nhau.
Nhn xt. Ngoi li gii trn ta c th chng minh bt ng ny bng bin i
tng ng, bt ng thc Holder hoc Bernuoli.
2
2a
2b
2c
+3
+3
3.
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii
3
2a
=
b+c
3
2b
=
c+a
3
2c
=
a+b
3
a
a.
b+c b+c
.
2
2
a
3a
=
b+c b+c a+b+c
+
a+
2
2
3
b
b
3b
=
c+a c+a b+ c+a + c+a a+b+c
.
b.
2
2
2
2
3
c
3c
=
a+b a+b c+ a+b + a+b a+b+c
.
c.
2
2
2
2
3
Bi 6. Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c dng ta c
3
b b
c c
a
a
+
+
+
1.
b + c c + a c + a a + b a + b b + c
Li gii
a
b
a
b
+ =
+1+
+1 2
b+c c+a b+c
c+a
1
1
= (a + b + c)
+
2
b+c c+a
146
2(a + b + c)
=
2
( b + c )( c + a )
( a + b) + ( a + c ) + (b + c ) 2
( b + c )( c + a )
( a + c )( b + c )
a+b
2=
( a + c )( b + c )
( a + c )( b + c )
a+b+2
Tng t ta c
b+c
b
c
+
c+a a+b
( c + a )( a + b )
c+a
c
a
+
a+b b+c
( a + b )( b + c )

Bi 7. Cho a,b,c,x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
(a
( a + b + c )( x + y + z )=
Chng minh rng abcxyz <
+ b2 + c2
)( x
+ y2 + z2 = 4 .
1
.
36
Li gii
4 ( ab + bc + ca )( xy + yz + zx )
2
2
= ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2
2
= 20 ( a + b + c ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( x + y + z )
) (
20 2 ( a + b + c )( c + y + z )
(a
+ b2 + c2
)( x
+ y2 + z2 =
4
Do ( ab + bc + ca )( xy + yz + zx ) 1 .
Mt khc ( ab + bc + ca ) 3abc ( a + b + c ) .
2
( xy + yz + zx )2 3xyz ( x + y + z )
1
.
36
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c; x= y= z khi tri vi gi thit
9abcxyz ( a + b + c )( x + y + z ) 1 abcxyz
( a + b + c )( x + y + z )=
Vy abcxyz <
(a
+ b2 + c2
)( x
+ y2 + z2 = 4 .
1
.
36
147
1 + a2
Bi 8. Cho a, b, c > 1. Chng minh
1 + b + c2
Li gii
1 + b2
1 + c + a2
1 + c2
1 + a + b2
2.
S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c 1 + b + c 2 > 0,1 + b + c 2 1 +

Suy ra
1 + a2
1+ b + c
Tng t ta c
2 1 + a2
1 + b2 + 2 1 + c2
1 + b2
1+ c + a
1 + c2
1+ a + b
2 1 + b2
1 + c + 2 1 + a2
2
1 + b2
+ c2 .
2
2 1 + c2
1 + a 2 + 2 1 + b2
)
)
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v t x =a 2 + 1, y =b 2 + 1, z =c 2 + 1 ta c

1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + c2
1+ b + c
1+ c + a
1+ a + b
S dng bt ng thc C S ta c
2
2x
2y
2z
.
+
+
y + 2z z + 2x x + 2 y
(x + y + z)
x
y
z
+
+
y + 2z z + 2x x + 2 y x ( y + 2z ) + y ( z + 2x) + z ( x + 2 y )
2
( x + y + z )2 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) = 1
3 ( xy + yz + zx ) 3 ( xy + yz + zx )

Bi 9. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin ab + 2bc + 3ca =
6.
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) + 4a + b + c .
Li gii
P2
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .( 4a + b + c ) .
Mt khc s dng bt ng thc C-S ta c
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .( 4a + b + c=)
a ( b + c )2 + b ( c a )2 + c ( a + b )2 . ( 4a + b + c )
2a ( b + c ) + b ( c a ) + c ( a + b )
= ( ab + 2bc + 3ca ) = 36
2
148

a 1,=
b 0,=
c 2.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 12 t ti =
a 1,=
b 0,=
c 2.
Bi 10. Cho cc s thc a,b,c thuc on [ 0;1] .
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu=
thc P a5b5c5 ( 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 8abc ) .
Li gii
2 2 2
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 3.3 a=
b c
9 a 2b 2 c 2 9abc 8abc .
3
Suy ra P 0 . Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 0 xy ra khi c t nht mt s

bng 0.
P
abc.abc.abc.abc.abc 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 8abc
6
6
ab + bc + ca abc ) .
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 8abc + 5abc
(
=
6
26
Mt khc:
ab + bc + ca abc = a ( b + c bc ) + bc = a b + c (1 b ) + bc
.
b + c bc + bc = b + c 2
Do P 1 . Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 xy ra khi a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 11. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1. Chng minh
7
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c ) + 1 .
3
Li gii
8
S dng b . ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) , a, b,c 0
9
ta c:
8
8
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) ( a + b + c ) .33 a 2b2c 2
9
9
8
7
1
= ( a + b + c=
) (a + b + c) + (a + b + c)
3
3
3
7
7
( a + b + c ) + 3 abc=
(a + b + c) +1
3
3
Nhn xt. Ngoi ra ta c bt ng thc mnh hn nh sau. Vi gi thit cng iu
kin bi ton ta c ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 4 ( a + b + c 1) .
149
Chng minh.
Ta c:
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =
Mt khc:
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 1
( ab + bc + ca )2 3abc ( a + b + c )= 3 ( a + b + c ) ab + bc + ca
3( a + b + c ) .
Vy bi ton c chng minh nu bt ng thc sau ng:
( a + b + c ) 3 ( a + b + c ) 1 4 ( a + b + c 1) .
Tht vy, t t =
a + b + c , t 3 . Xt hm s
f (t ) =
3t 3 4t 2 + 3 vi
t 3.
Ta c f=
'(t ) 3 3t 2 8t > 0, t 3 nn f (t ) ng bin trn 3; + hay
f (t ) f ( 3) =
0.
Do ( a + b + c ) 3 ( a + b + c ) 1 4 ( a + b + c 1) .
Bt ng thc c chng minh. Ngoi ra bi ton trn c th thc hin bng
phng php dn bin(xem chng 4).
Bi 15. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin
8.
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) =
2
1
1
1
.
+
+
+
xyz x + 2 y y + 2 z z + 2 x
Li gii
1
1
1
9
3
+
+
= .
x + 2 y y + 2z z + 2x x + 2 y + y + 2z + z + 2x x + y + z
Mt khc:
8
9
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) x + y + z
9
.
xy + yz + zx
Suy ra
P
2
xy + yz + zx
+
3
xyz
2
+ 3 x2 y 2 z 2 =
xyz
1
+
xyz
1
+ 3 x2 y 2 z 2 3 .
xyz
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 3 t ti x= y= z= 1 .
3.
Chng minh rng
a + b + c ab + bc + ca .
Li gii
Ta c: 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) =( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =9 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
2
150
Vy ta chng minh bt ng thc: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2
a + b + c 9.
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:

a 2 + a + a 3a, b 2 + b + b 3b, c 2 + c + c 3c .
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2 a + 2 b + 2 c 3( a + b + c ) =
9.

Bi 17. Cho x,y,z,t l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x + y + z + t =
4.
P= x 3 + yz + y 3 + zt + z 3 + tx + t 3 + xy .
Li gii
Do x,y,z,t khng m nn
P x 3+ y 3+ z 3+t 3 =
(x + y + z + t)
3 = 4 3.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 4 3 t ti x = 4, y = z = t = 0 hoc cc hon v.

tm gi tr ln nht ca P ta s dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho hai s dng:
1
2 x 3 x + xyz + 2 y 3 y + yzt + 2 z 3z + ztx + 2 t 3t + txy
P
=
2
1
( 4 x + 3 x + xyz + 4 y + 3 y + yzt + 4 z + 3z + ztx + 4t + 3t + txy )
4
7
1
1
= ( x + y + z + t ) + ( xyz + yzt + ztx + txy ) =7 + ( xyz + yzt + ztx + txy )
4
4
4
Mt khc:
x+ y
z+t
xyz + yzt + ztx + txy= xy ( z + t ) + zt ( x + y )
(z + t) +
( x + y)
2
2
2
1
x+ y+ z+t
4
=( x + y )( z + t )( x + y + z + t ) =
( x + y )( z + t )
=
4
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 8 t ti x = y = z = t = 1 .
Bi 18. Cho cc s thc a,b,c thay i tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc .
Li gii
Ta c: P =
( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca ) = ( a + b + c )(1 ab bc ca ) .
( a + b + c )2 (1 ab bc ca )2
=(1 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca )(1 ab bc ca )(1 ab bc ca )
Suy ra: P 2 =
151
Do ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1 nn cc s trong tch ca P 2 khng m ta s
dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
1 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca + 2 (1 ab bc ca )

P2
1.
=
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti a =
1, b =
c=
0 hoc cc hon v.
Gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 t ti a= 1, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
1.
3
)(
)(

a 3 + b3 b3 + c 3 c 3 + a 3 .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s c = min {a, b, c} .
Khi :
)(
)(
P a3 + b3 b3 + b 2 c a3 + a 2 c = ( a + b ) a 2 ab + b 2 ( a + c )( b + c ) a 2b 2
= ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) a 2 ab + b 2 a 2b 2
Mt khc:
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =
Suy ra:
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
P ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) a 2 ab + b 2 a 2b 2
ab + bc + ca + a 2 ab + b 2 + ab + ab
( a + b + c ) .
( a + b + c ) ( a + b )2 + c ( a + b ) ( a + b )4 ( a + b + c )5 ( a + b + c )9
256
256
1
=
256
256
1
1
t ti a= b=
, c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
256
2
1
Bi 20. Cho a,b,c,d,e,f l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 1 v ace + bdf
.
108
1
Chng minh rng abc + bcd + cde + def + efa + fba
.
36
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho ba s dng ta c:
abc + bcd + cde + def + efa + fba + ace + bdf =( a + d )( b + e )( c + f )
1
a+d +b+e+c+ f
=
3
27
152
Suy ra abc + bcd + cde + def + efa + fba
1
1
1
1
( ace + bdf )
=.
27
27 108 36
Bt ng thc c chng.
1
.
6
Bi 21. Cho cc s thc khng m a,b,c tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0 v
a + 2b + 3c =
4.
1
1
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca=
biu thc P
+
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + c 2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= d= e= f =
Li gii
Nhn xt. P nh nht t a + 2b + 3c =
4 ta s suy ra a ln nht v c nh nht.
1
1
2
D on vi c =0 P =
+
=
, a + 2b =4 . P lc ny t gi tr
ab
ab
ab
nh nht ti=
a 2,=
b 1.
Ta c:
1
1
2
+
P=
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + c 2 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) ab + bc + c 2
2 2
=
2ab + 2bc + ca + c 2
2 2
( a + c )( 2b + c )
4 2
4 2
=
a + 2b + 2c a + 2b + 3c
2 xy ra khi
c = 0
a = 2
2b + c = a + c
b =
1.
2
ab + bc + ca = ab + bc + c
c = 0
a + 2b + 3c =
4
Bi 22. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn 0 < a b c v

a 2 1 b2 1 c2 1
+
+
=
0.
a
b
c

a + b 2014 + c 2015 .
Li gii
T 0 < a b c suy ra 0 =
a 1 v 0 3.
a 2 1 b2 1 c2 1
a2 1
+
+
3.
a
b
c
a
c2 1
c 1.
c
153
Ta c:
b2 1 c2 1 1 a 2
1 1
1
+ =
0 b + c 0 ( b + c ) 1 0 bc 1 .
b
c
a
b c
bc
Mt khc:
c2 1 1 a 2 1 b2
1
=
+
= ( a + b ) 1 2 ab 1
c
a
b
ab
ab
1
1
= 2
ab
ab
ab
ab
1
1
1
ab
1
Suy ra c
ab c
abc 2 1 .
1 +
0 c
c
c
ab
ab
ab
Khi s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
P=
a + b 2014 + c 2015 3 ab 2014 c 2015 =
33 abc 2 ( bc )
3
2013
3.
Bi 23. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng.
Chng minh rng
b(a + c)
c (a + b)
c (b + d )
d (b + c )
d (c + a)
a (c + d )
a (d + b)
b(d + a)
4.
Li gii
t P l v tri ca bt ng thc.
Vit li P di dng:
b
d
c
a
+
+
P = (a + c)
+ (b + d )
c ( a + b ) a ( c + d )
d ( b + c ) b ( d + a )
a+c
b+d
= ( abc + bcd + cda + dab )
+
ac ( a + b )( c + d ) bd ( b + c )( a + d )
1 1
1 1
+
+
1 1 1 1
a c
b d
.
= + + +
+
a b c d 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1

a b
c d b c a d
1 1
1 1
4 +
4 +
1 1 1 1
a c
b d
=
+
4
+ + + .
2
2
a
b
c
d
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ + +
+ + +
a b c d
a b c d
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= d .
154

a 3 + b3 + c 3
3
abc + ( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
3
4
Li gii
Bt ng thc tng ng vi:
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc 3
( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
3
4
( a + b + c ) ( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 3
( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
6
4
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho v tri ta c:
( a + b + c ) ( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 ( a + b + c ) 3 ( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2
6
2
Vy ta chng minh
( a + b + c ) 3 ( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2
2
3
( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
4
2 ( a + b + c ) 33 ( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c ta cn chng minh

2 ( a + b + c ) 3 3 ( a b )( b c )( a c ) .
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho v phi ta c:

3 3 ( a b )( b c )( a c ) a b + b c + a c = 2a 2c 2 ( a + b + c ) .

Mt s kt qu tng t:
a 3 + b3 + c 3
1
abc + 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
3
2
Bi 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn 2 min {a, b, c} max {a, b, c} .

a 3 + b3 + c 3
3
abc + 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
3
2
1.
1
1
1
.
P=
+
+
2
2
2
(b c )
(c a)
(a b)
a2 +
b2 +
c2 +
4
4
4
Chng minh
155
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c = max {a, b, c} .
Ta c:
c2 +
a2 +
( b c )2
( a b )2
4
(c a) b + c .
c
a + , b2 +
2
4
2
2
c
c
c 2 + 2a 2 + 2b 2 2 a + + 2 b + .
2
2
c
c
t x =
a+ ,y=
b + , ( x, y > 0 ) v x + y =
1.
2
2
1 1
1
5
.
Ta chng minh c: + +
2
2
x y
x
+
y
2 x +y
Do P 5 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 5 t ti a= b= 0, c= 1 hoc cc hon v.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
BI TP TRUNG BNH
Bi 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
x 3 + y 3 + 7 xy ( x + y )
xy x 2 + y 2
Bi 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng.
Chng minh rng x 2 + y +
3 2
3
1
1
y + x + 2 x + 2 y + .
4
4
2
2
Bi 3. Cho a,b l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
(1 + a ) + (1 + b )
8
128ab ( a + b ) .
2
Bi 4. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x,y,z ta c
x2 + y 2 + z 2 2 x ( y + z ) .
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin ( a + c )( a + b + c ) 0 .
Chng minh rng ( b c ) 4a ( a + b + c ) .
2
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin

ab + bc + ca + abc =
4.
Chng minh rng 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc 10 .

156
Bi 7. Cho a,b l cc s thc tho mn iu kin 2 < a < 2, 3 < b < 3; ab =1 .

Chng minh rng
4
9
12
+
.
2
2
4a 9b
5
Bi 8. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng c tng bng 2. Chng minh
1
1
2
2
+
+ 2
2+
.
2
x + xy + y
3
x
y
a
b
c
+
+
=
2.
a +1 b +1 c +1
Bi 9. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = ab + bc + ca .
1
1
1
+
+
=
1.
a +1 b +1 c +1
Chng minh rng abc 8 .
x ( 25 y 2 ) + y 25 x 25 .
x (108 y 2 ) + y 108 x 108 .
Bi 13. Cho x,y l hai s thc tho mn iu kin
x 2014 y 2 + y 2014 x 2 =
2014 .
Chng minh rng : x 2 + y 2 =
2014 .
Bi 14. Cho hai s thc x > y > 0. Chng minh x +
( x y )( y + 1)
3.
Bi 15. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c 3 .
1
2014
2015
.
+
2
2
a + b + c ab + bc + ca
3
Bi 16. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 3 + b3 + c 3 3 .
1
8
4
Chng minh rng 3
+
.
3
3
a + b + c ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 3
Chng minh rng
Bi 17. Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tho mn iu kin

Chng minh rng ab 2
1
2
+
=
2.
a +1 b +1
1
.
8
157
1
1
1
1.
+
+ ... +
=
1 + a1 1 + a2
1 + an
Bi 18. Cho n s thc dng tho mn iu kin

Chng minh rng a1a2 ...an ( n 1) .
n
a+b+c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 1 ab bc ca
+ + .
3
3
3 c
a b
Bi 20. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1.
Chng minh a + b + c +
1
4 3.
abc
Bi 21. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic c chu vi bng 1.

(a + b c)
P=
3c
(b + c a )
+
3a
(c + a b)
+
3b
Bi 22. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c =
3.
2
2
2
Chng minh rng a b + b c + c a + abc 4 .
3.
2
2
2
Chng minh rng a b + b c + c a + 2abc + 4 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
( a b + b c + c a ) ( ab + bc + ca ) 271 ( a + b + c )
2
Bi 25. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P=
abc a + b + c + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
(a
+b +c
2
) ( ab + bc + ca )
).
Bi 26. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin abc=1 .

Chng minh rng:
b+c c+a a+b

+
+
a + b + c +3.
a
b
c
Bi 27. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2

P = ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) +
1 1 1
+ + .
a 2 b2 c2
Bi 28. Cho a,b,c l cc s nguyn dng c tng bng 100.

Tm gi tr ln nht ca tch ba s .
158
3
.
4
Bi 29. Cho a,b,c l cc s nguyn dng c tng bng 2014.

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = abc .
Bi 30. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
27
.
+ 2
+ 2
x + xy y + yz z + zx 2 ( x + y + z )2
2
Bi 31. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =

3.
Chng minh rng a 6 + b 6 + 1 + b 6 + c 6 + 1 + c 6 + a 6 + 1 3 3 .
Bi 32. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh
a 2 + 2b 2 + b 2 + 2c 2 + c 2 + 2a 2 3 ( a + b + c ) .
Bi 33. Cho n s thc dng c tng bng 1. Chng minh
1
1
1
n
1 1 ... 1 ( n 1) .
a1 a2 an
Bi 34. Cho a,b l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b 1 .
1
1
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc P
=
+
2
2
1 + a + b 2ab
Ch . C th a v hm s(xem chng sau).
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b 2 .
1
.
1 + a + b ab
Bi 35. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + 2b + 3c 20 .
3 9 4
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a + b + c + +
+ .
a 2b c
thc P
=
Bi 36. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
2 xy
2 yz
3 xz
5
+
+
.
( x + z )( z + y ) ( x + y )( x + z ) ( y + z )( y + x) 3
Bi 37. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn a, b, c 1 .
Chng minh rng
a ( b 2 + 3)
3c 2 + 1
b ( c 2 + 3)
3a 2 + 1
c ( a 2 + 3)
3b 2 + 1
3.
Bi 38. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1.

159
x4
y4
z4
.
P=
+
+
(1 + y )(1 + z ) (1 + z )(1 + x ) (1 + x )(1 + y )
Bi 38. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho bn s dng ta c:
x4
1+ y 1+ z 1
(1 + y )(1 + z ) + 8 + 8 + 4 x
y4
1+ z 1+ x 1
+
+
+ y
8
8
4
(1 + z )(1 + x )
z4
1+ x 1+ y 1
+
+
+ z
(1 + x )(1 + y )
8
8
4
Cng li theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c:

Bi 39. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c
1 1 1
+ + .
a b c
3
2
.
+
a + b + c abc
Chng minh rng a + b + c
Bi 40. Cho x,y l cc s thc dng. Chng minh

6
x4 y 4
( x + y ) ( x + 1) ( y + 1)
2
3
.
8
Bi 41. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin z ( z x y ) = x + y + 1 .

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc M =
x4 y 4
.
( x + yz )( y + zx)( z + xy )3
Bi 42. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

3.
Chng minh rng x + y + z xyz 4 .
a +1
b +1
c +1
+
+
3.
ab + 1
bc + 1
ca + 1
a ( a + c 2b ) b ( b + a 2c ) c ( c + b 2a )
+
+
0.
ab + 1
bc + 1
ca + 1
Bi 45. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc ln hn 1. Chng minh
x4
( y 1)
160
y4
( z 1)
z4
( x 1)
48 .
3
4
Bi 46. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c = abc .

Chng minh rng
a
b
c
3
+
+
.
a+2 b+2 c+2 2
Bi 47. Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b 4 .

=
P
3a 2 + 4 2 + b3
+ 2 .
4a
b
Bi 48. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
Bi 49. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin
.
Chng minh rng
Bi 50. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng. Chng minh rng
.
Bi 51. Cho
. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

.
Bi 52. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng
3
. Chng minh
4
.
Bi 53. (TSH Khi B 2007) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht

ca biu thc
Bi 54. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin
.
.
Chng minh rng

Bi 55. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 3. Chng minh
.
161
.
Chng minh rng
BI TP RN LUYN NNG CAO
1.
Bi 58. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn x > y v xy + ( x + y ) z + z 2 =
1
4( x y)
(x + z) ( y + z)
Bi 59. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a > b v ( a + c )( b + c ) =
1.
(a b)
(b + c )
12
(a + c)
Bi 60. Cho a,b,c,x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

.
Chng minh rng
Bi 61. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng

.
Chng minh rng
.
.
Chng minh rng

Bi 64. Cho s nguyn dng n v cc s thc dng
Chng minh rng
.
.
162
Bi 66. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0 .

1
1
.
P = ( a + 2b + 2014c )
+
a ( b + c ) + 2c 2
b
a
+
4
c
(
)
Bi 67. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc i mt phn bit tha mn ab + bc + ca > 0 v

a+b+c =
1.
P=
2
2
2
5
.
+
+
+
a b bc ca
ab + bc + ca

.
Chng minh rng
.
Chng minh rng
Bi 70. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic tho mn iu kin
.
Chng minh rng

.
Bi 72. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
.
.
Chng minh rng

Bi 73. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic c chu vi bng 3.
Chng minh rng

.
163
.
Chng minh rng
.
.
Chng minh rng

Bi 79. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3.
Chng minh rng

.
Chng minh rng

.
Bi 82. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 2 chng minh

.

.
Bi 84.(Vit Nam TST 2010) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
.
Chng minh rng
.
164

.
.
.
.
Chng minh rng

.
Bi 91. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
.
Bi 92. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic c chu vi bng 3. Chng minh
.
.
Chng minh rng
.
.
165
Chng minh rng
Chng minh rng
Bi 97. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1. Chng minh

.
.
.
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
x 3 + y 3 + 7 xy ( x + y ) =
( x + y ) + 4 xy ( x + y ) 4 xy ( x + y ) .
3
xy=
x +y
2
xy
. 2 xy ( x 2 + y 2 )
2
xy 2 xy + x 2 + y 2
=
.
2
2
xy ( x + y )
2 2
Do P 8 2 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y .

Nhn xt. Ngoi ra ta c th t
=
x t. y, ( t > 0 ) a v kho st hm mt bin vi t.
Bi 2. Ta c:
2
1
1 2
3
1
3
1
2
2
x = x x + = x + y + x + y + x + y + x + y +
2
4
4
2
4
2
166
Tng t y 2 + x +
3
1
x+ y+ .
4
2
Suy ra:
2
3 2
3
1
1
1
2
x + y + y + x + x + y + = x + + y +
4
4
2
4
4
1
1
1
1
4 x + y + = 2 x + 2 y +
4
4
2
2
1
.
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y=

Bi 3. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s dng ta c
(1 + a ) + (1 + b )
8
2 (1 + a ) (1 + b )
4
4
= 2 ( ab + 1) + ( a + b ) 2 2
( ab + 1)( a + b )
= 32 ( ab + 1) ( a + b ) 128ab ( a + b )
2

Bi 4. S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
.
Bi 5. Ta c: ( b c ) =
2
( a + b + c a 2c )
4 ( a + b + c )( a 2c ) .
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh nu ta chng minh c:
( a + b + c )( a 2c ) a ( a + b + c ) ( a + c )( a + b + c ) 0 (lun ng theo
gi thit).
Bi 6. Ta c:
1
a+b+c
2
( a + b + c ) +
a +b+c 3.
3
3
4 = ab + bc + ca + abc
Khi
3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + abc= 3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 4 ( ab + bc + ca )
1
2
(a + b + c)
3
2
2
2
=
( a + b + c ) + 4 .32 + 4= 10
3
3
Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
(a + b + c) + 4
2
167
hoc
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.

Bi 9. Theo gi thit ta c
a
b
c
1
1
=
1
+1
= +
a +1
b +1
c +1 b +1 c +1
Tng t ta c:
b +1
( a + 1)( c + 1)
Nhn theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c:

168
( b + 1)( c + 1)
ab
( a + 1)( b + 1) ( c + 1)
Tng t ta c: bc
( a + 1)( b + 1)
( b + 1)( c + 1)
a +1
; ca
ab
( a + 1)( b + 1)
c +1
( c + 1)( a + 1)
b +1
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v s dng AM-GM ta c:

P = ab + bc + ca 12 .
a
1
1
1
.
=
1
= +
a +1
a +1 b +1 c +1
a
2
.
a +1
( b + 1)( c + 1)
Tng t ta c:
b +1
( a + 1)( c + 1)
c +1
( a + 1)( b + 1)
Nhn theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

Nhn xt. Vi cch lm tng t trn ta x l c bi ton tng qut cho n
s dng.
Bi ton. Vi x1 , x2 ,..., xn > 0 tha mn
1
1
1
1 ta lun c
+
+ ... +
=
1 + x1 1 + x2
1 + xn
x1 x2 ...xn ( n 1) .
n
Bi 11. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s ta c
Cng li theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch

khi
169

Bi 15. Du bng t ti
1
2014
1
2
2012
+
= 2
+
+
2
2
2
2
a + b + c ab + bc + ca a + b + c ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
3
2012
+
2
3 a 2 + b2 + c2
(
) ( ab + bc + ca ) 13 ( a + b + c )2
9
2012
2015
2
3
( a + b + c ) 1 ( a + b + c )2
3
2

Nhn theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
.
Bi 18. Ta c
Nhn theo v n bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

.
Bi 19. Bt ng thc v tri l hin nhin theo C S.

Bt ng thc v phi tng ng vi
170

Bi 20. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho ba s dng ta c:
1 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 3 3 a 2b 2 c 2 abc
1
3 3
1
3 3
abc
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho bn s dng ta c:
1
1
4
4 4 abc.
= .
9abc
9abc
3
a+b+c+
1
1
8
4 8
= a +b+c +
+ .3 3 = 4 3 .
+
abc
9abc 9abc
3 9
1
.
3
Suy ra a + b + c +
(a + b c)
3c
(a + b c) a + b + 4 c 1 .
c 1
+ + a+bc
3 3
3c
c
3
(b + c a )
(c + a b) a + c + 4 b 1 .
4
b + c + a 1;
Tng t:
3a
3
3b
3
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn kt hp vi iu kin a + b + c =
3 ta c ngay
P 1 .ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
3
Bi 22. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s b l s nm gia a v c.

Ta c:
2
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a + abc a 2b + bc 2 + 2abc = b ( a + c )
a+c a+c
b+ 2 + 2
a+c a+c
4
3
= 4.b.
4
=
.
( a + b + c=
) 4
2
2
3
27
171

Bi 23. Ta c
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) = ( a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a ) + ( ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 ) + 3abc .
Do vy ta ch cn chng minh ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 + abc 4 .

y l mt bi ton quen thuc c chng minh bi ton trn.
Bi ton c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
Ta c:
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a a 2b + bc 2 + abc = b ( a 2 + ac + c 2 )
a 2 + ac + c 2 + ab + bc + ca
b ( a + ac + c ) ( ab + bc + ca ) b
2
2
2
b ( a + c ) + b ( a + c )
b (a + c) (a + b + c)
a+c a+c
2
=
= b.
.
.( a + b + c )
4
4
2
2
a+c a+c
+
b+
1
2
5
2
2 =
(a + b + c)
(a + b + c)
27

Bi 25. S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c:
3 ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) ( a + b + c ) a + b + c 3 ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) .
2
Suy ra
abc 3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
3 + 1 abc
=
.
P
( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) ( ab + bc + ca )
( ab + bc + ca ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2
Mt khc: ( ab + bc + ca ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 3 3 a 2b 2 c 2 . 3 3 a 2b 2 c 2 =
3 3abc .
Suy ra P
3 +1 3 + 3
= . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
9
3 3
172
3+ 3
t ti a= b= c .
9
Bi 26. S dng AM GM cho 2 s dng ta c
Xy dng tng t cho 2 bt ng thc cn li ri cng li theo v 3 bt ng

thc ta c
.
Bi 27. Theo gi thit v bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
.
Suy ra
S dng bt ng thc AM - GM ta c
.
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz ta c
Suy ra
. Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 13.
Bi 28. Nu khng c iu kin rng buc a,b,c nguyn dng ta c ngay

.
ng thc xy ra ti
V vy ta d on du bng t ti
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
ta c
173
hoc cc hon v.
Bi 29. Gi s
3
b
c
a
3
+
+
672 ( a + b + c ) a
a b c
672
671
671
.
.
=
1
672 671 671
3
671.672.3
P= abc 6712.672
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
x + xy y + yz z + zx
2
3
3
(x
+ xy )( y 2 + yz )( z 2 + zx )
3
= =
3 xyz x + y
( )( y + z )( z + x )
3
3
( xz + yz )( xy + zx )( yz + xy )
3
27
2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 2 ( x + y + z )2
3

Bi 31. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 3 s dng ta c
.
Tng t cho hai cn thc cn li ri cng li theo v ta c pcm.
.
Bi 32. S dng bt ng thc AM GM dng lu tha ta c
Tng t ta c
174
.
Cng li theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc
xy ra khi v ch khi
.
Bi tp tng t
.
Bi 33. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho (n-1) s dng ta c
.
Nhn theo v n bt ng thc trn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
Bi 34. Du bng t ti
Ta vit li P v s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s
8
t ti
.
3
Bi 35. Vit li P v s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
.
Du bng t ti
.
175
n y ch cn p dng AM-GM ta c:

Bi 37. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho ba s dng ta c
.
Ch
bi v
.
.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1.
.
176
Do
Cng li theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

.
Bi 40. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho bn s dng ta c
.
Tng t ta c
Do
.
Bi 42. Bt ng thc cho l tng ca hai bt ng thc

ng thc xy ra chng hn ti
ta s dng bt ng thc C S (xem

Ch . Nu cn tm Max ca
ch bt ng thc C S ).
Bi 43. S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho ba s dng ta c
.
Ta ch cn chng minh
Bt ng thc cui ng v
.
177
Bi 45. D on du bng t ti
Vy ta s dng bt ng thc AM GM nh sau

Bt ng thc ng v

Bi 47. p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
V vy
khi
Bi 48. t
Ch
178
t ti
Vy
Ch . Ta c th chng minh bng bt ng thc C S.

Bi 49. Theo gi thit ta c:
Ch
Tng t cho hai biu thc cn li suy ra
3 1 ( b + c )( c + a ) ( c + a )( a + b ) ( a + b )( b + c )
+
+
+
2
2
2 2 ( a + b )2
(b + c )
( c + a )
3 3 ( b + c )( c + a ) ( c + a )( a + b ) ( a + b )( b + c )
.
.
3
+ 3
=
2
2
2
2 2
(a + b)
(b + c )
(c + a)

x
=
x + 3y
x
x+ y 1 x
x+ y

+
.
;
x + y x + 3y 2 x + y x + 3y
y
=
x + 3y
1 2y
11
2y
.
+
;
2 x + 3y 2 2 x + 3y
Tng t ta c
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn c cpm.

.
Bi 51. Ta c P =
x2
+
x
2 ( x 2)
y 3
z4
+
y
z
+
3 ( y 3)
4 ( z 4)
2z
x 2
y 3
2+ x 2 3+ y 3 4+ z 4
1
1
1
+
+
=
+
+
4z
2 2x
2 3y
2 2 2 3 4
179

khi v ch khi
Bi 53. Ta c
D on du bng t ti khi ba bin bng nhau, khi

.
Tc du bng t ti
Vy ta s dng bt ng thc AM GM nh sau

.
Tng t ta c
b2
3b + ( c + a )
2
c2
3c + ( a + b )
2
180
b
2(a + b + c)
c
2(a + b + c)
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
2
b+c+
2 = a ( 7 2a ) .
ab + 2abc
= 2ab c + 2a
2
2
8
a ( 7 2a )
9
2
( 4 a )( 2a 3) 0 .
8
2
3
1
.
=
a
,=
b 1,=
c
2
2
Ta ch cn chng minh a +
Bi 56. Ch ( a + b + c ) 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) ab + bc + ca 3 .
2
ab
Ta c
c +3
2
1 ab
ab

+
.
+
+b
4
c
a
c
( c + a )( c + b )
ab
ab
=
c + ab + bc + ca
2
Tng t cho 2 cn thc cn li cng theo v 3 bt ng thc ta c iu phi

chng minh.
2
a + b)
(
1
1 a2
ab
b2
=
.
4 c 2 + a 2 c 2 + b 2
c2 + 1 4 c2 + a 2 + c2 + b2
) (
1 b2
c 2 ca
1 c2
a2
+
;
a 2 + 1 4 a 2 + b 2 a 2 + c 2 b 2 + 1 4 b 2 + c 2 b 2 + a 2
1
.
khi v ch khi a= b= c=
3
Bi 58. Ta c:
bc
( x + z)
( y + z)
Suy
ra P
=
x2 + y 2 + 2 z ( x + y ) + 2 z 2
( xy + xz + yz + z )
2 2
1
4( x y)
+ ( x y) + 2 2
4( x y)
1
4( x y)
= x 2 + y 2 + 2 (1 xy ) = ( x y ) + 2
. ( x y=
) +2 3.
2
( x y )2 x y =
1
do x > y .
2
181
Khi z l nghim dng ca phng trnh: z 2 + z ( x + y ) + xy 1 =

0.
3
2
2
x y
x
+
y
4
xy
y
+
x
y
+
4
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
.
z
=
=
2
2
2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 3 t ti
3
x y
1
3
2
x =
y
=
,z
, x + y <
.
2
2
2
Nhn xt. y l mt bi ton kh n gin da vo bin i ch iu kin

1 ngoi ra ta c th t a = x + z , b = z + y ab = 1 v khi
( z + x )( z + y ) =
x y +
=
P
4(a b)
1
a
1
b2
y l dng ton quen thuc c cp n trong ch tnh ng cp hoc

s dng hm s ta c 2 cch x l nh sau:
1
ab
ab ab
a b
Cch=
1: P
+ 2=
+ 2
+ + .
2
b b a
a
a
b
4( a b)
4 2 +
a
b
1
a b
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) a v kho st hm s
=
f (t )
+ t hoc nh gi
4 (t 2)
b a
da vo bt ng thc AM-GM nh sau:

=
P
1
1
1
=
+t
+ (t 2) + 2 2
. ( t 2=
) +2 3.
4 (t 2)
4 (t 2)
4 (t 2)
Cch 2: Th b =
1
a v kho st hm s =
f (a)
a
1
2
1
2
+ a 2 ta tm
a
1
4 a
a
c Min ca f(a) bng 3 v c kt qu tng t hai cch cp trn.

Bi 59. Nhn xt. Hnh thc bi ton ny tng t bi ton trc tuy nhin hai
nhn t sau khng c dng i xng ta cn kho lo khai thc gi thit tch
1.
( b + c )( a + c ) =
Ta c:
12
( b + c )2 ( a + c )2
2
2
6 ( a + c ) + 2 ( b + c )
= 6 a + c 2 + 2 b + c 2 .
=
(
)
(
)
2
( a + c )( b + c )
Theo gi thit ta c:
( a b )2 =
( a + c ) ( b + c )
182
=+
( a c ) + (b + c ) 2 .
2
t x = a + c, y = b + c xy = 1
v
=
P
1
x2 + y 2 2
12
1
12
6 x2
+=
+ 2 +=
2
2
1
y
x
x2 + 2 2 x
x
n y ta c th kho st hm s=
f (t )
a>bt = a+c>
x2
( t 1)2
( x 1)
2
6 x 4 + 12
x2
6t 2 + 12
vi
=
t x 2 , ( t > 1) do
t
( a + b )( a + c ) = 1 .
Hoc bin i tng ng nh sau:

t
6t 2 + 12
+=
=
P
+
20
20
t
( t 1)2
( t 2 )2 ( 6t 2 8t + 3)
t ( t 1)
+ 20 20 (vi t > 1 ).
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 20 t ti t = 2 a + c = 2, b + c =
1
.
2
Bi 60. V tri bt ng thc c vit li di dng

bc ca ab zx xy yz
+ +
+ +
+
y
z
x
a
b
c
bc
ca
ab
zx
xy
yz
= + c + + a + + b + + z + + x + + y 3
y
z
x
a
b
c

c a b z x y
a z b x c y
= + + + + + 3= + + + + + 3
y z x a b c
z a x b y c

z( x + y)
1
y (x y + z ) 0
.
xz
xz
x+ y
0 (
+ 1) 3
3
y+z
y+z
y+z
ng theo AM GM.
1
3
Bi 62. Ta c a3 + b3 ( a + b ) .
4
Do s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
3
1
c3
9
3 c
3 a 3 + b3 + c 3 3 ( a + b ) + + 3 c 2 ( a + b ) .
4
2 2 2 2
c 2 ( a + b ) 2c ( ab + bc + ca ) 3 2 c 2 ( a + b ) 2abc .
2 2
2 2
183
9
3
2 2
2 > 1; c ab .

3
a+b+b+c+c+a
8
=
( a + b + c )3 .
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
3
27
Do vy ta ch cn chng minh
9abc
3+
12 ( ab + bc + ca )
(a + b + c)
( a + b + c )2
3
( a + b + c ) + 3abc 4 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
3
Bt ng thc cui ng theo BT Schur bc 3.

Bi 64. Ta t
a1 =
x1
1 + x1
a2 =
x2
(1 + x1 )(1 + x1 + x2 )
...
an =
xn
(1 + x1 + x2 + + xn 1 )(1 + x1 + x2 + + xn )
an +1 =
1
1 + x1 + x2 + + xn
Khi ta c a1 + a2 + + an + an +1 =
1.
Ta cn chng minh: a1a2 an +1
1
(n + 1) n +1
Bt ng thc cui ng theo AM GM nn c pcm.

Bi 65. S dng bt ng thc AM GM kt hp v tri l hm ng bin vi tch
ab ta c
184
abc
c.ab
=
2
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b ) c + c ( a + b ) + ab
Vy ta chng minh
a+b
c
2
2
a+b
a
b
c
c
a
b
+
+
+
+
(
)
(
)

2
c (a + b)
( a + b + 2c )2
c (a + b)
( a + b )( a + b + 2c ) .
2
( 3a + 3b + 2c )2
( a + b + 2c )
2
3
c ( 3a + 3b + 2c ) ( a + b + 2c )
1
2
.8c. ( 3a + 3b + 2c )( 3a + 3b + 2c )
c ( 3a + 3b + 2=
c)
8
3
1 8c + 3a + 3b + 2c + 3a + 3b + 2c
3

= ( a + b + 2c )
8
3

Bi 66. Ta c:
1
a ( b + c ) + 2c 2
1
b ( a + 4c )
Suy ra P ( a + 2b + 2014c ) .
( ab + ac + 2c ) ( ab + 4bc )
2 2
( a + 2c )( 2b + c )
2 2
2ab + ac + 4bc + 2c 2
4 2
4 2
a + 2b + 3c a + 2b + 2014c
4 2
=
4 2.
a + 2b + 2014c
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 4 2 xy ra khi =

c 0,=
a 2b > 0 .
Bi 67. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a > b > c ta c:
2
2
2
5
.
P=
+
+
+
a b bc a c
ab + bc + ca
S dng bt ng thc:
1 1
4
+
, x, y > 0 ta c:
x y x+ y
185
P 2.
4
2
5
1
2
+
+
= 5
+
ab+bc ac
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca
ac
5.2 2
20
=
4 a c 2 ab + bc + ca
(
) (
) 4 ( a c )2 ( 4ab + 4bc + 4ca )
20
20 2
20 2
=
=
( a c )2 + 4ab + 4bc + 4ca
( a + c )2 + 4b ( a + c ) ( a + c )( a + c + 4b )
2
20 2
(1 b )(1 + 3b )
20 6
( 3 3b )(1 + 3b )
40 6
= 10 6
3 3b + 1 + 3b
2+ 6
a =
a b = b c
6
1
1
2
.
=
=
b
c
3
ab + bc + ca
3 3b =+
1 3b
2 6
c =
6
1 1
1
1 1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 10 6 t ti a =
hoc
+
,b =
,c =
3
3
3
6
6
cc hon v.
Nhn xt. Ta c th x l bi ton trn bng phng php hm s xem chng 3.
Bi 68. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s z = min { x, y, z} ta c
x 2 + y 2 + z 2= 2 ( xy + yz + zx )
( x + y ) + z 2 2 z ( x + y ) = 4 xy ( x + y z ) = 4 xy
2
x+ yz x+ yz
2
+
+ 2z
z( x + y z)
x+ y+z
2
2
=
3
=
3
3
2
2 xyz .
4z
5z =
x + y z =
x + y =
z, y z
x 4=
.
=
, y 4z
2 xy xy = 4 z 2
x + y z =
x z=
Cch 2: Theo gi thit ta c

Ta cn chng minh
186
xy + yz + zx
( x + y + z)
xyz
( x + y + z)
1
.
54
1
.
4
1
a + b + c =
x
y
z
t a
=
=
,b
=
,c
1.
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
ab + bc + ca =
4
1
(xem ch k thut s dng tnh ng cp).
54
Bi 69. Theo gi thit kt hp s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
Ta cn chng minh=
P abc
2(a + b + c)
8 = ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
a+b+c3
( a + b + c )27 326 ( a3 + b3 + c3 )
(a + b + c)
27
3
326 ( a + b + c ) 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
(a + b + c)
27
3
326 ( a + b + c ) 24
t x =
( a + b + c )3 x 27 ta cn chng minh
Xt hm s f ( x) =
=
f '( x)
x9
vi x 27 ta c
x 24
8 x8 ( x 27 )
( x 24 )2
x9
326 .
x 24
0, x 27 .
Do f(x) l hm ng bin trn [ 27;+ ) . V vy f ( x) f (27) =

326 .
Bi 70. t x = b + c a, y = c + a b, z = a + b c xyz = 1 v
=
a
y+z
z+x
x+ y
.
=
,b =
,c
2
2
2
Bt ng thc tr thnh
x + y + z 5 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xy + yz + zx
3
6
5
x + y + z ( x + y + z ) ( xy + yz + zx )

3
6
xy + yz + zx 3 3 x 2 y 2 z 2 =
3
.
Ch iu kin xyz = 1
3
x + y + z 3 3 xyz =
187
Suy ra ( x + y + z ) xy yz zx ( x + y + z ) 3 .
2
5
x + y + z ( x + y + z) 3
.
Vy ta chng minh

3
6
x+ y+z
t t
=
1 ta cn chng minh
3
2
t5
3t 2 1
1
1
( t 1) t 4 + t t 2 + t 2 0 .
2 2
2
2

Bi 71. Gi s a = min {a, b, c} .
t b =
a + u, c =
a + v, ( u , v 0 ) bt ng thc tr thnh
(3
3
3
)(u 2 uv + v 2 )a + u 3
3
3
4
4
u 3 + v3 = u 3 +
uv 2 + v3 0 .
v3 v3
u 3v 6
3
+ 33
= 3 uv 2 .
2 2
4
4
Bi 72. t
=
a 1=
/ x; b 1=
/ y; c 1 / z bt ng thc tr thnh:
a2 + 3
b2 + 3
c2 + 3 3
+
+
.
ac + 3b ba + 3c cb + 3a 2
4 a2 + 3
4 a2 + 3
a2 + 3
a+3
=
=
ac + 3b 2 ac + b ( a + b + c ) 2 ( b + a )( b + c ) 2 ( b + a )( b + c )
b2 + 3
b+3
c2 + 3
c+3
;
ba + 3c 2 ( c + a )( c + b ) cb + 3a 2 ( a + b )( a + c )
a+3
b+3
c+3
3
+
+
2 ( b + a )( b + c ) 2 ( c + a )( c + b ) 2 ( a + b )( a + c ) 2
( a + 3)( a + c ) + ( b + 3)( a + b ) + ( c + 3)( b + c ) 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab + bc + ca + 18 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c
188
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab + bc + ca + 18 = ( a + b + c ) ( ab + bc + ca ) + 18
2
(a + b + c)
2
1
( a + b + c )2 + 18 =24
3
3
a+b+b+c+c+a
3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 3
24
=
3
Do bt ng thc cui ng v ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x= y= z= 1 .
Bi 73. t x =
a + b c, y=
b + c a, z=
c+ a b .
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a + b + c = 3
2
x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x=
( a + b c )( b + c a )
2
= b 2 ( a c ) = 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) 9
Ta cn chng minh
1 1 1
36
+ +
2
2
x y z 9 + x y + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 9 ( xy + yz + zx ) 36 xyz .
x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 9 12 3 xyz
xy + yz + zx 3 3 x 2 y 2 z 2

Bi 74. t a = x + y, b = y + z , c = z + x a, b, c 0; ab + bc + ca > 0 .
Khi P =
a
b
c
.
+
+
b+c
c+a
a+b
a
2a
b
2b
c
2c
.
b+c a+b+c c+a a+b+c a+b a+b+c

Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c P 2 .
Du bng t ti x > 0; y ==
z 0 hoc cc hon v.
Tm gi tr nh nht:
Bi 75. Trc ht ta chng minh

(2a 2 + bc)(2b 2 + ca )(2c 2 + ab)
Tht vy ta c
( a + 2b )2 ( b + 2c )2 ( c + 2a )2
8
3 2
(2a + bc)(2b 2 + ca )(2c 2 + ab) 9abc =
2
189
(
( a + 2b ) ( 2c + ab ) ( b + 2c ) ( 2a + bc ) ( c + 2a ) ( 2b
)
+ ca )
= ( a + 2b ) 2c 2 + ab + ( b + 2c ) 2a 2 + bc + ( c + 2a ) 2b 2 + ca
33
Mt khc (2a 2 + bc)(2b 2 + ca )(2c 2 + ab) 9abc (2a 2 + bc)(2b 2 + ca )(2c 2 + ab) .
Suy ra
3
( a + 2b ) ( 2c 2 + ab ) ( b + 2c ) ( 2a 2 + bc ) ( c + 2a ) ( 2b2 + ca )
(2a 2 + bc)(2b 2 + ca )(2c 2 + ab)
2
(2a 2 + bc)(2b 2 + ca )(2c 2 + ab)
( a + 2b )2 ( b + 2c )2 ( c + 2a )2
8
1
( a + 2b )( b + 2c )( c + 2a ) = .( a + 2b )( 4b + 8c )( c + 2a )
4
1 3 ( a + 2b + 3c )

16
=
4
3
T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

=
a 2,=
b 1,=
c 0.
Bi 76. Khng mt tnh tng qut =
gi s c min {a, b, c} c 1 .
c + ab c +
( a + bc )( b + ca )
3 c 2 c 2 + 2c + 3
a 2 + b2
;
=c+
=
2
2
3
( a + b + bc + ca )2 ( a + b )2 ( c + 1)2
=
( c + 1)( a
+b
)=
(3 c )( c + 1)
2
2
2 ( 2 a )( 2 b ) =8 4 ( a + b ) + 2ab
=4 a 2 b 2 + ( a + b 2 ) 4 a 2 b 2 =c 2 + 1
2
Do vy ta ch cn chng minh
)(
) (
8 ( 2 c ) 3 c 2 3 + 2c c 2 7 c 2 ( c 1) 0 .
2
Bt ng thc cui ng v ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 79. S dng bt ng thc C S v AM GM ta c
190
(a
9
+ b + c (1 + b + c ) ( a + b + c ) =
a2
a +b+c
2
a b + c + 1 a 3 ( b + c + 1) a ( b + c + 1 + 3)
=
3
3 3
6 3
b2
Tng t ta c
b ( a + c + 1 + 3)
c2
c ( b + a + 1 + 3)
6 3
6 3
b +c+a
c +a+b
Gi P l biu thc v tri v cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v ch
1
2
ab + bc + ca ( a + b + c ) =
3.
3
2
4 ( a + b + c ) + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
4.3 + 2.3
3.
=
6 3
6 3
Ta c P
Bi 80. Theo gi thit ta c ( ab + bc + ca ) 3abc ( a + b + c )= 3 ( ab + bc + ca )

2
ab + bc + ca 3; ab ac bc bc 1
( a 1)2 + ( c b )( bc 1) 0
Do
bc
1 1
1
+ 2b 0
a c
b
1
1
a + c +a +b + c 2b 0
b
b
1
1
a + c 1 0 b
b
a + c 1
a+c+
Bi 82. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi

s c min {a, b, c} c 2 bc 0; c 2 ac 0 .
=
Suy ra
(a
(b
1
2
bc + c
)( c
ca + a
1
2
ab + b
)(b
bc + c
) (c
1
.
ab
1
ca + a
)( a
1
1
+
a 2 ab + b 2 b 2 bc + c 2
c 2 ca + a 2
ab + b
1
1 1
a 2 ab + b 2 a b
191
1
a ab + b
2
(a
ab + bc + ca
2
ab + b
) ( ab + bc + ca )
2 ab + bc + ca
a + c ( a + b ) + b2
2
2 ab + bc + ca
2 ab + bc + ca
ab
=
( a + b )( a + b + c ) 2ab 2 ( a + b ab ) a + b ab
Gi P l biu thc v tri ta c

P
1
1
ab 1 1 1
ab
=
+
+
+ +
a + b ab a b ab ab
a
b
+
ab
ab
33
1 1
ab
.
.
=
ab ab a + b ab
3
3
ab ( a + b ab )
a+b
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1, c= 0 v cc hon v.

Bi 83. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z khi ta c
(i)
(ii)
xy + yz + zx
y + yz + z
2
xy + yz + zx
x + xy + y
2
x + z xy + yz + zx y + z
.
;
y + z x 2 + zx + z 2 x + z
( x + z )( y + z )
( x + z ) + ( x + z )( y + z ) + ( y + z )2
2
Cc bt ng thc (i) v (ii) xem chng minh trong chng 1.

p dng vo bi ton ta c
P
x+z
+
y+z
t t =
y+z
+
x+z
x+z
+
y+z
( x + z )( y + z )
( x + z ) + ( x + z )( y + z ) + ( y + z )2
2
y+z
1
.
t 2; P f (t ) = t +
x+z
t2 1
1
Xt hm s f (t ) = t +
t2 1
(t
trn na khong [ 2;+ ) ta c
(t 1) t > t t
(t 1)
(t 1)
3
f '(t ) = 1
> 0, t 2 .
V vy f(t) ng bin trn na khong [ 2;+ ) suy ra f (t ) f (2) =

2+
Vi x= y= 1, z= 0 th P bng 2 +
192
1
.
3
1
1
. Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 +
.
3
3
(a + b +
2(a + c)
(a + b +
a+c
a+c
27
= a + b +
+
( a + b )( a + c )
2
2
2
2
1
.
3
27 ( a + b )( a + c )
2(a + c)
Xy dng tng t cho hai biu thc cn li v a v chng minh

1
1
1
+
+
12
a
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
c
b
+
a
c
+
a
(
)(
) (
)(
) (
)( c + b )
2(a + b + c)
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
12 6 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) a + b + c
Ch s dng bt ng thc quen thuc
9 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 8 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) .
Bi ton a v chng minh ab + bc + ca
3
16 ( ab + bc + ca ) 3 .
16
Bt ng thc cui ng theo gi thit v

16
3
2
ab + bc + ca 16abc ( a + b + c ) ( ab + bc + ca ) ab + bc + ca .
3
16
1
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
.
4
a bc
2bc
2bc
2bc
.
Bi 85. Ta c
=
1
=
1
=
1
a + bc
a + bc
a ( a + b + c ) + bc
( a + b )( a + c )
3
bc
ca
ab
+
+
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + c )( b + a ) ( c + a )( c + b ) 4
ab + bc + ca 9abc ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 9abc

Bi ton c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
1
.
3
Bi 86. Ch iu kin bi ton ta c

1
1
=
=
2
2
ab + 2c + 2c ab + 2c + 2c ( a + b + c )
=
( 2c + a )( 2c + b )
ab
ab
=
( 2bc + ab )( 2ac + ab ) 2bc + 2ca + 2ab 2
ab
( ab + bc + ca )2
193
Tng t ta c
1
bc + 2a + 2a
2
bc
( ab + bc + ca )
1
ca + 2b + 2b
2
ca
( ab + bc + ca )2
Cng li theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch

1
khi a= b= c=
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 a+b+c
+ 2+ 2
+ +
=
2
ab bc ca
abc
a
b
c
9
27
=
abc ( a + b + c ) ( ab + bc + ca )2
Vy ta chng minh
27
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 27 .
2
( ab + bc + ca )
Bt ng thc cui ng theo AM GM v

3
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
a + b + c ( ab + bc + ca )
27 .
=
3

1 c
1 a
1 b 9
+
+
ab + c bc + a ca + b 2
a+b
b+c
a+c
9
+
+
.
( c + a )( c + b ) ( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + a )( b + c ) 2
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho v tri a v chng minh

8
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .
27
Bi 89. Thay 1 bi iu kin vo bt ng thc cho v a v chng minh
4ab
4bc
4ca
+
+
+a+b+c4.
a+b b+c c+a
( ab + bc + ca )
ab
bc
ca
1
.
+
+
a + b b + c c + a ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) a + b + c
2
Ta ch cn chng minh
194
4
+ a +b+c 4.
a+b+c
Bt ng thc cui ng theo AM GM. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= 1, c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
9 a 2 b2 c2
Bi 90. S dng ab + bc + ca =
a v chng minh bt ng thc
2
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2
a + b + c 9.
Bt ng thc trn l tng ca cc bt ng thc

a 2 + a + a 3a
b 2 + b + b 3c
c 2 + c + c 3c
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca 9
+
+
(a + b)b
(b + c ) c
(c + a) a 2
a
b
c
a + b b + c c + a 15
+
+
+
+
+
a+b b+c c+a

a
b
c
2
Bt ng thc cui l tng ca hai bt ng thc
1a+b b+c c+a

a
b
c
+
+
+
+
+
3
a +b b+c c+ a 4 a
b
c
3 a +b b+c c+ a 9
+
+
4 a
b
c 2
Bi 92. t x =
b + c a; y =
c + a b; z =
a + b c x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 .

1 1 1
36
+ +
2
2
x y z 9 + x y + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 9 ( xy + yz + zx ) 36 xyz
Bt ng thc trn l tch ca hai bt ng thc

xy + yz + zx 3 3 x 2 y 2 z 2 ; x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 9 12 6 xyz .

Bi 93. Ch ng thc:
(a
(b
(c
2
2
)
(
+ ca ) ( c + a )= a ( b
+ ab ) ( a + b =
) b(a
) (
+ c ) + c(a
+ c ) + a (b
)
+ b );
+c )
+ bc ( b + c )= b c 2 + a 2 + c a 2 + b 2 ;
2
2
195
Bi ton a v chng minh vi ba s dng x,y,z ta c

x+ y
+
z
y+z
+
x
z+x
3 2.
y
Bt ng thc ny ng theo AM GM
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) 36 2 xy .2 yz .2 zx =
x+ y
y+z
z+x
3 2.
+
+
36
z
x
y
xyz
xyz
Bi 94. Tng t bi ton trn bt ng thc a v chng minh vi ba s khng
x
y
z
m x,y,z ta c
+
+
2.
y+z
z+x
x+ y
Bt ng thc cui ng(xem chng minh trong bi tp mu).
a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 95. Ta c c 2 + 2ab = a 2 + b 2 + 2c 2 2bc 2ca = ( a c ) + ( b c ) .
2
Do
a b
c 2 + 2ab
( a b )2
( c a )2 + ( c b )2
x
+
y+z
.
y
+
z+x
z
2.
x+ y
Vi x =
( a b ) , y =
( b c ) , z =
( c a ) xem bi tp mu.
2
Bi 96. Bt ng thc tng ng vi 3abc + ab + bc + ca 3 + a + b + c .

a b c (a + b + c)
+ +
b c a ab + bc + ca
2
Bt ng thc lun ng do a + b + c
ab + bc + ca a + b + c
a+b+c
a b c 1 2a b 1 2b c 1 2c a a + b + c
.
+ +=
+ + + + + 3
b c a 3 b c 3 c a 3 a b
abc
abc 1
x3 + 1
=
x4 + y + z
x x 2 + yz
=
x 4 + xyz ( y + z )
2 x x 2 + yz
x x 2 + yz
(x
xy + yz + zx
( y + z ) + 1) ( x3 + yz ( y + z ) )
xy + yz + zx
2 x xy + yz + zx
=
x+ y+z
x ( y + z ) + 1 + x + yz ( y + z )
2
Tng t cho 2 cn thc cn li ri cng li theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.

196

2
1
3
3a
2a
.
=
b+c b+c
a+b+c
b+c b+c
b+c
+
+
1
3
.
.1
2a
2a
2a 2a
2
3b
3c
2b
2c
.
;3

a+b+c a+b
a+b+c
c+a
a= b= c .
Ch . Ngoi ra ta c th chng minh bng bt ng thc Bernoulli(xem ch sau).
Tng t ta c
Bi 99. Ch x5 + y 5 x 2 y 2 ( x + y )
xy
x + y + xy
5
Tng t ta c
xy
2 2
( x + y ) + xy
yz
x y
1
z
.
=
xy ( x + y ) + 1 x + y + z
x
zx
y
.
; 5
5
x + y + z z + x + zx x + y + z
y + z + yz
x= y= z= 1 .
5
1
ab
ab
ab
=1
1
=1
1 + ab
1 + ab
2
2 ab
1
bc
bc
bc
=1
1
=1
1 + bc
1 + bc
2
2 bc
1
ca
ca
ca
=1
1
=1
1 + ca
1 + ca
2
2 ca
1
1
1
ab + bc + ca 15
+
+
3
=
1 + ab 1 + bc 1 + ca
2
4
15
a+ b+ c
4
a+ b+ c
9
a+ b+ c
3 < t 3 a v chng minh
t t=
a + b + c,
15 t 2

4 4
Bt ng
a= b= c=
9
t 3 15t + 18 0 ( t 3) t 2 + 3t 6 0 .
2t
thc cui ng v ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1.
197
K THUT GHP CP TRONG

CHNG MINH BT NG THC AM GM
CH 2:
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP

1. Ghp cp trc tip 2 hoc 3 hng t mt v ca bt ng thc
Ta cn chng minh bt ng thc
A+ B +C X +Y + Z .
Nu X AB , Y BC , Z CA .
Ta thc hin ghp cp s dng bt ng thc AM- GM cho 2 s dng nh sau:
A + B 2 AB 2 X
B + C 2 BC 2Y
C + A 2 CA 2Z
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
2. Ghp cp kt hp 2 gia hoc 3 nhn t c 2 v ca bt ng thc
Ta cn chng minh bt ng thc A + B + C X + Y + Z .
Ta c th thc hin nh gi nh sau
A + X 2 AX 2Y
B + Y 2 BY 2 Z
C + Z 2 CZ 2 X
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
3. Bin i iu kin hoc bt ng thc trc khi ghp cp
p dng vi cc bt ng thc c iu kin cha tng ng vi bt ng thc
cn chng minh. Thng thng ta s dng php bnh phng 2 v, quy ng 2
v bt ng thc(xem bi tp mu).
B. BI TP MU
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin 2 xy + xz =
1.
Chng minh rng
3 yz 4 zx 5 xy
+
+
4.
x
y
z
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc.
Ta vit li P di dng
yz zx
yz xy xy zx
P = + + 2 + + 3 + .
y
z z
y
x
x
198
yz zx
yz zx
+ 2
. =
2 z;
x
y
x y
yz xy
yz xy
+
2
. =
2 y;
x
z
x z
xy zx
xy zx
+ 2
. =
2 x.
z
y
z y
Suy ra P 2 z + 4 y + 6 x = 2 ( x + z ) + 4 ( x + y ) 4 zx + 8 xy = 4 .
x= y= z
1
x=y=z= .
3
1
2 xy + zx =
Nhn xt. c phn tch trn ta s dng ng nht thc nh sau:
yz zx
3 yz 4 zx 5 xy
yz xy xy zx
+
+
= a + + b + + c +
x
y
z
y
z z
y
x
x
+b 3 =
a=
a 1
yz zx
yz xy xy zx
b + c = 5 b = 2 P = + + 2 + + 3 +
y
z z
y
x
x
c=
c 3
+a 4 =
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

3.
Chng minh rng
xy yz zx
+
+ 3.
z
x
y
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
xy yz
+
2 y nhng iu kin cho di dng
z
x
bc 2 do vy ta khng th ghp cp s dng trc tip c v cn to ra cc
Nu s dng ghp cp chng hn
nhn t c cha x 2 , y 2 , z 2 nh vy la chn php bnh phng 2 v ca bt

ng thc.
Li gii chi tit:
Bnh phng 2 v bt ng thc cn chng minh c vit di dng
x2 y 2
z2
x2 y 2
z2
y2 z2
x2
+
z 2 x2
y2 z2
x2
y2
+
+ 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 9
z 2 x2
y2
199
x2 y 2
z2
y2 z2
x2
Tng t ta c
y2 z2
x2
x2 y 2 y 2 z 2
. 2 =
2 y2 .
z2
x
z 2 x2
y2
2z2 ;
x2 y 2
z2
z 2 x2
y2
2 x2 .
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc

xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
Bi 3. Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c dng ta lun c
1
1
1
9
.
+
+
b ( a + b ) c ( c + b ) a ( a + c ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
Li gii
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca 9
+
+
2
b (a + b)
c (c + b)
a (a + c)
9
c b a
a
b
c
+ + +
+
+
b a c a+b b+c c+a 2

15
b+c a+b c+a
a
b
c
+
+
+
+
+
b
a
c
a+b b+c c+a 2
b+c
b
b+c b
+
2
.
=
1.
4b
b+c
4b b + c
a+b
a
c+a
c
Tng t ta c:
+
1;
+
1.
4a
a+b
4c
c+a
1a+b b+c c+a
a
b
c
+
+
+
+
3.
+
4 a
b
c a+b b+c c+a
Mt khc
3 a +b b+c c+ a 3
b c a
+
+
=
3 + + +
4 a
b
c 4
a b c
3
b c a 9
.
3 + 33 . . =
4
a b c 2
Cng theo v 2 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc

xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
Bi 4. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng x,y,z ta c
2( x + y + z )
x
y
z
.
1 + 1 + 1 + 2 +
3 xyz
y
z
x
Li gii
Khai trin v tri vit li bt ng thc cho di dng
200
x y z x+ y+z
+ +
=
3 xyz
y z x
x2 3 y 2 3 z 2
.
+
+
yz
zx
xy
S dng bt ng thc cho 3 s dng ta c

Tng t ta c:
x x y
x2
.
+ + 33
y y z
yz
y y z
y2 z z x
z2
.
+ + 33
; + + 33
z z x
zx x x y
xy

khi v ch khi x= y= z .
x2 y 2 z 2
.
2
+
+
yz zx xy
y 3 x3 z 3 y 3 x3 z 3
Li gii
x3
x3
y3
y3
z3
z3
x3
+
+
+
x3
z3
y3
x3
z3
y3
y3
y3
z3
z3
+ 1 33
x3 x3
x2
.
.1
3
=
yz
y3 z3
+ 1 33
y3 y3
y2
.
.1
3
=
zx
z 3 x3
+ 1 33
3z 2
z3 z3
.
.1
=
xy
x3 y 3
x3

Bi 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m.
Chng minh rng ( x + y z )( y + z x )( z + x y ) xyz .
Li gii
Do tng 3 tha s v tri bng x + y + z 0 nn c cc kh nng sau
+ TH1: Nu c 1 tha s m v 2 tha s dng lc ny bt ng thc lun ng.
+ TH2: Nu c 2 tha s m v 1 tha s dng(iu ny v l) v tng ca 2 tha
s chng hn ( x + y z ) + ( y + z x ) = 2 y 0 .
+ TH3: Nu c 3 tha s u khng m lc ta s dng bt ng thc cho 2 s
dng ta c
201
2
x+ yz+ y+zx
y2
( x + y z )( y + z x )
=
2
y+zx+z+x y
z2
( y + z x )( z + x y )
=
2
z+x y+x+ yz
x2
( z + x y )( x + y z )
=
2
( x + y z )( y + z x )( z + x y ) x 2 y 2 z 2
.
( x + y z )( y + z x )( z + x y ) xyz
2

Nhn xt. V cha bit tnh m dng ca mi tha s v tri nn cha th p
dng trc tip bt ng thc AM GM v ta cn phn chia cc trng hp.
+ y l mt dng ca bt ng thc Schur bc ba c rt nhiu ng dng trong
vic gii quyt mt lp bi ton(xem ch sau).
Chng hn vi x,y,z c tng bng 3 ta c bt ng thc
4 ( xy + yz + zx ) 3 xyz 9 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
x
y
z 1
1
1
.
1
y + z z + x x + y 8
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

3.
Chng minh rng
a3
b3
c3
3
.
2
c +3
a +3
Li gii
a3
b2 + 3
b3
c2 + 3
c3
a2 + 3
+
+
+
b +3
a3
b2 + 3
b3
c2 + 3
c3
a2 + 3
b2 + 3 3 2
a
8
2
c2 + 3 3 2
b
8
2
a2 + 3 3 2
c
8
2
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v kt hp vi iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

3 ta
c ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
202
Bi 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c =

3.
Chng minh rng
(1 + a )2 (1 + b )2 + (1 + b )2 (1 + c )2 + (1 + c )2 (1 + a )2 24 .
1 + c2
1 + a2
1 + b2
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 2 s dng ta c:
(1 + a )2 (1 + b )2 = (1 + ab + a + b )2 4 (1 + ab )( a + b ) =
Suy ra
4a 1 + b 2 + 4b 1 + a 2 .
(1 + a )2 (1 + b )2 4a.1 + b2 + 4b. 1 + a 2
1 + c2
Tng t ta c:
1 + c2
(1 + b )2 (1 + c )2
1 + a2
(1 + c )2 (1 + a )2
4b.
a + c2
1 + c2
1 + a2
4a.
1 + c2
1 + b2
1 + b2
+ 4c.
1 + b2
1 + a2
+ 4c.
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + b2 1 + c2
1 + a2 1 + c2
1 + a 2 1 + b2
4
4
P 4a
b
c
+
+
+
+
+
2
1 + c2 1 + b2
1 + c2 1 + a2
1 + a 2
1+ b
1 + b2 1 + c2
1 + a2 1 + c2
1 + a 2 1 + b2
.
8
b
.
8
c
.
+
+
1 + c2 1 + b2
1 + c2 1 + a2
1 + b2 1 + a 2
= 8 ( a + b + c )= 24
8a

a
b
c
2.
+
+
=
a +1 b +1 c +1
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = ab + bc + ca .
Li gii
Theo gi thit kt hp s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 2 s dng ta c
a
b
c
1
1
=
1
+1
= +
a +1
b +1
c +1 b +1 c +1
Tng t ta c:
b +1
c
c +1
( b + 1)( c + 1)
( a + 1)( c + 1)
2
( a + 1)( b + 1)
203
Ln lt nhn theo v hai bt ng thc ta c:

ab
( a + 1)( b + 1) ( c + 1)
Tng t ta c: bc
( a + 1)( b + 1)
( b + 1)( c + 1)
ab
; ca
( a + 1)( b + 1)
c +1
( c + 1)( a + 1)
.
a +1
b +1
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v s dng AM-GM ta c:
P 4
12 3
( a + 1)( b + 1)
c +1
( b + 1)( c + 1)
a +1
( a + 1)( c + 1)
b +1
( a + 1)( b + 1) ( b + 1)( c + 1) ( a + 1)( c + 1)
=
.
.
12
c +1
a +1
b +1
Bi 10. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =
1.
Chng minh rng 3 3 +
x2 y 2 z 2
2
+
+
( x + y + z) .
y
z
x
Li gii
Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc sau
2
2
2
x2 y 2 z 2 ( x + y + z ) x + y + z
.
+
+
y
z
x
xy + yz + zx
Tht vy, bt ng thc tng ng vi:

x2 y 2 z 2
( xy + yz + zx) +
+ ( x + y + z )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) .
y
z
x
x3 z y 3 x z 3 y
+
+
xz 2 + zy 2 + yx 2 .
y
z
x
x3 z y 3 x
+
2 x2 y .
y
z
y3 x z3 y
+
2 y2 z .
z
x
x3 z z 3 y
+
2z2 x .
y
x

Gi P l biu thc v tri bt ng thc ban u ta c
P 3 3 + ( x + y + z )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) .
204
Vy ta cn chng minh
3 3 + ( x + y + z )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ( x + y + z ) 2
( x + y + z )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3 1
( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )( x + y + z 1) 3 1
2
( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) ( x + y + z 1) 3 1
2
( x + y + z ) 2 ( x + y + z 1) 3 1
Bt ng thc lun ng do x + y + z 3( xy + yz + zx) =3 .

1
.
x= y= z=
3
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1.
Chng minh rng
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
y
z
x
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x ta c
x
12 15 20
x
x
x
+ + 3 +4 +5 .
5
4
3

Bi 2. Chng minh rng vi mi s dng x,y,z ta c
x3 y 3 z 3
+
+ x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
y
z
x
Bi 3. Chng minh rng vi mi x,y,z l cc s thc dng ta c

x5
y
y5
z
z5
x
x3 + y 3 + z 3 .

x3 y 3 z 3
+
+
x+ y+z.
yz zx xy
Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + y + z =

xyz .
Chng minh rng
x
y
y
z
z
x3
1.
205
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic. Chng minh rng

a
b
c
+
+
3.
a+bc b+ca c+ ab
3.
Chng minh rng
a3
b +1
2
b3
c +1
2
c3
a +1
2
3
.
2
Bi 8. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin 2 xz + yz + 3 xy =

1.
Chng minh rng
7 yz 8 zx 9 xy
+
+
4.
x
y
z
Bi 9. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin xyz = 1 .
1
1
1
Chng minh rng x + 1 y + 1 z + 1 1 .
y
z
x
1
1
1
Bi 10. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn
+
+
=
1.
a +1 b +1 c +1
Chng minh rng abc 8 .
x
y
z 1
1
1
.
1
y + z z + x x + y 8
D. HNG DN GII P S
x
12 15
12
+ 2
5 4
5
15
. =
2.3x
4
x
15 20
15 20
2.5 x
+ 2 . =
4 3
4 3
20 12
20
+ 2
3 5
3
12
. =
2.4 x
5
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc

xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 .
x3 x3
x3 x3
+
+ y 2 33 . . y 2 =
3x 2
y
y
y y
206
y3 y3
y3 y3 2
. .z =
3y2
+
+ z 2 33
z
z
z z
z3 z3
z3 z3
3z 2
+ + x 2 3 3 . .x 2 =
x
x
x x
Cch 2: S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 2 s dng ta c
x3
x3
y3
z3
+ xy 2
=
.xy 2 x 2 ; + yz 2 y 2 ; + xz 2 z 2 .
y
y
z
x
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn kt hp vi x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx ta c

iu phi chng minh.
x5
y2
y5
z2
z5
+ xy 2 2
+ yz 2 2
y2
y5
z2
.xy 2 =
2 x3
. yz 2 =
2 y3
z5
.zx 2 =
2z3
x2
x2
x5
y2
+ zx 2 2
x5
y5
z2
z5
x2
+ xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2 2 x3 + y 3 + z 3 .
Vy ta ch cn chng minh x3 + y 3 + z 3 xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2 .
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo AM GM cho 3 s dng
V x3 + y 3 + y 3 3 xy 2 ; y 3 + z 3 + z 3 3 yz 2 ; z 3 + x3 + x3 3 zx 2 .
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc
xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
x3
x3
+ y + z 33 . y.z =
3x
yz
yz
y3
y3
+ z + x 33
. z. x =
3y
zx
zx
z3
z3
+ x + y 33 .x. y =
3z
xy
xy
207

1
1
1
+
+ =
1.
xy yz zx
Vy bt ng thc cn chng minh c vit li di dng:

x
y
z
1
1
1
+ 3+ 3
+
+
3
xy yz zx
y
z
x
x 4 z 3 + y 4 x3 + z 4 y 3
3 3 3
x y z
x+ y+z
xyz
x 4 z 3 + y 4 x3 + z 4 y 3 ( x + y + z ) x 2 y 2 z 2
x2 z y 2 x z 2 y
x2 y 2 z 2 2 + 2 + 2 ( x + y + z ) x2 y 2 z 2
y
z
x
x2 z
y2
y2 x
z2
z2 y
x2
x+ y+z

x2 z
y2
y2 x
z2
z2 y
x2
+
+
y2 x
z2
z2 y
x2
x2 z
y2
+ z 33
x2 z y 2 x
.
.z =
3x
y2 z2
+ x 33
y2 x z2 y
.
.x =
3y
z 2 x2
+ y 33
z 2 y x2 z
.
.y =
3z
x2 y 2

1
khi v ch khi x= y= z=
.
3
a
b
c
a
b
c
.
+
+
33
.
.
a+bc b+ca c+ab
a+bc b+ca c+ab
Ch . ( a + b c )( b + c a )( c + a b ) abc .
Ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
a3
b2 + 1
208
a3
b2 + 1
b2 + 1 3 2
a ;
2 2
2
b3
c2 + 1
c3
a2 + 1
+
+
b3
c2 + 1
c3
a2 + 1
c2 + 1 3 2
b ;
2 2
2
a2 + 1 3 2
c .
2 2
2
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v kt hp vi iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

3 ta
c ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 8. Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc.
yz zx
yz xy xy zx
Ta vit li P di dng P = 3 + + 4 + + 5 + .
y
z z
y
x
x
yz zx
yz zx
. =
2z
+ 2
x
y
x y
yz xy
yz xy
. =
2y
+
2
x
z
x z
xy zx
xy zx
. =
2x
+ 2
z
y
z y
Suy ra P 6 z + 8 y + 10 x = 4 ( x + z ) + 2 ( z + y ) + 6 ( x + y )
8 xz + 4 yz + 12 xy =
4
x= y= z
1
x=y=z= .
6
1
2 xz + yz + 3 xy =
Bi 9. V x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn xyz = 1 nn tn ti cc s thc dng
a
b
c
khi bt ng thc c vit li di dng:
a,b,c tho mn=
x =
,y =
,z
b
c
a
( a + b c )( b + c a )( c + a b ) abc .
y l bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x= y= z= 1 .
Cch 2: Theo gi thit ta c
1
1 1
1
x + 1= x 1 +
= x 1 + z
y
xy x
x
1
1
1
1
x + 1 z + 1= x 1 + z z + 1
y
x
x
x
1
= x z 2 1 xz 2 .
x
209
1
1
Tng t ta c: y + 1 x + 1 yx 2 .
z
y
1
1
2
z + 1 y + 1 zy
x
z
Nhn theo v 3 bt ng thc trn kt hp iu kin xyz = 1 ta c iu phi

chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
a
1
1
1
.
=
1
= +
a +1
a +1 b +1 c +1
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 2 s dng ta c
a
2
.
a +1
( b + 1)( c + 1)
Tng t ta c:
b +1
c
c +1
( a + 1)( c + 1)
( a + 1)( b + 1)

Nhn xt. Vi cch lm tng t trn ta x l c bi ton tng qut cho n s dng.
1
1
1
Bi ton. Vi x1 , x2 ,..., xn > 0 tha mn
+
+ ... +
=
1 ta lun c
1 + x1 1 + x2
1 + xn
x1 x2 ...xn ( n 1) .
n
Bi 11. Bt ng thc c vit di dng tng ng:
8 ( x + y z )( y + z x )( z + x y ) ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) .
Ch ta c ( x + y z )( y + z x )( z + x y ) xyz .
8 xyz ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
T suy ra pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
210
CH 3:
K THUT S DNG BT NG THC AM GM

DNG CNG MU S
1
1
1
n2
.
+
+ ... +
A1 A2
An A1 + A2 + ... + An
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP

Xut pht t bt ng thc
1 1
1
( a1 + a2 + ... + an ) + + ... +
an
a1 a2
Do
n
=
n2 .
n n a1a2 ...an . n
a1a2 ...an
1 1
1
n2
.
+
+ ... +
a1 a2
an a1 + a2 + ... + an

Hai bt ng thc dng trn hay c s dng nht l
1 1
4
+
a b a+b
1 1 1
9
+ +
a b c a+b+c
Di y ti s trnh by mt lp bi ton dng trn.
B. BI TP MU
3 .
1
1
1
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
.
+
+
+
+
a + 3b b + 3c c + 3a a + 3 b + 3 c + 3
Li gii
1 1
4
ta c
S dng bt ng thc +
x y x+ y
1
1
4
2
+
=.
a + 3b c + 3 a + 3b + c + 3 b + 3
1
1
4
2
Tng t ta c
+
=
b + 3c a + 3 a + b + 3c + 3 c + 3
1
1
4
2
+
=
c + 3a b + 3 3a + b + c + 3 a + 3
khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 2. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic tha mn iu kin 2c + b =
abc .
211
3
4
5
.
+
+
b+ca a +cb a +bc
Li gii
2
1
T iu kin ta c:
+
=
1.
ab ac
P=
12 1 1 32 1 1 3 2 1
3 2 1
=
1
. + + + + + 2 3.
+ =
a b c 3 a b c 12 a b c
a b c
Ta c:
1
1
1
1
1
1
P = 2
+
+
+
+
+ 3
.
b+ca a +bc b+ca a +cb a +cb a +bc
S dng bt ng thc
P
1 1
4
+
, x, y > 0 ta c:
x y x+ y
8
4 12
3 2 1
+
+ = 2 + + 4 3 .
2b 2c 2a
a b c
3.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 4 3 t ti a= b= c= 3 .
Nhn xt. im quan trng nht ca bi ton l d on du bng ti a= b= c .
3 2 1
Ngoi ra ta c th nh gi P nh sau: P 2 + + .
a b c
Theo gi thit ta c:
2 1
3
+ =
a suy ra P 2 + a 4 3 . ng thc xy ra
a
b c
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic tho mn iu kin
2ab + 3ac + 4bc =
9abc .
5
6
7
.
+
+
b+ca a +cb a +bc
3.
1
1
1
4
4
4
.
Chng minh rng
+
+
2
+ 2
+ 2
a+b b+c c+a a +7 b +7 c +7
Li gii
1
1
4
1 1
4
S dng bt ng thc +
ta c
.
+
a + b b + c a + 2b + c
x y x+ y
212
Theo AM GM ta c a 2 + 1 2a
2 b 2 + 1 4b
c 2 + 1 2c
(a
2 ( a + 2b + c ) a 2 + 2b 2 + c 2 + 4 =
Suy ra
+ b2 + c2 + 4 + b2 = b2 + 7 .
1
1
8
.
+
2
a+b b+c b +7
1
1
8
+
2
b+c c+a c +7
1
1
8
+
2
c+a a+b a +7
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh rng
Tng t ta c:
ab
a +b +a c+b c
3
11 1 1
+ + .
b +c +b a +c a c +a +c b+a b 4 a b c
Li gii
bc
ca
Ta c a3 + b3 ab ( a + b ) .
ab
a +b +a c+b c
3
ab
ab ( a + b ) + c a 2 + b 2
1
1
ab
+
4 ab ( a + b ) c a 2 + b 2
ab 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1
= .
+ . 2
. + + c
4 a + b 4 a + b 2 c 16 a b 8
Tng t ta c
bc
b +c +b a+c a
ca
3
1 1 1 1
.
+ +
16 b c 8a
1 1 1 1
+ +
16 c a 8b
c +a +c b+a b
a= b= c .
1
1
1
3
+
+
.
ab + a + 2 bc + b + 2 ca + c + 2 4
3
213
Li gii
1
1
1 1
1 1 c
1
=

+
+
Ta c
=
ab + a + 2 (ab + 1) + (a + 1) 4 ab + 1 a + 1 4 c + 1 a + 1
1
1
1 1
1 1 a
1
=

+
+
=
bc + b + 2 (bc + 1) + (b + 1) 4 bc + 1 b + 1 4 a + 1 b + 1
1
1
1 1
1 1 b
1
=

+
+
=
ca + c + 2 (ca + 1) + (c + 1) 4 ca + 1 c + 1 4 b + 1 c + 1
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c cpm.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Chng minh rng vi mi x,y,z dng ta c
1
1
1
xy + yz + xz
.
+
+
2x + y + z 2 y + z + x 2z + x + y
4 xyz
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx + xyz =
4.
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+
2x + y + 6 2 y + z + 6 2z + x + 6 3

6(a + b + c)
a
2b
3c
.
+
+
a +1 b + 2 c + 3 a + b + c + 6
1
1
1
4
4
4
.
+
+
+
+
a + 2b b + 2c c + 2a 3a + 4b + 5c 3b + 4c + 5a 3c + 4a + 5b
Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x + y 2 + z 3 =
13 .
1
4 12
+ + .
1+ x y z
Bi 6. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng ty a,b,c,d ta lun c

a d d b bc ca
+
+
+
0.
b+d c+b c+a d +a
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic tho mn iu kin
2ab + 3ac + 4bc =
9abc .
5
6
7
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P= 2

+
+
.
b+ca a +cb a +bc
a
b
c
1
+
+
a 2 + b2 + c2 .
ca + 1 ab + 1 bc + 1 2
214
1 1 1
+ + =
1.
a b c
1
8
1
Chng minh rng
+
.
( a 1)( b 1)( c 1) ( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1) 4
HNG DN GII P S
1
1
1
1
16
Bi 1. S dng bt ng thc
ta c:
+
+ +
a1 a2 a3 a4 a1 + a2 + a3 + a4
1
1 2 1 1
+ +
2 x + y + z 16 x y z
1
1 2 1 1
+ +
2 y + z + x 16 y z x
1
1 2 1 1
+ +
2 z + x + y 16 z x y
Bi 2. Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc cho.

1
1
1
9
S dng bt ng thc
ta c:
+
+
a1 a2 an a1 + a2 + a3
1
=
2x + y + 6
1
1 2
1
.

+
( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) + ( y + 2 ) 9 x + 2 y + 2
Tng t ta c
1
1 2
1

+
2y + z + 6 9 y + 2 z + 2
1
1 2
1

+
2z + x + 6 9 z + 2 x + 2
1 1
1
1
P
+
+
.
3 x + 2 y + 2 z + 2
Ch iu kin bi ton c vit li di dng:
1
1
1
+
+
=
1.
x+2 y+2 z+2
T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .

215
Bi 3. Bt ng thc c vit li di dng
6(a + b + c)
2b
3c
a
1+
2+
3
6
a +1
b+2
c+3
a+b+c+6
1
4
9
36
+
+
a +1 b + 2 c + 3 a + b + c + 6
Bt ng thc cui lun ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
b+2 c+3
.
a+
=
1
=
2
3
Bi 4.
Ta c
16
3a + 4b + 5c
(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)2
1
2
1
.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
a
2
b
b
2
c
b
2
c
c
2
a
a
2
b
b
2
c
c
2a
(
) (
) (
) (
)
Xy dng tng t 2 bt ng thc nh trn ri cng li ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 5. im ri ca bi ton l=
x 1,=
y 2,=
z 2.
33 =x + y 2 + z 3 + 20 =x + y 2 + 4 + z 3 + 8 + 8 x + 4 y + 12 z .
S dng bt ng thc C-S dng phn thc ta c:

1
1
1 (1 + 4.1 + 12.1)
17 2
17 2 289 17
.
+ 4. + 12.
=
=
=
1+ x
y
z 1 + x + 4 y + 12.z x + 4 y + 12 z + 1 34
34
2
2
P=

x 1,=
y 2,=
z 2.
17
t ti x= 1, y= z= 2 .
2
Bi 6. Cng 4 vo 2 v bt ng thc tng ng vi:
a+b c+d b+a c+d
+
+
+
4.
b+d c+b c+a d +a
1
1
1
1
(c + d )
+
+
+ ( a + b)
4.
b+c a+d
b+d c+a
1
1
4
Ch
+
;
b+c a+d a+b+c+d
1
1
4
+
b+d c+a a+b+c+d

T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= d .
4 3 2
Bi 7. Theo gi thit ta c: 2ab + 3ac + 4bc
= 9abc + + = 9 .
a b c
S dng bt ng thc AM GM dng cng mu, ta c
216
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
P= 2.
+ 4.
+ 3.
b+ca a +cb
a +cb a +bc
a+bc b+ca
.
4
4
4
4 3 2
P 2. + 4. + 3. P 2 + + =
18
2c
2a
2b
a b c
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u a= b= c= 1 .

x
y
z
.
Bi 8. Tn ti cc s thc dng x,y,z sao cho=
a =
,b =
,c
y
z
x
Bt ng thc tr thnh
x2
y
y2
z
z2
x
2x
2y
2z
.
+
+
y+z z+x x+ y
Ch s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
x2
y
x2
y
+
+
y2
z
y2
z
+
+
z2
x
z2
x
x y z
+ +
y z x
x y z
+ +
z x y
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn v ch

1 1
1 1
x y z x y z
1 1
+ + + + + = x + + y + + z +
y z x z x y
x z
y z
x y
4x
4y
4z
+
+
y+z z+x x+ y

Bi 9. Gi thit ta c ab + bc + ca =
abc .
Suy ra
1
8
1
8
.
+
=
+
( a 1)( b 1)( c 1) ( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1) a + b + c 1 2abc + a + b + c + 1
Ch a + b + c
9
=
9;
1 1 1
+ +
a b c
abc = ab + bc + ca 3abc ( a + b + c ) 3 3abc abc 27
T ta c ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c= 3 .
217
CH 4:
K THUT S DNG BT NG THC

CAUCHY SCHWARZ
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Cho hai dy s thc ( a1 , a2 ,..., an ) ; ( b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) khi ta c
( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn )2 ( a12 + a22 + ... + an2 )( b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 ) .
ai kb
=
i , i 1, n, k .
Chng minh.
Xt tam thc bc hai
f ( x)=
=
(a
2
1
+ a22 + ... + an2 x 2 2 ( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + an bn ) x + b12 + b22 + ... + bn2
( a1 x b1 )2 + ( a2 x b2 )2 + ... + ( an x bn )2 0
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai ta c
)(
).
' 0 ( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + an bn ) a12 + a22 + ... + an2 b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 .
2
H qu(Bt ng thc Mincopski) Vi 2 dy s thc a1 , a2 ,.., an v b1 , b2 ,..., bn ta c

a12 + b12 + a22 + b22 + ... + an2 + bn2
( a1 + a2 + ... + an )2 + ( b1 + b2 + ... + bn )2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1 , a2 ,.., an v b1 , b2 ,..., bn l 2 b s t l.

B. BI TP MU
47
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + y + z = .
12
235
Chng minh rng 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 5 z 2
.
12
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
Ta cn tm cc s a,b,c dng sao cho
( 3x
)(
) (
+ 4 y 2 + 5 z 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 3 x + 2by + c 5 z .
Vi v phi bt ng thc l mt hng s v vy ch cn chn a,b,c sao cho

a 3 x + 2by + c 5 z = x + y + z .
1 1 1
Ta c ngay ( a; b; c ) =
; ;
.
3 2 5
218
Li gii chi tit:
2 47
1 1 1
3x 2 + 4 y 2 + 5 z 2 + + ( x + y + z ) =

3 4 5
12 .
235
3x 2 + 4 y 2 + 5 z 2
12
5 5
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( x; y; z ) = ; ;1 .
3 4
Bi 2. Cho x,y,a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin
c2 .
( x + a )2 + ( y + b )2 + ( x + y )2 =
Chng minh rng ( a + b ) 3c 2 .

2
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
Ta cn chng minh ( a + b ) 3 ( x + a ) + ( y + b ) + ( x + y )
2
Ch a + b =
).
( x + a) + ( y + b) + (x y ) .
Nn da vo bt ng thc trn ta s dng bt ng thc C S cho hai b s
(1;1;1) ; ( x + a; y + b; x y ) .
Li gii chi tit:

( a + b )2 =
( x + a ) + ( y + b ) + ( x y )
2
2
2
3 ( x + a ) + ( y + b ) + ( x + y ) =
3c 2 .

Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn x 5, y 6, z 7; x 2 + y 2 + z 2 125 .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x + y + z .
Li gii
x + y + z=
x + y + z 2 + 2 yz + 2 zx + 2 xy
2
125 + 2 xy + 2( x + y ) z
.
125 + 2 xy + 2( x + y ) 125 x y
2
125 + 60 + 22 64 =
19
C s nh nht ta p v 2 bin c chn di nh nht l x v y khi tch xy

nh nht trong cc tch.
219
x2 + y 2 =
9
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z,t l cc s thc tho mn iu kin z 2 + t 2 =

16 .
xt + yz =
12
Chng minh rng x + z 5 .

Li gii
Ch h iu kin ta c ng thc sau: ( xt + yz ) = x 2 + y 2

2
)( z
+ t 2 = 144 .
Do =
x kt=
, y kz .
2
2
V vy x 2 + y =
k 2 t2 + z2 k=
9
16
)(
2
k 2 + 1 x2 + y 2
kx + y )
(
y kx + y
2
S = x+z= x+ =
S =
= 25 .
k
k
k2
k2
Bi tp tng t
a 2 + b2 + c 2 =
9
2
2
2
16 .
Cho a,b,c,x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x + y + z =
ax + by + cz =
12
Chng minh rng a + y + z 41 .

x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x + x3 z + y 3 x + z 3 y
( x + y + 2 z )2
.
2
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc C S ta c:
x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x + x3 z + y 3 x + z 3 y 2 x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x + x3 z + y 3 x + z 3 y
=
2 xy ( x 2 + y 2 )
2( xy + yz + zx)( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2( xy + yz + zx)
2
( x + y + z )2 ( x + y + 2 z )2
2
2
x y=
,z 0.
=
220
Bi 5. Cho x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 , z1 , z2 l cc s thc tho mn iu kin

x1 , x2 > 0, x1 y1 > z12 , x2 y2 > z22 .
Chng minh rng
x1 y1
z12
1
x2 y2
z22
( x1 + x2 )( y1 + y2 ) ( z1 + z2 )2
Li gii
1
1
( x + x )( y + y ) ( z + z )2 8 .
+
2
1
2
2
2
1 2 1
x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2
2
z2 z2
z
z
z2 ) x1 . 1 + x2 . 2 ( x1 + x2 ) 1 + 2 .
( z1 +=
x
x1
x2
1 x2
Kt hp s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
2
z12
( x1 + x2 )( y1 + y2 ) ( z1 + z2 )2 ( x1 + x2 )( y1 + y2 ) ( x1 + x2 )
x1
z22
x2
z2
z2
= ( x1 + x2 ) y1 1 + y2 2
x1
x2
x y z2 x y z2
=
( x1 + x2 ) 1 1 1 + 2 2 2
x1
x2
x1 y1 z12 x2 y2 z22
.
x1
x2
2 x1 x2 .2
=4
Mt khc
1
x1 y1
z12
1
x2 y2
z22
( x y z )( x y
2
1
1 1
2 2
z22
( x y )( x y
1 1
z12
2 2
z22
)
.
Nhn theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

=
x1 x=
y=
2 ; y1
2 ; z1 z2 .
Tng qut vi xk > 0, xk yk > zk2 , k =
1, n ta c
n
k =1 k yk
zk2
n3
n
n
n
x
y
z
k
k
k

=
k 1=
k 1 =
k 1
221
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c,x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin ax + by + cz =

xyz .
Chng minh rng x + y + z > a + b + b + c + c + a .
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c
a
b
c
+ +
=
1.
yz zx xy
t a= myz , b= nzx, c= pxy m + n + p= 1 .

Bt ng thc tr thnh
x + y + z > z ( my + nx ) + x ( nz + py ) + y ( mz + px ) .
S dng bt ng thc C S cho v phi ta c

z ( my + nx ) + x ( nz + py ) + y ( mz + px )
( x + y + z )( my + mz + nx + nz + px + py )
<
( x + y + z )( m + n + p )( x + y + z ) = x + y + z

Nhn xt. Ta c th tm c gi tr nh nht ca tng x + y + z bng
M ( M + a )( M + b )( M + c ) .
Chnh l nghim dng duy nht ca phng trnh

2
1
1
1
.
=
+
+
M a+M b+M c+M
Bi 3. Cho x,y l 2 s thc dng tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 3 x3 + y 4 .
Chng minh rng x3 + y 3 2 .
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
Bng cch s dng C S lm xut hin cc bc x 2 , y 4 tn dng iu kin bi ton.
S dng bt ng thc C S, ta c
(x
) (x
2
+=
y3
x .x x + y 2 . y
x +y
Suy ra x3 + y 3
)( x
+y
+ y4
)( x
+ y2
x 2 + y 3 + x3 + y 2
x 2 + y 3 + x3 + y 2
x3 + y 3 x 2 + y 2 .
2
Vy ta ch cn chng minh x 2 + y 2 2 .
222
) (x
2.
Tht vy s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
(x
) (x
2
+=
y2
x. x + y y. y
) ( x3 + y 3 ) ( x + y ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x + y )
2
x2 + y 2 x + y 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 1 .

Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin 4 xy + 2 yz zx =
25
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc=
P
x2 + 4 y 2
z + 4 xy
2
2 2
z + 4 xy .
5
Li gii
p dng bt ng thc C S ta c
=
25
4 xy . 4 xy + z (2 y x)
(4 xy + z 2 )[4 xy + (2 y x)2 ]
=( z 2 + 4 xy )( x 2 + 4 y 2 )
x2 + 4 y 2
V vy P
25
z + 4 xy
2
25
z 2 + 4 xy
2 2
z + 4 xy .
5
p dng BT AM-GM ta c:
25
z + 4 xy
2
2 2
25
1 2
1 2
+
z + 4 xy= 2
z + 4 xy +
z + 4 xy
5
5
z + 4 xy 5
33
25
1 2
1 2
z + 4 xy .
z + 4 xy =
3
5
z + 4 xy 5
2
Vi=
x 3,=
y 2,=
z 1 th P bng 3.
2
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x + y + =
z 0; x 2 + y 2 + z=
6.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =( x y )( y z )( z x ) .

Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z .
Khi P =
( x y )( y z )( x z ) .
223
x z 2 x2 + z 2 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
2 3.
x y+ yz
P
( x z )=
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x =
1
( x z )3 6 3 .
4
3, y = 0, z = 3 hoc cc hon v.

2.
Chng minh rng x + y + z 2 + xyz .
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
Bt ng thc vit li di dng x (1 yz ) + y + z 2 .
Ta nh gi thng qua tng x 2 + y 2 + z 2 v vy p dng C S cho 2 b s
( x; y; z ) v (1 yz;1;1)
hoc ( x; y + z ) ; (1 yz;1) .
Ta la chn 2 b s th 2 v khi ta c mt biu thc tch ca yz .

Li gii chi tit:
x (1 yz ) + y + z
(x
+ ( y + z)
) ((1 yz )
= ( 2 + 2 yz ) 2 + y 2 z 2 2 yz
( 2 + 2 yz ) ( 2 + y 2 z 2 2 yz ) 2
+ 12
(1 + yz ) 2 + y 2 z 2 2 yz 2 y 3 z 3 y 2 z 2 .
Bt ng thc cui lun ng v

2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 y 2 + z 2 2 yz yz 1 y 3 z 3 y 2 z 2 .
Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc xy ra chng hn 1 s bng 0 v 2 s

bng 1.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
Chng minh rng x + y + z 2 +
224
9
xyz .
4

1 . Chng minh
rng xy + yz + 2 zx
3 +1
.
2
Li gii
Ch vai tr i xng ca x v z v vy s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
y ( x + z ) 2 y 2 x2 + y 2=
z2
2 y2 1 y2
).
2 zx x 2 + z 2 =
1 y2
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc a v chng minh
3 +1
.
2
n y c th a v kho st hm s hoc s dng trc tip C S nh sau
1
1
1
2 y 2 1 y 2 +=
1 y2
4 y2 4 y4 + 1 2 y2 +
2
2
2
.
1 1 2
4
2 2 1 1+ 3
+ 4y 4y + 1 2y
+ =
2
2
2 4
2 y2 1 y2 + 1 y2
1
1
1
1
.
z=
1
,y=
+
2
2
3
2 3
Bi 5. Chng minh rng nu phng trnh x 4 + bx3 + cx 2 + bx + 1 =

0 c nghim th
b2 + ( c 2 ) > 3 .
2
Li gii
Nu x0 l nghim ca phng trnh r rng x0 0 vit li phng trnh di dng
x02
1
1
1
+ 2 + b x0 + + c =
0 x0 + + b x0 + + c 2 =
0.
x0
x0
x0
x0
t X =
x0 +
1
, X 2 phng trnh tr thnh
x0
X 2 + bX + c 2 = 0 ( bX + c 2 ) = X 4 .
2
( bX + c 2 )2 b2 + ( c 2 )2 ( X 2 + 1) .
X4
1
= X 2 1+ 2
> X 2 1 3 .
X +1
X +1
Suy ra b 2 + ( c 2 )
2
225
Bi tp tng t
Ch phng trnh x 4 + ax3 + bx 2 + 2ax + 4 =
0.
16
Tm nghim ca phng trnh bit a 2 + b 2 = .
9
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x, y, z 1 v
Chng minh rng
1 1 1
+ + =
2.
x y z
x + y + z x 1 + y 1 + z 1 .
Li gii
Vit li iu kin gi thit di dng
1
1
1
1 = 1 +1 +1
x
y
z
x 1 y 1 z 1
1
+
+
=
x
y
x
x 1 y 1 z 1
x + y + z = ( x + y + z)
+
+
y
z
x
2
x 1
y 1
z 1
x .
+ y.
+ z.
x
y
z .
x 1 + y 1 + z 1
x + y + z x 1 + y 1 + z 1
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z=
3
.
2
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [ 1;1] v tho mn iu kin

x + y + z + xyz =
0.
Chng minh rng
x +1 + y +1 + z +1 3 .
Li gii
+ Nu x + y + z 0 ta c ngay iu phi chng minh v
x +1 + y +1 + z +1
=
(1 + 1 + 1)( x + 1 + y + 1 + z + 1)
3( x + y + z ) + 9 3
+ Ta xt vi x + y + z > 0 xyz =
( x + y + z ) < 0 do phi tn ti t nht 1 s
m v 1 s dng.
226
xy > 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s z < 0
x, y > 0 .
x + y > z > 0
Khi vai tr ca x v y nh nhau nn ta p dng C S cho 2 cn thc u tin
ta c
x + 1 + y + 1 + z + 1 2 ( x + 1 + y + 1) + z + 1
2( x + y) + 4 + z +1
Bt ng thc c chng minh nu ta chng minh c

2( x + y) + 4 + z +1 3
2( x + y) + 4 2 1 z +1
2( x + y)
2( x + y) + 4 + 2
Ch x + y = z ( xy + 1) ;1 + z =
Vy ta i chng minh
z
1+ z +1
(1 x )(1 y ) .
x+ y
+1 =
xy + 1
1 + xy
2 z ( xy + 1)
2( x + y) + 4 + 2
xy +
1+
(1 x )(1 y )
1 + xy
(1 x )(1 y )(1 + xy ) 1 +
1+
x+ y
2
Bt ng thc lun ng v
xy +
xy )
(1 x )(1 y )(1 + =
x . xy 2 +
(1 x ). (1 y )(1 + xy )
( x + 1 x ) ( xy 2 + (1 y )(1 + xy ) )
1 + xy y =
1 + y ( x 1) 1 1 + 1 +
x+ y
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra ti x= y= z= 0 .

5
2
a 2 + 1 b 2 + 1 c 2 + 1 ( a + b + c + 1) .
16
Li gii
)(
)(
D on du bng t ti a= b= c thay vo bt ng thc ta tm c a= b= c=
1
.
2
227
2
5
5
5 2
b + c +1
2
2
1)
a + 1 1 + ( b + c + 1) .
( a + b + c +=
a.1 + 1.

16
16
1
16
)(
Vy ta ch cn chng minh b 2 + 1 c 2 + 1
5
2
1 + ( b + c + 1)
16
16b 2 c 2 + 11b 2 + 11c 2 + 6 10bc + 10b + 10c .

Bt ng thc trn l tng ca cc bt ng thc sau
16b 2 c 2 + 1 8bc
b 2 + c 2 2bc
1
10 b 2 + 10b
4
10 c 2 + 10c
4
1
.
2
Cch 2: Ch . Vi mi s thc a1 , a2 ,..., an > 1 v cng du ta lun c
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) ...(1 + an ) 1 + a1 + a2 + ... + an .

1
1
1
Trong 3 s a 2 , b 2 , c 2 c t nht 2 s cng du khng mt tnh tng
4
4
4
1
1
qut gi s a 2 ; b 2 cng du ta c:
4
4
( a + 1)(b + 1)=
2
2 1 5 2 1 5
a 4 + 4 . b 4 + 4
25 4
1 4
1
= 1 + a 2 . 1 + b 2
16 5
4 5
4
25 4 2 1 2 4 2 1
1 + a a + b
16 5
4
5
4
Bt ng thc c chng minh nu ta chng minh c:
25 4 2 1 4 2 1 2
5
2
1 + a + b c + 1 ( a + b + c + 1) .
16 5
4 5
4
16
4
1 4
1
2
5 1 + a 2 + b 2 c 2 + 1 ( a + b + c + 1) .
4 5
4
5
)(
4a 2 + 4b 2 + 3 c 2 + 1 ( a + b + c + 1) .
228
Theo C-S ta c
( 4a
)(
) ( 4a
+ 4b 2 + 3 c 2 +=
1
1 1
1 1
+ 4b 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + c 2 + +
4 4
4 4
2
1
1
1
1
2a. + 2b. + 1.c + 1. + 1. =

2
2
2
2
( a + b + c + 1)2
1
.
2
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh
(a
)(
)(
+ 3 b 2 + 3 c 2 + 3 4 ( a + b + c + 1) .
2
Bi 10. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c + 1 =

4abc .
1
1
1
3
.
Chng minh rng 4
+ 4
+ 4
a +b+c b +c+a c +a+b a+b+c

Li gii
(a
Tng t ta c
)(
) (
+ b + c 1 + b3 + c 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2
1
a4 + b + c
1
b4 + c + a
1 + b3 + c 3
(a
+ b2 + c2
1 + c3 + a 3
a 2 + b2 + c2
;
2
1
c4 + a + b
3 + 2 a 3 + b3 + c 3
(a
+ b2 + c

P
2 2
1 + a 4 + b4
a 2 + b2 + c2
).
Ta ch cn chng minh
3 + 2 a 3 + b3 + c 3
(a
+ b2 + c
2 2
3
a+b+c
) (
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 6 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 2 a3b + b3a + b3c + c3b + c3a + a3c + 3 ( a + b + c )
) (
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca + 3 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 a b c 0
.
229
Ch
a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 3a 2b 2 c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 abc ( a + b + c ) a + b + c
bi v 4abc = 1 + a + b + c 1 + 3 3 abc abc 1 .

Bi tp tng t
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
1
1
1
+
+
1.
a + b +1 b + c +1 c + a +1
Bi 11. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
( a + b + c )
1 1 1
+ + 1+ 3 5 +
a b c
(a
1
1
1
+ b3 + c 3 3 + 3 + 3 .
b
c
a
Li gii
Ta c
31
1 1
( a + b + c ) + +
a b c
3 a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 1 + 1 + 1 + (
a 3 b3 c 3
a 2b 2 c 2
(a
1
1 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
1
+ b3 + c 3 3 + 3 + 3 +
abc
b
c
a
Ch
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 1 =
abc
abc
( a + b + c )
1 1 1
+ + 1
a b c
Do
1 1 1
1 1 1
3( a + b + c ) + + 3 3( a + b + c ) + + 3
a b c
a b c
1 1 1
V ( a + b + c ) + + 9 .
a b c
230
( a + b + c )
1 1 1
+ + +6
a b c
T suy ra
1 1 1
( a + b + c ) + + 1 5 +
a b c
(a
( a + b + c )
1 1 1
+ + 1+ 3 5 +
a b c
(a
1
1
1
+ b3 + c 3 3 + 3 + 3
b
c
a
3
1
1
1
+ b3 + c 3 3 + 3 + 3
b
c
a

Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh P =
(a
1
1
1
+ b2 + c2 2 + 2 + 2 .
b
c
a
C. BI TP RN LUYN
(1 + a )(1 + b )
1
( a + b + ab 1) .
2
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin 1 x y z 4 .
Bi 1. Cho a,b l cc s thc chng minh
4
2 y
z
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =( x 1) + 1 + 1 + 1 .
x y z
Bi 2. S dng bt ng thc C S ta c
2
1
y
z
4
P x 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 .
4
x
y
z
x+
2
y z 4
y z 4
1
+ + 4 4 x. . . = 4 2 P 4 2 4 = 4
x y z
x y z
4
y z 4
= = x=
x y z
2 1 .
2, y = 2, z = 2 2 .

x
y
z
9
.
+
+
2
2
2
( y + z ) ( z + x) ( x + y) 4( x + y + z )
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m.
Chng minh rng
x2 + 1 + y 2 + 1 + z 2 + 1 6 ( x + y + z ) .

x3
y2
y3
z2
z3
x2
x2 y 2 z 2
.
+
+
y
z
x
231
Bi 5. Cho cc s thc a,b,c thay i tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

1.
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a3 + b3 + c3 abc .
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
2.
Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + c3 abc 2 2 .
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
9.
Chng minh rng 2 ( a + b + c ) abc 10 .
Bi 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = k , ( k 0 ) .
Chng minh rng 18k ( x + y + z ) xyz 270k k .
Bi 9. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
9
xyz .
4
Bi 10. Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c l cc s thc dng ta c
Chng minh rng x + y + z 2 +
4(a + b + c)
b+c
c+a
a+b
+
+
a
b
c
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Bi 11. Chng minh vi mi a,b,c l cc s thc dng ta c
a 2 + b2
2 a 2 + b2 + c ( a + b )
b2 + c2
2 b2 + c2 + a ( b + c )
c2 + a2
2 c2 + a2 + b ( c + a )
2a
2b
2c
+
+
3
a+b
b+c
c+a

a2
b + (c + a)
2
b2
c + (a + b)
2
c2
a + (b + c )
2
3
.
5
Bi 14. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh
(a
)(
)(
+ 3 b 2 + 3 c 2 + 3 4 ( a + b + c + 1) .
2

1
1
1
+
+
1.
a + b +1 b + c +1 c + a +1
232
1.
a5 a 2
b5 b 2
c5 c 2
a 5 + b 2 + c 2 b5 + c 2 + a 2 c 5 + a 2 + b 2
0.
2(1 + abc) + 2(1 + a 2 )(1 + b 2 )(1 + c 2 ) (1 + a )(1 + b)(1 + c) .
Bi 18. Cho x,y,z,t l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin

| x y | + | y z | + | z t | + | t x |=
4.
Chng minh rng x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + t 2 2 .
3.
Chng minh rng
5a 2
5b 2
5c 2
5a 2 + 4bc + 2 bc
5b 2 + 4ca + 2 ca
5c 2 + 4ab + 2 ab
Bi 20. Cho a, b, c khng m tho mn iu kin a + b + c =
1.
3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a + b + b + c + c + a .

Bi 21. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic.
a +bc + b+ca + c+ a b a + b + c .
Chng minh rng
Bi 22. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

8.
Chng minh rng 4 ( a + b + c ) abc 16 .
1.
P = x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz .
Bi 24. Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic ta c

a 2b ( a b ) + b 2 c ( b c ) + c 2 a ( c a ) 0 .
Bi 25. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng chng minh

1 + yz + zx 1 + xy + zx 1 + xy + yz
+
+
1.
(1 + x + y )2 (1 + y + z )2 (1 + z + x )2
1 1 1
( a + b c ) + =4 .
a b c
1
1
1
Chng minh rng a 4 + b 4 + c 4 4 + 4 + 4 2304 .
b
c
a
233
( a + b c )
1 1 1
+ =
4.
a b c
(a
1
1
1
+ b3 + c 3 3 + 3 + 3 .
b
c
a
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. Ta c
(1 + a )(1 + b ) =( a + b ) + ( ab 1) 12 ( a + b + ab 1)
1
(1 + a )(1 + b )
( a + b + ab 1)
2
2
iu phi chng minh.

( x + y + z)
( y + z )2
Mt khc
( z + x )2
2
x
y
z
+
+
.
( x + y )2 y + z z + x x + y
1
x
y
z
1
1
+
+
=
+
+
( x + y + z )
3
y+z z+x x+ y
y+z z+x x+ y
1
1
1
1
= ( x + y ) + ( y + z ) + ( z + x )
+
+
3
2
y+z z+x x+ y
1
3
(1 + 1 + 1)2 3 =
2
2
Bi 3. S dng h qu bt ng thc C S (Mincopski) ta c

x2 + 1 + y 2 + 1 + z 2 + 1
( x + y + z )2 + (1 + 1 + 1)2 .
Vy ta cn chng minh ( x + y + z ) + 9 6 ( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z 3) 0
2
Bt ng thc lun ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .

2
x3 y 3 z 3
x2 y 2 z 2
+
2 + 2 + 2 ( x + y + z ) +
z
x
z
x
y
y
x2 y 2 z 2
2
+ ( y + z + x) ( x + y + z )
+
y
z
x
Nhn theo v 2 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra

234
x k +1
Tng qut ta c
yk
y k +1
zk
z k +1
xk
xk
y k 1
yk
z k 1
zk
x k 1
,k 1.
P 2 = a3 + b3 + c c 2 ab = a.a 2 + b.b 2 + c c 2 ab
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 4 + b 4 + c 2 ab
= a 4 + b 4 + c 4 2abc 2 + a 2b 2
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + a 2b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2
) (a
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 =
+ b2 + c2
= 1
Vi a= 1, b= c= 0 th P bng 1; vi a =
1, b =
c=
0 th P bng -1.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 t ti a= 1, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
Gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti a =
1, b =
c=
0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 6. Gi P l biu thc v tri.
S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c
P 2 = a3 + b3 + c c 2 ab = a.a 2 + b.b 2 + c c 2 ab
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 4 + b 4 + c 2 ab
= 2 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 2abc 2 + a 2b 2
2 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + a 2b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2 a + b + c + 2 a b + b c + c a2
=2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2
=8 P 2 2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a =

2, b =
c=
0 hoc
cc hon v.
Bi tp tng t
3.
Chng minh rng x3 + y 3 + z 3 xyz 3 3 .
235
2
2
a ( 2 bc ) + 2 ( b + c ) a 2 + ( b + c ) ( 2 bc ) + 22
( 2bc + 9 ) ( b2c 2 4bc + 8)
Vy ta cn chng minh
( 2bc + 9 ) ( b2c 2 4bc + 8) 100 ( bc + 2 )2 ( 2bc 7 ) 0 .
Bt ng thc cui ng nu ta gi s a 2 = max a 2 , b 2 , c 2 .

Tht vy ta c 2bc b 2 + c 2 = 9 a 2 9 3 = 6 2bc 7 1 .
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra chng hn ti a =
1, b =
c=
2.
Bi 9. Khng mt tnh tng qu=
gi s x max { x, y, z} x
1
.
3
9
x 1 yz + y + z
4
=
(x
+ ( y + z)
9 2
1 yz + 1
4
( 2 yz + 1)
81 2 2 9
y z yz + 2
2
16
9
81
Ta cn chng minh ( 2 yz + 1) y 2 z 2 yz + 2 2
2
16
yz 162 y 2 z 2 63 yz 8 0
y 2 + z 2 1 x2 1
=
.
2
2
3
1
x= y=
, z= 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
b+c
a ( a + b )( a + c ) 4 ( a + b + c ) .
cyc
Bt ng thc lun ng v yz
236
( a + b )( a + c ) a +
bc
( b + c )( b + a ) b +
ca
( c + a )( c + b ) c +
ab
p dng v ta cn chng minh

b+c
c+a
a+b
bc +
ca +
ab 2 ( a + b + c ) .
a
b
c
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s
bc
ca
ab
.
a
b
c
S dng bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c
a b c b + c c + a a + b;
bc
b+c
c+a
a+b
1
ca
ab
+
+
bc +
ca +
ab ( b + c + c + a + a + b )
a
b
c
3
b
c
a
bc ca ab
.
.
= 2(a + b + c)
a
b
c
2 ( a + b + c ) .3
a 2 + b2
2 a +b
2
Tng t ta c
1
1
a+b
.
=
=
+
+
c
a
b
c
a
b
) 2+ (
) 2(a + b + c)
+ c (a + b) 2 + (
1
a 2 + b2
( a + b )2
2
b2 + c2
2 b2 + c2 + a ( b + c )
c2 + a2
2 c2 + a2 + b ( c + a )
b+c
.
2(a + b + c)
c+a
2(a + b + c)

Bi 12. Gi P l biu thc v tri v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
P=
2a ( a + c )
( a + b )( a + c )
2b ( b + a )
( b + c )( b + a )
2c ( c + b )
( c + a )( c + b )
2a
( a + c )
( a + b )( a + c )
Ta ch cn chng minh
8 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
8 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
237
8
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 8abc
9
Bt ng thc cui lun ng theo AM GM.
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
(1 + 4 ) b2 + ( c + a )2 b + 2 ( c + a )
a2
b + (c + a)
2
a
.
5 ( b + 2 a + 2c )
Tng t cho 2 cn thc cn li bi ton a v chng minh

3
a
b
c
+
+
b + 2a + 2c c + 2b + 2a a + 2b + 2c 5
.
9
b + 2c
c + 2a
a + 2b
+
+
b + 2a + 2c c + 2b + 2a a + 2b + 2c 5
b + 2c
c + 2a
a + 2b
+
+
b + 2a + 2c c + 2b + 2a a + 2b + 2c
2
.
2
( b + 2c ) )
9(a + b + c)
(
9
= =
( b + 2c )( b + 2a + 2c ) 5 ( a + b + c )2 5
Bi 14. D on ng thc t ti khi 3 s bng nhau thay vo bt ng thc ta c
a= b= c= 1 .
Ta s dng dng bt ng thc C S
2
b + c +1
2
4 ( a + b + c + 1=
)2 4 a.1 + 3.
4 a +3
3
( b + c + 1)2
1 +
.
( b + c + 1)2
b2 + 3 c2 + 3
4 1 +
Vy ta chng minh
)(
3b 2 c 2 + 5b 2 + 5c 2 + 11 8bc + 8b + 8c
Bt ng thc cui l tng ca 3 bt ng thc sau
3 b 2 c 2 + 1 6bc
b 2 + c 2 2bc
4 b 2 + c 2 + 2 4 ( 2b + 2c ) = 8b + 8c

Cch 2: Xem bi tp mu.
238
( a + b + 1) ( a + b + c 2 ) ( a + b + c )2
Tng t ta c
1
a + b + c2
.
a + b + 1 ( a + b + c )2
1
b + c + a2
1
c + a + b2
.
b + c + 1 ( a + b + c )2 c + a + 1 ( a + b + c )2
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn v kt hp vi iu kin ta c:

a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2 ( a + b + c )
( a + b + c )2
1 a + b + c ab + bc + ca .

1
1
1
3
.
+ 5
+ 5
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b +c
b +c +a
c +a +b
a + b2 + c2
a5 + b2 + c 2 + b2 + c 2 a 2 + b2 + c 2
a
1
a5 + b2 + c 2
1
+ b2 + c2
a
a 2 + b2 + c2
Tng t ta c
1
b5 + c 2 + a 2
1 2
+ c + a2
b
a 2 + b2 + c2
1
c5 + a 2 + b 2
1
+ a 2 + b2
c
a 2 + b2 + c2
) (
1 1 1
+ + + 2 a 2 + b2 + c2 3 a 2 + b2 + c2
.
a b c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
Bt ng thc cui ng vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a= b= c= 1 .
2(1 + a 2 )(1 + b 2 )(1 + c 2 ) a + b + c + ab + bc + ca abc 1 .
)(
Ch 2(1 + a 2 )(1 + b 2 )(1 + c 2 ) = (a + b) 2 + (1 ab) 2 (1 + c) 2 + (c 1) 2 .

239
2(1 + a 2 )(1 + b 2 )(1 + c 2 )=
[(a + b)2 + (1 ab)2 ][(1 + c)2 + (c 1)2 ]
( a + b )(1 + c ) + ( c 1)(1 ab )
= a + b + c + ab + bc + ca abc 1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
+ t2
x2 + y 2 y 2 + z 2 z 2 + t 2 t 2 + x2
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
( x y ) 2 ( y z ) 2 ( z t ) 2 (t x) 2
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
(| x y | + | y z | + | z t | + | t x |)2
8
2
=

Du bng xy ra chng hn ti x = z = 1, y = t = 0 .

5a 2 + 4bc
=
+ 2 bc
3.
5a 2 + 4bc
+ 2. 2bc
3
5a 2 + 4bc
( 3 + 2 )
5
5a 2 + 5 b 2 + c 2
3
5a 2
+ 2bc=
5
5a 2 + 10bc
3
a +b +c
5
)) =
3
2
a2
a + b2 + c2
5a 2 + 4bc + 2 bc
Tng t ri cng li theo v ta c pcm.
Bi 20. Ta c P 2= 2 ( a + b + c ) + 2
( a + b )( a + c ) .
Ch s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
( a + b )( a + c ) ( a +
Do P 2 4 ( a + b + c ) + 2
bc = a + b + c + ab + bc + ca .
ab + bc + ca 4 P 2 .
Du bng t ti a= 1, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.

240

a + b c + b + c a 2(a + b c + b + c a) =
2 b
b + c a + c + a b 2 (b + c a + c + a b) =
2 c
c + a b + a + b c 2(c + a b + a + b c) 2 a

gi s a max {a, b, c} a
8
.
3
a ( 4 bc ) + 4 ( b + c )
=
(a
+ (b + c )
) (( 4 bc )
+ 42
(8 + 2bc ) ( b2c 2 8bc + 32 )
Ta chng minh ( 8 + 2bc ) b 2 c 2 8bc + 32 162 2 ( bc 4 ) b 2 c 2 0 .

b2 + c2 8 a 2
Bt ng thc lun ng v bc
=
2
2
8
8
3=
< 4.
2
3

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 2, c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 23. Ta c xy + yz + zx x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
Khi P = ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
= ( x + y + z )(1 xy yz zx )
P 2 =(1 + 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) ) (1 xy yz zx )
= 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 1
3
( xy + yz + zx )2 ( 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 3) + 1 1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 t ti x= 1, y= z= 0 hoc cc hon v.

Gi tr nh nht ca P bng -1 t ti x =
1, y =
z=
0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 24. t a =+
y z , b =+
z x, c =+
x y, x, y, z > 0 bt ng thc tr thnh
241
x3 z + y 3 x + z 3 y xyz ( x + y + z )
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
x+ y+z
y
z
x
x2 y 2 z 2
2
+
+ ( y + z + x) ( x + y + z ) .
y
z
x
Lun ng theo C S.
x+ y
2
1 + z ( x + y ) 1 +
(1 + x + y )
z
z
1 + yz + zx
1
=
2
x
y
+
x+ y+z
(1 + x + y ) 1 +
z
Tng t cho hai biu thc cn li ri cng li theo v ta c pcm. ng thc
xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
Bi 26. Theo gi thit kt hp s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
( a + b c )
1 1
+ c=
a b
1 1
1 1
+ + 1 c ( a + b ) + c +
a b
a b
( a + b )
1 1
(a + b) + + 1 2
a b
( a + b )
1 1
+
a b
1 1
( a + b ) + 1
a b
( a + b )
1 1
a b
a b
+ 1 2
+ +2 3 + 7.
b a
b a
a b
Suy ra
Khi s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
1
1
1
a +b +c 4 + 4 + 4
b
c
a
4
1
1
a + b 4 + 4 + 1
b
a
4
a b 2
a 2 b2
= 2 + 2 + 1 = + 1 7 2 1
b
a
b a
= 2304
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ab = c 2 v

a b
+ =
7.
b a
242
K THUT S DNG BT NG THC

CAUCHY SCHWARZ DNG PHN THC
CH 5:
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP

B. BI TP MU
m u ta xt bi ton quen thuc sau y
a
b
c
3
+
+
.
b+c c+a a+b 2
Li gii
y l bt ng thc Nebits ni ting c rt nhiu li gii dnh cho n. Di
y ti cp 2 phng php tip cn cng chnh l k thut chnh chng ta cn
p dng trong ch ny.
Cch 1: Cng thm vo mi hng t v tri vi 1 ta c
a
b
c
a
b
c
+
+ =
+ 1 +
+ 1 +
+ 1 3
b+c c+a a+b b+c c+a a+b
1
1
1
= (a + b + c)
+
+
3
b+c c+a c+a
1
1
1
1
= ( a + b ) + ( b + c ) + ( c + a )
+
+
3
2
a+b b+c c+a
2
1
1
1
1
3
+ b + c.
+ c + a.
a + b.
3=
2
2
a+b
b+c
c+a

Cch 2: Nhn thm vo mi hng t v tri tng ng vi a,b,c xut i lng
bnh phng ta c:
a
b
c
a2
b2
c2
+
+
=
+
+
b + c c + a a + b a (b + c ) b (c + a ) c (c + a )
( a + b + c )2
( a + b + c )2 .
=
a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + c ( c + a ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 3
=
2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 2
a
b
c
=
=
a =b =c .
a (b + c ) b (c + a ) c (c + a )
243
Nhn xt. Nh vy 2 k thut ta cn p dng l:

+ Cng thm vo mi phn thc 1 h s thch hp tt c cc phn thc c dung
t thc.
+ Nhn thm vo mi phn thc mt bin thch hp nhm to bnh phng trnh
trn t thc mi phn thc.
+ Khi c thm iu kin rng buc gia cc bin ta cn kho lo vn dng C S
a v bin chung.
a
3
.
b+c 2
a
b
c
Chng minh rng
+
+
2.
b+c c+a a+b
Li gii
(b + c )
(b + c )
b
c
+
=
c + a a + b b ( c + a ) + c ( a + b ) a ( b + c ) + 2bc
2
( b + c )2
1
( b + c )2
2
a (b + c ) +
1
=
1
a
+
b+c 2
x ( 2 x 3)
a
1
=
+ 2=
2, x
.
a
1
+
+
x
b
c
2
1
+
b+c 2
a 3=
b 3c .
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x + y + z =
0.
P
a
+
b+c
Chng minh rng
x ( x + 2)
2x + 1
2
y ( y + 2)
2y +1
2
z ( z + 2)
2z2 + 1
0.
Li gii
Gi s z = max { x , y , z } ta c bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:

x ( x + 2)
2 x2 + 1
1 y ( y + 2) 1 z ( z + 2)
+
+ +
1 0
2 2 y2 + 1 2 2z2 + 1
2
2
2
2 x + 1)
2 y + 1)
2 ( z 1)
(
(
2 x2 + 1
2 y2 + 1
2z2 + 1
S dng bt ng thc C S cho v tri ta c
( 2 x + 1)2 + ( 2 y + 1)2 ( 2 x + 2 y + 2 )2
2 x2 + 1
244
2 y2 + 1
2 ( z 1)
.
=
2 x2 + 2 y 2 + 2 x2 + y 2 + 1
2
Bt ng thc cui ng ta c pcm.
1
y=
,z =
1 hoc cc hon v.
2
Bi 4. Cho cc s thc x, y, z 1 v tha mn 3 ( x + y + z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy .

thc P
=
x2
x
.
+ 2
2
( x + y) + x z + x
Li gii
Ta c x 2 x suy ra: P x
( x + y )2 + x
1
4x
.
2
2
z + x ( x + y ) + z 2 + 2 x
Theo gi thit ta c:
( x + y)
2
2
+ z 2 = 3 ( x + y ) + z 3 2 ( x + y ) + z 2 ( x + y ) + z 2 18 .
2 ( 2 x + 18 ) 36
4x
18
18
1
=
= 2
2
= .
18 + 2 x
2 x + 18
1+ 9 5
x+9
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti=
x 1,=
y 2,=
z 3.
5
Suy ra P

3.
a2
b2
c2
.
+
+
b + 2c c + 2a a + 2b
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
Mi phn thc c dng bnh phng trn t thc tuy nhin ta cn s dng trit
.
iu kin gi thit
Ta x l nh sau:
245
Theo gi thit ta c:
.
.
Suy ra
Mt khc
Suy ra
.
.

.
.
Li gii
Vit li bt ng thc di dng
.

246
Chng minh rng
.
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c
Tng t ta c
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn a v chng minh

.
a v bt ng thc
.
Bt ng thc ny c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
.
Cch 2: S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c
Tng t ta c
247

Nhn xt. Nh vy linh hot s dng iu kin cng nh s dng C-S hp l ta c
li gii ngn gn cho bi ton nh cch 2.
Bi 8. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1.
.
Chng minh rng
Li gii
Bt ng thc c dng mnh hn ti cp trong chng 1 bt ng thc
AM GM
.
Di y ta chng minh bng C S cho bi ton trn.
Ta c
Ch
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Chng minh rng
.
Li gii
.
Vy ta chng minh
t
248
.
.
(lun ng).
Bt ng thc tr thnh
.
.
Chng minh rng
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c
Suy ra
Tng t ta c
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta cn chng minh bt ng thc
.
Gi P l biu thc v tri vit li P v s dng bt ng thc C S dng phn
thc ta c

Bi 11. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1 chng minh
.
Li gii
Theo gi thit tn ti cc s dng x, y, z tho mn
.
249
Bt ng thc tr thnh
.
Bt ng thc ng ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3 chng minh
.
Li gii
.
Tng t ta c
.
Ta ch cn chng minh
.
S dng bt ng thc C S cho v tri ta c
Vy ta chng minh
250
Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

.
.
Chng minh rng
Li gii
nn tn ti cc s dng tho mn
Do a,b,c dng v
.
Bt ng thc c vit li di dng
.
Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc trn vit li P v s dng bt ng
thc C S ta c
Mt khc s dng bt ng thc quen thuc ta c

.
Do
.
251

.
.
Chng minh rng
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri vit li P v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
Vy ta cn chng minh
Tht vy gi s ngc li
S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3
.
.
Ta c
V l. Vy
.
Chng minh rng
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri s dng bt ng thc C- S ta c
252
.
.
.
P=
a3
b3
c3
+
+
a 2 ( b2 + c2 ) b2 ( c2 + a 2 ) c2 ( a 2 + b2 )
a 3 + b3 + c 3
2 ( a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 )
.
t
Ta cn chng minh
Ch kho st hm s
.
ta c
trn on
ta c
iu phi chng minh.

hoc cc hon v.
253

Chng minh rng
.
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c:
2 1 + 3abc + 4 ( a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a + ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 )
(a + b + c)3 3abc + ab ( a + b ) + bc ( c + a ) + ca ( c + a )
Bt ng thc cui chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
hoc
v cc hon v.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn iu kin x + y =
1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu =
thc P
y +1
2
y
x +1
2
Bi 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin 2 x + 3 y =

5.
(1 + x )(1 + y ) 1
2
=
P
Bi 3. Cho
2y
(1 + x )(1 + y ) 1
3
3x 2
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

.
254
Bi 4. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
3x + 7 ( y + z )
3y + 7 ( z + x)
3z + 7 ( x + y )
3
.
17
Bi 5. (TSH Khi A 2007) Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

.
.
Bi 6. Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c l cc s thc dng ta c
.
.
.
Chng minh rng


.
Chng minh rng
.
Chng minh rng

.
.
Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
.
255

.
.
.
.
.
Bi 18. Cho a,b,c,x,y,z l cc s thc dng.
Chng minh rng
a
b
c
3( xy + yz + zx)
( y + z) +
( z + x) +
( x + y)
b+c
c+a
a+b
x+ y+z
Bi 19. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng v k s thc,
Chng minh rng
Bi 20. Chng minh vi a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
ta c
.
.
Chng minh rng
Bi 23. Chng minh vi mi a,b,c dng ta c

.
256
.
.
Chng minh rng

Chng minh rng
Bi 26. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic. Chng minh

.
1.
Bi 27. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =
Chng minh rng
1
a b +c
2
1
b c +a
2
1
c a +b
2
9
.
2 2 3 6abc

.
1
1
1
Chng minh rng (a + b + c)
+
+
a + b + c +1
a+b b+c c+a
Chng minh rng

.
.
.
Bi 33. Cho a,b,c l 3 s thc dng.
Chng minh rng
.
257
Bi 34. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng c tng bng 1.

Chng minh rng
Bi 35. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng. Chng minh
32 ( x 2 + y 2 )
1
1
4
.
+ +
4
x2 y 2 x2 + y 2
( x + y)
Bi 36. Cho x,y l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
.
Bi 37. Cho a,b,x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh

.
.
1.
Bi 39. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c =
P=
a 3 + 2b3
b 3 + 2c 3
c 3 + 2a 3
.
+
+
4ab + 3a 2 4bc + 3b 2 4ca + 3c 2
Bi 40. Chng minh rng vi mi a, b, c dng ta c
.
A. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. S dng bt ng thc C-S dng phn thc ta c:
P=
x
y2 +1
y
x2 + 1
x2
x y2 +1
1
x . xy 2 + x + y . yx 2 + y
1
1
=
=
1 + xy
xy ( x + y ) + x + y
258
y2
y x2 + 1
( x + y)
x y 2 + 1 + y x2 + 1
1
( x + y ) ( xy 2 + x + yx 2 + y )
1
2
=
5
x+ y
1+
2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y=

1
.
2
1
2
t ti x= y=
.
2
5
(1 + x )(1 + y ) 1 + xy, (1 + x )(1 + y ) 1 + xy

2
Suy ra P
xy .
xy xy xy 1
y
+
=
3 x + 2 y
.
2
2y
3x
6
x
Nhn xt. V phi ca bt ng thc bc 1 v iu kin bc 1 nn s dng k thut
y
y y
3x + 2 y
3+ 2
5
5
x =
x x .
ng bc: P .
.
6 2x + 3y
6 2 + 3y
x
t t
=
y
, ( t > 0 ) khi
x
5 3 + 2t 3 5 3 + 2t 3 5 5 ( t 1) ( 2t + 1) 5 5
P .=
=
1 +
.
+ .
6 2 + 3t 2 6 2 + 3t 2 6 6
2 + 3t 2
6 6
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi t =1 x = y x = y =1 .
2
5
t ti x= y= 1 .
6
Bnh lun. D on c im ri x= y= 1 ta c th nh gi nhanh bng bt
ng thc AM-GM nh sau:
1
y 1
y
y 1
y y 2x + 3y 5
P 3x + 2 y =
= .
2 x + x + y + y 2 x + 3 3 xy y =
6
x 6
x
x 6
x x
6
6
Bi 3. S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c

.
Suy ra
.
.

259
.
Suy ra
.
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
.
Bi 4. S dng bt ng thc C-S dng phn thc ta c
x2
y2
z2
+
+
VT = 2
3x + 7 ( y + z ) x 3 y 2 + 7 ( z + x ) y 3z 2 + 7 ( x + y ) z
( x + y + z)
( x + y + z)
=
2
2
2
2
3 ( x + y + z ) + 14 ( xy + yz + zx ) 3 ( x + y + z ) + 8 ( xy + yz + zx )
2
( x + y + z)
3
=
8
2
3 ( x + y + z ) + ( x + y + z ) 17
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
.
Suy ra
260
Tng t ta c

.
t
Ta c
2a
2b
2c
+
+
b + 2c c + 2a b + 2b
a2
b2
c2
= 2
+
+
a ( b + 2c ) b ( c + 2a ) c ( a + 2b )
2(a + b + c)
a ( b + 2c ) + b ( c + 2a ) + c ( a + 2b )
2
2(a + b + c)
6 ( ab + bc + ca )
=
=2
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) 3 ( ab + bc + ca )
2
.
Tng t ta c
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc

ta c
261
.
Tng t ta c
.
. Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2.
Cch 2: Vit li P di dng
.
Ch s dng AM GM ta c
Cng theo v 2 bt ng thc trn c kt qu tng t trn.

suy ra
Bi 9. Gi P l biu thc v tri, vi gi thit
.
S dng bt ng thc C S dng phn thc ta c
262
.
Ta cn chng minh
Bt ng thc trn l tng ca cc bt ng thc
Chng minh (1).

Chng minh (2).

.
Chng minh (3).
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
.
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

Vit li P v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
263
.
Gi Q l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc vit li Q v s dng bt ng thc
C-S ta c
Ch
2
x 2 y 2 + z 2 + y 2 z 2 + x 2 + z=
x2 + y 2
( x + y + z ) x ( y
2 ( x + y + z )( x y
2
x2 x2 ( y 2 + z 2 )
+ z 2 ) + y 2 ( z 2 + x 2 ) + z 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )
+ y2 z 2 + z 2 x2 )
2
2 2
x + y 2 + z 2 )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(
3
Suy ra
.

.
264
Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc ta c

Bi 12. Ta c:
Bi 13.
Phn tch tm li gii:
Tng t bi ton trn ta cn thm vo mi phn thc cc hng s thch hp
c c 3 phn thc c chung t thc.
Ta chn x,y dng sao cho:
265
Vy ta thm vo
Vy ta c P
Bi 14. Ta c:
3(b + c )
4a + 3c 12 ( b c )
=
+ 2 +
+ 1 +
+ 8 11
P
2a + 3c
2a
3b
1
4
1
= ( 4a + 3b + 3c ) + +
11
2a 3b 2a + 3c
1
4
1
= 2a + 3b + ( 2a + 3c ) + +
11
2a 3b 2a + 3c
(1 + 1 + 2 ) 11 =5
2

Ta c
b+c
2a + c 4 ( a + b )
=
P
+ 2 +
+ 1 +
+ 4 7
a
b
a+c
( 2a + b + c )
1 1
4
+ +
7
a b a+c
4
2
1 1
( a + b + ( a + c )) + +
7 (1 + 1 + 2 ) 7 =9
a b a+c
Bi 16. Ta c
266
Bi 17. Ta c
64 ( 4a + 9b )
9b + 16c
25 ( 4a + 16c )
=
P
+ 4 +
+ 9.25 +
+ 64.16 1253
a
b
c
( 4a + 9b + 16c )
1 25 64
2
+ + 1253 ( 2 + 3.5 + 4.8 ) 1253 = 1148
c
a b
.
Ta vit li P v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
Vy ta chng minh
267
Ta c
x 2 + xy + yz + zx
=
( x + y + z)
+ 3 xy + yz + zx
( x + y + z)
+ 9 ( xy + yz + zx )
Vy ta chng minh
Bt ng thc lun ng.

.
Bi 19. Gi P l biu thc v tri, vit li P v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
Vy ta chng minh
( k + 1)( x + y + z )
9 x ( x 2 + kyz ) + y ( y 2 + kzx ) + z ( z 2 + kxy )
( k 8 ) ( x3 + y 3 + z 3 ) + 3 ( k + 1)( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) 27 kxyz
Bt ng thc cui luon ng da vo AM GM.
.
Bi 20. Gi P l biu thc v tri, vit li P v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
268

Bi 21. t
bt ng thc tr thnh
.
Cng theo v 3 bt ng trn kt hp s dng C S ta c
.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
.
Bi 22. Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc v s dng AM GM ta c
.
Vy ta cn chng minh
269
.
Vy ta chng minh

Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3.
Chng minh rng
.
Bi 23. Gi P l biu thc v tri s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
(a
+ b2 + c2 )
a b 2 bc + c 2 + b c 2 ca + a 2 + c a 2 ab + b 2
(a
+ b2 + c2 )
( a + b + c ) a ( b2 bc + c 2 ) + b ( c 2 ca + a 2 ) + c ( a 2 ab + b2 )
Ta cn chng minh
(a
+ b 2 + c 2 ) ( a + b + c ) a ( b 2 bc + c 2 ) + b ( c 2 ca + a 2 ) + c ( a 2 ab + b 2 )
2
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + abc ( a + b + c ) ab ( a 2 + b 2 ) + bc ( b 2 + c 2 ) + ca ( c 2 + a 2 )
270
Bt ng thc cui lun ng(xem ch chng minh tng ng).

Bi 24. t
Bt ng thc tr thnh
Gi P l biu thc v tri v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
Mt khc s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
Tng t ta c
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn t suy ra
.
.
Tng t ta suy ra
271

Bi 26. Gi P l biu thc v tri ta c

Bi 27.
1
a b +c
2
1
b c +a
2
1
c a +b
2
1
a b +c
2
1
b c +a
2
a b + c + b c + a 2 + c a 2 + b2
1
c a +b
2
9
6 12abc ( a + b + c )
Bt ng thc c chng minh nu ta chng minh c
272
9
2
Tng t ta c
Vy
9
6 12abc ( a + b + c )
9
2 2 3 6abc 6 12abc ( a + b + c ) .
2 2 3 6abc
Lun ng do a + b + c 3 ( ab + bc +=
ca )
3; abc
1
3 3
1
.
3
Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

hoc cc hon v.
.
.
273
a+b+c =
( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b2 + c2 )
= ( a 3 + ac 2 ) + ( b3 + ba 2 ) + ( c 3 + cb 2 ) + ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
2 ( a 2 c + b 2 a + c 2b ) + ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2= 3 ( ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 )
.
Suy ra
khi v ch khi
Bi 30. Do tnh thun nht ca bt ng thc chun ho cho
Ta cn chng minh
S dng bt ng thc C S v gi P l biu thc v tri ta c
.
.
a b+c +b c+a +c a+b

=
( a + b + c ) a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + c ( a + b )
3 ( ab + bc + ca ) a + b=
+c
3
2

Bi 31. Bt ng tng ng vi
.
Gi P l biu thc v tri v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
.
Vy ta cn chng minh
274

Bi 32. t
Bt ng thc tr thnh:
Theo bt ng thc C S ta c:
.
V vy ta ch cn chng minh
( x + y + z )2
3
2
2
2
2
2
k ( x + y + z ) + (k + 1)( xy + yz + zx) k + k + 1
(k 1) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx) 0
2
2
2
2
( k 1) ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) 0
Bt ng thc cui ng ta c pcm.

Bi 33. t
ta c:
Bt ng thc cho tr thnh:

.
p dng bt ng thc C S ta c:
.
Bi 34. Ta c
.
275
Bi 35.
Ta c:
(x
1 1
4
+=
+ 2
2
2
x
y
x + y2
Ta chng minh
( x + y)
2
2x y
(x
+y
( x + y + 2 xy )
=
) 2x y ( x + y )
+ y 2 ) + 4 x2 y 2
2
x2 y 2 ( x2 + y 2
32 ( x 2 + y 2 )
( x + y)
( x + y)
2x2 y 2 ( x2 + y 2 )
( x + y ) 64 x 2 y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) .
2
( x + y ) 8 xy ( x 2 + y 2 )
(( x
+ y 2 ) + 2 xy
8 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) .
( x 2 + y 2 ) 4 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 4 x 2 y 2 0 ( x y ) 0 (lun ng).
2

Nhn xt. Ta c th bin i tng ng bt ng thc nh sau:
2
2
1
1
4 32 ( x + y )
.
( x + y) 2 + 2 + 2 2
2
y
x +y
( x + y)
x
2
x
y
t t =+
x2 + 2x +
y
, ( t 2 ) v a v chng minh bt ng thc:
x
8
32 x
2
+4
( x 2 ) ( x 2 + 8 x + 4 ) 0 (lun ng).
x
x+2
Bi 36. Ta c
.
Vy ta c
.
276

Bi 38. Gi P l biu thc v tri v t
.
.
Suy ra
.
Ch :
Thay t ln lt bi a,b,c v s dng bt ng thc quen thuc:
.
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
V vy
a 3 + b3 ab ( a + b ) a 3 + 2b3 ab ( a + b ) + b3 = b ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 3ab 2 .
Suy ra
a 3 + 2b3
3ab 2
3b 2
.
=
4ab + 3a 2 4ab + 3a 2 3a + 4b
Tng t ta c:
b3 + 2c3
3c 2
c 3 + 2a 3
3a 2
.
4bc + 3b 2 3b + 4c 4ca + 3c 2 3c + 4a
a2
b2
c2
+
+
.
4a + 3c 4b + 3a 4c + 3b
Suy ra P 3
S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c:
(a + b + c) = a + b + c = 1 .
a2
b2
c2
+
+
4a + 3c 4b + 3a 4c + 3b 7 ( a + b + c )
7
7
2
1
3
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
.
3
7
3
1
.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti a= b= c=
7
3
Vy P
277
Bi 40. Gi P l biu thc v tri bt ng thc ta c
.
S dng bt ng thc C-S dng phn thc ta c
.
CH 6:
K THUT THAM S HA
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP

Khi p dng cc bt ng thc c bn nh AM-GM, C-S ci kh nht ca bi
ton l d on du bng. khc phc iu ny ta la chn k thut tham s ha
tc gi s du bng ca bt ng thc t ti cc im cho trc v i tm cc im
xy ra du bng bng cch gii phng trnh v h phng trnh ta c kt qu ca
bi ton.
Ta xt bi ton sau y
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =
1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = kx 2 + ly 2 + z 2 vi k,l l cc s thc
khng m.
Ta c 2 cch cn bng h s cho bi ton trn cng chnh l 2 phng php c
bn ta hay s dng x l cc bi ton phi s dng n tham s ho.
B. BI TP CHN LC
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin xy + yz + 3 zx =
1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii:
Vi iu kin cho ta thy vai tr ca x v z nh nhau vy gi s P t min ti
x= z= k . y, ( k ) .
Vi a dng s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
a ( x 2 + z 2 ) 2azx
2
2 2
x + k y 2kxy .
z 2 + k 2 y 2 2kyz
278
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c:
( a + 1) ( x 2 + z 2 ) + 2k 2 y 2 2ky ( z + x ) + 2azx
x2 + z 2 +
2k 2 2
2a 3k
y
( yz + xy ) + 3zx
a +1
3 ( a + 1) a
Ta cn chn a v k tho mn
2k 2
a + =1
3 3 + 33
a > 0
1
a =
3k
= 1 a = 3k
a
3 + 33
0
2k 3k 3 =
a > 0
k =
Vi a v k chn c t trn ta c P
2a
15 33
=.
3 ( a + 1)
16
Li gii chi tit:

3 3 + 33
4
) (x
+ z2 )
3 3 + 33
2
) zx
3 + 33 3 + 33
x 2 +
yz

2
4
3 + 33 2 3 + 33
z 2 +
xy
y
4
2
2
3 3 + 33
3 + 33 2
2
2
+ 1 ( x + z ) + 2.
y
4
4
hay
3 + 33
3 + 33
( xy + yz + 3zx ) =
2
2
2 3 + 33 15 33
10 + 3 33
3 + 33
.
.P
P
=
4
2
16
10 + 3 33
3 + 33
y=
6 33 .
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x ==

z
279
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3.

Li gii
Vai tr ca x v y nh nhau cho php ta gi s P t min ti x= y= a, z= b .
Theo gi thit ta c 2a + b =
3.
x 2 + a 2 2ax
y 2 + a 2 2ay
z 3 + b3 + b3 2b 2 z
x 2 + y 2 + z 3 + ( 2a 2 + 2b3 ) 2a ( x + y ) + 3b 2 z .
Ta chn cc h s a v b dng sao cho 2a = 3b 2 .
19 37
3b
a =
3 a =
2a + b =
12
Vy ta c h phng trnh
.
2
2
a
=
3
b
2
1
+
37
3b b 3 =
0 b =
6
2
19 37 1 + 37
Suy ra P =
2a + b 2
+
.
6
12
Bi 3. Cho x,y l hai s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 =

5.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P
= x3 + y 6 .
Li gii
Gi s P t min ti=
5.
x a=
, y b theo gi thit ta c a 2 + b 2 =
x3 + x 3 + a 3 3ax 2
2 ( y 6 + b 6 + b 6 ) 2.3b 4 y 2
2 x3 + 2 y 6 + a 3 + 4b 6 3 ( ax 2 + 2by 2 ) .
Ta chn cc s dng a,b tho mn a = 2b .
a = 2b
a = 2
.
5 b = 1
a + b =
Khi ta c h phng trnh
Do P a 3 + b 6 =
9 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi=
x 2,=
y 1.
280
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x + y + z =

3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =x 4 + 2 y 4 + 3 z 4 .
Li gii
Gi s P t min ti=
3.
x a=
, y b=
, z c theo gi thit ta c a + b + c =
x 4 + a 4 + a 4 + a 4 4a 3 x
2 ( y 4 + b 4 + b 4 + b 4 ) 8b3 y
3 ( z 4 + c 4 + c 4 + c 4 ) 12c 3 z
x 4 + 2 y 4 + 3 z 4 + 3a 4 + 6b 4 + 9c 4 4 ( a 3 x + 2b3 y + 3c3 z ) .
Ta chn cc s dng a,b,c sao cho =

a 3 2=
b3 3c3 .
3
a =
1
1
1+ 3 + 3
2
3
3
a + b + c =
3
.
Vy ta c h phng trnh 3
b =
3
3
1
1
a 2=
b 3c
3
=
2 1 + 3 + 3
2
3
3
9
=
c
1
1
1+ 3 + 3
2
3
Suy ra P a 4 + 2b 4 + 3c 4 vi a,b,c xc nh nh trn.

Tng qut. Vi cc s thc khng m x1 , x2 ,..., xn c tng bng n. V n s thc
dng k1 , k2 ,..., kn . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P= k1 x1m + k2 x2m + ... + kn xnm
vi m > 1 l s nguyn dng cho trc.
Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin 2 x + 4 y + 3 z 2 =
68 .
Li gii
Gi s P t min ti=
68 .
x a=
, y b=
, z c theo gi thit ta c 2a + 4b + 3c 2 =
281
x 2 + a 2 2ax
y 2 + b 2 2by
z 3 + z 3 + c3 3cz 2 z 3 +
c3 3cz 2
2
2
c3
3cz 2
.
2ax + 2by +
2
2
3c
2a 2b 2
Chn cc s dng a,b,c sao cho
=
=
b = c = 2a .
2
4
3
x2 + y 2 + z 3 + a 2 + b2 +
2a + 4b + 3c 2 =
68
a = 2
Vy ta c h phng trnh
.
b= c= 4
b= c= 2a
Suy ra P a 2 + b 2 + c 3 =
84 .
Bi 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn x + y + z =
3.
Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca biu thc
P=
x2 x + 1 + y 2 y + 1 + z 2 z + 1 .
Li gii
Nhn xt. Tm mt bt ng thc dng x 2 x + 1 mx + n .
Cng vic ca ta l i tm m v n. Bt ng thc i xng vi 3 bin x,y,z nn ta
khng th quyt nh xem bin no bng 0 v bin no bng 3. V vy cch tt nht
l tm m v n sao cho du bng t ti 0 v 1 u tha mn. Hay cch khc ta cn
tm m,n sao cho c 0 v 3 l nghim ca phng trnh:
x 2 x + 1= mx + n .
7 1
n = 1
m =
Vy ta c h phng trnh
3
3m + n =7
n = 1
Cui cng kim tra xem
x2 x + 1 1 +
7 1 x
3
(1 + 2 7 ) x ( x 3) 0
( 7 1) x
x x +1 +1+
2
vi x [ 0;3] ).
282
(lun ng
Vy P 3 +
7 1 ( x + y + z )
3
= 3 + 7 1 = 2 + 7 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2 bin bng 0 v mt bin bng 3.

Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 2 + 7 t ti a= b= 0, c= 3 hoc cc hon v.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca P
3 ( x 1) x + 1
x +1
.
Ta c x=
x +1
+

4
2
2
y +1
z +1
.
Tng t ta c: y 2 y + 1
; z2 z +1
2
2
x+ y+ z +3
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c: P
=
3.
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
2
Bi 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =
1.
Li gii
Ta chng minh bt ng thc:
x 2 + 2 y 2 + 5 z 2 2k ( xy + yz + zx ) =
2k vi k > 0 l s chn sau.
Cng thm vo hai v bt ng thc trn vi k x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ta c:
( k + 1) x 2 + ( k + 2 ) y 2 + ( k + 5) z 2 k ( x + y + z )
( x + y + z)
x2
y2
z2
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
k
1
x
k
2
y
k
5
z
( ) (
) (
)
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
k +1 k + 2 k + 5 k +1 k + 2 k + 5
2
Vy ta ch cn chn k dng sao cho:
1
k >0
= k ( k 1) ( k 2 + 5k + 5 )= 0
k= 1 .
1
1
1
+
+
k +1 k + 2 k + 5
Li gii.
Ta c:
283
x2 y 2 z 2 ( x + y + z )
+ +
=
2x + 3y + 6z =
1
1
1
1 1 1
+ +
2
3 6
2 3 6
P = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 5 z 2 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) = 2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x : y : =

z
( x + y + z)
1 1 1
: : = 3 : 2 :1 =
x 3z, =
y 2z
2 3 6
thay vo iu kin ta c
3 z 2 + 6 z 2 + 2 z 2 =
1 z =
1
2
1
3
;
;
( x; y; z ) =
.
11
111
11
11
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 t ti ( x; y; z ) =
3
2
1
;
;
.
11
111
11

1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = a 2b3c 3 .
Li gii
Phn tch chn im ri:
Gi s P t gi tr nh nht ti=
a x=
, b y=
,c z .
Khi theo iu kin ta c: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
2a 3b 4c
a 2b 3c 4
+ +
99 2 3 4 .
x
y
z
x y z
2
2a 3b 4c
9 16 4
9 16
2
2
2 4
+ + (a + b + c ) 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 .
y
z
y
z x
y
z
x
x
2 3 4
ax by cz
x2 y 2 z 2
a :b:c = : :
= =
=
= .
x y z
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
x =
3
x2 y 2 z 2
3
= =
Vy ta chn x, y, z > 0 sao cho 2
3
4 y = .
3
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1
z = 3
284
Li gii chi tit:

2a
3b 4c
a 2b3c 4
.
+
+
9
2
3
4
2
3 2
9
2 3 2

3
3
3
3 3 3
2
2
2a
3b 4c
2 3 4
+
+ =
+
+
( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
9.
2 3 2
2
3 2

3
3
3
3
3 3
2
Suy ra: P =
a 2b3c 4
3 2 4 32 3
.
=
6561
3 3

=
a
2
=
,b
3
3
2
.
=
,c
3
3
Bi 9. Cho x,y, z l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P=
2 xy + 4 yz + 3 zx
( x + y + z)
Li gii
Ta c
x
y
y
z
z
x
.
.
+ 4.
.
+ 3.
.
x+ y+z x+ y+z
x+ y+z x+ y+z
x+ y+z x+ y+z
x
y
z
t a =
1.
=
,b =
,c
, ( a, b, c > 0 ) ta c a + b + c =
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
Ta cn tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P = 2ab + 4bc + 3ca vi a + b + c =
1.
Ta chn cc hng s m,n,p dng sao cho
P = 2.
= ma ( b + c ) + nb ( c + a ) + pc ( a + b )
2ab + 4bc + 3ca
( m + n ) ab + ( n + p ) bc + ( p + m ) ca = 2ab + 4bc + 3ca

1
m = 2
2
m + n =
n + p = 4 n =
2
p+m =
p = 2
285
Khi
1
3
5
a (b + c ) + b (c + a ) + c ( a + b)
2
2
2
1
3
5
=
a (1 a ) + b (1 b ) + c (1 c )
2
2
2
2
2
2
9 1
1
1
1
= a + 3 b + 5 c
8 2
2
2
2
=
P
2
2
2
1
1
1
a
b
c

9 1
2
2
2
=
+
+
1
1
8 2
1
3
5
1
1
1
a +b +c
9
24
2
2
2

=
8
23
1 1
2 1 + +
3 5
1
a + b + c =
1
1
1
1 1 x = 3 y 1= 5z 2 .
1: :
a 2 : b 2 : c 2 =
3 5

Bi tp tng t
1) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc
Bng cch tng t ta tng qut bi ton sau y
c k , ( k > 0 ) . Tm gi tr
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn a + b +=
ln nht ca biu thc
P = m.ab + n.bc + p.ca, ( m, n, p > 0 ) .
Bi 10. Chng minh vi mi 0 x 1 ta c x 9 1 + x 2 + 13 1 x 2 16 .

Li gii
Ta c
2 2
2
2 2
2
9ax 1 + x 2 13bx 1 x 2 9 ( a x + 1 + x ) 13 ( b x + 1 x )
.
VT =
+
+
a
b
2a
2b
Ta chn a v b dng sao cho h s ca x 2 trit tiu v tho mn du bng ca
bt ng thc AM GM
286
9 ( a 2 + 1) 13 ( b 2 1)
+
=
0
3
a 2 1 = b 2 + 1
2b
a=
2a
2 2
2.
9 ( a 2 + 1) 13 ( b 2 1)
1 + x2
a x =
+
=
0
b 2 x 2 = 1 x 2
b = 1
2b
2a
Li gii chi tit:
x
3
x 9 1 + x 2 + 13 1 =
x2
6. x 1 + x 2 + 26. 1 x 2
2
2
2
9x
x2
3
+ 1 + x 2 + 13 + 1 x 2 =
16
4
9x2
2
4 = 1 + x
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2
x=
5
x = 1 x2
4
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =
1.
Chng minh rng 10 x 2 + 10 y 2 + z 2 4 .
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc P =
15 5 3
+ + .
x y3 z5
Bi 3. Cho ba s thc x,y,z thuc on [ 0;1] v x + y + z =

2.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc
P=
x2 4 x + 5 + y 2 4 y + 5 + z 2 4z + 5 .
10a 2 + 10b 2 + c 2 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) .

1.
1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x 3 + y 3 +
1 3
z .
2
287
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. Cch 1: Ta cn chng minh
10 x 2 + 10 y 2 + z 2 4 ( xy + yz + zx )
12 x 2 + 12 y 2 + 3 z 2 2 ( x + y + z )
x2 y 2 z 2
2
+
+ 2( x + y + z)
1
1
1
12 12 3
Bt ng thc lun ng theo C-S, tht vy
x2 y 2 z 2 ( x + y + z )
2
+
+
= 2( x + y + z)
1
1
1
1 1 1
+ +
12 12 3 12 12 3
2
1 1 1
x= y=
x : y : z = : :
3
.
12 12 3
4
xy + yz + zx =
1
z=
3
Cch 2: S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
2 x 2 + 2 y 2 4 xy
z2
4 xz
2
z2
8 y 2 + 4 yz
2
8x2 +
10 x 2 + 10 y 2 + z 2 4 ( xy + yz + zx ) =
4.
x = y
1
x= y=
4 x = z
3
.
4 y = z
z = 4
xy + yz + zx =
3
1
Bi 2. Gi s P t min ti=
3.
x a=
, y b=
, z c theo gi thit ta c a + b + c =
288
1 x 30
15 + 2 ;
x a a
1
y
y
y 20
5 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 3 ;
y b b b b
z
z
z
z 18
1 z
3 5 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 5 .
z c c c c c c
15 5 3 15 x 15 y 15 z 30 20 18
+ + +
+ 4 + 6
+ + .
x y3 z5 a2
b
c
a b3 c 5
1
a
3
a + b + c =
Vy ta c h phng trnh 1
1
1
=
a=
2
4
b
c6
15 5 3
Suy ra P
+ + =
23 .
a b3 c 5
Ta chn cc s dng a,b,c tho mn =

2
1
1
.
=
4
b
c6
a = b = c =1 .
Bi 4. Cng thm vo hai v ca bt ng thc i lng 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ta cn

chng minh: 12a 2 + 12b 2 + 3c 2 2 ( a + b + c ) .
2
a 2 b2 c2 ( a + b + c )
2
+
+
= 2(a + b + c) .
1
1
1
1 1 1
+ +
12 12 3 12 12 3
1 1 1
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a : b : c = : : a = b = c .
12 12 3
4
2
12a 2 + 12b 2 + 3c 2 =
Bi 6. Phn tch tm im ri
Biu thc ca P i xng vi x,y nn du bng xy ra ti x= y= a, z= b . Khi
theo iu kin ta c: 2a + b =
1.
Khi p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
b 2 ( a 3 + a 3 + x 3 ) 3a 2b 2 x
b 2 ( a 3 + a 3 + y 3 ) 3a 2b 2 y
a 2 ( b3 + b3 + z 3 ) 3a 2b 2 z
289
b ( x3 + y 3 ) + a 2 z 3 + 4a 3b 2 + 2a 2b3 3a 2b 2 ( x + y + z ) =
3a 2b 2
2
b 2 ( x3 + y 3 ) + a 2 z 3 3a 2b 2 4a 3b 2 2a 2b3 (1)
Ta chn a,b khng m sao cho:
b2 a 2
=
b 2 = 2a 2 .
1
1
2
2 2
b 2 = 2a 2
a =
Ta c h phng trnh:
2 .
1
2a + b =
b
2 1
=
Li gii.
Thay a,b vo bt ng thc (1) ta c:
(3 2 2 ) ( x
+ y3 ) +
3 2 2 3 17 12 2
1
3 2 2
.
z
x3 + y 3 + z 3
2
2
2
2
2 2
, z=
2
2 1.
Cch 2: y l dng ton quen thuc s dng tnh n iu hm s.

Ta c:
P = ( x + y ) 3 xy ( x + y ) +
3
1 3
3
1
3
2
z ( x + y ) ( x + y ) ( x + y ) + z3
2
4
2
1
1
3
(1 z ) + z 3
4
2
1
1
3
Xt hm s f (z) = (1 z ) + z 3 lin tc trn on [ 0;1] ta c:
4
2
3
3
2
z[ 0;1]
z = 2 1.
f '( z ) = (1 z ) + z 2 ; f '(z) = 0
4
2
f (z) =
Ta c f(z) i du t m sang dng khi i qua=

z
ti=
z
3 2 2
.
2 1 hay P f ( z ) f ( 2 1) =
2
290
2 1 nn f(z) t cc tiu
3 2 2
2 2
t ti x= y=
, z=
2
2
2 1.
CH 7: BT NG THC HOLDER V NG DNG

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Di y ti trnh by bt ng thc Holder cho 3 dy s mi dy gm 3 s dng.
Cho a, b, c, x, y, z, m, n, p l cc s thc dng ta c
(a
+ b3 + c 3
)( x
)(
+ y 3 + z 3 m3 + n3 + p3 ( axm + byn + czp ) .

3
Chng minh. S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c

a3
a 3 + b3 + c 3
(a
x3
m3
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 m3 + n 3 + p 3
3axm
+ b3 + c 3
)( x
)(
+ y 3 + z 3 m3 + n3 + p 3
Tng t ta c
b3
a 3 + b3 + c 3
(a
a 3 + b3 + c 3
3
(a
y3
x3 + y 3 + z 3
3byn
+ b3 + c 3
c3
)( x
x3 + y 3 + z 3
3czp
)( x
n3
m3 + n 3 + p 3
)(
+ y 3 + z 3 m3 + n 3 + p 3
z3
+ b3 + c 3
p3
m3 + n 3 + p 3
)(
+ y 3 + z 3 m3 + n 3 + p 3
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

H qu 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng ta c
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + 3 abc )
B. BI TP MU
)(
)(
2 a 2 + 1 b 2 + 1 c 2 + 1 ( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1)( abc + 1) .
Li gii
Nhn xt. Vi a= b= c bt ng thc tr thnh
) (
3
2 a 2 + 1 a3 + 1 ( a + 1) ( a 1) a 2 + a + 1 0 (lun ng).
3
Vy ta c
291
( )
2 ( b + 1)
2 ( c + 1)
( )
( b + 1) ( b + 1)
( c + 1) ( c + 1)
2 a 2 + 1 ( a + 1) a3 + 1
2
) (b + 1) ( c + 1)
8 a2 + 1
)(
)(
( a + 1) ( b + 1) ( c + 1) a3 + 1 b3 + 1 c3 + 1 .
3
)(
)(
Vy ta ch cn chng minh a3 + 1 b3 + 1 c3 + 1 (1 + abc ) .

3
y chnh l bt ng thc Holder. Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc

xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
a
b
c
+
+
3.
2b 2 + 2c 2 a 2
2c 2 + 2a 2 b 2
2a 2 + 2b 2 c 2
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri v t
) (
) (
S= a 2b 2 + 2c 2 a 2 + b 2c 2 + 2a 2 b 2 + c 2a 2 + 2b 2 c 2 .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S ( a + b + c ) P

3
3
a + b + c)
(
.
Vy ta chng minh
( a + b + c )3 3
( a + b + c ) 3 a 2b + 2c a
) + b ( 2c
) (
+ 2a 2 b 2 + c 2a 2 + 2b 2 c 2
4 a3 + b3 + c3 + 6abc 4 ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
Ch a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic tho mn iu kin
Chng minh rng

292
a 2 + b2 + c2 =
3.
a
b
c
+
+
3.
b+ca
c+ab
a+bc
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S= a ( b + c a ) + b ( c + a b ) + c ( a + b c ) .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S ( a + b + c ) .
3
Vy ta cn chng minh ( a + b + c ) 9 S
3
( a + b + c ) 9 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 3 .
3
t x = a + b + c, x 3;3 ta c 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) = x 2 3 ta cn chng minh
x3 9 x 2 6 ( x 3) x 2 6 x 18 0, x 3;3 .
a
b
c
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
b+c+7
c+a+7
a+b+7
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S = a ( b + c + 7 ) + b ( c + a + 7 ) + c ( a + b + 7 ) .

3
Vy ta cn chng minh ( a + b + c ) S
3
( a + b + c ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 7 ( a + b + c ) .
3
Ta c
2
a + b + c)
(
.
ab + bc + ca
Vy ta chng minh ( a + b + c )
3
2
( a + b + c )2 + 7 ( a + b + c )
3
3 ( a + b + c ) 2 ( a + b + c ) 21 0
2
( a + b + c 3) 3 ( a + b + c ) + 7 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do a + b + c 3 3 abc =

3.
Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l di 3 cnh mt tam gic.
1
1
1
x+ y+z
Chng minh rng
.
+
+
x+ yz
y+zx
z+x y
xyz
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri v t =
S x3 ( y + z x ) + y 3 ( z + x y ) + z 3 ( x + y z ) .
293
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S ( x + y + z ) .

3
Vy ta cn chng minh
( x + y + z )3 x + y + z
xyz
xyz ( x + y + z ) x3 ( y + z x ) + y 3 ( z + x y ) + z 3 ( x + y z )
x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz ( x + y + z ) xy x 2 + y 2 + yz y 2 + z 2 + zx z 2 + x 2
Bt ng thc cui lun ng(xem thm ch bin i tng ng).

Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn ab + bc + ca > 0 .
a
b
c
+
+
2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii
Nhn xt. Bt ng thc trn c chng minh n gin bng bt ng thc
AM GM di y ta tip cn bi ton theo bt ng thc Holder.
Chng minh rng
Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S= a 2 ( b + c ) + b 2 ( c + a ) + c 2 ( a + b ) .

3
Vy ta cn chng minh ( a + b + c ) 4 S
3

3abc 0
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c 1 s bng 0

v 2 s cn li bng nhau.
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =a + b + c .
Chng minh rng a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 ab + bc + ca .
Li gii
Ta c
(a
+ b2 + c2
( a + b + c )2
2 ab + bc + ca a 2b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 a 2 b 2 c 2
Vy ta chng minh a 4 + b 4 + c 4 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c
294
( a + b + c )2 ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
a 4 + b4 + c4 a 2 + b2 + c2 .

3.
a5
Chng minh rng
a3 + 2bc
b5
b3 + 2ca
Li gii
c5
c3 + 2ab
3.
) (
) (
Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S = a a3 + 2bc + b b3 + 2ca + c c3 + 2ab .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P 2 S a 2 + b 2 + c 2

) (
) (
+ 6abc ( a + b
=
27 .
a a3 + 2bc + b b3 + 2ca + c c3 + 2ab 9

a 4 + b4 + c4
+ c2
a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 3abc
Bt ng thc cui ng bi v theo AM GM ta c
a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 3a 2b 2 c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
3abc .

C. BI TP RN LUYN
3 a 3 + b3 + c 3
) (a
2
+ b2 + c2

a
b
c
3
.
+
+
2
b+c
c+a
a+b
a
b
c
+
+
1.
2
2
2
a + 8bc
b + 8ca
c + 8ab
a
b
c
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
2
2
2
2
2
b +c +7
c +a +7
a + b2 + 7
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 3.
Chng minh rng
295
a
b
c
+
+
3.
1 + b + bc
1 + c + ca
1 + a + ab
Chng minh rng
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh rng
(a
)(
)(
a 2 + 3 b5 b 2 + 3 c 5 c 2 + 3 ( a + b + c ) .
3
Bi 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + y + z = xy + yz + zx .

Chng minh rng ( x + y + z )
x+ y+ z
27 .

Bi 9. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng.
x2 y 2 z 2
x4 + y 4 + z 4
.
+
+
34
y
z
x
3
Chng minh rng
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + ab )(1 + bc )(1 + ca ) .

3
Bi 11. Cho a,b,c,x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh

a 3 b3 c 3 ( a + b + c )
.
+ +
x
y
z 3( x + y + z )
3
Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng.

1
1
1
3
Chng minh rng
.
+
+
3
3
3
(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) 4 (1 + abc )
a
b
c
+3
+3
1.
3
a + 2b
b + 2c
c + 2a
)(
)(
) (
9 a 4 + 1 b 4 + 1 c 4 + 1 8 a 2b 2 c 2 + abc + 1 .

a+b
b+c
c+a
a+b+c
.
+
+
4(a + b + c)
c
a
b
3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )

a
b
c
27
.
+
+
3
3
2
(b + c)
(a + c)
( a + b)
8(a + b + c) 2
296
( a + b )3
+
8ab ( 4a + 4b + c )
( b + c )3
+
8bc ( 4b + 4c + a )
( c + a )3
1.
8ca ( 4c + 4a + b )

a
b
c
+
+
1.
2
2
2
2
2
2
b
+
c
+
5
c
c
+
a
+
5
a
a
+
b
+
5
b
(
)
(
)
(
)
1.
1
1
1
Chng minh rng abc 3 6a + + 3 6b + + 3 6c + 1 .
c
a
b
a 3 + b3 + c 3 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 .
a
b
c
Chng minh rng 2
+ 3
+ 3
1.
3
3
2
3
a +b +c
a +b +c
a + b3 + c 2

1
1
1
a + b + c= 2 + 2 + 2 .
a
b
c
Chng minh rng
3
3
7 a 2b + 1 + 7b 2 c + 1 + 7c 2 a + 1 2(a + b + c) .

a
b
c
13
+ 1 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
4abc
+
+
2
2
2
4
( a + 1)
( b + 1) ( c + 1)
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c
3 a 3 + b3 + c 3
=(1 + 1 + 1) a3 + b3 + c3
) (a
2
+ b2 + c2
).
3

Bi 2. Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S = a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + c ( a + b ) .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S ( a + b + c ) =
1.
3
Mt khc S = 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2
2
3
( a + b + c )2 = P .
3
3
2
1
.
3
297
) (
) (
S = a a 2 + 8bc + b b 2 + 8ca + c c 2 + 8ab .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S ( a + b + c )
3
) (
) (
( a + b + c ) a a 2 + 8bc + b b 2 + 8ca + c c 2 + 8ab

3
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 8abc
Bt ng thc hin nhin ng theo AM GM. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c .
) (
) (
S= a b 2 + c 2 + 7 + b c 2 + a 2 + 7 + c a 2 + b 2 + 7 .

3
3
( a + b + c ) 7 ( a + b + c ) + ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
3
( a + b + c ) 7 ( a + b + c ) + ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 3abc
3
( a + b + c ) 7 ( a + b + c ) + ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 3
3
Lun ng. Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c= 1 .
S= a (1 + b + bc ) + b (1 + c + ca ) + c (1 + a + ab ) .
3
2
2
2
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S a 3 + b 3 + c 3 .
2
2
2
Vy ta cn chng minh a 3 + b 3 + c 3 3 ( 3 + ab + bc + ca + 3abc )
2 2 2
2
2
a 2 + 3 a 3 b 3 a 3 + b 3 + 6 ( abc ) 3 9 + 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 9abc .
298
2 2 2
2
3 b 3 a 3 + b 3 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
a
2
Vy ta cn chng minh ab + bc + ca + 6 ( abc ) 3 9abc .

3
a+b+c
1.
ab + bc + ca + 6 ( abc ) 9 ( abc ) 9abc v abc
=
3

a= b= c= 1 hoc a= 3, b= c= 0 v cc hon v.
2
3
2
3
Bi 6. Ch a5 a 2 + 3 a3 + 2 =
( a 1)2 ( a + 1) ( a 2 + a + 1) 0 .
Thit lp tng t v ta chng minh
(a
)(
)(
+ 1 + 1 1 + b3 + 1 1 + 1 + c 3 ( a + b + c ) .
3
y chnh l bt ng thc Holder.

(x
+ y2 + z2
Vy ta cn chng minh
)(
x+ y+ z
( x + y + z )4
x2 + y 2 + z 2
( x + y + z) .
3
27
( x + y + z ) 27 ( x + y + z )( x + y + z 2 )
4
( x + y + z ) + 54 27 ( x + y + z )
3
( x + y + z 3)
( x + y + z + 6) 0

(a
+ b2 + c2
)(
a+ b+ c
(a + b + c) =
27 .
3
Vy ta cn chng minh 27 ( ab + bc + ca ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
2
Bt ng thc cui ng theo AM GM

3
2 ( ab + bc + ca ) + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
27 .
=
( ab + bc + ca ) a + b + c

2
Bi 9. Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S = x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .

Ta cn chng minh
299
(x
+ y2 + z2
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
x2 + y 2 + z 2
x4 + y 4 + z 4
3
3 x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
) 3( x
+ y4 + z4
t a = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , b = x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 x 4 + y 4 + z 4 = a 2 2b .
Bt ng thc tr thnh a3 3b 3 a 2 2b
a 6 27 a 2b + 54b3 0 a 2 3b
) (a
2
+ 6b 0 .

x= y= z .
Bi tp tng t
Chng minh x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn x 4 + y 4 + z 4 =
3 ta c
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
3.
y
z
x
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + b ) (1 + ab )
(1 + b )(1 + c )(1 + c ) (1 + bc ) .
(1 + c )(1 + a )(1 + a ) (1 + ca )
3
2 3
2 3
2 3

a3
(1 + 1 + 1)( x + y + z )
b3 c 3
3
+ (a + b + c)
y
z
a 3 b3 c 3 ( a + b + c )
+ +
x
y
z 3( x + y + z )
3

1 + abc 1 + abc 1 + abc 3
+
+
.
(1 + a )3 (1 + b )3 (1 + c )3 4
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c:
300
(1 + abc ) 1 +
Tng t:
a a
1 + abc
bc
3
.
1 + (1 + a )
3
b c
(1 + a ) ( a + b )( a + c )
1 + abc
(1 + b )
ac
1 + abc
ab
.
;
3
b
+
a
b
+
c
c
+
a
(
)(
) (1 + c ) (
)( c + b )
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn v cn chng minh

bc
ac
ab
3
+
+
.
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + a )( b + c ) ( c + a )( c + b ) 4
3
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) .
4
ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) 6abc .
ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
Bt ng thc cui theo AM-GM.

Bi ton c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
S =a ( a + 2b ) + b ( b + 2c ) + c ( c + 2a ) =( a + b + c ) =1 .
2
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.P.S ( a + b + c ) P3 1 P 1 .

4
Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
1
.
3
Bi 14. Vi a= b= c bt ng thc tr thnh
9 a 4 + 1 8 a 6 + a3 + 1
3
2.
1
1
9 a 2 + 2 8 a 3 + 3 + 1
a
a
1
t x =
a + , ( x 2 ) bt ng thc tr thnh
a
9 x2 2
8 x3 3 x + 1
( x 2)
( x ( x 8) + 4 ( x 5) + 6 x ) 0 .
3
Bt ng thc lun ng vi x 2 .
( )
9 ( b + 1)
9 ( c + 1)
(
8(b
8(c
)
+ b + 1)
+ c + 1)
p dng ta c 9 a 4 + 1 8 a 6 + a3 + 1
4

301
) (b + 1) ( c + 1)
93 a 4 + 1
) (b
2
83 a 6 + a3 + 1
) (c
+ b3 + 1
+ c3 + 1 .
Mt khc theo bt ng thc Holder ta c
(a
)(
)(
) (
+ a3 + 1 b6 + b3 + 1 c 6 + c3 + 1 a 2b 2 c 2 + abc + 1 .
T ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 15. Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S = c ( a + b ) + b ( c + a ) + a ( b + c ) .
2
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P.P.S ( a + b + b + c + c + a ) = 8 ( a + b + c ) .

3
Vy ta cn chng minh
8( a + b + c)
16 ( a + b + c )
a (b + c ) + b (c + a ) + c ( a + b)
2
3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
2
2
2
3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 2 a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + c ( a + b )
.
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 9abc
Lun ng theo AM GM.

Bi 16. Gi P l biu thc v tri v t S = a + b + c .
3
b
c 3
27
a
.
P.S .S
+
+
P
2
b+c c+a a+b 2
8( a + b + c)

=
S 8ab ( 4a + 4b + c ) + 8bc ( 4b + 4c + a ) + 8ca ( 4c + 4a + b )
= 32 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 72abc

P.P.S ( a + b + b + c + c + a ) = 8 ( a + b + c ) .
3
Vy ta chng minh 8 ( a + b + c ) S
3
8 ( a + b + c ) 32 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 72abc
3
( a + b + c ) + 9abc 4 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
3
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3. Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng

thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
302
2
2
2
S = a ( b + c ) + 5c 2 + b ( c + a ) + 5a 2 + c ( a + b ) + 5b 2 .
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c P 2 .S ( a + b + c ) .

3
Vy ta cn chng minh
( a + b + c )3 a ( b + c )2 + 5c 2 + b ( c + a )2 + 5a 2 + c ( a + b )2 + 5b2
a ( a b) + b (b c ) + c (c a ) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui lun ng ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c .
3
6a +
1 3
1
1
+ 6b + + 3 6c=
+
c
a
b
1
1
1
( 6ab + 1) + 3 ( 6bc + 1) + 3 ( 6ca + 1)
a
b
c
1 1 1
3 3 + + ( 6ab + 1 + 6bc + 1 + 6ca +=
1)
a b c
3
3
abc
1
abc
1
ab + bc + ca
V theo AM GM ta c abc
.
=
3
3 3
1
.
3

a
b
c
+ 3
+ 3
2
3
3
2
3
a +b +c
a +b +c
a + b3 + c 2
=
a2
a3 + ab3 + ac3
b2
a3b + b3 + bc3
c2
ca3 + cb3 + c3
( a + b + c )2
a3 + b3 + c3 + ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + ca c 2 + a 2
( a + b + c )2
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + ca c 2 + a 2
2
a + b + c)
(
=
( a + b + c ) ( a 3 + b3 + c 3 )
a+b+c
a + b3 + c 3
3
Ta chng minh a + b + c a3 + b3 + c3
( a + b + c ) a 4 + b4 + c4
) (a
2
+ b3 + c 3
ng theo bt ng thc Holder.

303
Bi 21. i P l biu thc v tri s dng bt ng thc Holder ta c

7 a 2b + 1
7b 2 c + 1
7c 2 a + 1
3
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
P = 3
a
a
+
b
b
+
c
c
2
2
2
a
b
c
7 a 2 b + 1 7b 2 c + 1 7 c 2 a + 1
3
2
+
+
(a + b + c) = 8 ( a + b + c )
2
2
a2
b
c

3
a + b + c)
(
1
.
+
+
=
2
2
2
2
( a + 1) ( b + 1) ( c + 1) ( a ( a + 1) + b ( b + 1) + c ( c + 1) ) ( t + 1)2
Vi t = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
1
1
( a + b + c )2 = .
3
3
p2 t 1 t
=
; r = abc .
2
2
Mt khc theo bt ng thc Schur bc ba ta c
abc ( a + b c )( b + c a )( c + a b )
t p = a + b + c = 1; q = ab + bc + ca =
abc (1 2a )(1 2b )(1 2c ) 9r + 1 4q 0 r
4q 1 1 2t .
=
9
9
1 2t
1
13
4.
.
+ 1 (1 t ) ( 3t 1) 39t 2 + 76t + 13 0 .
2
9 ( t + 1)
8
Bt ng thc cui ng ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=

CH 8: K THUT S DNG BT NG THC CHEBYSHEV
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
1. Bt ng thc Chebyshev vi hai dy n iu cng chiu
a1 a2 ... an
a1 a2 ... an
Nu c
hoc
th ta c
b1 b2 ... bn
b1 b2 ... bn
n ( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + an bn ) ( a1 + a2 + ... + an )( b1 + b2 + ... + bn ) .
a1= a2= ...= an

.
b1= b2= ...= bn
Chng minh. Ta c ng thc

304
1
.
3
n ( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn ) ( a1 + a2 + ... + an )( b1 + b2 + ... +=

bn )
)(
( ai a j )( bi b j ) 0 .
1i j
V ai a j bi b j 0, i, j =
1, n .
2. Bt ng thc Chebyshev vi hai dy n iu ngc chiu
a1 a2 ... an
a1 a2 ... an
hoc
th ta c
Nu c
b1 b2 ... bn
b1 b2 ... bn
n ( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + an bn ) ( a1 + a2 + ... + an )( b1 + b2 + ... + bn ) .
a1= a2= ...= an

.
b1= b2= ...= bn
Chng minh tng t cho dy n iu cng chiu.
Bt ng thc Chebyshev c p dng cho cc bt ng thc i xng ba
bin v bi ton c gii theo cch ny kh n gin.
B. BI TP MU
1.
a3
b3
c3
1
+
+
.
b+c a+c a+b 2
Li gii
Do a,b,c i xng, khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c
Chng minh rng
a 2 b2 c2
a
b
c tc l hai dy n iu cng chiu.
b + c a + c a + b
p dng bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c :
a2 .
a
b
c
a 2 + b2 + c2 a
b
c 1 3 1
+ b2 .
+ c2 .
+
+
.
. =
b+c
a+c
a+b
3
b+c a+c a+b 3 2 2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c=
1
3
Ch . Ta c th chng minh bng C S
a 2 + b2 + c2
a3
b3
c3
+
+
b + c a + c a + b a (b + c ) + b (c + a ) + c ( a + b)
=
1
1
1
=
2
2
2
2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 2 a + b + c
2
305
Bi 2. Chng minh vi mi s thc dng x,y,z ta c

1
1
1
x+ y+z
3
.
+
+
+
x + y y + z z + x xy + yz + x 2 ( x + y + z )
Li gii
3 ( xy + yz + zx )
1
1
1
+
+
x+ y+z+
2( x + y + z )
x+ y y+z z+x
( xy + yz + zx )
3 ( xy + yz + zx )
xy
yz
zx
+
+
x+ y y+z z+x
2( x + y + z )
1
1
1
3 ( xy + yz + zx )
( x + y ) + ( y + z ) + ( z + x ) .
+
+
1+1 1+1 1+1
x y y z z x

x y z x + y x + z y + z;
1
1 1
+
x y
1 1
+
x z
1 1
+
z y
S dng bt ng thc cho hai dy n iu cng chiu trn ta c ngay iu

phi chng minh.
Bt ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc c tng bng 1. Chng minh
x
y
z
9
+ 2
+ 2
.
2
x + 1 y + 1 z + 1 10
Li gii
Trc ht chuyn bi ton v nh gi vi cc s dng
x
x +1
2
y
y +1
2
z
z +1
2
x
x +1
2
y
y +1
2
z
z +1
2
Nn ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc trong trng hp c ba s u khng m.

V bt ng thc i xng vi ba bin nn khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
x y z khi
x 2 + 1 y 2 + 1 z 2 + 1;
x
x +1
2
y
y +1
2
z
z +1
2
Tht vy ta ch cn chng minh

x
y
2
xy 2 + x x 2 y + y ( x y )(1 xy ) 0 .
2
x +1 y +1
306
2
1 3
x+ y
Bt ng thc ng do x y 0; 1 xy 1
1 = > 0 .
4 4
2
Vy ta c hai dy n iu cng chiu
x
y
z
x 2 + 1; y 2 + 1; z 2 + 1 ; 2
; 2
; 2
.
x +1 y +1 z +1
p dng bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c
x
y
z
+ 2
+ 2
x 2 + 1 + y 2 + 1 + z 2 + 1 2
x +1 y +1 z +1
x
y
z
3 x2 + 1 . 2
+ y2 + 1 . 2
+ z2 + 1 . 2
x +1
y +1
z + 1
3( x + y + z )
x
y
z
2
+ 2
+ 2
2
x + 1 y + 1 z + 1 x + y2 + z2 + 3
Vy ta chng minh
3( x + y + z )
9
1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
3
x + y + z + 3 10
2
Bt ng thc ng v x 2 + y 2 + z 2
1
1
( x + y + z )2 = .
3
3
1
.
3
1 1 1
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c + + .
a b c
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z=
Chng minh rng 2 ( a + b + c ) a 2 + 3 + b 2 + 3 + c 2 + 3 .

Li gii
( 2a
)(
)(
a 2 + 3 + 2b b 2 + 3 + 2c c 2 + 3 0
3 a2 1
2a + a 2 + 3
3 b2 1
2b + b 2 + 3
3 c2 1
2c + c 2 + 3
1 1 1
a 2 1 b2 1 c2 1
+ +
+
+
0.
a b c
a
b
c
Nn ta bin i bt ng thc v dng
Ch iu kin a + b + c
a2 1
a
3
2 + 1+ 2
a
b2 1
b
3
2 + 1+ 2
b
c2 1
c
3
2 + 1+ 2
c
0.
307
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c , khi

1
2 + 1+
3
a2
2 + 1+
3
b2
2 + 1+
3
c2
a 2 1 b2 1 c2 1
a
b
c
Khi s dng bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c
a2 1
a
3
2 + 1+ 2
a
b2 1
b
3
2 + 1+ 2
b
c2 1
c
2 + 1+
3
c2
1 a 1 b 1 c 1
1
1
1
0

+
+
+
+
3 a
b
c
3
3
3
2 + 1+ 2 2 + 1+ 2 2 + 1+ 2
a
b
c

Bi tp tng t
1
1
1
Cho n s thc dng tho mn iu kin a1 + a2 + ... + an +
.
+ ... +
a1 a2
an
2
Chng minh rng 2 ( a1 + a2 + ... + an ) a12 + 3 + a22 + 3 + ... + an2 + 3 .

x+ y
+
z
y+z
+
x
6 ( x + y + z)
z+x
.
y
xy + yz + zx
Li gii
Ta c
x+ y
+
z
y+z
+
x
z+x
=
y
x+ y
z ( x + y)
x+z
y( x + z)
y+z
x( y + z)
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z x + y x + z z + y v

x+ y
z ( x + y)
x+z
y( x + z)
y+z
x( y + z)
z ( x + y) y ( z + x) x ( y + z )
Khi s dng bt ng thc Chebyshev cho hai dy n iu ngc chiu nn

ta c
308
x+ y
+
z ( x + y)
z ( x + y) + y ( z + x) + x ( y + z )
y( x + z)
x ( y + z )
3 ( x + y + x + z + y + z )= 6 ( x + y + z )
x+z
y+z
Kt hp s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
x+ y
z ( x + y)
x+z
y+z
y( x + z)
x( y + z)
6( x + y + z )
z ( x + y) + y ( z + x) + x ( y + z )
6( x + y + z )
6 (x + y + z)
=
xy + yz + zx
6 ( xy + yz + zx )

Bi tp tng t
Chng minh rng vi mi x,y,z dng ta c
8( x + y + z )
z+x
.

y
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m chng minh
3 x+ y
+
2
z
y+z
+
x
3 ( a + b + c ) a 2 + 8bc + b 2 + 8ca + c 2 + 8ab .
Li gii
+ Nu tn ti mt s bng 0 bt ng thc c dng 2 ( x + y ) 2 2 xy lun ng.
+ Ta xt c ba s u dng khi vit li bt ng thc di dng
(3a
)(
8 a 2 bc
3a + a 2 + 8bc
)(
a 2 + 8bc + 3b b 2 + 8ca + 3c c 2 + 8ab 0
(a
8 b 2 ca
3b + b 2 + 8ca
bc ( b + c )
3a + a 2 + 8bc ( b + c )
(b
+
2
8 c 2 ab
3c + c 2 + 8ab
ca ( c + a )
3b + b 2 + 8ca ( c + a )
(c
ab ( a + b )
3c + c 2 + 8ab ( a + b )
Ch a 2 bc ( b + c ) + b 2 ca ( c + a ) + c 2 ab ( a + b ) =
0.
Do vy s dng bt ng thc Chebyshev ta ch cn chng minh hai dy sau
n iu ngc chiu
(3a +
(a
bc ( b + c ) , b 2 ca ( c + a ) , c 2 ab ( a + b )
a 2 + 8bc ( b + c ) , 3b + b 2 + 8ca ( c + a ) , 3c + c 2 + 8ab ( a + b )

309
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c ta c
(a
(b
)
(
ca ) ( c + a ) ( c
)
(
ab ) ( a + b ) = ( b c ) ( a
)
+ ab + bc + ca ) 0
bc ( b + c ) b 2 ca ( c + a ) =( a b ) c 2 + ab + bc + ca 0
V 3a + a 2 + 8bc ( b + c ) 3b + b 2 + 8ca ( c + a )
3c ( a b ) + ( b + c ) a 2 + 8bc ( c + a ) b 2 + 8ca 0
3c ( a b ) +
( b + c )2 ( a 2 + 8bc ) ( c + a )2 ( b2 + 8ca )
( b + c ) a 2 + 8bc + ( c + a ) b2 + 8ca
8 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 6ab + 15c ( a + b )
0
3c ( a b ) 1
( b + c ) a 2 + 8bc + ( c + a ) b 2 + 8ca
Bt ng thc cui ng v
a 2 + 8bc a + b + c; b 2 + 8ca a + b + c
( b + c ) a 2 + 8bc + ( c + a ) b 2 + 8ca ( a + b + c )( a + b + 2c )
< 8 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 6ab + 15c ( a + b )

C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c 3abc .
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
1 + 2bc 1 + 2ca 1 + 2ab
1
1
1
Bi 2. Cho cc s thc a, b, c > 1 tho mn iu kin 2
1.
+ 2
+ 2
=
a 1 b 1 c 1
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
a +1 b +1 c +1
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1. Chng minh
x
y
z
27
.
+
+
2
2
2
xyz + x + 1 xyz + y + 1 xyz + z + 1 31
3.
1
1
1
3
.
Chng minh rng
+
+
2
2
2
1 + a ( b + c ) 1 + b ( c + a ) 1 + c ( a + b ) 1 + 2abc
310

1+
16 x
16 y
16 z
+ 1+
+ 1+
9.
y+z
z+x
x+ y
D. HNG DN GII P N
a
b
c
+
+
1.
a + 2abc b + 2abc c + 2abc
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c. Khi ta c
a
b
c
1
1
1
1 + 2bc 1 + 2ca 1 + 2ab

S dng bt ng thc Chebyshev cho hai dy n iu cng chiu
( a + 2abc; b + 2abc; c + 2abc ) ;
a
b
c
;
;
ta c
a
b
c
3 ( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c + 6abc )
+
+
+
+
+
a
abc
b
abc
c
abc
2
2
2
a
b
c
3
+
+
(
) 1
a
b
c
+
+
a + 2abc b + 2abc c + 2abc a + b + c + 6abc

Bi v a + b + c 3abc .
Bi tp tng t
1
1
1
+
+
1.
1 + 2bc 1 + 2ca 1 + 2ab
Chng minh rng a + b + c 3abc .
1
1
1
1
1
1
a2 b2 c2
+
+
0
+
+
0.
3 a +1 3 b +1 3 c +1
a +1 b +1 c +1
Ch iu kin c vit li thnh
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
+ 2
+ 2
=
2
a 1 3 b 1 3 c 1 3
4 a2
4 b2
4 c2
0
=
a 2 1 b2 1 c2 1
a2 a+2 b2 b+2 c2 c+2
.
.
.
0
+
+
=
a +1 a 1 b +1 b 1 c +1 c 1
311
a 2 b 2 c 2
a + 1 b + 1 c + 1
Khng mt tnh tng qut a b c
.
2
2
2
a
b
c
+
+
+
a 1 b 1 c 1
S dng bt ng thc Chebyshev cho hai dy n iu ngc chiu trn ta c
ngay pcm.
Tng qut cho n s thc a1 , a2 ,..., an > 1 tho mn iu kin
1
a12
Chng minh rng
1
a22
+ ... +
1
an2
=
1.
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
n +1 1.
a1 + 1 a1 + 1
an + 1
Bi 3. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s

xyz + x 2 + 1 xyz + y 2 + 1 xyz + z 2 + 1
x yz
x
y
z
2
2
2
xyz + x + 1 xyz + y + 1 xyz + z + 1
S dng bt ng thc Chebyshev cho hai dy n iu cng chiu trn ta c

3( x + y + z )
x
y
z
+
+
2
2
2
xyz + x + 1 xyz + y + 1 xyz + z + 1 3xyz + 3 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3
=
3 xyz + 3 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3
3 xyz + 3 + x + y + z
2
27
4
3 xyz + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
31
9
Ch theo bt ng thc Schur bc ba ta c

9 xyz
2
4 ( xy + yz + zx ) ( x + y + z )
x+ y+z
4
1
3 xyz ( xy + yz + zx )
3
3
4
1
3 xyz + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3
3
1
2
3 ( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 1 3 2. 3 1 4
=
3
3
9
312
1
.
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1 + 2abc 1 + a 2 ( b + c ) 1 + 2abc 1 + b 2 ( c + a ) 1 + 2abc 1 + c 2 ( a + b )
a ( ab + ac 2bc )
1 + a2 (b + c )
a (1 bc )
b ( bc + ab 2ca )
1 + b2 ( c + a )
b (1 ca )
c ( ca + bc 2ab )
1 + c2 ( a + b )
c (1 ab )
1 + a ( 3 bc ) 1 + b ( 3 ca ) 1 + c ( 3 ab )
1 bc
1 ca
1 ab
+
+
0
bc + abc ( 3 bc ) ca + abc ( 3 ca ) ab + abc ( 3 ab )
1 bc
1 ca
1 ab

Gi s a b c
.
S dng bt ng thc Chebyshev cho hai dy n iu ngc chiu trn ta c

ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
16 x
16 y
16 z
3 + 1 +
3 + 1 +
3 0
1 +
y+z
z+x
x+ y
2x
2z
2y
8
8
1
1
8
1
y+z
x+ y
z+x

+
+
0
16 x
16 y
16 z
1+
1+
1+
+3
+3
+3
y+z
z+x
x+ y

2y
2z
2x
y + z 1 z + x 1 x + y 1
1
1
1
x yz
16 x
16 y
16 z
1+
+3
1+
+3
1+
+3
y+z
z+x
x+ y
S dng bt ng thc Chebyshev cho hai dy n iu cng chiu trn v a

v chng minh
2x
2y
2z
x
y
z
3
1+
1+
1 0
+
+
.
y+z
z+x
x+ y
y+z z+x x+ y 2
313
Bt ng thc cui ng. Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v

ch khi x= y= z .
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx > 0 .
Chng minh rng 1 +
48 x
48 y
48 z
+ 1+
+ 1+
15 .
y+z
z+x
x+ y
CH 9: BT NG THC BERNOULLI V NG DNG
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Vi mi s thc a 1, 1 ta lun c (1 + a ) 1 + .a (1).

Chng minh.
+ Vi = 1 bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc.
+ Vi > 1 Xt hm s f (a ) = (1 + a ) 1 .a vi a 1 ta c
1
f '(a ) = ( a + 1) 1 ; f '(a ) = 0 a = 0 .
Ta c f(a) i du t m sang dng khi i qua a = 0 nn f(a) t cc tiu ti

a=0.
V vy f (a ) f (0) (1 + a ) 1 + .a .
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 0 hoc
= 1.
Ch . Vi 0 < 1 bt ng thc i chiu.
Mt dng pht biu khc ca bt ng thc Bernoulli hay c s dng
a
a
x a xb + 1 vi x 0, a b > 0 .
b
b
Chng minh.
a
a b
a
x = 1 + xb 1 b 1 + xb 1 =
x +1 .
b
b
b
p dng ta chng minh c bt ng thc AM GM dng lu tha
a
a1m + a2m + ... + anm a1 + a2 + ... + an
.
n
n
Chng minh.
Vit li bt ng thc di dng
314
m
nan
na1
na2
+
+ ... +
n.
a1 + a2 + ... + an
a1 + a2 + ... + an
a1 + a2 + ... + an
Ch
m
n
n
( n 1) ak ai
( n 1) ak ai
m
nak
1 m.
1i k
1i k
, k = 1, n
= 1 +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ an
...
...
...
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
n
n
1
2
1
2
1 2
Ly tng tt n bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

Xt hai bt ng thc AM GM
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1a2 ...an .
n
Chng minh.
a1 + a2 + ... + an
t An =
=
; Gn n a1a2 ...an .
n
S dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c
An
A
nAn ( n 1) An 1
An
a
1 n + n n 1 =
= n
= 1 +
An 1
An 1
An 1 .
An 1
An 1
n
Ann an Ann11
S dng lin tip bt ng thc trn ta c

Ann an Ann11 an an 1 Ann22 ... an an 1...a2 . A1 = a1a2 ...an = Gnn An Gn .
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.

Ta c mt dng suy rng ca Bernoulli hay c s dng nh sau
Vi n s thc cng du v ln hn hoc bng -1 ta c
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) ...(1 + an ) 1 + a1 + a2 + ... + an (1).
Ch . (1) d chng minh bng quy np ton hc.
B. BI TP MU
Bi 1. Cho a, b l cc s thc thay i tha mn iu kin 0 < a, b < 1 .
Chng minh rng ab + b a > 1 .
Li gii
b
a
1 a a + b ab
1 a
= 1 +
=
ab
1 + b.
b
a
a
a
a + b ab
a
315
a
1 b a + b ab
b
1 b
.
= 1 +
=
ba
1 + a.
a
b
b
b
a + b ab
b
a+b
a+b
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c ab + b a
1.
>
=
a + b ab a + b
Ch . Bt ng thc trn ng vi mi a,b dng.
Bi 2. Cho a,b l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin a + b =
ab .
1
Chng minh rng ab + b a > 6 .

Li gii
T gi thit ta c:
a
1 1
.
+ =1 a > 1, b > 1 v b =
a 1
a b
Ta cn chng minh
a
a
a 1
a
+
>6.
a 1
a
a
a
a a 1 = (1 + a 1) a 1 1 + ( a 1) .
=1+ a
a 1
Ta c:
.
a
a
1
a
a
a 1 = 1 + a 1 1 + a 1

Suy ra:
a
a
a 1
1
a
a
+
= 4 + ( a 1) +
4+2
2+a+
a 1
a 1
a 1
( a 1) .
1
=6.
a 1
Du ng thc khng xy ra nn ab + b a > 6 .

Bi 3. Cho hai s thc a,b tho mn iu kin 0 < a, b 1 .
Chng minh rng ab a + b a b 2 .
Li gii
ba
1 + ( a 1)( b a )
a b
1 + ( b 1)( a b )
ab a = (1 + a 1)
b a b = (1 + b 1)

ab a + b a b 2 + ( b 1)( a b ) + ( a 1)( b a ) = 2 ( a b ) 2 .
2

Bi tp tng t
1
a1 a b1b c1c .
3
316
Bi 4. Chng minh vi mi s thc a, b, c thuc on [ 0;1] ta lun c

a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a
3
.
4
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c:
y
1 x x + y xy
x
1 x
.
= 1 +
=
xy
1 + y.
y
x
x
x
x + y xy
x
p dng bt ng thc trn suy ra:

1
a
b
c
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a
+
+
a
b
ab
b
c
bc
c
a
ac
+
3
a b c
+
+

4
a+b b+c c+a
Bi ton c chng minh.
n
3
1
.
Bi 5. Chng minh vi mi s nguyn dng n ta c 1 + 3
n+2
n
Li gii
Ta chng minh bi ton bng quy np kt hp s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli.
k
3
1
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n = k tc 1 + 3
.
k+2
k
1
+ Ta cn chng minh 1 +
k +1
k +1
3
.
( k + 1) + 2
Ch
k +1
k
1 +
1
k + 2 k 2 + 2k
k+2
k +1
=
=
.
2
k
k
k + 1 k + 2k + 1
k +1
1
1
+
1
+
1
k
k 2 + 2k
( k + 2)
k+2
1
=
.
k
k +1 1+
( k + 1)( k + 3)
2
k + 2k
2
Suy ra
1
1 +
k +1
k +1
1
1 +
k
( k + 2 )2 3 3 ( k + 2 )2 =3
3
.
( k + 1) + 2
( k + 1)( k + 3) k + 2 ( k + 1)( k + 3)
317
iu chng t bt ng thc ng vi n= k + 1 .
Vy theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh.
n 1,=
n 2.
Bi tp tng t
n +1
1
Chng minh vi mi s nguyn dng n ta c 1 +
> 1 + .
n +1
n
Ta cng xt cc bi ton c cp.
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0
chng minh vi mi s nguyn dng n 2 ta c
a
b
c
+n
+n
2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii
+ Nu tn ti mt s bng 0 gi s l khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho
hai s ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
+ Xt c 3 s u dng s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c
n
n
a
1
1
=
=
1
1
( n 1)( b + c )
( n 1)( b + c ) n ( n 1)( b + c ) a n
1 +
(1)
a
a
na
1
n
b
c
a
1
n
1
)( )
1 (
( )( a + b + c )
1+ .
n
a
a
=
n
( n 1)( b + c )
Tng t ta c
nb
( n 1)( a + b + c )
nc
( n 1)( a + b + c )
( n 1)( c + a )
( n 1)( a + b )
Gi P l biu thc v tri v cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c

n n
P
n 1 2 .
n 1
Bi ton c chng minh.
Ch trong (1) ta dng php nghch o trc khi s dng Bernoulli bi vi s
m nh hn 1 nu nh gi ngay s c chiu bt ng thc ngc li. V vy
cn nghch o c chiu bt ng thc cn chng minh.
318

3
a
b
c
+3
+3
1.
2b + 25c
2c + 25a
2a + 25b
Li gii
p dng BT Bernoulli ta c
3
27 a
1
1
81a
.
=
=
1
1 2b + 25c 2b + 25c + 54a
2b + 25c
1
2b + 25c 3 1 +
3 27 a
27 a
27b
81b
27c
81c
.
;3
2c + 25a 2c + 25a + 54b 2a + 25b 2a + 25b + 54c

Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn v kt hp s dng bt ng thc C S ta
Tng t ta c
a
b
c
(a + b + c)2
+3
+3
27.
1
2b + 25c
2c + 25a
2a + 25b
81(ab + bc + ac)

7
2a
2b
2c
+3
+3
3.
a+b
b+c
c+a
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc Bernoulli dng x a 1 +
a b
x 1 ta c
b
7
2
2a
7 2a
2a 3
3 =
1
+
6 b + c
a+b
a+b
7
2
2b
7 2b
2b 3
3 =
1
+
; .
6 b + c
b+c
b+c
7
2
2c
7 2c
2c 3
3 =
1
+
1 .
6 c + a
c+a
c+a
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn v gi P l biu thc v tri ta c

2
2
2
7 2a 2b 2c
+
+
P 3 +

3 .
6 a + b b + c c + a
Ch .
319
2
1
1
1
b
c
a
a b c
, x =
,y=
,z =
+
+
+
= 2+
2
2
b
c
a+b b+c c+a
(1 + x ) (1 + y ) (1 + z ) a
1
1
1
3
z
+
=
+
2
2
1 + xy (1 + z )
4
z + 1 ( z + 1)
V vy P 3 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

Ch . Cu hi t ra l ti sao khng s dng trc tip Bernoulli dng suy rng
ban u bi nh vy ta c
7
2a
2a
7 2a
3
1 1 +
1 .
= 1 +
3 a +b
a+b
a+b
a
b
c
3
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a 2
Tuy nhin bt ng thc ny khng phi ng vi mi a,b,c dng chng hn
=
a 1,=
b 2,=
c 3.
Khi a v chng minh
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0 .
a
b
c
+3
+3
2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
2) Cho bn s thc dng a, b, c, d. Chng minh
Chng minh rng
2a
2b
2c
2d
+3
+3
+3
4.
a+b
b+c
c+d
d +a
Bi 9. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh ab + c + bc + a + c a +b 1 .

Li gii
Ta cn so snh cc s (b + c),(c + a ),(a + b) vi s 1.
+ Nu tn ti mt trong ba s ln hn 1 th r rng bt ng thc lun ng.
+ Ta ch cn xt khi a,b,c cng thuc na khong ( 0;1] , khng mt tnh tng qut
ta gi s a b c suy ra min {(a + b),(b + c),(c + a )} =+
b c.
n y ta li chia trng hp x l
- Nu b + c 1 s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c
b+c
1 + ( a 1)( b + c )
c+a
1 + ( b 1)( c + a ) .
ab+c =
1 + ( a 1)
bc + a =
1 + ( b 1)
a +b
c a +b =
1 + ( c 1)
1 + ( c 1)( a + b )
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn a v chng minh
320
1 + ab + bc + ca a b c 0 (1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) + abc 0 .
Bt ng thc ng.
- Nu b + c < 1 ta li chia thnh cc trng hp sau y:
Kh nng 1: b + c c + a a + b 1 s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c
a
a
a
a
.
ab+c =
1( b + c )
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
1
1
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
(
)
(
)(
)
+
1
1
a
( ( ))
Tng t cho 2 bt ng thc cn li ri cng li theo v ta c iu phi
chng minh.
Kh nng 2: b + c c + a 1 a + b ta c
a b + c a; b c + a b a b + c + b c + a + c a + b a + b + c a + b
a + b + 1 + ( c 1)( a + b=
) c (a + b) + 1 1

Kh nng 3: b + c 1 a + c a + b ta c
ab+c a
bc + a 1 + ( b 1)( c + a )
c a +b 1 + ( c 1)( a + b )
1 + bc + ( ab + bc + bc a b c ) 0 (1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) + abc + bc 0 .
Bt ng thc ng.
Vy vi mi s thc dng a,b,c ta lun c ab + c + bc + a + c a +b 1 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng chng minh ( a + b ) + ( b + c ) + ( c + a ) 2 .
c
Bi 10. Cho a,b l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 2 chng minh

2
a b
a +b +
2.
2
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b 0 a 1 1;0 b 1 s dng bt ng
thc Bernoulli ta c
2b
2a
1 + ( a 1) 1 + ( a 1) b =
b 2 + b + 1
ab =
b
b a = b. 1 + ( b 1)
a 1
b 1 + ( a 1)( b 1) = b 2 ( 2 b )
321
( b
+ b +1 + b
(2 b)
a b
+
2
2
b 2 + b + 1 + b 4 ( 2 b ) + ( b 1) 2 b3 ( b 1) ( b 2 ) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui ng do ta c pcm.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 2. Chng minh
4
a b
a3b + b3a +
2.
2
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho n s thc tho mn iu kin 0 < x1 , x2 ,..., xn 1 . Chng minh rng
1
(1 + x1 ) x2 (1 + x2 ) x3 ...(1 + xn ) x1 2n .
Bi 2. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc 0 < x <
( cos x )
2
cot x
Bi 3. Chng minh vi mi s thc 0 < x <
ta c
> sin 2 x .
ta c
( 2 + sin x )2+ tan x > ( 3 + tan x )1+sin x .

Bi 4. Cho a,b l cc s thc thuc khong (0;1). Chng minh
a
a b
+ 2.
b a
4
Bi 5. Cho a,b l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin b , a + b =
2. Chng
3
minh ab b a + 2 3ab .
Bi 6. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng. Chng minh x y + y x > 1 .
Chng minh rng
322
a
b
c
+3
+3
2.
b+c
c+a
a+b
D. HNG DN GII P S
1
Bi 1. Ch (1 + xk ) xk +1 1 +
xk
xk
2 =
, k 1, n=
; xn +1 x1 .
xk +1
xk +1
Nhn theo v n bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1= x2= ...= xn= 1 .
Bi 2. Ch vi 0 < x <
ta c cot x > 1 khi s dng bt ng thc
Bernoulli ta c
( cos x )
2
cot x
= (1 sin x )
cot x
(1 + sin x )cot x (1 sin x cot x )(1 + sin x cot x )
1 cos 2 x =
sin 2 x
=
(1 cos x )(1 + cos x ) =
ng thc khng xy ra nn bi ton c chng minh.

Bi 3. t a = 1 + sin x, b = 2 + tan x 1 < a (1 + b )a (1 + a ) a
>1+ b .
Bt ng thc cui ng theo Bernoulli.

Bi 4. S dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c:
a
ba
1
b ba
a
= b +1 a
.
= 1 +
1 + a.
a
a
b +1 a
b
a
b
1
b
.
Tng t ta c:
a +1 b
a
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn v ch
1
1
4
+
=
2.
b +1 a a +1 b b +1 a + a +1 b
Bi 5. S dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c
ab b a =1 + ( a 1) .
b
Vy ta chng minh
1
1
1 + 1
b
1 + b ( a 1)
.
1
1 + a 1
b
1 + b (1 b )
1 + b ( a 1)
+ 2 3b ( 2 b )
+ 2 3ab b.
2 b (2 b)
1
1 + a 1
b
( b 1)( 3b 4 ) 0 ng.

323
Bi 6. Ta xt ba trng hp sau:
+ Nu x > 1, y > 1 x y + y x > x + y > 2 , bt ng thc lun ng.
+ Nu x > 1, y < 1 x y + y x > 1 + y x > 1 , bt ng thc lun ng.
+ Nu x, y 1, p dng bi tp mu ta c pcm.
Bi 7. Nu mt s bng 0 s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c ngay iu phi
chng minh.
Ta xt c ba s u dng khi s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli ta c
a
1
1
2a 2/3
2a 2/3
.
= 1
=
2
2/3
2/3
b+c
a 2/3 + b 2/3 + c 2/3
b
c
a
+
+
(
)
b + c 3 1 b + c 3 1
+
2 a
2
a
b
2b 2/3
c
2c 2/3
3
.
2/3
;
c + a a + b 2/3 + c 2/3 a + b a 2/3 + b 2/3 + c 2/3

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c mt s bng 0 v hai s bng nhau.
Tng t ta c
324
Chng 3:
PHNG PHP HM S TRONG GII TON
BT NG THC V CC TR
CH 1: K THUT S DNG TNH N IU VI BI TON
CC TR V BT NG THC MT BIN S
A. TM TT L THUYT
1. nh ngha 1. Gi s K l mt khong, na khong, mt on.
Hm s y = f ( x) xc nh trn D c gi l:
+ ng bin trn K nu vi mi x1 , x2 K , x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) .
+ Nghch bin trn K nu vi mi x1 , x2 K , x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) .
2. iu kin cn hm s n iu
Gi s hm s y = f ( x) c o hm trn K
+ Nu hm s y = f ( x) ng bin trn K th f '( x) 0 vi mi x thuc K.
+ Nu hm s y = f ( x) nghch bin trn K th f '( x) 0 vi mi x thuc K.
3. iu kin hm s n iu
nh l. Gi s K l mt khong, na khong, mt on. Hm s y = f ( x) lin
tc trn K v c o hm ti mi im trong ca K(tc cc im thuc K nhng
khng phi u mt ca K). Khi
+ Nu f '( x) > 0, x K th hm s y = f ( x) ng bin trn K.
+ Nu f '( x) < 0, x K th hm s y = f ( x) nghch bin trn K.
+ Nu f '( x) = 0, x K th hm s y = f ( x) khng i trn K.
Ch . Nu hm s
y = f ( x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v c o hm
f '( x) > 0 ( f '( x) < 0 ) vi mi x thuc khong (a;b) th hm s y = f ( x) ng bin
(nghch bin) trn on [a;b].

4. nh ngha 2.
Cho hm s y = f ( x) xc nh trn K.
+ S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s y = f ( x) trn K khi v ch khi
f ( x) M , x K
.
M
x0 K | f ( x0 ) =
+ S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f ( x) trn K khi v ch khi
f ( x) m, x K
.
m
x0 K | f ( x0 ) =
325
B. NI DUNG PHNG PHP

1) K thut tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f ( x) trn D ta tnh y
ri tm cc im ti hn(cc im m ti y trit tiu hoc khng tn ti) lp
bng bin thin. T bng bin thin suy ra max, min.
Ch . Nu hm s y = f ( x) lun tng hoc lun gim trn on [a;b] th
ymax
max
=
{ f (a); f (b)} ; ymin min { f (a); f (b)} .
+ Nu hm s y = f ( x) lin tc trn on [ a; b ] lun tn ti gi tr ln nht, gi tr

nh nht trn on v ta tm max, min n gin nh sau:
Bc 1. Tnh o hm y, tm cc im ti hn ca hm s gi s l x1 , x2 ,..., xn .
Bc 2. Tnh cc gi tr f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn ) .
Bc 3. Kt lun
ymax
max
=
{ f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn )}; ymin min { f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn )} .
V d 1. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =x 6 + 4 1 x 2
on [ 1;1] .
Li gii
Xt hm s y =x 6 + 4 1 x
lin tc trn on [ 1;1] .Ta c
) =0
; y' =
0 6 x x4 4 1 x2
x = 0
x = 0
2
2
x =
x =
2 1 x
2 1 x 2
x =
x =
6 x5 24 x 1 x 2
y' =
x = 0
4
x= 4 1 x 2
2 3
2
3
2
2 4
Suy ra y (0)= 4; y =
; y (1)= 1 .
3 9
2 4
V vy ymin =y
4.
= ; ymax =y (0) =
3 9
V d 2. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
y=
326
1 + x 2015 + 1 + (1 x )
2015
vi x [ 0;1] .
trn
Li gii
Ta c y '
=
2015 x 2014
2 1 + x 2015
2015 (1 x )
2014
2 1 + (1 x )
2015
Suy ra
y ' = 0 x 2014 1 + (1 x )
1 + x 2015
x 2014
Xt hm s f (t ) =
2015
=(1 x )
1 + (1 x )
=
(1 x )2014
2014
1 + x 2015
2015
1 + t 2015
t 2014
(1)
trn on [0;1] ta c
2013t 2015 + 4028
<0.
f '(t ) =
2t 2015 1 + t 2015
V vy f(t) l hm nghch bin trn on [0;1], do
1
(1) f ( x) = f (1 x) x =1 x x = .
2
1
1
Tnh cc gi tr: y (0) =
y (1) =
1 + 2; y =
2 1+
2
2
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca hm s bng 2 1 +
2
2015
2015
; gi tr ln nht bng 1 + 2 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b l hai s thc khng m c tng bng 1. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc P = 1 + a 2014 + 1 + b 2014 .
V d 3. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
y= 5 | cos x + sin x | + | 7 cos x + sin x | .
Li gii
Ta a v chung mt biu thc bng cch s dng ng thc:
a + b=
a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab .
Khi
327
25 ( sin x + cos x ) + ( 7 cos x + sin x ) + 10 ( sin x + cos x )( 7 cos x + sin x )

2
y
=
50 + 32sin 2 x + 24cos 2 x + 10 sin 2 x + 7 cos 2 x + 4sin 2 x

=
= 50 + 32sin 2 x + 24cos 2 x + 10 4 + 3cos 2 x + 4sin 2 x
=
=
8 ( 3cos 2 x + 4sin 2 x ) + 10 4 + 3cos 2 x + 4sin 2 x + 50

40sin ( 2 x + ) + 40 + 50sin ( 2 x + ) + 50
Vi=
cos
4
3
.
=
,sin
5
5
Gi ch cn kho st hm s y =
4sin t + 4 + 5sin t ymax =
13; ymin =
16
.
5
T suy ra gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s cho l

=
ymax 6=
5; ymin 3 2 .
2) K thut i bin
S dng khi hm mt bin c cha cn phc tp; dng lng gic; m hoc a
thc c cha bc cao.
V d 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s y =
x x 1=
1
x + x 1
Ta
c y '
=
t2 +1
.
2
t2 + 5
.
2t + 2
t 2 + 2t 5
2 ( t + 1)
= y=
(1)
< 0, t ( 0;1] . Do ymin
tr ln nht.
V d 2. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n > 1 ta c
n
328
1, x 1 t ( 0;1] .
Ch . t 2 = 2 x 2 x ( x 1) 1 x x ( x 1) =
Khi y =
x x 1 +1
Li gii
Tp xc nh: D= [1; + ) .
t t=
x x ( x 1) + 2
1+
n n nn
+ 1
< 2.
n
n
3
. Khng tn ti gi
2
Li gii
n
n
( 0;1) , n N * . BT cn chng minh tr thnh
n
n 1 + x + n 1 x < 2, x ( 0;1) .
Xt hm s f ( x) = n 1 + x + n 1 x lin tc x [ 0;1) c
t x=
1
1
1
< 0, x 0;1
f '( x)
=
( )
n n (1 + x)n1 n (1 x)n1
Vy f(x) nghch bin [0; 1) nn f(x) < f(0) = 2, x ( 0;1) (pcm).
V d 3. Cho hm s f xc nh trn tp s thc, ly gi tr trn R v tha mn iu
kin f ( cot=
x ) sin 2 x + cos 2 x, x ( 0; ) .
Hy
tm
gi
tr
ln
) (
nht
gi
tr
nh
nht
ca
hm
g ( x ) = f sin x . f cos x trn R.

2
Li gii
Ta c f ( cot=
x ) sin 2 x + cos 2 x, x ( 0; )
cot 2 x 1 cot 2 x + 2cot x 1
=
, x ( 0; )
cot 2 x + 1 cot 2 x + 1
cot 2 x + 1
T vi ch rng vi mi t R u tn ti x ( 0; ) sao cho cot x = t ta
2cot x
f=
( cot x )
c
=
f (t )
t 2 + 2t 1
t2 +1
, t R .
) (
Suy ra g ( x ) f =
=
sin 2 x . f cos 2 x
sin 4 2 x + 32sin 2 2 x 32
sin 4 2 x 8sin 2 2 x + 32
, x R (1) .
1
1
t u = sin 2 2 x ta c u thuc on 0; .
4
4
V vy t (1) ta c
min g ( x) = min h(u ) v m ax g ( x) = m ax h(u )
xR
1
0; 4
trong h ( u ) =
Ta c h ( u ) =
xR
u 2 + 8u 2
u 2 2u + 2
(
(u
2 5u 2 + 4u + 6
2
2u + 2
1
0; 4
).
329
1
D dng chng minh c h ( u ) > 0, u 0; .
4
1
Do hm h(u) ng bin trn 0; .
4
1
1 1
.
V vy trn 0; ta c min h ( u ) = h ( 0 ) = 1 v max =
h ( u ) h=

4
4 25
1
Vy min g ( x ) = 1 , t c chng hn khi x = 0 v max g ( x ) =
, t c
25
chng hn khi x =
3) K thut kho st trc tip

Trong mt s bi ton c th phi o hm nhiu ln lin tip thm ch phi
kho st thm hm s ph. Ta thng s dng
f(x) ng bin trn [a; b] th f(x) > f(a) vi mi x > a.
f(x) nghch bin trn [a; b] th f(x) > f(b) vi mi x < b.
Ch . Lp bng bin thin nu cn thit hoc s dng tnh cht v im cc i,
cc tiu.
V d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi x > 0 ta c x
x3
< sinx < x .
6
Li gii
Xt hm s f ( x) = x +
x
+ sinx trn na khong [ 0;+ ) . Ta c
6
x2
1 + cos x
2
f ( x)= x sinx
f ( x) = 1 cos x
f ( x)=
Ta c f ( x) = 1 cos x 0, x [ 0; + ) f ( x) f (0) = 0 , nn f(x) ng

bin trn [ 0;+ ) . Suy ra f ( x) f (0) =
0 f ( x) ng bin trn [ 0;+ ) .
Do f ( x) f (0) = 0, x 0 v f ( x) > f (0) = 0, x > 0.
Tc l
x3
x3
x + sin x > 0 x
< sin x vi x > 0
6
6
Lu f ( x) > f (0) =
0 vi x > 0 ta c sinx < x
(1)
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c pcm.

V d 2. Chng minh vi mi x dng v n l s nguyn dng ta c
330
x 2 x3
xn
.
+ ... +
2! 3!
n!
Li gii
ex > 1 + x +
x 2 x3
xn
Xt hm s f n ( x) = e x 1 + x +
+ ... + trn khong ( 0;+ ) ta c
2! 3!
n !
x 2 x3
x n 1
+
+ ... +
f 'n ( x) = e x 1 + x +
.
2!
3!
1
!
n
(
)
T suy ra f ( n ) n ( x) = e x 1 > 0, x > 0 f ( n 1) n ( x) > f ( n 1) n (0) = 0 .

S dng lin tip ta c f 'n ( x) > f 'n (0) =
0 f n ( x) > f n (0) =
0 (pcm).
Ch . S thc dng a bt ng thc sau lun ng vi mi s thc x l e.
x2
xn
+ ... + , x ; n * .
2
n!
Tht vy, Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
ax 1+ x +
x2
xn
+ ... +
x ln a ln 1 + x +
2
n !
ln 1 + x +
ln a
ln 1 + x +
ln a
Ch
x2
xn
+ ... +
n!
2
,x > 0.
x
x2
xn
+ ... +
n!
2
,x < 0
x
x2
xn
ln 1 + x +
+ ... +
2
n!
lim
=
x
x 0+
x2
xn
ln 1 + x +
+ ... +
2
n!
lim
1.
=
x
x 0
ln a 1
Do
a=
e.
ln a 1
Ngc li vi a l e th bt ng thc ng.
V d 3. Cho n l s l ln hn 3. Chng minh rng vi mi x 0 ta c
x2
x n
x 2 x3
xn
x
x
1
...
1
...
+
+
+
+
+
+
< 1 .
2!
n
!
2!
3!
n
!
331
Li gii
x
x
+ ... +
u ( x) =1 + x +
2!
n!
t
.
2
3
x x
xn
v( x) =1 x + 2! 3! + ... + n !
Ta cn chng minh
=
f ( x) u ( x).v( x) < 1.
2
Ta c
x2 + ... + xn 1 = u ( x) xn
u '( x) =1 + x +
2!
(n 1)!
n!
x2 + x3 + ... + xn 1 =
xn
(
)
v
x
'(
)
1
=
v
x
x
2! 3!
(n 1)!
n!
V vy
).v( x) u( x)v( x) + u ( x).v( x)

f ( x) u ( x=
=
=
u ( x )
xn
xn
xn
u ( x) + v( x)
.v( x) + u ( x) v( x) =
n!
n!
n!
x n1
2 xn x2 x4
1
...
=
+
+
+
+
(n 1)!
n! 2! 4!
V n l s l ln hn 3 nn f ( x) i du t dng sang m khi i qua x = 0 .
Do ti x = 0 th hm s t cc i v vy f ( x) < f (0) = 1, x 0. (pcm).
a+x
V d 4. Chng minh vi mi a, b, x > 0 v a b ta c
b+ x
Li gii
a+x
Xt=
hm s f ( x)
b+ x
b+ x
x 0. Khi ln f ( x=
)
b+ x
f ( x)
a+x
b + x a + x
a+ x ba
.
= ln
+ (b + x)
=
+
ln
f ( x)
b+x
a+x b+x
b+x a+x
a+ x ba
=
f ( x) f ( x) ln
+=
b+ x a+x
a+x
=
b+ x
332
b+ x
a+ x ba a+ x
+
ln =

b+ x a+ x b+ x
a+x
.
b+ x
( b + x ) ln
a + x
Suy ra [ ln f ( x)=
] (b + x) ln
b + x
a
> .
b
b+ x
.g ( x )
a+ x ba
. Ta c
+
b+ x a+ x
b+ x ba
a b
( a b) 2
+
=
< 0.
g ( x) =
.
a + x (b + x) 2 (a + x) 2
(a + x) 2 (b + x)
trong =
g ( x) ln
Do g(x) nghch bin trn ( 0;+ ) . Suy ra

a+ x ba
+ =
g ( x) > lim =
g ( x) lim ln
0.
x
x
b+ x a+x
Vy f ( x) > 0, x > 0 , nn f(x) ng bin trn ( 0;+ ) .

Suy ra f(x) > f(0) (pcm).
V d 5. Cho a, b [ 0;1] . Chng minh rng
x
b
a
+
+
+ (1 x )(1 a )(1 b ) 1, x [ 0;1] .
a + b +1 x + a +1 x + b +1
Li gii
x
b
a
Xt hm s =
f ( x)
+
+
+ (1 x )(1 a )(1 b ) lin tc
a + b +1 x + a +1 x + b +1
trn on [0;1] ta c
1
b
a
( x)
f=
(1 a )(1 b )
2
a + b + 1 ( x + a + 1)
( x + b + 1)2
f ( x )
=
2b
( x + a + 1)
2a
( x + b + 1)3
0, [ 0;1]
Nn hm s f(x) ng bin trn [0; 1], suy ra phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nhiu
nht mt nghim trn (0; 1).
Nu phng trnh f(x) = 0 v nghim th f(x) n iu trn [0; 1], th
f ( x ) max f ( x ) =
max { f ( 0 ) ; f (1)}.
[0;1]
Ta c
f ( 0=
)
f (1=
)
b
a
a 2b 2 + a + b + 1 ab + a + b + 1
+
+ (1 a )(1 b=
= 1;
)
a +1 b +1
( a + 1)( b + 1) ( a + 1)( b + 1)
1
a
b
1
a
b
+
+
+
+
= 1.
a + b +1 b + 2 a + 2 a + b +1 b + a +1 a + b +1
Suy ra f ( x ) max=
f ( x ) max { f ( 0 ) ; f (1)} 1 .
[0;1]
Nu phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim duy nht x = x0 . Khi do f(x) ng
bin trn [0; 1], nn
333
f ( x ) < 0, x [ 0; x0 ] v f ( x ) > 0, x [ x0 ;1] .
Do x0 l im cc tiu ca hm s, m f(x) lin tc trn [0; 1] nn

f ( x ) max=
f ( x ) max { f ( 0 ) ; f (1)} 1 .
[0;1]
T hai trng hp ta c iu phi chng minh.
V d 6. Cho tam gic ABC c A > B > C . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
=
P
iu kin xc nh: D =
Xt hm
s f ( x)
=
f '( x)
x sin A
x sin B
.
+
x sin C
x sin C
Li gii
( ;sin C ] [sin A; + ) .
x sin A
+
x sin C
x sin B
lin tc trn D ta c
x sin C
1 x sin C sin A sin C 1 x sin C sin B sin C

.
+
.
> 0, xD .
2 x sin A ( x sin C )2 2 x sin B ( x sin C )2
Do f(x) ng bin trn D v c =

f (sin A)
lim f ( x) 2;=
x
sin A sin B
t ti x = sin A .
sin A sin C
+n
1
V d 7. (VMC 2011) Cho , tha mn 1 +
n
n nguyn dng. Tm min .
1
< e < 1 +
n
Li gii
1
Ly logarit t nhin suy ra <
n < , n * .
1
ln 1 +
n
1
Xt hm s =
f ( x)
x, x 1 . Khi
1
ln 1 +
x
max f ( x) min f ( x) .
min =
x 1
Mt khc =
f '( x)
334
sin A sin B
<1.
sin A sin C
x 1
1
1 < 0, x 1 .
x ( x + 1)
+n
vi mi
1
1
1 lim
x .
Do max f ( x) min f ( x=
) f (1) lim f ( x=
)
x 1
x +
x +
1
x 1
ln 2
ln 1 + x
1
1
1
1 x ln 1 +
ln 1 + +
1
1
x
x x +1
.
1 lim
=
1 lim
1
x +
x +
ln 2
ln 2
1
ln 1 +
x ( x + 1)
x
1
1
x ( x + 1) ( x + 1)2
x ( x + 1) x 2
1
1
1
3
=
1 lim
==
1 lim
=
.
2x + 1
x +
x +
ln 2
ln 2
2x + 1
ln 2 2
2
2
x ( x + 1)
1
3
.
ln 2 2
V d 8. [ MR No.4 2009] Cho cc s thc .. tha mn iu kin
Vy min =
a1x + a2x + ... + anx b1x + b2x + ... + b nx vi mi x .
Chng minh rng f : ( 0, + )

x
a
a a
f (=
x) 1 + 2 + ... + n
b1 b2
bn
Li gii
x
tng trn ( 0, + ) .
a a
a a a a
Ta=
c f '( x) 1 ln 1 + 2 ln 2 + ... + n ln n ,
b1 b1 b2 b2
bn bn
x
a2
an an
ln + ... + ln 0 .
b2
bn bn
Suy ra f '( x) l hm tng trn . Ta chng minh f '(0) = 0 , tht vy.
a
=
f ''( x) 1
b1
a1 a2
ln +
b1 b2
Theo gi thit ta c
a x
a x
a x
b1x 1 1 + b2x 2 1 + ... + bnx n 1 0, x .
b
an
a1
a2
1
1
1
x b1
x b2
x bn
Vi x > 0 ta c b1 .
+ b2 .
+ ... + bn .
0, x > 0 .
x
x
x
Cho x 0+ ta c
335
ln
a
a1
a
+ ln 2 + ... + ln n 0
b1
b2
bn
(0.1)
Vi x < 0 ta c
x
an
a1
a2
1
1
1
x b1
x b2
x bn
b1 .
+ b2 .
+ ... + bn .
0, x < 0 .
x
x
x
Cho x 0 ta c
a
a
a
ln 1 + ln 2 + ... + ln n 0
b1
b2
bn
T (0.1) v (0.2) suy ra f '(0)
= ln
(0.2)
a
a1
a
+ ln 2 + ... + ln n= 0
b1
b2
bn
f '( x) f '(0) =
0 iu phi chng minh.
V d 9. Cho cc s thc a1 , a2 ,..., an > 0 v hm s f : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) xc nh

1/ x
a x + a2x + ... + anx

bi f ( x) = 1
.
Chng minh rng f l hm tng v tnh gii hn ca f ( x) khi x + .
Li gii
Xt hm s g : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) xc nh bi g ( x) = xt l hm li.
Xt =
t
y
> 1 tc x < y, khi ta c
x
a1x + a2x + ... + anx

g =
a1x + a2x + ... + anx
1 y
a + a2y + ... + any
n 1
Bt ng thc trn tng ng vi
=
x 1
x
x
x
g a1 + g a2 + ... + g an
n
(( ) ( )
)
1/ y
1/ x
a y + a2y + ... + any

1
f ( x) f ( y ) .
Vy f l hm tng. Ta c iu phi chng minh.

a x + a2x + ... + anx
1
n

V d 10. (IMC 2006) So snh sin ( tan x ) v tan ( sin x ) vi x 0; .
2
Li gii
336
( ))

Xt hm=
s f ( x) tan ( sin x ) sin ( tan x ) trn 0; .
2
Ta c f '( x) =
cos x
cos 2 ( sin x )
Nu 0 < x < arctan
cos ( tan x )
cos 2 x
cos3 x cos ( tan x ) cos 2 ( sin x )

cos 2 x cos 2 ( sin x )
cos ( tan x ) > 0 s dng bt ng thc c si ta c

3
cos(tan x) + 2cos(sin x) tan x + 2sin x

3
cos ( tan x ) cos 2 ( sin x )
< cos x
cos
3
3

do cos x l hm lm v tan x + 2sin x > 3 x, x 0; .
2
Do f '( x) > 0 hay f ( x) l hm tng trn 0;arctan .

2
V vy f ( x) > f (0) =
0 tan ( sin x ) > sin ( tan x ) .
Nu x = arc tan
th

/2

arc tan tan
tan sin =
> tan > 1 > sin tan arc tan .
2
4
2

1+ 2 / 4
Nu x arc tan ; tan ( sin x ) > 1 > sin x ( tan x ) .

2 2

Vy vi mi x 0; th tan ( sin x ) > sin ( tan x ) .
2
4) Vn dng kt hp cc bt ng thc khc nh AM GM; C S
Trc khi kho st tnh n iu ca hm s ta s dng cc nh gi c bn
thng qua cc bt ng thc c bn nh AM GM; C S s a v chng minh
mt bt ng thc c bn hn thun li cho vic kho st hm s.
V d 1. Chng minh rng nu 0 x <
ta c 2s inx + 2 t anx 2 x+1 .
2
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c 2s inx + 2 t anx 2. 2s inx.2 t anx .

Ta chng minh 2 2s inx.2 t anx 2 x +1 2s inx + t anx 22 x sinx + t anx 2 x .

Xt hm s f ( x) = sinx + tan x 2 x lin tc trn 0; , ta c
2
337
f ( x) =cos x +
1
2
cos x
2 > cos 2 x +

(v vi x 0; th
2
1
cos 2 x +
2 ).
cos 2 x

2 0, x 0; .
cos x
2
1
cos x > cos 2 x
v theo BT AM-GM ta c

Do f(x) ng bin trn 0; .
2

Suy ra f ( x) f (0) =
0 , hay sinx + t anx 2x vi mi x 0;
2
Bi tp tng t
sin x
Chng minh rng 4
+2
tan x
3x+2
2 2 ,
(pcm).

x 0; .
2
sinx

V d 2. Chng minh rng
> cos x, x 0; .
x
2
Li gii
3
sin x
sinx
2
3
> cos x 3 > cos x sin x.tan x- x > 0 (1) .

x
x

Xt hm s f ( x) = sin 2 x.tan x- x3 vi x 0; .
2
Ta c f ( x ) = 2sin 2 x + tan 2 x 3 x 2 .
p dng BT 3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ( a + b + c ) ta c
2
f ( x )= sin 2 x + sin 2 x + tan 2 x 3 x 2
t g ( x) = 2sin x + tan x 3 x,
g ( x=
) 2cos x +
1
2
cos x
1
( 2sin x + tan x )2 3x 2 .
3

x 0; , th
2
3 cos x + cos x +
=
1
cos x

vi mi x 0; , nn g(x) ng bin trn
2
338
3 33 cos 2 x.

0; .
2
1
cos 2 x
3 0
=

Suy ra g ( x ) g ( 0 ) = 0, x 0; .
2
Do f ( x )
1
0 nn f(x) ng bin trn
( 3 x )2 3 x 2 =
3

0; 2 . Suy ra
f ( x ) > f ( 0=
) 0, x 0; .
2
Nhn xt: Khi trong BT c cha cc loi hm s khc nhau ta thng c lp
mi loi hm s d xt du ca o hm, hoc ta c th o hm lin tip
kh bt mt loi hm s.
Cch 2: Ta c x
x3
< sin x, suy ra
6
3
3
2
x 2 x 4 x6
x2 x4
sin x x
>
=
+
>
+
1
1
1
6
2 12 216
2 24
x
Ta chng minh c cos x < 1
x2 x4
+
2 24
( 2)
( 2)
T (1) v (2) ta c pcm.

5) K thut vn dng nh l Lagrange
nh l. Nu hm s y = f ( x) l hm lin tc trn on [a; b] v c o hm trn
khong (a; b) th tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f '(c) =
1
1 x +1
V d 1. Chng minh (1 + ) x < (1 +
) ,
x
x +1
Li gii
f (b) f (a )
.
ba
x (0; +) .
1
1 x +1
Ta c: (1 + ) x < (1 +
) x[ln( x + 1) - ln x] < ( x + 1)[ln( x + 2) - ln( x + 1)]
x
x +1
Xt hm s =
f ( x) x[ln( x + 1) - ln x] ta c
x
1= ln( x + 1) ln x
x +1
p dng nh l Lagrange i vi hm s: y =
1
c (x; x+1) sao cho: f '(c)= ln( x + 1) ln x =
c
f '( x)= ln( x + 1) ln x +
Mt khc 0 < x < c < x + 1
1
.
x +1
lnt trn [x; x+1], th tn ti
ln( x + 1) ln x.
1 1
1
> >
x c x +1
339
1
1
1
> ln( x + 1) ln x >
ln( x + 1) ln x
>0
x
x +1
x +1
f '( x) > 0, x (0;+) hm s f ( x) ng bin trn (0;+).
T (1) suy ra: f '( x) > 0, x (0; +) f ( x) ng bin trn (0; +).
Suy ra: f ( x + 1) > f ( x), x (0; +) iu phi chng minh.
t
1
Ch . Ta c th chng minh trc tip hm s y= 1 + ng bin trn khong
t
( 0;+ ) .
x +1
1
1
+ Vi mi x dng ta c 1 + < e < 1 + .
x
x
V d 2. Cho s nguyn dng n. Chng minh rng
1
vi mi x ( 0;1) .
2n.e
xn . 1 x <
Li gii
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
1
1
(*)
x 2n (1 x) <
2ne
2n.e
xn . 1 x <
Xt hm s f=
( x) x 2n (1 x) vi x ( 0;1) , ta c
f =
( x) x 2n1 2n (2n + 1) x .
Suy ra f(x) i du t dng sang m khi i qua x =
2n
.
2n + 1
(2n) 2 n
2n
.
V vy =
max f ( x) f=
(0;1)
2n + 1 (2n + 1) 2 n +1
Ta chng minh
(2n) 2 n
(2n + 1)
2 n +1
2n + 1
2n
<
1
2ne
2 n +1
2n

2n + 1
2 n +1
<
1
e
> e (2n + 1) [ ln(2n + 1) ln(2n) ] > 1 .
1
(2) .
2n + 1
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s f ( x) = ln x trn [2n; 2n+1] suy ra tn ti
ln(2n + 1) ln(2n) >
c [ 2n;2n + 1] thuc sao cho f ( x) =

340
f (2n + 1) f (2n)
.
2n + 1 2n
1
1
>
(3) .
e 2n + 1
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra pcm.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau
Suy ra ln(2n + 1) ln(2n) =
a) x
x3
x3 x5
vi mi x > 0 .
< sin x < x +
6
6 120
b) 1
x2
x2 x4
vi mi x l s thc dng.
< cos x < 1
+
2
2 24
c)
1
2
sin x
<
1
x
+1
d) 1 < x.cos 2 x <

vi mi x 0; .
+2
4

vi mi x 0; .
4
e x
x4
e) 1 x
vi mi x thuc on [0;1].
1 x +
2 (1 + x )
x +1
Bi 2. Chng minh rng

4
4

a) Vi mi x 0; ta c sin x x 2 x 2 .
2
b) 3 x x3 <
2

vi x 0; .
sin 2 x
2
Bi 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s =
f ( x)
sin 3 x cos3 x

trn khong 0; .
+
cos x
sin x
4
Bi 4. Cho s nguyn dng n. Chng minh rng
k (2k 1) < 2ln 2 .

k =1
n
1
Bi 5. Chng minh rng: 1 + ln n > > ln(n + 1), n N * .
i =1 i
Bi 6. Tm GTNN ca hm s f ( x=
)
x
1
x x
x2 + x + 1 + x2 x + 1 .
1
x x
2
> , x ( 0;1) .
e
Bi 8. Chng minh rng vi mi x ta c
Bi 7. Chng minh rng
17 cos 2 x + 4cos x + 6 + cos 2 x 2cos x + 3 2 + 11 .

341
Bi 9. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =
khong (1;6] .
1+ x + 3
trn na
x 1
Bi 10. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =

( x + 1) 1 x 2 .
Bi 11. (TSH Khi D 2010) Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
y = x 2 + 4 x + 21 x 2 + 3 x + 10 .
Bi 12. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =x +
11
7
+ 2 1 + 2 trn khong
2x
x
( 0;+ ) .
Bi 13. (TSH Khi B 2003) Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
y =x + 4 x 2 .
Bi 14. (TN THPT 2014) Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s

1 2
=
y
x x 4 x x2 .
4
Bi 15. (TSH Khi D 2003) Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s

x +1
trn on [ 1;2] .
y=
x2 + 1
Bi 16. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = e x 1 x
on [ 0;1] .
Bi 17. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s y =
ln x
x2 + 1
x2
trn
2
trn on
1
2 ;1 .

Bi 18. (TSH Khi B 2004) Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =
ln 2 x
trn on
x
1;e3 .
Bi 19. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm =

s y sin 5 x + 3 cos x .
Bi 20. Chng minh rng e x + cos x 2 + x
342
x2
vi mi s thc x.
2
Bi 21. Chng minh rng 1 + x ln x + x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 vi mi s thc x.
Bi 22. Chng minh rng ln 1 + 1 + x 2 < ln x +

Bi 25. Cho hm s
1
vi mi s thc dng x.
x
2
x + 1) 2
(
. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht
f ( x) =
x2 + 1
ca hm
s y f ( x). f (1 x) trn on [ 1;1] .
=
x
2
Bi 26. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =
trn
x
cos x + 2sin
2

on 0; .
2
Bi 27. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
sin x + 2cos
x +1 + 2 3 x + 2
.
2 x +1 + 3 x +1
Bi 28. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
y=
y = x 2013 + 2015 x 2 .
sin x
1+
cos x
1
2
.
Bi 29. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x ta c 3 2
+2
2
Bi 30. Tm tt c cc s thc a bt ng thc sau lun ng vi mi x khng
m ln (1 + x ) x ax 2 .
Bi 31. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca k bt ng thc sau ng vi mi s thc a v
b khng m e a +b 1 + a + b + k ( a b ) .
2
Bi 31. p s: k= e 2 .
Bi 32. Chng minh rng vi mi x > 2 ta c ( x + 1) cos
Bi 33. Chng minh rng vi mi 0 < x < 1 ta c
x +1
x cos
> 1.
1
x x2
x
ln
ln
< 4 .
2
2
1 x
x x x + 1
Bi 34. Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n 3 ta c n n +1 ( n + 1) .

n
Bi 35. Cho tam gic ABC c A B C < 900 .

2cos3C 4cos 2C + 1
Chng minh
2.
cos C
343
Bi 36. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin a 6, b 8, c 3 . Chng

minh vi mi x 1 ta c x 4 ax 2 bx c 0 .
1
Bi=
37. Cho I n x tan xdx, n 1 . Chng minh I n >

n+ 2 4
0
4
n+2
Bi 38. (i hc khi A, 2004) Cho tam gic ABC khng t, tha mn iu kin
cos 2 A + 2 2 cos B + 2 2 cos C =
3 (1) .
Tnh cc gc ca tam gic ABC.

D. HNG DN GII P
1
1 sin 2 2 x
2 sin 2 2 x
2
.
=
1
sin 2 x
sin 2 x
2
(1 sin 2 x )( 2 + sin 2 x ) + 1 1, x 0;
=
sin 2 x
2
sin 4 x + cos 4 x
Bi 3. =
Ta c f ( x)
=
sin x cos x
Vy gi tr nh nht ca f(x) bng 1 t ti x =
x 2 x3
x 2 n 1 x 2 n
Bi 4. Xt hm s f ( x)= ln(1 + x) x
+
... +
+
2
3
2n 1 2n
trn [ 0;+ ) . Hm s ng bin trn [ 0;+ ) suy ra f ( x) > f (0) , pcm.

1
Bi 5. Xt f ( x) =
ln x f '( x) = v f '( x) nghch bin trn (0 : +) .
x
Tng t bi ton trn ta c:
n
f (n) f (1) + f '(1) > f '(i ) > f (n + 1) f (1), n N *

i =1
1
1 + ln n > > ln(n + 1), n N *
i =1 i
Bi 6. Xt hm s f ( x)=
344
x 2 + x + 1 + x 2 x + 1 trn R. Ta c
x+
f ( x) =
1
2
1
3
x+ +
2
4
1
2
x+
1
3
x +
2
4
1
2
2
1
3
x+ +
2
4
1
x
2
2
3
1
x +
4
2
= g x + + g x
2
2
vi mi x, trong=
g (t )
, t R.
3
t +
4
V hm g ng bin trn R nn f ( x) = 0 x = 0
2
f ( x) > 0 g x + > g x x > 0

2
iu chng t f(x) t cc tiu ti x = 0. V vy min f ( x) = 2 x = 0 .
Bi tp tng t
Tm tp gi tr ca hm s f ( x)=
x2 + 2 x + 4 x2 2 x + 4 .
Bi 7. HD: Xt hm s
x
x
x
f (=
x) x1 x + x1=
x1 x + x.x1=
(1 + x) x1 x , x ( 0;1) .
Bi
9. Ta c y '
=
x 7 2 x + 3
2 x + 3 ( x 1)
< 0, x (1;6] .
Do hm s nghch bin trn (1;6] .

V vy y=
y=
(6)
min
4
, khng tn ti max.
5
Bi 10. Tp xc nh: D =
Ta c y ' =
2 x 2 x + 1
1 x2
[ 1;1] .
1
x=
; y ' = 0 2x + x 1 = 0
2 .
1
x
1 3 3
Ta c y (1)= y (1)= 0; y =
.
4
2
1 3 3
Vy ymax = y =
; ymin = y (1) = 0 .
4
2
x 2 + 4 x + 21 0
Bi 11. iu kin:
2 x 5 .
2
x + 3 x + 10 0
345
Xt hm s y = x 2 + 4 x + 21 x 2 + 3 x + 10 trn on [-2;5] ta c
y'
2 x + 4
2 x + 4 x + 21
2
2 x + 3
2 x 2 + 3x + 10
y ' =0 ( 2 x + 4 ) x 2 + 3 x + 10 =
( 2 x + 3) x 2 + 4 x + 21
( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 4 ) 0
1
x=
2
2
2
2
3
( 2 x + 3) x + 4 x + 21
( 2 x + 4 ) x + 3 x + 10 =
1
Ta c y (=
2) 3; y =

3
1
Vy =
ymin y=

3
2
Ch . y > 0; y=
2; =
y (5) 4 .
2.
( x + 3)( 5 x ) ( x + 2 )( 7 x ) )
+22 y 2.
Kho st hm s cho ta c kt qu max.

Bi 12. Ta c
1
y' =
11
2 x2
14
7
1+ 2
x
y ' = 0 2 x 2 11
( 2x
=
11
x 2 + 7 28
2 x2 x2 + 7
x 2 + 7 28 = 0 x = 3
Ta c y i du t m sang dng khi i qua x = 3 nn y t cc tiu ti x = 3 .

15
.
V vy y=
y=
(3)
min
2
Bi tp tng t
Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = 2 x +
Ta c y ' =1
x
4 x
1
1
+ 2 1 + 2 vi x > 0 .
x
x
[ 2;2] .
; y ' =0 4 x 2 =x x = 2 .
Suy ra y (2) =
2; y ( 2) =
2 2; y (2) =
2.
Vy ymax =
y ( 2) =
2 2; ymin =
y (2) =
2 .
Bi 14. Tp xc nh: D = [ 0;4] .
346
Ta c y ' =
1
1
2 x
1
x 1
= ( x 2) +
2
4 x x2
4 x x2
2
; y ' = 0 x = 2 .
Suy ra y (0) =
0; y (2) =
3; y (4) =
0.
V vy y=
y=
(0) y=
(4) 0; y=
y=
(2) 3 .
max
min
Bi 15. Ta c y ' =
1 x
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
Suy ra y (=
1) 0; y=
(1)
V vy ymax = y (1) =
; y ' = 0 x =1.
2; y (2)
=
3
.
5
2; ymin = y (1) = 0 .
Bi 16. Ta c
y '= e x 1 x; y ''= e x 1 0, x [ 0;1]
.
5
y ' y '(0) =0 ymax =y (1) =e ; ymin =y (0) =0
2
Ch . e x 1 + x +
x2
xn
+ ... + , x 0, n N * .
2
n!
Bi 17. Ta c
1 2
1
x + 1 2 x ln x x + 2 x ln x
2 2 x ln x
1
x
x
=
y'
=
> 0, x ;1 .
2
2
2
2
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
4ln 2
1
Suy ra ymin =
y =
; ymax =
y (1) =
0.
5
2
x =1
ln x ( 2 ln x )
ln x = 0
.
Bi 18. Ta c y ' =2
; y' =
0
2
x
ln x = 2
x = e
Suy ra
=
y (1) 0;=
y (e 2 )
2
V vy ymax
= y (e=
)
4
e
4
=
; y (e3 )
9
e3
; ymin
= y=
(1) 0 .
e2
Bi 19. V hm s cho tun hon vi chu k T = 2 nn ta ch cn tm gi tr
ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn on [ 0;2 ] .
Ta c =
y ' 5sin 4 x cos x 3 sin=
x sin x 5sin 3 x cos x 3 ;
y' =
0 sin x 5sin 3 x cos x 3 (1)
Ch .
347
1
1 3cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x
3
.
sin x cos=
x
3cos 2 x.sin 2 x.sin 2 x.sin 2 x
<
3
3
4
27
V vy (1) sin x = 0 x = k x = 0, x = , x = 2 .
Suy ra y (0) = y (2 ) =
3; y ( ) = 3 .
Vy ymax = y (0) = y (2 ) =
3; ymin = y ( ) = 3 .
Bi 20. Xt hm s y = e x + cos x +
x2
x 2 ta c
2
y ' = e x sin x + x 1; y '' = e x cos x + 1 > 0, x .
Mt khc y '(0) = 0 nn y ' > 0, x ( 0; + ) ; y ' < 0, x ( ;0 ) .

Do hm s t cc tiu ti x = 0 . V vy y y (0) =
0 (pcm).
Bi 21. Xt hm s y =1 + x ln x + x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 ta c
y' =
ln x + x 2 + 1 ; y ' =
0 x + x2 + 1 =
1 x =
0.
Ta c y i du t m sang dng khi i qua x = 0 nn t cc tiu ti x = 0 .

V vy y y (0) =
0 (pcm).
x 2 (1 x ) + 8 x (1 x ) 2
2
Bi 25. Tnh c y =
x 2 (1 x ) 2 x (1 x ) + 2
2
t 2 + 8t 2
1
t =
.
t x (1 x ) 2; , x [ 1;1] khi y = 2
4
t 2t + 2
Ta c y ' =
2 5t 2 4t 6
(t
2t + 2
) ; y ' = 0 5t
1
t 2;
4
4t 6 = 0 t =
2 34
.
5
2 34
1 1
.
Tnh cc gi tr suy ra ymin =
y
4 34; ymin =
y =
=
5
4 25
3x
sin 1

2
Bi
26. Ta c y '
=
0, x 0; .
2
2
x
cos x + 2sin
2
2

V vy ymin = y (0) = 2; ymax = y = 1 +
.
2
2
348
[ 1;3] .
Do
x +1
) +(
Khi y =
3 x
2t 2 4t 6
t 2 8t 3
= 4 t [ 0;1] | x + 1 =
4t
t2 +1
, 3 x=
2 1 t2
t2 +1
).
.
4
; ymax
= y=
(0) 2 .
5
T d c ymin
= y=
(1)
Bi 28. Tp xc nh: D = 2015; 2015 .

Ta c y ' =
2013 +
2015 2 x 2
2015 x
; y ' =
0
2 x 2 2015 =
2013 2015 x 2 .
2 x 2015 0
2
x=
2014
= 20132 2015 x 2
2 x 2015
2
Suy ra ymax =
y ( 2014) =
2014 2014; ymin =
y ( 2014) =
2014 2014 .
Bi 29. t
=
y 2
sin x
Ta c y ' =2t ln 2
+2
v t sin x , t [ 0;1] khi =

=
y 2t + 2
cos x
t
1 t2
1t 2
ln 2; y ' =0 2t =
t
1 t2
1t 2
1t 2
0 < t < 1
2t 2 1t 2
(1)
=
1 t2
t
Xt hm s f (a ) =
=
f '(a )
2a
trn khong ( 0;1) ta c
a
2a ( a ln 2 1)
a2
V vy (1) f (t ) = f
< 0, a ( 0;1) . Do f(a) nghch bin trn khong ( 0;1) .
( 1 t ) t =
1 1+
Ta c y=
(0) y=
(1) 3; y =
2
2
1
2
1
.
2
1 t2 t =
1 1+
Suy ra ymin
= y=
= y =
(0) y=
(1) 3; ymax
2
2
1
2
(pcm).
349
Bi tp tng t
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x ta c 8 4
sin x
+ 4.2
cos x
5.4
1
5
Bi 30. Xt hm s f ( x)= ax 2 x + ln (1 + x ) trn [ 0;+ ) .

Ta cn tm a f ( x) 0, x 0 .
x
( 2ax + 2a 1) .
x +1
+ Nu a 0 f '( x) 0 f ( x) f (0) =
0 khng tho mn.
Ta c =
f '( x)
1
1 2a
.
f '( x) = 0 x = 0 hoc x =
2
2a
Khi f ( x) f (0) =
0 khng tho mn.
+ Nu 0 < a <
1
2ax + 2a 1 0 f '( x) 0 f ( x) f (0) =
0 tho mn.
2
1
Vy gi tr cn tm ca a l : a .
2
+ Nu a
Bi 32. HD: S dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s y = t cos
x
.
1 x
n +1
n
Bi 34. Ly logarit t nhin hai v ta cn chng minh
.
ln ( n + 1) ln n
Bi 33. Hng dn s dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s y = ln
ln x 1
x
vi x 3 ta c f=
'( x)
> 0, x 3 .
ln x
ln 2 x
T suy ra f (n + 1) > f (n) .
Xt hm s f ( x) =
1
Bi 35. a v chng minh y = 8t 3 8t 2 8t + 5 0, t = cos C 0; .
2
1

Bi 37. S dng tan x x, x 0; I n > 4 x n +1dx =

0
n+ 2 4
4
thm ch K thut nh gi bt ng thc Tch phn).
A 1
.
Bi 38. T gi thit 0 < A , suy ra 0 < sin
2
2
2
Ta c (1) 1 2sin 2 A + 2 2 ( cos B + cos C ) =

3
sin 2 A + 2 2 sin
350
A
BC
.cos
=1
2
2
( 2)
n+2
. (Xem
A
B C
A
.cos
2 2 sin
( 3)
2
2
2
A
T (2) v (3) ta c sin 2 A + 2 2 sin 1 0 .
2
A
t t = sin th bt ng thc tr thnh: 4t 2 1 t 2 + 2 2t 1 0
2
Li c 2 2 sin
( 4)
Xt hm f ( t ) = 4t 4 4t 2 + 2 2t 1 .
Ta phi c f ( t ) 0 vi 0 < t
1
5
(5).
f ( t ) = 16t 3 8t + 2 2; f ( t ) = 48t 2 8 f ( t ) = 0 t =
Suy ra f ( t ) < 0 0 < t <
1
6
; f ( t ) < 0
1
6
<t <
1
V vy f ( t ) f
> 0 nn f(t) ng bin trn
6
1
6
1
2
1
0;
.
2
1
Do f ( t ) f
0.
=
2
V vy du bng xy ra khi v ch khi t =
1
2
sin
A
=
2
1
2
A=
y = x + x 12, y 0 x + x 12 0 4 x 3
2
Thay vo ta c cos
BC
=1 B =C = .
2
4
CH 2: K THUT S DNG TNH N IU CHO BI TON
CC TR V BT NG THC HAI BIN S

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Nguyn tc chung ca k thut ny l dng php th(rt bin x theo y hoc
ngc li) thay vo biu thc cn tm cc tr a v kho st hm mt bin. Tuy
nhin nu tinh t s dng cc bt ng thc c bn(tng v tch i xng vi hai
bin) v nhn ra cc php t c bit a v mt bin mi chung gia hai bin s
gip ta x l bi ton n gin hn.
1. K thut th bin a v kho st hm mt bin
Rt x theo y(hoc rt y theo x) thay vo biu thc cn tm cc tr(bt ng
thc) a v kho st hm mt bin(bt phng trnh).
Nh vy k nng cn c l bi ton kho st tnh n iu ca hm mt bin s.
351
V d 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn iu kin y 0, x 2 + x y 12 =

0.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = xy + x + 2 y + 17 = 0 .
Li gii
T gi thit ta c: y = x + x 12, y 0 x 2 + x 12 0 4 x 3 .
2
Khi P = x x 2 + x 12 + x + 2 x 2 + x 12 + 17 = x3 + 3 x 2 9 x 7 .
Xt hm s f ( x) = x3 + 3 x 2 9 x 7 lin tc trn on [ 4;3] ta c:
x =1
f '( x) =3 x 2 + 6 x 9; f '( x) =0
x = 3
Ta c f (4) =
13, f (3) =
20, f (1) =
12, f (3) =
20
max f ( x) =f (3) =f (3) =

20, min f ( x) =
f(1) =
12 .
x[ 4;3]
x[ 4;3]
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 20 t ti ( x=
; y)
nht ca P bng 12 t ti ( x; y=
)
( 3;0 ) ; ( 3; 6 ) v gi tr nh
(1; 10 ) .
V d 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn iu kin 2 x y =

2.
x 2 + ( y + 1) + x 2 + ( y 3) .
2
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c: =
y 2 x 2 thay vo biu thc ca P ta c
=
P
Xt hm s f (=
x)
5 x 2 4 x + 1 + 5 x 2 20 x + 25 .
5 x 2 4 x + 1 + 5 x 2 20 x + 25 lin tc trn ta c:
=
f '( x)
5x 2
5x 4x + 1
2
5 x 10
5 x 20 x + 25
2
f '( x) =
0 ( 5 x 2 ) 5 x 2 20 x + 25 =
( 5 x 10 ) 5 x 2 4 x + 1
( 5 x 2 )( 5 x 10 ) 0
2
2
2
2
( 5 x 2 ) 5 x 20 x + 25 = ( 5 x 10 ) 5 x 4 x + 1
2
2
x2
5
x=
3
24 x 2 16 x =
0
2
T suy ra P =f ( x) f =2 5 .
3
2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = , y = .
3
3
352
V d 3. Cho a,b l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b =

1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =3 1 + 2a 2 + 2 40 + 9b 2 .
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c a =1 b, ( 0 < b < 1) .
Khi P = 3 1 + 2 (1 b ) + 2 40 + 9b 2 .
2
Xt hm s f (b) = 3 1 + 2 (1 b ) + 2 40 + 9b 2 vi 0 < b < 1 ta c

2
=
f '(b)
6 ( b 1)
2b 4b + 3
2
18b
9b 2 + 40
f '(b) =0 (1 b ) 9b 2 + 40 =3b 2b 2 4b + 3
(1 b ) 9b +=
40 9b
2
( 2b
4b + 3
2
3
1
2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 5 11 t ti=
.
a =
;b
3
3
( b + 2 )( 3b 2 ) 3b 2 10b + 10 = 0 b =
V d 4. Cho a,b l hai s thc tha mn a 2 + b 2 =

1.
3 3
.
4
Li gii
Chng minh rng ab + max {a, b}
Nu a v b tri du khi ab + max {a, b} max {a, b} 1 <
3 3
ta c ngay iu
4
phi chng minh.

Vy a v b cng du v nu c a v b u m khi :
ab + max {a, b} ab
a 2 + b2 1 3 3
, ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
= <
2
2
4
Xt vi a, b 0 khi khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b} ta cn

chng minh: ab + a
3 3
.
4
T iu kin ta c: a =
1 b 2 ab + a = f (b) = ( b + 1) 1 b 2 .
Xt hm s f (b) =
( b + 1) 1 b2 trn on [0;1] ta c:
f '(b) =
(1 + b )(1 2b ) ; f '(b) = 0 b = 1 .
1 b2
353
Ta c f(b) i du t dng sang m khi i qua b =

tr cc i hay f (b)
1
1 3 3
nn f =
l gi
4
2
2
3 3
. Ta c ngay iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy
4
3
1
=
,b
.
2
2
Cch 2: Thc hin lp lun nh trn v s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
ra khi v ch khi
=
a
ab + a= a ( b + 1)=
1
3 1
. 2. .a 2. .b + 1
3 2 2
5
2 3
a + + b2 +
1 2 3 2 5 1
3 3
4
4 =
a + b +
4
4
2
4
3
3
2. K thut x l vi biu thc i xng hai bin

Bc 1: T iu kin t t= x + y (hoc t = xy ) rt t theo xy(hoc x+y).
Bc 2: Thay vo biu thc ca P ta c mt hm s vi t.
Bc 3: Tm min gi tr ca t da vo bt ng thc c bn ( x + y ) 4 xy (hoc
2
iu kin rng buc ca bin bi cho). Ta tm c min gi tr ca t l [ a; b ] .

Bc 4: Xt hm s f(t) trn on [ a; b ] t tm c gi tr ln nht, nh nht
ca f(t) v suy ra gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca P.
Ch . i khi cn nh gi P thng qua cc bt ng thc c bn trc tin
gim s cng knh ca hm f(t) gip bi ton thc hin n gin hn. Mt s bi
ton c th thc hin theo nh gi iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh bc 2.
Du hin nhn bit:
- Rt c bin ny theo kin kia v a biu thc v dng mt bin.
- Biu thc c dng i xng gia tng v tch.
- Biu thc c dng i xng gia cc bin.
- Biu thc l tng hp ca cc hm(hm a thc,cn thc, lng gic, m v
logarit).
Mt s nh gi c bn:
a) Vi hai s thc khng m x,y ta c:
t2
,0 t 2 x 2 + y 2 .
4
a
b
2
.
b) Vi a,b dng ta c
+
b + ab a + ab 1 + ab
t = x + y xy
354
V d 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc khng m thay i tha mn iu kin
4 x 2 + y 2 + xy 1 + 2 ( x + y ) .
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = xy + x + y x 2 y 2 .

Li gii
2
1
2
x+ y
2
2
Nhn xt. Ta c: xy
, x y ( x + y) .
2
2
Do vy tm gi tr ln nht ca P ta quy v n t= x + y v vic u tin cn
lm l tm khong gi tr ca t= x + y .
2
1
1
2
2
x+ y
Ta c: P
( x + y) + x + y .
+ x + y ( x + y) =
2
4
2
1
t =
t
x + y , (t 0) P t 4 + t .
4
Xut pht t iu kin bi ton ta c:
2
2
2
4 ( x + y ) xy 1 + 2 ( x + y ) 4 ( x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) 1 4 xy ( x + y ) .
1
Suy ra 3t 2 2t 1 0 t 1 do t > 0 nn 0 < t 1 .
3
1
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t 4 + t vi 0 < t 1 ta c:
4
3
3
f '(t ) =t 3 + 1 0, t ( 0;1] f (t ) f (1) = P .
4
4
3
1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng t ti x= y=
.
4
2
V d 2(TSH Khi D 2014) Cho hai s thc x,y tho mn cc iu kin
1 x 2;1 y 2 .
x + 2y
x + 3y + 5
2
y + 2x
y + 3x + 5
2
1
.
4 ( x + y 1)
Li gii
Do 1 x 2 nn ( x 1)( x 2 ) 0 x 2 + 2 3 x .
Tng t ta c y 2 + 2 3 y .
Suy ra P
=
1
x + 2y
y + 2x
+
+
3x + 3 y + 3 3x + 3 y + 3 4 ( x + y 1)
1
x+ y
+
x + y + 1 4 ( x + y 1)
355
t t = x + y, ( 2 t 4 ) ta c P f (t ) =
t
1
.
+
t + 1 4 ( t 1)
V d 3. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng.

1
x
1
y
5
+ ln(xy) .
2
x +y
2
Li gii
Nhn xt. Biu thc i xng vi x v y d on du bng xy ra ti x = y, khi
1
x
1
y
1
x +y
2
5
2x
5
1
1
1
5
nn ta nh gi 2 + 2 + 2
vi
.
2
2 xy
2xy
x
y
x +y
Ta c:
1
x
1
y
1
x +y
2
5 1
1
2 1
1
= 2 + 2 + 2
2
xy x + y
2 xy x
2 xy
y
1
1
=
( x y ) 2 2
2 2
2
2
x y
x y
2 xy x + y
2 xy x 2 + y 2
( x y )2 2 x 2 + y 2 xy ( x y )2 [ 2.2 xy xy ]
=
0
2 x2 y 2 x2 + y 2
2 x2 y 2 x2 + y 2
2
2
x y)
x y)
(
(
=
(
(
Vy P
t
=
t
)
)
5 1
1
5 1
+ ln( xy ) = ln .
2 xy
2 xy
xy
5
1
, ( t > 0 ) khi P f (t ) = ( t ln t ) .
2
xy
Xt hm s f =
(t )
f '(t ) =
5
( t ln t ) vi t > 0 ta c:
2
5 1
1 ; f '(t ) = 0 t = 1 .
2 t
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = 1 nn f(t) t cc tiu ti

5
.
t = 1 hay P f (t ) f (1) =
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 1 .
356
5
t ti x= y= 1 .
2
V d 4. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn iu kin 3 xy + 3 = x 4 + y 4 +

=
P x2 y 2 +
16
x + y2 + 2
2
2
.
xy
Li gii
Xut pht t gi thit ta c: 3 ( xy + 1) = x 4 + y 4 +
2
2
.
2 x2 y 2 +
xy
xy
2 x3 y 3 + 2 3 x 2 y 2 + 3 xy 2 x3 y 3 3 x 2 y 2 3 xy + 2 0
1
( xy + 1)( 2 xy 1)( xy 2 ) 0 xy 2
2
16
8
Khi P x 2 y 2 +
.
= x2 y 2 +
2 xy + 2
xy + 1
8
1
.
t
=
t xy, t 2 khi P f (t ) =
t2 +
t +1
2
Xt hm s f (t=
) t2 +
f '(t ) = 2t
( t + 1)2
8
lin tc trn
t +1
1
2 ;2 ta c:
; f '(t ) = 0 t = 1 .
20
11
20
1 67
Ta c=
suy ra P f (t ) f(2) =.
f =
, f (1) =
, f (2)
3
3
3
2 12
20
t ti x= y= 2 .
3
V d 5. Cho x, y l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x + y + xy =
3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:=

P 4(
x +1 3
y +1 3
) + 4(
) + x2 + y 2 .
y
x
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc a3 + b3 ab ( a + b ) ta c
x +1 y +1 x +1 y +1
2
2
P 4
+
+ x + y
y
x
y
x
16 x 2 + y 2 + x + y
2 2
x y
)+
x 2 + y 2 64 + 2
357
3. a thc c dng ng cp
Dng ton ny cp n trong ch k thut s dng tnh ng cp l
t x = t. y hoc y = t.x a v kho st hm mt bin vi t.
Dng ton ny vi nm tr li y thng xut hin trong thi TSH ca B v
k thut kh n gin nn cc em nm chc phng php c th hon ton x l c.
V d 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc khc 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
x4
y
y4
x
2(
x2
y
y2
x
)+
x y
+ .
y x
Li gii
4
x y
x y
x y
Ta c P = + 6 + + + + 6 .
y x
y x
y x
x y
t t =+ , t 2 khi P = t 4 6t 2 + t + 6 .
y x
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 4 6t 2 + t + 6 trn ( ; 2] [ 2; + ) , ta c
f '(=
t ) 4t 3 12t + 1; f ''(=
t ) 12t 2 12 > 0, t ( ; 2] [ 2; + ) .
Do f '(t ) f '(2) = 7, t ( ; 2]; f '(t ) f '(2) = 9, t [ 2; + ) .

V vy f(t) nghch bin trn ( ; 2] v ng bin trn [ 2;+ ) .
Suy ra f (t ) min { f (2), f (2)} =f (2) =
4 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng -4 t ti x = y .
V d 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng phn bit tha mn iu kin x 2 + 2 y =
12 .
4
x
4
y
5
8( x y )
Li gii
Ta thy P cha c dng ng cp tuy nhin kho lo s dng iu kin
Ta c: 12 = x 2 + 2 y = x 2 + y + y 3 3 x 2 y 2 xy 8 .
Suy ra
P
1 2 2 4
4 xy
5
1 x2 y 2 5
xy
x y 4 + 4 + .
=
2 + 2 + .
2
64
16 y
y 8 8( x y )
x 64 ( x y )2
x
2
5
1 x y
1
=
+ 2 + . x
16 y x
64 2 + y
y
x
358
x y
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) , do x,y dng phn bit.
y x
1 2
5 1
.
t 2 + .
64 t 2
16
1 2
5 1
trn ( 2;+ ) ta c
Xt hm s f (=
t)
t 2 + .
64 t 2
16
Khi P f (=
t)
f '(=
t)
t
5
5
2
t >2
.
=
; f '(=
t ) 0 8t ( t 2 ) =
5 0
t
2
8 64 ( t 2 )
2
5
5
f(t) i du t m sang dng nn ti t = f(t) t cc tiu hay
2
2
5 27
.
f (t ) f =
2 64
27
t ti=
x 2,=
y 4.
64
V d 3. Cho x,y l hai s thc khc 0. Chng minh rng
Ti t =
48 x 2 y 2
(x
+ y2
x2 y 2
+ 1001 2 + 2 2014 .
y
x
Li gii
2
x y 2
x y
48
+ 2 2014
+
+
+
1001
1001
4016 .
2
2
y x
y x
x y
x y
+
+
y x
y x
48
x y
x y
48
.3 + =
24
+ 3 + 2
2
2
y x
x y
x y y x
+
+
y x
y x
48
x y
998 + 998.22 =
3992
y x
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.
4. K thut kho st hm c trng
Nu bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng hm c trng f (a ) > f (b) hoc
f (a ) < f (b) .
359
Khi ta chng minh hm s f ( x) lun ng bin hoc lun nghch bin trn
min D thuc iu kin ca bi ton.
V d 1. (TSH Khi D 2007) Cho a b > 0 . Chng minh rng
b
a 1 b 1
2 + a 2 + b .
2
2
Li gii
(1 + 4 ) (1 + 4 )
a b
b a
Xt hm s f ( x) =
b ln 1 + 4
ln 1 + 4 x
x
f '( x)
) (
(1 + 4 )
x2
ln 1 + 4a
a
) vi x > 0 ta c
4 ln 4 1 + 4 ln 1 + 4 x
x
) a ln (1 + 4 )
b
) ln (1 + 4 ) .
b
) < 0, x > 0 .
Do f(x) l hm nghch bin trn ( 0;+ ) . V vy vi a b f (a ) f (b) .

V d 2. Chng minh rng vi mi x, y ( 0;1) , x y ta c
1
y
x
ln
ln
>4
y x 1 y
1 x
(1) .
Li gii
Nu y > x th
y
x
y
x
ln
> 4 ( y x ) ln
4 y > ln
4x .
(1) ln
1 y
1 x
1 y
1 x
Nu y < x th
y
x
y
x
ln
< 4 ( y x ) ln
4 y < ln
4x .
(1) ln
1 y
1 x
1 y
1 x
Xt hm s=
f ( t ) ln
=
f (t )
t
4t vi t ( 0;1) . Ta c
1 t
1 t t
(2t 1) 2
=
4
> 0, t ( 0;1) .
t 1 t
t (1 t )
Suy ra f(t) tng trn (0;1). Suy ra f(y) > f(x) nu y > x v f(y) < f(x) nu y < x
360
1
y
x
ln
ln
> 4, x, y ( 0;1) , x y .
y x 1 y
1 x

Ch . Theo nh l Lagrange cho hm s y = ln
t
ta c
1 t
f ( y ) f ( x)
1
1
4
VT =
=
f '(c) =+
=
4 (pcm).
yx
c 1 c c +1 c
5. K thut xt ring l tng bin

Ni dung k thut ny ti s cp chi tip hn trong ni dung ch kho st
hm nhiu bin. Loi ton ny thng p dng vi cc bi ton cc tr khi cc bin
thuc on gi tr cho trc hoc c iu kin rng buc gia cc bin vi nhau.
V d 1. Xt hm s f ( x, y ) =
(1 x )( 2 y )( 4 x 2 y ) trn min
{( x, y ) | 0 x 1,0 y 2} .
=
D
Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm f trn min D.

Li gii
Bin i hm s cho thnh
f ( x, y ) = 2 (1 x )( 2 y )( (2 y ) 2(1 x) )
t u= 1 x, v = 2 y, ta chuyn v tm GTNN ca hm s:
=
E
F ( u, v ) =
2uv 2 + u 2 v trn min
{( u, v ) ,0 u 2,0 v 1} , ngha l
min F =
(u , v) min min (2uv 2 + u 2 v) .
0v1
0u 2
E
Xt hm s g ( v ) =
2uv 2 + u 2 v vi 0 v 1 , coi u l tham s. Ta c
g(v) =
4uv + u 2 =
u (4v + u ) .
Ta thy g(v) = 0 khi v0 =

dng sang m, suy ra
u 1
u
u
, m 0 v qua v0 = th g(v) i du t
4 2
4
4
m=
ax g ( v ) min { g (=
0 ) , g (1)} min 0; u 2 2u
0v 1
( do u 2 2u 0 ).
Vy min F (u , v) =
1 khi u = 1, v = 1. T
min (u 2 2u ) =
0u 2
min f ( x, y ) = 2 min F (u , v) = 2 khi x = 0, y = 1.

D
V d 2. Cho 0 < a, b 1 . Chng minh rng tan a.tan b tan ab .

Li gii
Gi s a b . t
=
f ( x ) tan b.tan x tan bx vi b x 1 . Ta c
( x)
f=
tan b
2
cos x
b
cos 2bx
.
361
suy ra f ( x ) > 0 , nn f
cos x cos 2bx
ng bin trn [b; 1]. V vy vi a b ta c f ( a ) f ( b ) . Suy ra
Do 0 < a, b 1 nn tan b > b > 0 v
tan a.tan b tan ab tan 2 b tan b 2
(1) .
t =
g ( x ) tan 2 x tan x 2 , c
( x)
g=
2 tan x
2x
> 0; x ( 0;1)
cos x cos 2 x
Suy ra g ( b ) > g ( 0 ) =
0 tan 2 b tan b 2 > 0
( 2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm.

V d 3. Chng minh rng vi mi 0 < x <
cos ( x y )
v 0 < y <
4
4cos x cos y
( cos x + cos y )2
ta lun c
Li gii
x+ y
x y
Ta c cosx + cos y =
.
2cos
cos
2
2
Do vai tr x, y nh nhau nn ta c th gi s x y .
Khi vit li bt ng thc c vit li di dng
x+ y
x y
cos 2
cos 2
.cos ( x y ) cos x.cos y .
2
2
Ly logarit t nhin hai v ta c
x+ y
x y
2ln cos
+ 2ln cos
+ ln cos ( x y ) ln cos x + ln cos y .
2
2
n y ta xt hm s
f ( x) ln cos x + ln cos y 2ln cos
=
x+ y
x y

2ln cos
ln cos ( x y ) , x y; x, y 0;
2
2
4
Ta c f '( x) =
tan x + tan ( x y ) + 2 tan
=
x y
x+ y
.
+ 2 tan
2
2
sin y
x y
x+ y

+ 2 tan
+ 2 tan
> 0, x y; x, y 0;
cos x.cos ( x y )
2
2
4
Do f l hm tng. Do f ( x) f ( y ) =
0 , iu ny tng ng vi
x+ y
x y
+ 2ln cos
+ ln cos ( x y ) ln cos x + ln cos y .
2
2
Bi ton c chng minh hon ton. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y .
2ln cos
362
6. K thut s dng nh l Lagrange

V d 1. Cho hai s thc dng a, b tha mn a < b. Chng minh rng:
ba
b ba
< ln <
b
a
a
Li gii
1
Xt hm s f ( x=
) ln x f '( x=
)
, x (0; +).
x
f (b) f (a )
.
Theo nh l Lagrange lun tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f '(c) =
ba
1 ln b ln a
a b
b
V vy=
= ln
c
ba
c
a
ba
b ba
1 1 1
Mt khc 0 < a < b < c < <
(pcm).
< ln <
b
a
a
b c a
7. Kt hp s dng cc bt ng thc c bn AM GM ; Cauchy Schwarz
vic kho st hm s thun tin v n gin trc khi chng minh bt ng
thc hoc tm Min, Max ta nh gi qua cc i lng trung bnh ca hai bin s
x+ y
x2 + y 2
, xy ,
) hoc kt hp s dng mt s bt ng thc ph quen bit.
2
2
Sau y l mt s nh gi hay c s dng:
1
1
2
3
+
x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) ; x3 + y 3 ( x + y ) .
2
4
+
+
e x x + 1, x 0;ln ( x + 1) x, x 0 .
x2 + y 2 + a 2 + b2
( a + x )2 + ( b + y )2 .
V d 1. (TSH Khi B 2006) Cho x,y l hai s thc thay i.

( x 1)2 + y 2 + ( x + 1)2 + y 2 +
y2 .
Li gii
Trn mt phng ta Oxy, xt cc im M(1-x; y) v N(1+x; y).
Ta c OM + ON MN, suy ra
( x 1)2 + y 2 + ( x + 1)2 + y 2
4 + 4 y2 .
ng thc xy ra khi x = 0, ta c P 2 1 + y 2 + y 2 .
Xt hm s f ( y )= 2 1 + y 2 + y 2 .
*) Vi y 2 th f ( y )= 2 1 + y 2 + y 2 l hm ng bin.
*) Vi y < 2 th f ( y )= 2 1 + y 2 + 2 y c =
f ( y )
2y
1 + y2
1 .
363
Khi f ( y ) = 0 y =
1
.
3
1
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f(y) ta c min P =2 + 3 ( x; y ) =0; .
3
Ch . Ta c th s dng bt ng thc Mincopski:
( x 1)2 + y 2 + ( x + 1)2 + y 2 (1 x + x + 1)2 + 4 y 2=
2 y2 + 1 .
V d 2. (TSH Khi B 2011) Cho a,b l s thc dng tha mn iu kin
2 a 2 + b 2 + ab = ( a + b )( ab + 2 ) .
a 3 b3 a 2 b 2
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 4 3 + 3 9 2 + 2 .
b
a b
a
Li gii
a b
Nhn xt. P c th biu din theo t=
+ nn ta ngh n vic nh gi
b a
a b
t=
+ da vo iu kin bi ton.
b a
a b
t t=
+ , khi
b a
a b 3
a b 2
a b
P = 4 + 3 + 9 + 2 = 4t 3 9t 2 12t + 18 .
b a
b a
b a
Xut pht t iu kin ta c:

a
b
a b
1 1
1 1
2 + + 1= + ( ab + 2 ) 2 2ab + = 2 2
+
.
a
b a
a b
a b
b
Suy ra 2t + 1 2 2. t + 2 t
5
.
2
Xt hm s f (t ) = 4t 3 9t 2 12t + 18 trn ; + ta c:
2
f '(=
t ) 12t 2 18t 12 > 0, t
5
nn f(t) ng bin trn
2
2 ; + suy ra
23
5
P=
f (t ) f =
.
4
2
364
23
t ti=
a 2,=
b 1 hoc =
a 1,=
b 2.
4
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho x,y l 2 s thc dng tha mn iu kin
6 x 2 + y 2 + 20 xy = 5 ( x + y )( xy + 3) .

x4 y 4
x3 y 3
x2 y 2
P = 9 4 + 4 16 3 + 3 + 25 2 + 2 .
y
y
y
x
x
x
2) Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tha mn iu kin
(a
+ 2b 2
)(
+ 3a 2b 2 =2 a 2 + b 2 a 2 + 2b 2 .

=
P
a 3 + b3
b3
( a + b )2 + 2a 2 + 5b 2 ( a b )2 + 2a 2 + 5b 2
.
+ 3 +
2
2
a
ab a + 2b
8b3
V d 3. Cho a,b l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin

a+b+2
12 .
( a + 2 )( b + 2 ) =
a3
b3
48
.
+
+
b+2 a+2 a+b
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
1
(12 a b )2 =
4
a+2+b+2
.
2
( a + 2 )( b + 2 )
t t = a + b, ( 0 < t < 12 ) suy ra (12 t ) ( t + 4 ) t + 4 12 t t 4 .

2
a 4 + b 4 + 2 a 3 + b3
a 3 ( a + 2 ) + b3 ( b + 2 )
48
48
.
Khi P
=
=
+
+
a+b
a+b
( a + 2 )( b + 2 )
( a + 2 )( b + 2 )
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c a 4 + b 4
1
1
( a + b )4 ; a3 + b3 ( a + b )3 .
8
4
1
1
( a + b )4 + 2. ( a + b )3 48
4
Suy ra P 8
+
a+b
( a + 2 )( b + 2 )
=
( a + b )4 + 4 ( a + b )3 + 48
=
2
a+b
12 a b )
(
8.
t 4 + 4t 3
2 (12 t )
48
t
365
t 4 + 4t 3
Nhn xt. Nu ta xt hm
s f (t )
=
2 (12 t )
48
ny r rng y l mt hm s
t
phc tp nu o hm ln khng xc nh tnh dng m ca o hm trn khong

[ 4;+ ) . Do ta cn n gin hm s i bng cch nh gi
2 (12 t ) 2 (12 4 ) = 128
2
Vy ta c nh gi P f (t=
)
=
f (t )
Xt hm s
1
2 (12 t )
1
.
128
t 4 + 4t 3 48
+ .
128
t
t 4 + 4t 3 48
t 5 + 3t 4 1536
+ vi t =
4 ta c f '(t )
> 0, t 4 .
128
t
32t 2
Do f(t) ng bin trn [ 4;+ ) suy ra P f (t ) f (4) =

16 . ng thc xy ra
khi v ch khi a= b= 2 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 16 t ti a= b= 2 .
B. BI TON CHN LC
Bi 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn iu kin x + y =
1
2x 4 + y + 1 .

1
2
.
P = ( x + y) 9 x y +
x+ y
Li gii
Nhn xt. P l mt biu thc biu din theo t= x + y nn ta tm cch a v kho
st hm vi t= x + y nhng trc tin phi tm min gi tr ca t tha mn iu
kin bi ton.
t t= x + y xut pht t iu kin v bt ng thc C-S ta c:
x + y =
1
2 ( x 2) + y + 1
( 2 + 1)( x 2 + y + 1=)
3 ( x + y 1) .
t 1
1 t 4.
2
( t 1) 3 ( t 1)
Khi P = f (t ) = t 2 9 t +
Ta c f '(t )= 2t +
1
.
t
1
1
1
4t t 1
=
+
> 0, t [1;4] .
2 9 t 2t t 2 9 t
2t t
33
Suy ra max f (t ) =
5; min f (t ) =
f(4) =
f(1) =
22 2.
t[1;4]
t[1;4]
2
366
33
5 t ti=
x 4,=
y 0 . Gi tr nh nht
2
ca P bng 2 2 2 t ti x = 2, y = 1 .
Bi 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn iu kin xy + x + y =

3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x 2 + y 2
xy
3x
3y
.
x + y y +1 x +1
Li gii
Vit li P =( x + y )
( x + y ) 2 xy + 3 ( x + y ) .
xy
2 xy
3.
x+ y
xy + x + y + 1
2
t >0
t t = x + y xy = 3 t . Ta c ( x + y ) 4 xy t 2 4 ( 3 t )
t 2 .
2
12 3
.
t 2
12 3
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 t trn [ 2;+ ) ta c
t 2
Khi P = t 2 t
f '(t) = 2 t 1 +
12
t2
t 2 ( 2t 1) + 12
t2
> 0, t 2 .
3
Do f(t) l hm ng bin trn [ 2;+ ) suy ra P =
f (t ) f (2) =
.
2
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti x= y= 1 .
2
Bi 3. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn iu kin
(x
+ y 2 + 1 + 3x 2 y 2 + =
1 4 x2 + 5 y 2 .
x 2 + 2 y 2 3x 2 y 2
x2 + y 2 + 1
Li gii
Nhn xt. n i lng x + y 2 + 1 t iu kin v biu thc ca P ta ngh
2
n vic bin i P theo x 2 + y 2 + 1 da vo iu kin bi ton.
T gi thit ta c: x 2 + y 2 + 1 + 3 x 2 y 2 + 1= 4 x 2 + y 2 + 1 + y 2 4
x 2 + y 2 + 1 4 x 2 + y 2 + 1 + 5 = y 2 3x 2 y 2 .
x + y + 1) + ( y 3 x y 1) ( x
(=
2
Do P
x2 + y 2 + 1
2 2
+ y 2 + 1 3 x2 + y 2 + 1 + 4
x2 + y 2 + 1
.
367
t t = x 2 + y 2 + 1 khi P =
t 2 3t + 4
. Ta cn tm min gi tr ca t.
t
(x
+ y 2 + 1 + 3 x 2 y 2 + 1= 5 x 2 + y 2 + 1 x 2 5
(
(x
x2 + y 2 + 1 5 x2 + y 2 + 1 + 6 =
x 2 3x 2 y 2 0
2
)(
Vy xt hm s f (t ) =
f=
'(t)
+ y 2 + 1 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1 3 0 t [ 2;3]
t2 4
t2
t 2 3t + 4
lin tc trn [ 2;3] ta c:
t
0, t [ 2;3] . Vy f(t) l hm ng bin trn
[ 2;3] suy
ra
4
4
hay 1 P .
3
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti x = 0, y = 1 v gi tr ln nht ca P
1 = f (2) f (t ) f (3) =
bng
4
t ti x = 0, y = 2 .
3
Bi 4. Xt phng trnh ax3 x 2 + bx 1 =

0 vi a, b l cc s thc, a 0 , a b
sao cho cc nghim u l s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P=
5a 2 3ab + 2
a2 (b a )
Li gii
Gi u, v, s l ba nghim thc dng ca a thc ax3 x 2 + bx 1 .
1
b
1
Theo nh l Viete ta c u + v +=
s
=
=
; uv + vs + su
; uvs
(1) .
a
a
a
T suy ra a > 0, b > 0.
1
t c = . p dng BT AM GM cho ba s dng ta c
a
c = uvs = u + v + s 3 3 uvs = 3 3 c c3 27c c 3 3
Mt khc ( u + v + s ) 3 ( uv + vs + su=
)
2
Do c 2 =
( u + v + s )2 3 ( uv + vs + su ) =
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c
368
( 2) .
1
( u v )2 + ( v s )2 + ( s u )2 0 .
2
3bc
( 3)
b
1
5 3 + 2 3 c 5 3bc + 2c 2
5a 3ab + 2 1
a
a
P =
.=
=
2
b
a
bc 1
a (b a )
1
a
2
c 5 c 2 + 2c 2
5c ( c + 5 )
)=
( 4)
2
c2 3
c2
1
3
Xt hm s f ( c ) =
5c c 2 + 5
c2 3
) vi
c 3 3. Ta c f ( c ) 12 3 .
Du bng xy ra khi c = 3 3. Suy ra P 12 3 .

ng thc xy ra khi u= v= s=
3 , tc=
l a
1
=
,b
3 3
3.
Vy min P = 12 3 .
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a > b > c v
3ab + 5bc + 7ca 9 .
32
1
1
.
+
+
4
4
( a b ) ( b c ) ( c a )4
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c a > b > c 0 9 7ca + 5bc + 3ab 3ab ab 3 .
Khi :
32
1
1 a 2b 2 32
1
1
P
+
+
+
+
4
4
4
4
4
4
9
a
b
a
b
b
a
b
(
)
)
(
2
1
32a 2b 2
32
a 2 b2 1
a b
=
=
+
+
+ + 2
2
9 a 2 2ab + b 2 2 b 2 a 2 9 a b
b a
+ 2
b a
a b
1 32
2
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) . Do a > b, khi P=

f (t )
+
t
2
b a
9 ( t 2 )2
Xt hm s
=
f (t )
f '(t ) =
1 32
2
vi t > 2 ta c:
+
t
2
9 ( t 2 )2
1
64
3
; f '(t ) = 0 2t ( t 2 ) = 64 t = 4 .
+
2
t
3
9 (t 2)
369
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = 4 nn ti t = 4 th f(t) t

10
.
cc tiu hay P f (t ) f (4) =
9
=
a
6+3 3
c = 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: ab = 3

b = 2 + 3 2 3 3 .
a b
+ =
c = 0
4
b a
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 10/9 t ti
a = 6 + 3 3 , b = 2 + 3 2 3 3 , c =0 .
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. (TSC 2009) Cho a v b l hai s thc tha mn 0 < a ln a ln b .
Bi 2. Cho x,y l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x 2 xy + y 2 =
1.
2 xy
.
( x + 1)( y + 1)
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x + y
Bi 3. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn iu kin xy + x + y =

3.
4x
4y
+
+ 2 xy 7 3 xy .
y +1 x +1
Bi 4. Cho x, y > 0 thoa man iu kin x + 2 y xy =

0.
Tim gia tri nho nht cua biu thc
=
P
x2
y2
.
+
4 + 8y 1+ x
Bi 5. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng c tng bng 1. Chng minh rng
x
y
+
2.
1 x
1 y
Bi 6. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng thay i tha mn 3 x 2 + 8 y 3 =
20 .
4
x
4
y
( x y )2
Bi 7. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng phn bit tha mn xy 4 .

2
x
2
y
( x y )4
Bi 8. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn xy 3 .

370

P
( x y ) x y4
Bi 9. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn 8 ( x + 2 y ) xy =
5 x + 2 y ( 5 + 16 x ) .
4

P =x 2 + 4 y 2 +
(1 + 2 xy )2 + 7 xy 6 .
xy
Bi 10. Cho x,y l 2 s thc dng tha mn iu kin
6 x 2 + y 2 + 20 xy = 5 ( x + y )( xy + 3) .

x4 y 4
x3 y 3
x2 y 2
P = 9 4 + 4 16 3 + 3 + 25 2 + 2 .
y
y
y
x
x
x
Bi 11. Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tha mn iu kin
(a
+ 2b 2
)(
+ 3a 2b 2 =2 a 2 + b 2 a 2 + 2b 2 .

=
P
a 3 + b3
b3
( a + b )2 + 2a 2 + 5b 2 ( a b )2 + 2a 2 + 5b 2
.
+ 3 +
2
2
a
ab a + 2b
8b3
Bi 12. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn x + y =

1.
)(
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =x3 + 1 y 3 + 1 .

Bi 13. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn x 2 + y 2 =x + y .
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P = x3 + y 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 .
Bi 14. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn x3 + y 3 =
2.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc =
P x2 + y 2 .
Bi 15. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn x 1, y 1 v 3 ( x + y ) =
4 xy .
1
1
Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca biu thc P = x3 + y 3 + 3 2 + 2 .
y
x
Bi 16. Cho x,y l hai s thc khc 0 v tha mn xy ( x + y ) = x 2 + y 2 x y + 2 .

1 1
+ .
x y
371
Bi 17. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn x 2 + y 2 + xy =

3.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P = x3 + y 3 3 x 3 y .
Bi 18. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn x 2 + y 2 =
2.
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 2 x3 + y 3 3 xy .

Bi 19. Cho x,y l 2 s thc khng m tha mn x + y =
1.
x 2 y + xy 2
x 2 + y 2 xy
Bi 20. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn 2 x 2 + y 2 xy =

1.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P = 7 x 4 + y 4 + 4 x 2 y 2 .

Bi 21. Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tha mn a + b + 1 =
3ab .
3a
3b
1
1
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc=
P
+
2 2.
( a + 1) b ( b + 1) a a b
1
1
Bi 22. Cho cc s thc x, y 0; v x + y .
2
2
x+ y
.
1 x + 1 y
Bi 23. Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tha mn a + b =

6ab .
3a + 1
3b + 1
P
+ 2
+ ( 3a + b )( 3b + a ) .
2
9b + 1 9a + 1
Bi 24. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn iu kin x 2 y 2 + y 2 x 2 =
2.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = ( x + y ) 12 ( x 1)( y 1) + xy .
3
Bi 25. Cho a,b l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin

a 2 + b 2 + ab 1 a b .
1
1
=
P
+
+ 1 + ab .
1 + a2
1 + b2
Bi 26. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn x 4 + y 4 +

372
2
1+ x
2
1+ y
1
= xy + 2 .
xy
3
.
1 + 2 xy
Bi 27. Cho x,y l hai s thc thuc khong ( 0;1) v
(x
+ y3
) ( x + y )=
xy ( x 1)( y 1) .
1
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc=

P
1+ x
1+ y
+ 5 xy ( x + y ) .
2
Bi 28. (TSH Khi D 2009) Cho x,y l hai s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
x+ y=
1.
P=
( 4x
)(
+ 3 y 4 y 2 + 3 x + 25 xy .
Bi 29. (TSH Khi D 2012) Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn iu kin
( x 4 )2 + ( y 4 )2 + 2 xy 32 .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x3 + y 3 + 3 ( xy 1)( x + y 2 ) .
Bi 30. (TSH Khi B 2009) Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn iu kin
( x + y )2 + 4 xy 2 .
) (
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P= 3 x 4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1 .

Bi 31. Cho x,y l 2 s thc khng m tha mn xy ( x + y ) =
2.
) (
Chng minh rng 3 x3 + y 3 2 x 2 + y 2 + x + y + 4 0 .

Bi 32. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn
( xy + 1) ( 9
) (
xy 2 xy = 7 x 2 + y 2 2 xy + 2 .
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P = xy + xy +
1
1
.
+
xy
xy
Bi 33. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn 2 x 2 + y 2 =xy + 1 .

Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca biu thc P =
x4 + y 4
.
2 xy + 1
Bi 34. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn x 2 xy + y 2 =

1.
x4 + y 4 + 1
x2 + y 2 + 1
Bi 35. Cho x,y l 2 s thc tha mn x 4 + y 4 =

2 xy .
373
P = xy + 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) .
Bi 36. Cho x 2 + y 2 > 0 v x 4 + y 4 +=

2 2 x 2 + y 2 + xy .
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc =
P 2 x 2 y 2 + xy
4
x + y2
2
Bi 37. Cho x,y l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

=
P
x + y + x2 y 2
13xy
.
+
xy
1 + xy (1 + x + y )
Bi 38. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn x 4 x 2 y 2 + y 4 =

1.
2 xy
x +1
y +1
.
+
3 x + 1 3 y + 1 xy ( x + y ) + 2
Bi 39. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn xy + x + y =

3.
Bi 40. Cho x,y l hai s thc tha mn
3x
3y
xy
+
+
x2 y 2 .
y +1 x +1 x + y
x +1 + y +1 =
4.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P

= xy +
Bi 41. Cho cc s thc x,y tha mn x + y=
64
.
4 x y
x 1 + 2 y + 2 .

P = x 2 + y 2 + 2 ( x + 1)( y + 1) + 8 4 x y .
x 1 y 1
Bi 42. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn x + y=
+ 2 3
+
.
x
y
2
y2 3
2 x
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =( x y ) 4 + 4 .
y
xy
x
Bi 43. Cho x > 1, y > 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
=
P
x3 + y 3 x 2 y 2
+ 2 x 2 + y 2 16 xy .
( x 1)( y 1)
Bi 44. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

P=
374
x4 + y 4
( x + y)
x2 + y 2
( x + y)
5 xy
.
x+ y
Bi 45. Cho x,y l hai s thc khng m. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

P=
4 e
3x
+e
3y
2 4 ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 y + 1)
3
E. HNG DN GII P S
( a + 1) ln b > (b + 1) ln a bln+b1 > aln+a1 .

2
Vi 0 < a 0, x ( 0;1) .
2
2
2
2
x +1
x x +1
Vy f(x) ng bin trn khong ( 0;1) .

Do 0 < a f (a )
Bi ton c chng minh.
( x + y)
ln b
b +1
2
>
ln a
a2 + 1
2
x + y ) 1 x + y 2
(
3 xy = 1 xy =
1 x + y 2 .
=x+ y
2 3
.
3
Khi
P=x+ y
2.
( x + y )2 1
3
2
x + y) 1
(
x + y +1+
( x + y )2 1
.
2
( x + y ) + 3( x + y ) + 2
2 3
t2 1
.
.
3
t 2 + 3t + 2
Ta chng minh P 1 , tht vy ta cn chng minh.
t t = x + y,1 t 2 ta c P = t
2 3
t2 1
.
1
3
t 2 + 3t + 2
( t 1) 3 t 2 + 3t + 2 2 3 ( t + 1) 0
( t 1) ( 3t 2 + 3t + 6 )
3 t 2 + 3t + 2 + 2 3 ( t + 1)
0 ( t 1) ( 2 t ) 0
2
375
Bt ng thc lun ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi t = 1 hoc t = 2 tng

ng vi ( x; y ) = ( 0;1) ; (1;0 ) ; (1;1) .
Bi 3. Ta c:
P
4 x ( x + 1) + 4 y ( y + 1)
+ 2 xy 7 3 xy
( x + 1)( y + 1)
4 ( x2 + y 2 ) + 4 ( x + y )
xy + x + y + 1
+ 2 xy 7 3 xy
4 ( x + y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 8 xy
2
+ 2 xy 7 3 xy
=( x + y ) + x + y 7 3 xy 22 + 2 7 3.1 =4
2
Bi 4. Theo gia thit ta co : x + 2 y = xy =
1
1 x + 2y
.x.2 y
x + 2y 8
2
2 2
Theo bt ng thc C-S ta c :
(2y) ( x + 2y) = ( x + 2y) .

x2
y2
x2
+
=
+
4 + 8 y 1 + x 4 + 8 y 4 + 4x 4 + 8 y + 4 + 4x 8 + 4( x + 2 y )
2
Vy t t= x + 2 y va xet ham s
=
f (t )
Ta co
=
f '(t )
4t 2 + 8t
(8 + 4t )2
Suy ra min f=
(t )
t[8; + )
t2
,t 8 .
8 + 4t
> 0 vi t 8 .
(8)
f=
8
5
T o suy ra gia tri nho nht cua P bng
8
, khi=
x 4;=
y 2.
5
Bi 5. Ta c y = 1 x nn BT cn chng minh l
x
1 x
+
2, x (0; 1) .
1 x
x
Xt =
f ( x)
376
x
1 x
+
, x (0; 1). Ta c
1 x
x
1
2 x
1+ x
x + 1 1 1 + (1 x)
=
2 (1 x ) 1 x x x 2 (1 x ) 1 x x x
1
=
h 1 x h x
=
f ( x )
) ( )
trong
1+ t2 1 1
h ( t=
= 3+
)
t3
t t
f ( x ) = 0 h
nghch bin trn
) ( x)
1 x = h
V f ( x ) > 0 h
( 0;+ ) , nn
1
2
1
x 1 x < x x ;1
2
1 x = x x =
) ( )
1 x > h
1
2
Do vy: f ( x ) < 0 x 0;
Vy min =
f ( x)
( 0;1)
1
f=

2
2 . Suy ra f ( x ) 2, x ( 0;1) .
Ch . Ta c th nh gi n gin bng C S .
Bi 6. tng l a P v dng hm s c nhn t chung t l t. Mun vy ta to
cho P dng ng bc nn thm vo P mt lng xy.
1
y x
xy
1
1
.
+ 2 +
= 4 + +
2
2
x
y
y ( x y)
x
x y
2+
y
x
Ta c: P.xy = 4 xy
x
y
t t =+
1
y
.
, ( t > 2 ) a v P.xy= 4t +
t 2
x
Mun tm gi tr nh nht ca P vy trc tin ta tm gi tr ln nht ca xy.
1
vi t > 2 ta c:
t 2
1
5
; f '(t ) = 0 t = x = 2 y .
f '(t ) = 4
2
2
(t 2)
Kho st hm s f (t=
) 4t +
Vy khi x = 2 y 12 y 2 + 8 y 3 = 20 y = 1, x = 2 tc P t min ti
=
x 2,=
y 1 . y l c s cho ta nh gi lng ln nht ca xy.
377
20= 3 x 2 + 8 y 3= 3 x 2 + 4 ( y 3 + y 3 + 1) 4 3 x 2 + 12 y 2 4 .
8 = x 2 + 4 y 2 4 xy xy 2 .
5
f =
6.
2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 6 t ti=
x 2,=
y 1.
1
1
f (t )
2
2
Do P
Bi 10. Ta c
x
P = 9 +
y
x
y
4 +
x
y
x
y
+
2
16
x
y
3 +
x
y
x
y
+ 25 +
x
y
Bi 11. T iu kin v s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
(a
+ 2b 2 ) + 3a 2b 2 = 2 ( a 2 + b 2 )( a 2 + 2b 2 ) 4ab ( a 2 + 2b 2 )
2
a 2b
a 2b
a 2b
+ + 3 4 + +
3
b a
b a
b a
4
a 2b
Khi t t=
+ v ta c P = f (t ) = t 3 + 3t + 1 .
t
b a
4
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 3 + 3t + 1 trn [3; + ) ta c
t
4
f '(=
t ) 3t 2 + 2 + 3 > 0, t [3; + ) nn f(t) ng bin trn [3; + ) .
t
97
.
Do P = f (t ) f(3) =
3
97
t ti a= b= 1 .
3
Bi 25. Xut pht t iu kin ta c:
(a + b)
+ a + b + ab 1 1 ab + 2 ab + 4ab 0 ab
p dng bt ng thc c bn ta c:
Suy ra P
1+ a
2
+ 1 + ab .
1 + ab
t t = 1 + ab , t 1;
378
2 2
10
ta c P + t .
t
3
1
1+ b
1
< 1.
9
2
.
1 + ab
y
50
x
Bi 45. HD: S dng bt ng thc quen thuc: a + b

3
(a + b)

6
+
+
+
x
y
2
1
2
1
3
3
4
( 2 x + 1) ( 2 y + 1) 4
=
2
x+ y
e x + e y 2 e x .e y =
2e 2
2
Suy ra P e + e
3
x
( x + y + 1)
2e
x+ y
2
( x + y + 1)
2
3
( x + y + 1)
CH 3: K THUT S DNG TNH N IU CHO BI TON
CC TR V BT NG THC BA BIN S
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
1) S dng php th a v bi ton mt bin s
p
x + y + z =
q th lun biu din c S n = x n + y n + z n theo

Vi iu kin xy + yz + zx =
xyz = r
p,q,r.
Do vy vi bi ton gi thit cho 2 trong 3 iu kin (p,q,r) ta hon ton c th
a S n v mt a thc ca mt bin.
0
x + y + z =
.
1
xy + yz + zx =
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn

Tnh P = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 theo x.
Li gii
y + z = x
.
2
yz =1 x ( y + z ) =1 x ( x ) =x 1
Theo gi thit ta c:
Ta c
P =x3 + y 3 + z 3 =( y + z ) 3 yz ( y + z ) + x3 =
( x)3 + 3x ( x 2 1) + x3 =3x3 3x .
3
Nhn xt. Ta chn gi tr ca bin x nh sau
( y + z)
4 yz x 2 4 ( x 2 1) 3 x 2 4
2
2
x
3
3
379
Vy bi ton tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca P a v kho st hm mt

2 2
bin f (=
x) 3 x3 3 x trn on
; .
3 3
a b c
+ + =
5.
b c a
b c a
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + + .
a b c
Li gii
t x=
xyz = 1
a
b
c
.
, y= , z=
5
b
c
a
x + y + z =
1 1 1
+ + .
x y z
Ta cn tm gi tr ln nht nh nht ca biu thc P =

1
4
yz =
2
2
Ta c
( y + z ) 4 yz ( 5 x ) .
x
x
y + z = 5 x
x 3 + 2 2
.
( x 4) x2 6 x + 1 0
3 2 2 x 4
x2 (5 x ) + 1
1 y+z 1
Khi P = +
.
= + x (5 x ) =
x
yz
x
x
Xt hm s f ( x) =
x2 (5 x ) + 1
x
lin tc trn
D= 3 2 2;4 3 + 2 2; + d c
17
1
f =
f (4) =;max f ( x) =
f 3 2 2 =
min f ( x) =
1+ 4 2 .
xD
4 xD
2
V d 3. (TSH Khi B 2012) Cho cc s thc x,y,z tha mn x + y + z =

0 v
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x5 + y 5 + z 5 .
Li gii
Ta c:
0
x + y + z =
0
0
x + y + z =
x + y + z =
2
1.
2
2
2
1 ( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) =
1 xy + yz + zx =
x + y + z =
2
1
1
Suy ra y + z = x v x ( y + z ) + yz =
yz =
+ x2 .
2
2
380
6
6
2
1
Mt khc ( y + z ) 4 yz x 2 4 + x 2
.
x
3
3
2
Khi :
P = x5 + ( y + z ) 5 yz y 3 + z 3 10 y 2 z 2 ( y + z )
5
5
3
= x5 + ( y + z ) 5 yz ( y + z ) 3 yz ( y + z ) 10 y 2 z 2 ( y + z )
10 x3 5 x
1
= x5 + ( x)5 5 + x 2 x3 3 + x 2 ( x) 10 + x 2 ( x) =
4
2
Xt hm s f ( x) =
10 x3 5 x
lin tc trn
4
6 6
;
ta c:
3 3
30 x 2 5
6
.
f '( x) =
; f '( x) =
0 x=
4
6
6
6
5 6
Ta c f
f
,f
=
=
3
6
36
Suy ra=
P f ( x)
6 5 6
f
=
= .
3
6
36
5 6
.
36
6
6
5 6
t ti x =
.
,y = z =
3
6
36
Bnh lun. Biu thc ca P l mt i vi x nn theo kt qu trn ta tm c c
gi tr nh nht ca P. Ngoi ra c th bin i P nh sau:
P = x5 + y 5 + z 5 = x5 + y 3 + z 3
)( y
+ z2 y2 z2 ( y + z ) .
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;4] v a + b + 2c =

8.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = a3 + b3 + 5c3 .
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c 2 + c a + b + 2c =8 8 + 2c c [1;3]
Ta c P = ( a + b ) 3ab ( a + b ) + 5c3 = ( 8 2c ) 3ab ( 8 2c ) + 5c3
3
=
3c3 + 96c 2 384c + 512 3ab ( 8 2c )
Vi a, b 1 ( a 1)( b 1) 0 ab a + b 1 = 7 2c > 0
Khi
P 3c3 + 96c 2 384c + 512 3 ( 7 2c )( 8 2c ) =
3c3 + 84c 2 294c + 344
Xt hm s f (c) =
3c3 + 84c 2 294c + 344 lin tc trn on [1;3] , ta c
381
28 7 10
f '(c) =9c 2 + 168c + 512; f '(c) =0 c =c0 =
[1;3] .
3
Ta c f(c) i du t m sang dng khi i qua c0 nn f(c) t cc tiu ti c0 .
Do P f (c) max { f (1); f (3)} = f (3) = 137 .

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1, c= 3 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 137 t ti a= b= 1, c= 3 .
2) nh gi thng qua cc i lng trung bnh ca ba bin s
Vi mi s thc x,y,z ta lun c
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 ( x + y + z ) ;
2
( x + y + z )2 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) ;
( xy + yz + zx )2 3xyz ( x + y + z ) .
Vi x,y,z l cc s thc khng m ta lun c
x+ y+z 3
xyz ;
3
xyz ( x + y z )( y + z x )( z + x y )
8
9
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx )
Nhn xt. Vi cc bi ton c x, y, z [ a; b ] v x + y + z =
s ta thng s dng bt
ng thc tm mi rang buc gia cc i lng i xng xy + yz + zx v xyz .
Mt s ng thc nh ch
( a + b + c )3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
2 ( a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + a 2 a 2 ) ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) = ( a + b + c )( a + b c )( b + c a )( c + a b )
V d 1. (TSH Khi B 2011) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu
kin a + b + c =
1.
=
P 3 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =( a + b + c ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) =1 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
Mt khc: 3 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
382
Suy ra P ( ab + bc + ca ) + 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 2 1 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
t t = ab + bc + ca khi : P f (t ) = t 2 + 3t + 2 1 2t .
Vi 0 ab + bc + ca
1
1
1
( a + b + c )2 = t 0; .
3
3
3
1
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 + 3t + 2 1 2t lin tc trn on 0; ta c:
3
f '(t ) = 2t + 3
2
; f ''(t ) = 2
1 2t
(1 2t )
1
0, t 0; .
3
1 11
Do f '(t ) f ' = 2 3 > 0 .
3 3
1
V vy f(t) ng bin trn on 0; . Suy ra P f (t ) f (0) =
2.
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 0, c= 1 hoc cc hon v.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 t ti a= b= 0, c= 1 hoc cc hon v.
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [0;2] v tho mn iu kin
x+ y+z=
3.
1
1
1
+
+
+ xy + yz + zx .
x+ y y+z z+x
Li gii
Ch bt ng thc
8
9
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) .
Khi
P
( x + y )( x + z ) + ( y + z )( y + x ) + ( z + x )( z + y ) + xy + yz + zx
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
( x + y + z )2 + xy + yz + zx + xy + yz + zx
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
2
x + y + z ) + xy + yz + zx
(
+ xy + yz + zx
8
( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx )
9
27
3
=
+ xy + yz + zx +
8 ( xy + yz + zx )
8
Ch iu kin x, y, z [ 0;2] nn
383
4 + xyz
2.
2
1
2
Khi t t = xy + yz + zx v xy + yz + zx ( x + y + z ) =
3 nn t [ 2;3] .
3
27
3
Do P f (t )=
+t + .
8t
8
27
27
3
Xt hm s f (t )=
+ t + trn on [2;3] ta c f '(t ) = 1 2 > 0, t 2 .
8t
8
8t
( 2 x )( 2 y )( 2 z ) 0 xy + yz + zx
9
.
Do f(t) ng bin trn on [2;3] suy ra f (t ) f (3) =
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 9/2.

Nhn xt. Ta c th nh gi thng qua bt ng thc(xem chng 2).
1
1
1
3
x+ y+z
.
+
+
+
x + y y + z z + x 2 ( x + y + z ) xy + yz + zx
V d 3. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc thuc khong (0, 1) tho mn iu kin
xyz =
(1 x )(1 y )(1 z ) .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x + y + z +
1 1 1
+ + .
x y z
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c: x + y + z xy yz zx + 2 xyz 1 =
0.
D on du bng xy ra khi x = y = z x3 = (1 x ) x = y = z =
3
Do ta xt hai kh nng sau:

3
3
1
+ Nu xy + yz + zx < > xy + yz + zx 3 3 x 2 y 2 z 2 xyz < .
4
4
8
Khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
1
1
1 3 1 1 1
P = x+ + y+
+z+ + + +
4x
4y
4z 4 x y z
2 x.
= 3+
384
1
1
1
9
+ 2 y.
+ 2 z. +
4x
4y
4 z 4 3 xyz
9
43
xyz
> 3+
9
15
=
1 2
4.
2
1
.
2
3
khi bin i P theo xy + yz + zx bng cch rt
4
xy + yz + zx + 1 x y z
.
xyz =
2
+ Nu xy + yz + zx
V ch x + y + z 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) .
xy + yz + zx
xyz
xy + yz + zx
= x + y + z + 2.
xy + yz + zx + 1 x y z
xy + yz + zx
3 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 2.
xy + yz + zx + 1 3 ( xy + yz + zx )
Ta c P = x + y + z +
t
=
t
3
3 ( xy + yz + zx ) , t < 3 ta c
2
P t + 2.
t2
3
t2
+1 t
3
=t+
2t 2
t 2 3t + 3
( 2t 3) ( t 2 7t + 15)
2 t 3t + 3
2
15 15
3
, t ;3
2
2
2
1
.
2
Nhn xt. L do xt hai trng hp do suy ngh lm theo hng hai u tin tuy
3
nhin bt ng thc cui ch ng vi xy + yz + zx . Do vy cn phn chia lm
4
3
hai trng hp, vi xy + yz + zx < ta kho lo kt hp AM GM ch ra P ln
4
hn 15/2.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x, y, z l cc s thc thuc khong (0, 1) tho mn iu kin
So snh hai trng hp ta c Min P bng 15/2 t ti x= y= z=
xyz =
(1 x )(1 y )(1 z ) .

S: Pmin =
3
.
4
385
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

P=
a b c
8abc
.
+ + 2 +
b c a
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Li gii
8abc
8
8.27
.
=
3
a
b
c
a
b
b
c
c
a
+
+
+
(
)(
)(
)
a
b
c
+ 1 + 1 + 1 + + + 3
b c a b c a
t t =
a b c
+ + + 3, ( t 6 ) ta c P f (t ) =
b c a
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t 5 +
216
t3
t 5 +
216
t3
vi t 6 ta c:
1
648 t 4 1296 t 5
=
0, t 6 .
2 t 5 t4
2t 4 t 5
Suy ra P f (t ) f (6) =
2 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
f '(t)
=
V d 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
3.
16
Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc P
=
x y +y z +z x
2 2
2 2
2 2
xy + yz + zx
.
x+ y+z
Li gii
(x
+ y 2 + z 2 x4 y 4 z 4 9 x4 y 4 z 4
2 2
2 2
2 2
.
Ta=
c x y + y z + z x
=
2
2
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c :
2
x 4 + x + x 3x 2 ; y 4 + y + y 3 y 2 ; z 4 + z + z 3z 2
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c :
x4 + y 4 + z 4 3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 2 ( x + y + z ) = 9 2 ( x + y + z ) .
=
xy + yz + zx
2
2
y + z ) x2 y 2 z 2 ( x + y + z ) 3
( x +=
.
( x + y + z) 1 .
16
+
2( x + y + z )
x + y + z +1
2
Do P
t t = x + y + z , t 3;3 . Khi P f (t ) =
386
16
t2 1
.
+
2t
t +1
Xt hm s=
f (t )
f '(t )=
1
2t
16
t2 1
lin tc trn on 3;3 ta c
+
2t
t +1
( t + 1)
1 1
8
+
< 0 nn f(t) l hm nghch bin trn
6 2
43
on 3;3 .
28
Do P f (t ) f (3) =
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
3
V d 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =
1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a + b + c + abc .
Li gii
1 ab
Theo gi thit ta c:
=
c
, c > 0 ab < 1 .
a+b
Thay vo biu thc ca P ta c:
P = a+b+
1 ab
1 ab
1 a 2b 2
.
+ ab.
= a+b+
a+b
a+b
a+b
4
a+b
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c: a 2b 2
.
2
4
a+b
1
4
2
( a + b ) + 16 ( a + b ) + 16
2
Suy ra P a + b +
.
=
a+b
16 ( a + b )
t 4 + 16t 2 + 16
t t =+
.
a b, ( t > 0 ) khi P f (t ) =
16t
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t 4 + 16t 2 + 16
vi t > 0 ta c:
16t
)(
t = 2
4 t 2 3t 2 4
3t 4 16t 2 + 16
.
=
f '(t ) =
;f'(t) =
0
2
2
t = 2
16t
16t
3
10 3
2 10 3
. ng thc
Lp bng bin thin suy ra Min f (=
P
t) f =
t >0
27
27
3
1
.
xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
3
10 3
t ti a= b= c=
27
1
.
3
387
V d 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

2.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc .
Li gii
Ta c:
2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ( a + b + c ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) ab + bc + ca =
2
( a + b + c )2 2 .
2
Khi :
P=
=
( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca )
( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c )2 3 ( ab + bc + ca )
a + b + c) 2 .
(
2
= ( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c ) 3.
2
( a + b + c ).
(a + b + c) + 6
2
2
t t = a + b + c t 2 = ( a + b + c ) 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 6 t 6; 6 .
1
Khi P =
f (t ) =
t 3 + 3t .
2
1
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t 3 + 3t lin tc trn 6; 6 ta c
2
3
f '(t ) = t 2 + 3; f '(t ) =0 t = 2 .
2
Bng bin thin:
t
6
2
2
f(t)
f(t)
2 2
2 2
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra f(t) t gi tr ln nht bng 2 2 ti t = 2 v

t gi tr nh nht bng 2 2 t ti t = 2 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 2 2 t ti a=
2, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 2 t ti a =
2, b =
c=
0 hoc cc hon v.
388
3) Bt ng thc c hai bin i xng

Ghp cp hai bin i xng vi nhau v nh gi bt ng thc c bn nh AM
GM v Cauchy Schwarz hoc mt s bt ng thc ph a v bin cn li
v hon tt bng kho st hm s (xem ch sau).
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P= 6 ( y + z x ) + 27 xyz .
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc AM GM v C S ta c
y + z 2 y 2 + z 2=
yz
2 1 x2
y 2 + z 2 1 x2
=
2
2
27
Suy ra P 6 2 1 x 2 x +
x 1 x2 .
2
27
Xt hm s f =
x 1 x 2 trn khong (0;1) ta c
( x) 6 2 1 x 2 x +
f '( x) =
3
4 2x
27 x 2 + 5
2
1 x2
4 2x
=0
; f '( x) = 0 27 x 2 + 5
1 x2
0 < x < 1
4 2x
=
5 27 x 2 5 27 x 2 > 0
1 x2
2
2
32 x =
5 27 x 2 =
0
2
1 x
0 < x < 1
5 27 x 2 > 0
x=
3
2
2
2
x
x
x
=
3
1
9
1
27
25
0
)(
)(
1
1
nn f(x) t cc i ti .
3
3
1
1

V vy P f ( x) f =
.
10 . Du bng t ti x= y= z=
3
3
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 10.
1
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 z 2 .
2
1
1
1
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x 4 + y 4 + z 4 4 + 4 + 4 .
y
z
x
Ta c f(x) i du t dng sang m khi i qua
389
Li gii
1
2
S dng bt ng thc c bn: a 2 + b 2 ( a + b ) ta c:
2
1 2
1
2
z x2 + y 2 ( x + y ) x + y z .
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
32
4 1
.
x4 + y 4 x2 + y 2 ( x + y ) ; 4 + 4 2 2
2
8
x
y
x y
( x + y )4
4
4
( x + y )4
32
z
1 1 x + y
4
Suy ra P
+z .
+=
+5.
+ 32
8
( x + y )4 z 4 8 z
x+ y
4
1 32
x+ y
t t
=
+5.
, ( 0 < t 1) ta c: P f (t ) = t +
8
t
z
1 32
+ 5 vi 0 < t 1 ta c:
8
t
1 32
f '(t ) =
< 0, t ( 0;1] v vy f(t) nghch bin trn ( 0;1] .

8 t2
z
297
Do P f (t ) f (1) =. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y=
.
2
8
297
t ti =
z 2=
x 2y .
8
V d 3. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin
1 1
1
1
a ;
+
+
=
2.
2 a +1 b +1 c +1

=
P
32 b3 + c3 + 10
.
8a 2 + 1 64b 2 c 2 + 16bc + 1
Li gii
Ch . Ta cn nh gi bc theo a mun vy xut pht t iu kin ta c:
2abc + ab + bc + ca =1 bc < 1 .
1
1
1
1 + 2a
V
.
+
=
2
=
b +1 c +1
1+ a 1+ a
1
1
2
1 + 2a
2
1
Vi bc < 1 ta c
.
+
bc
b + 1 c + 1 1 + bc
1 + a 1 + bc
( 2a + 1)2
32 b3 + c3 + 10
Mt khc
390
64b c + 16bc + 1
2 2
8bc + 1
6
.
8
+1
(2a + 1) 2
6 ( 2a 1) 4a 2 + 8a + 1
3
6
Suy ra P =
+
+ 3 3.
2
2
8
8a 2 + 1
8
a
+
1
2
a
+
1
+
8
(
)
+1
(2a + 1) 2
2
)(
1
1
1
1
1
Du bng t ti a =; b =
c;
+
+
=
2a=
b=
c =.
2
a +1 b +1 c +1
2
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin abc = 1 .
1
1
2
.
+
+
2a + 1 2b + 1 (2c + 1) 6c + 3
Li gii
1
1
2
1
Ta bit bt ng thc ph
ng vi ab . Do vy ta
+
1 + 2a 1 + 2b 2 ab
4
chia trng hp x l.
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ TH1: Nu ab < a < , khi P >
1.
+
>
+
=
1
2a + 1 2b + 1 1 +
2b + 1
4
4b
2b
1
+ TH2: Nu ab c 4, khi vn dng bt ng thc ph trn ta c:
4
P
2
2
c
2
.
+
=
+
1 + 2 ab ( 2c + 1) 6c + 3
c + 2 (2c + 1) 6c + 3
c
2
trn khong ( 0;4] ta c
+
c + 2 (2c + 1) 6c + 3
Xt hm s f (c) =
min f=
(c) f=
(1)
8
.
9
Du bng t ti a= b= c= 1 . Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng
8
.
9
4) nh gi xoay quanh cc i lng (a b),(b c),(c a ) .

V d 1. Cho cc s thc khng m a,b,c c tng bng 1.
( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
Li gii
Ta c: P 2 =
( a b) (b c ) (c a ) .
2
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s a b c 0 khi

P 2 ( a + c b ) b2 ( a + c ) .
2
t t= a + c ta c P 2 = ( 2t 1) t 2 (1 t ) = 2t 3 3t 2 + t
2
.
391
Ta c: t = a + c =1 b 1, t = a + c
Xt hm s f (t ) =
( 2t
3t 2 + t
a+b+c 1
1
= . Vy t ;1 .
2
2
2
1
lin tc trn ;1 ta c:
2
1
t =
1
t ;1
2
2
.
f '(t )= 2 2t 3 3t 2 + t 6t 2 6t + 1 ; f '(t )= 0
t = 1
t = 3 + 3
)(
3+ 3 1
1
1
1
Ta c f =
. Suy ra 0 f (t )
hay P 2
.
(1) 0, f
=
f=
6
108
108
108
2
Do
=
a
3
3
3+ 3
3 3
3
. Ti =
th P =
P
a
=
c
, b 0,=
. Ti
6
6
18
18
18
3
3+ 3
3 3
.
=
,b =
, c 0 th P =
18
6
6
3
3+ 3
3 3
t
ti a =
=
,b =
, c 0 v gi
108
6
6
3
3+ 3
3 3
t ti=
.
a
=
c
, b 0,=
18
6
6
Nhn xt. Xut pht t ng thc
tr ln nht ca P bng
x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz = ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx .
Ta thay x =
a b, y =
b c, z =
c a ta c x3 + y 3 + z 3 =
3 xyz .
Thay v yu cu tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca P c th yu cu tm gi tr
ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc
P = ( a b) + (b c ) + (c a ) .
3
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m i mt phn bit tha mn

ab + bc + ca =
4.
1
1
1
.
+
+
2
2
( a b ) ( b c ) ( c a )2
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a > b > c 0 .
1
1
1
Khi P
+ 2+ 2.
2
(a b) a b
392
Ta c: 4 = ab + bc + ca ab ab 4 .
1
1
1
1
a b
Khi 4 P =
+
=
+
+ + .
P.ab ab
2
2
2
a
b a 2 + b b a
( a b )
b
a
1
1
a b
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) . Khi P f (t ) = t +
.
4 t 2
b a
Xt hm s f =
(t )
1
1
t +
vi t > 2, ta c
4 t 2
1
1
t >2
1
; f '(=
=
t ) 0
t 3.
4 ( t 2 )2
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua 3 nn ti t = 3 th f(t) t cc

tiu hay f (t ) f (3) =
1.
f '(=
t)
a b
c = 0, ab = 4, + = 3 a = 5 1, b = 5 + 1, c = 0 v cc hon v.
b a
Cch 2: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a > b > c 0 . Khi vit li v tri ca
bt ng thc v s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P=
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
2
a b bc ca
a b bc bc ca ca a b
2
1
1
4 1
1
1
=
+
+
+
=

a bbc ca
a b bc ca
Nhn xt. Ch ng thc quen thuc

1
1
1
1
1
1
.
+
.
+ =
.
a b bc bc ca ca a b
( b c )( a c )
4
1
ab
ca + a b+bc
= 0.
( a b )( b c )( c a )
Vi gi thit a,b,c biu thc sau c ngha v cch chng minh tng t ta c
cc bt ng thc tng t dng sau
1) Vi a, b, c 0 ta c
1
1
1 11 + 5 5
.
+ b2 + c2
+
+
2
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2
2) Vi a, b, c 0 ta c
(a
1
1 59 + 11 33
( a + b ) 2 + ( b + c ) 2 + ( c + a ) 2 1
.
+
+
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2
4
393
3) Vi a b c ta c
1
1
1 27
.
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca
+
+
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2 4
4) Vi a b c ta c
1
1
1 9
.
a 2 + b2 + c2
+
+
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2 2
Sau y ta cng xt mt s bi ton dng trn
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m i mt phn bit.
(a
P=
1
1
1
.
+ b2 + c2
+
+
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c = min {a, b, c} .

Khi ( a c ) a 2 , ( b c ) b 2 , a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2 .
2
Do
a b
2
+
1
1 1 a 2 + b2 a 2 b2
b
a +a + b .
2
P a +b
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
2
2
2
2
2
a
b b a
a2
2+
( a b) a b ( a b) b
b
a
a b
t
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) do a b . Khi P f (t ) =
+ t2 .
b a
t2
Ta c: f '(t )=
(t 2)
t >2
+ 2t ; f '(t )= 0
t=
3+ 5
.
2
Bng bin thin:

t
2
f(t)
f(t)
3+ 5
2
0
11 + 5 5
2
394
3 + 5 11 + 5
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra f (t ) f
.
=
2
2
=
t
3+ 5
a b 3+ 5
3+ 5 6 5 2
+
=
=
a
b.
2
b a
2
4
3+ 5 6 5 2
11 + 5 5
t ti=
c 0,=
a
b
4
2
hoc cc hon v.
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc phn bit tha mn a + b + c =
1 v
ab + bc + ca > 0 .
2
2
2
5
.
+
+
+
a b bc ca
ab + bc + ca
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a > b > c khi :
2
2
2
5
8
2
5
+
+
+
+
+
P=
ab bc ac
ab + bc + ca a b + b c a c
ab + bc + ca
10
5
=
+
ac
ab + bc + ca
t =
t
1
1
1
2
.
ab + bc + ca , 0 < t <
do ab + bc + ca < 3 ( a + b + c ) =
3
3
Ta c: ( a b ) + ( b c )
2
2
1
1
( a b ) + ( b c ) =
( a c )2 .
2
2
Suy ra:
3
2 6t 2
( a c )2 ( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 =2 ( a + b + c )2 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) =
2
ac
2 1 3t 2
3
Xt hm =
s f (t )
f '(t ) =
15 3t
(1 3t )
2 3
P =
f (t )
5 3
1 3t 2
5
t
5
1
+ vi t 0;
ta c:
t
3
1 3t
5 3
5
t
; f '(t ) = 0 3 3t 3 =
(1 3t )
2 3
t=
1
.
6
395
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t =

t=
1
nn f(t) t cc tiu ti
6
1
1
. Do P f (t ) f
10 6 .
=
6
6
1 1
1
1 1
.
ng thc xy ra ti a =
+
,b =
,c =
3
3
3
6
6
1 1
1
1 1
hoc
+
,b =
,c =
3
3
3
6
6
cc hon v.
Cch 2: nh gi thng qua bt ng thc AM-GM.
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a > b > c ta c:
2
2
2
5
.
P=
+
+
+
a b bc a c
ab + bc + ca
S dng bt ng thc:
P 2.
1 1
4
+
, x, y > 0 ta c:
x y x+ y
4
2
5
1
2
+
+
= 5
+
a b+bc a c
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca
ac
5.2 2
20
=
4 a c 2 ab + bc + ca
(
) (
) 4 ( a c )2 ( 4ab + 4bc + 4ca )
20
(a c)
20 2
20 2
=
=
2
+ 4ab + 4bc + 4ca
( a + c ) + 4b ( a + c ) ( a + c )( a + c + 4b )
2
20 2
(1 b )(1 + 3b )
20 6
( 3 3b )(1 + 3b )
40 6
= 10 6
3 3b + 1 + 3b
2+ 6
a =
a b = b c
6
1
1
2
.
=
=
b
3
ab + bc + ca
a c
3 3b =+
1 3b
2 6
c =
6
1 1
1
1 1
hoc
+
,b =
,c =
3
3
3
6
6
cc hon v.
396
V d 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
( ab + bc + ca + 1)( ab + bc + ca ) .
2 a 2 + b2 + c2 =

P 2 a 2 + b2 + c2 a b b c c a .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c =
P 2 a 2 + b2 + c2 2 ( a c ) .
t ( t + 1)
t t = ab + bc + ca, ( t 0 ) theo gi thit ta c: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
.
2
Nu t = 0 a = b = c = 0 P = 0 .
Xt t > 0 khi s dng bt ng thc c bn ta c:
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
Ta c
t ( t + 1)
2
t t 1.
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 =
2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) = t ( t + 1) 2t = t ( t 1) .
( a b ) + ( b c )
( a c )2 =
=
( a b ) + ( b c ) + 2 ( a b )( b c ) ( a b ) + ( b c ) .
Suy ra 2 ( a c ) ( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a ) = t ( t 1) a c
2
Do P f (=
t)
2t ( t + 1) 2t ( t 1=
)
2t + 1
2t ( t + 1)
t ( t 1)
2
2 2t
.
t +1 + t 1
2t ( t + 1) 2t ( t 1) vi t 1 ta c:
Xt hm s f (=
t)
f '(t ) =
t 1
2
( 2t + 1) ( t 1) =
2t 1
2t ( t 1)
; f '(t ) =0 ( 2t + 1) t ( t 1) =( 2t 1) t ( t + 1) .
(v nghim).
( 2t 1)2 ( t + 1)
Vy f(t) khng i du trn (1;+ ) ta c
Vy f(t) l hm nghch bin trn [1;+ ) .
f '(2) < 0 nn f '(t ) < 0, t > 1 .
Suy ra P f (t ) f (1) =
2 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 2 t ti a= b= c=
1
.
3
1
.
3
397

5.
P = ( a b )( b c )( c a )( ab + bc + ca ) .
Li gii
Ta c: P 2 = ( a b ) ( b c ) ( c a ) ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca P ta tm gi tr ln nht ca P 2 .

Khi ta c th gi s a b c khi :
( a b) (b c )
2
Suy ra P 2
( a b) + (b c )
(a c) .
=( a b )( b c )
=
2
16
1
( c a )6 ( ab + bc + ca )2 .
16
t t = ab + bc + ca, ( t 5 ) do ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
5.
Ta c: ( a b ) + ( b c )
2
2
1
1
( a b ) + ( b c ) =
( a c )2 .
2
2
Suy ra:
3
( a c )2 ( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 =2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca =10 2t
2
(a c)
20 4t
1 20 4t 2 4 2
3
P
t
t (5 t )
=
3
16 3
27
4 2
3
t ( 5 t ) vi t 5 ta c:
27
t = 0
20
2
t =
f '(t ) =
0
t ( t 2 )( t 5 ) ; f '(t) =
2.
27
t = 5
Xt hm s
=
f (t )
Bng bin thin:

t
f(t)
+
f(t)
0
0
2
0
16
0
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra P 2 f (t ) f (2)= 16 4 P 4 .
398
5
0
Ti =
a 2,=
b 1,=
c 0 th P = 4 ; ti a =
2, b =
1, c =
0 th P = 4 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 4 ; gi tr ln nht ca P bng 4.
Nhn xt. Php ton bnh phng a v a thc i xng vi ba bin a,b,c gip ta
c th gi s c a b c . y l mt cch rt hay c p dng khi gi tr ln
nht v nh nht ca bi ton c gi tr i nhau.
Bi tp tng t
Vi mi a,b,c tm s thc M nh nht tho mn bt ng thc
ab a 2 b 2 + bc b 2 c 2 + ca c 2 a 2 M a 2 + b 2 + c 2
V d 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

1.
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) .
Li gii
Chuyn P v dng i xng

P=
=
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2 ( a + b + c )2
.
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2 1 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
1
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c v t x= ab + bc + ca, x ;1 .
2
Ta co :
2
a b+bc a c
1
3
=

( a b )( b c )( a c ) ( a c )
2
4
( a b )( b c )
Mt khac lai co
1
1
1
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( a c )2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
(a c) + (a b + b c)
2
4
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca=
Suy ra 1 x
3
4
1
( a c )2 a c (1 x ) ; x 1
4
3
2
2
3
1 4

4
2
Suy ra P (1 + 2 x )
(1 x ) =
( 2 x + 1)(1 x )3
4 3
27

.
)
Xt hm s f ( x=
4
( 2 x + 1)(1 x )3 trn on
27
1
2 ;1 ta c
399
x =1
4
2
f '( x) =
( x 1) ( 8 x + 1) ; f '( x) =
0
x = 1
27
8.
1 81
T d c max f ( x) = f =
.
1
8 512
x ;1
2
Suy ra P 2
81
9
9
P
512
16 2
16 2
9
t ti
16 2
3 3+ 6
1
=
,b =
,c
6 2
2 3
=
a
6 3 3
6 2

8.
Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc
P = ( a b) + (b c ) + (c a ) .
5
Li gii
Ta c:
( a b )5 + ( b c )5 + ( c a )5 = 5 ( a b )( b c )( c a ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca )
= 5 ( a b )( b c )( c a )( 8 ab bc ca )
Vy tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca P ta tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P 2 = ( a b ) ( b c ) ( c a ) ( 8 ab bc ca ) .
2
Khi ta c th gi s a b c .
( a b) (b c )
2
Suy ra P 2
( a b) + (b c )
(a c) .
=( a b )( b c )
=
2
16
25
( c a )6 (8 ab bc ca )2 .
16
t t = ab + bc + ca, ( t 8 ) do ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
8.
Ta c: ( a b ) + ( b c )
2
Suy ra:
400
2
1
1
( a b ) + ( b c ) =
( a c )2 .
2
2
3
( a c )2 ( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 =2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca =16 2t
2
(a c)
2
32 4t
25 32 4t
100
2
P
(8 t )5
( 8 t ) = f (t )=
3
16 3
27
Mt khc:
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) =+
8 2t 0 t 4 4 t 8 .
( a + b + c )2 =
Xt hm s=
f (t )
100
(8 t )5 trn on [ 4;8] ta c:
27
500
f '(t ) =
( t 8)2 0, do f(t) l hm nghch bin trn on [ 4;8] .

27
Suy ra P f (t ) =
f (4) 921600 960 P 960 .
Vi a =
2, b =
0, c =
2 P=
960 . Vi a =
2, b =
2, c =
0 th P = 960 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 960 v gi tr nh nht ca P bng 960 .
V d 9. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =
1.
1
1
1
.
+
+
a 2 + b2
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c = min {a, b, c} , khi ta c:
2
c
c
a 2 + b2 a + + b + ;
2
2
a + c a + ;
2
b + c b + ;
2
c
c
1 = ab + bc + ca a + b +
2
2
c
c
t x =
a+ ,y=
b + suy ra
2
2
P
t t
=
1
x +y
2
1 1
+
x y
1 1
1
x y
+ xy + =
+ + .
x
y
y x
x +y
x y
+
y x
xy
1
1
khi P f (t ) =
t+ 2 .
, 0 < t
x y
2
t
+
y x
1
401
Ta c f '(t ) = 1
2
t
t3 2
t
1
< 0, t 0;
nn f(t) l hm nghch bin trn
2
1
0;
.
2
1
1
Do P f (t ) f
.
2+
=
2
2
t ti a= b= 1, c= 0 hoc cc hon
2
v(xem thm k thut s dng tnh ng cp).
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 +
2
2
Cch 3: t=
x a=
, y b=
, z c 2 khi xy + yz + zx 1 . Bi ton a v tm gi
tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
1
+
x+ y
1
+
y+z
1
. Bi ton ny ti trch
z+x
ring v trnh by di y.
V d 10. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m thay i tha mn iu kin
ab + bc + ca =
1.
1
1
1
.
+
+
a+b
b+c
c+a
Li gii
Nhn xt. Vi iu kin a,b,c khng m v ab + bc + ca =
1 ngh n P t gi tr
nh nht khi mt s bng 0 v hai s bng 1. Vy ta c ghp cp hai cn li vi
nhau xem c nh gi c qua cn thc cn li hay khng.
2
1
1
1
1
Ta c:
+
= a+b + a+c +
a+c
a+b
( a + b )( a + c )
2a + b + c
2
2a + b + c
2
.
=
+
=
+
2
2
2
2
a + ab + bc + ca
a +1
a + ab + bc + ca
a +1
Suy ra
a+b
2a + b + c + 2 a 2 + 1
.
= 2
a+c
a +1
1
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c} khi :

=
P
2a + b + c + 2 1 + a 2
.
b+c
1 + a2
Coi y l hm s vi bin a v b,c l cc hng s ta c:
f '(a)
bc a 2 a a 2 + 1
( a + 1) ( 2a + b + c + 2
2
402
a +1
2
0.
Do f(a) l hm nghch bin nn =

t a
1 bc
1
suy ra
b+c b+c
1
f (a) f
.
b+c
1
Mt khc: f
=
b+c
b+c +
1
+
b+c
b+c
( b + c )2 + 1
1
t
1
1
1
1
t t = b + c P t + +
.
=t + +
=t + +
1
4
2
t
t
t
t +1
t2 + 2
1
t + 2
t
t
1
1
trn [ 2;+ ) ta c:
t u =
u+
t + , ( u 2 ) . Khi P g (u ) =
2
t
u 2
g '(u ) = 1
(u
u
u3
u 1
> 0, u 2 .
u
Do g(u) l hm ng bin trn [ 2;+ ) nn P g (u ) g(2) =

2+
1
.
2
1
t ti a= b= 1, c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
1
t
trn ( 0;+ ) ta c:
Nhn xt. Ta c th kho st trc tip hm s g (t ) = t + +
t
t4 +1
t4 +1
g '(t ) =
1
1
t2
2t 4
2
1 t4
t 4 + 1 =t 1 +
t4 +1
t2
t4 +1 t4 +1
1
t2 +1
2
t 1 2
=
t
t4 +1 t4 +1
(t 1) (t + 1)
2
t2
(t + 1)
4
t4 t2
t >0
; g '(=
t ) 0
=t 1
Ta c g(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = 1 nn g(t) t cc tiu ti

1
.
t = 1 trn khong ( 0;+ ) hay min g (t )= g(1)= 2 +
t( 0;+ )
2
1
t ti a= b= 1, c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
Cch 2: t=
x 2 a=
, y 2 b=
, z 2 c. Khi x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 =
1.
403
Suy ra
( xy + yz + zx )2 = x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 2 xyz ( x + y + z ) x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 = 1 .
Bi ton a v tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1
1
1
vi xy + yz + zx 1 .
P=
+
+
x2 + y 2
y2 + z2
z 2 + x2
y chnh l bi ton va trnh by trc .
B. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l ba s thc dng tha mn iu kin x + y + z
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x3 + y 3 + z 3 +
3
.
2
1 1 1
+ + .
x y z
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

3.
P = xy + yz + zx +
5
.
x+ y+z
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x + y + z =

1.
=
P 3 x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Bi 4. Cho cc s thc x,y,z tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

1.
P = xy + yz + zx +
4
.
xy + yz + zx + 2
Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xy + yz + zx =
12 .

=
P
x2 + y 2 + z 2
+ xy + yz + zx .
x+ y+z
Bi 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x + y + z =

3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +
xy + yz + zx
x + y2 + z2 + 3
2

3.
404
Chng minh rng
x3 + y 3 + z 3
+ 8 3 xyz 9 .
3
Bi 8. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc P
=
( x + y + z 1)2
x y+ y z+z x
2
1
.
x+ y+z

3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +
xy + yz + zx
x y + y2 z + z2 x
2
Bi 10. Cho cc s thc dng x,y,z tha mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =

3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
324
.
x+ y+z
Bi 11. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xyz = 1 .

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) +
72
x + y + z +1
3 a 2 + b2 + c2 = 3( a + b + c ) + 4 .

P = a 3 + b3 + c 3
a+b+c
a + b2 + c2
2
6 ( ab + bc + ca ) .

3.
( x + 2 )( y + 2 )( z + 2 ) .
Bi 14. Cho cc s dng x, y, z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
S=
x2 y
z
y2 z
x
z2 x
y
13 xyz
3 xy + yz 2 + zx 2
2
3
Bi 15. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [ 0;1] v x + y + z = .
2
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .

Bi 16. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y + z =
10 v xy + yz + zx =
xyz .
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
4
x + y + z =
Bi 17. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin
.
xyz = 2
405
Chng minh rng 183 165 5 x 4 + y 4 + z 4 18 .

a + 2014 b + 2014 c + 2014 a b c
+
+
+ + .
b + 2014 c + 2014 a + 2014 b c a
Bi 19. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn 1 x y z 4 .
1 1 1
1 1
Chng minh rng ( x + y + z ) + + (1 + y + z ) 1 + + .
y z
x y z

3.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc: P
=
2
abc
.
+3
3 + ab + bc + ca
(1 + a )(1 + b)(1 + c)
1
Bi 21. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on ;1 .
2
Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc P =
y+z z+x x+ y
.
+
+
x +1 y +1 z +1
Bi 22. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn a + b + c =

3.
Chng minh rng abc a 2 + b 2 + c 2 3 .

Bi 23. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin x + y + z =
0 v x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x 2 y 2 z 2 .
Bi 24. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc. Chng minh rng
6 ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 27 abc 10
(a
+ b2 + c2

3.
1
4
.
P
+
abc ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Bi 26. Cho a,b,c,d,e l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn a + b + c + d + e =
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = abc + bcd + cde + eda + eab .
3.
a
b
c
=
P
+
+
a 2 b2 c2 + 2 ( a + b + c ) .
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + c )( b + a ) ( c + a )( c + b )
Bi 28. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on 0; 3 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
8
thc P =
+ 31 a 2 ( a + 1) b 2 ( b + 1) c 2 ( c + 1) .
a + b + c +1
406

3.
a 4 + b4 + c4
+ 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
a 3 + b3 + c 3
Bi 30. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m v khng c hai s no ng thi bng
0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1
1
1
.
P=
+
+
a 2 ab + b 2
b 2 bc + c 2
c 2 ca + a 2
Bi 31. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0 .
P
=
Tm gi tr nh nht=
ca biu thc P
2 a 2 + b2 + c2
a+b+c
) + 3.
abc
4 a b + b2c + c 2 a
Bi 32. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc khong ( 0;1) tha mn iu kin
2
xyz =
(1 x )(1 y )(1 z ) .

Bi 33. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin x3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz =
1.
0
x + y + z =

8.
2
2
x + y + z =
3
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2 .

a 2 + c 2 =
1
.
2
6
b + 2b ( a + c ) =
Chng minh rng b ( c a ) 4 .

Bi 36. Cho a,b,c s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
a + 2b + 1 + a + 2c + 1 =
4.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: P = a (1 + b ) + b (1 + c ) + c (1 + a ) .

Bi 37. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x3 + y 3 + z 3 =2 + 3 xyz .
x2 + 2 y 2 + z 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 1
407

3.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P =( a 1) + ( b 1) + ( c 1) .
3
Bi 3 9. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m i mt khc nhau.

1
1
1
2
2
2
.
P = ( a + b ) + ( b + c ) + ( c + a )
+
+
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2
D. HNG DN GII P S
3
1 1 1
9
x+ y+z
.
Bi 1. Ta c: x3 + y 3 + z 3 3
v + +
3
x y z x+ y+z
9
x+ y+z
Suy ra P 3
.
+
3
x+ y+z
t t = x + y + z , 0 < t
Xt hm s f (t=
)
f '(t )=
3
t3 9
ta
c
P
+ .
2
9 t
3
t3 9
+ vi 0 < t ta c
2
9 t
t 2 9 t 3 27
3
3 51
.
2=
< 0, t 0; P f (t ) f =
2
3 t
3t
2
2 8
51
1
t ti x= y= z=
.
8
2
t2 3
.
Bi 2. t t =x + y + z t 2 =3 + 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) xy + yz + zx =
2
Do 0 xy + yz + zx x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 0
t2 3
3 t 3;3 .
2
Khi =
P f=
(t )
t2 3 5
+ .
2
t
Xt hm s =
f (t )
t2 3 5
+ vi t 3;3 ta c
2
t
f '(t ) = t
5
t2
t3 5
t2
> 0, t 3;3 .
5
Vy f(t) l hm ng bin trn on 3;3 . Do P =f (t ) f ( 3) = .
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c mt s bng

408
3 v hai s cn li bng 0.
14
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
P f (3) =
3
5
t ti x= 3, y= z= 0 hoc cc hon v ;
3
14
gi tr ln nht ca P bng
t ti x= y= z= 1 .
3
Bi 3. Ta c
=
P 3 x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + xy + yz + zx + 1 1 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 0; z= 1 hoc cc hon v.
1
Bi 4. HD : nh gi t= xy + yz + zx ;1 .
2
Bi 5. HD : nh gi t = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 [3;4] .
Bi 6. HD : t t = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 [3;9 ) .
Bi 7. HD : S dng ng thc kt hp AM GM ta c :
x3 + y 3 + z 3 = ( x + y + z ) 3 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
3
= 27 3 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) 27 24 xyz
a v kho st hm s vi t = xyz .
Bi 8. S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c :
( x + y + z ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )=
(x
) (
) (
+ xy 2 + y 3 + yz 2 + z 3 + zx 2 + x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x
2 x 2 y + 2 y 2 z + 2 z 2 x + x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x= 3 x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x
Do x y + y z + z
2
2
x + y + z 1)
(
+
x x+ y+zP
x+ y+z
1
.
x+ y+z
t t = x + y + z . Ta c
x2 + y 2 + z 2 < ( x + y + z ) 3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 t
2
Xt hm s=
f (t )
f '(t ) = 1
10
t2
( t 1)2 + t vi
t
t 2 10
t2
< 0, t
3;3 .
3;3 ta c
3;3 .
13
.
3;3 . Suy ra P f (t ) f (3) =
3
Do f(t) l hm nghch bin trn
409
Bi 9. Ta c :
(
= (x
)
)+(y
13
t ti x= y= z= 1 .
3
3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3
+ xy 2
) (
+ yz 2 + z 3 + zx 2 + x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x
2 x 2 y + 2 y 2 z + 2 z 2 x + x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x= 3 x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x
x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x x2 + y 2 + z 2
Suy ra :
Px + y +z +
2
xy + yz + zx
= x2 + y 2 + z 2 +
x2 + y 2 + z 2
=x +y +z
2
2
x + y + z ) x2 y 2 z 2
(
+
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
9 x2 y 2 z 2
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
t t = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , ( t 3) khi P f (t ) =
t+
9t
4.
f (3) =
2t

Bi 10. HD : t t = x + y + z , ( t 3) .
Bi 11. S dng ng thc kt hp bt ng thc AM GM ta c :
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) = ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) xyz
= ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) 1
.
( x + y + z ) 3 xyz ( x + y + z ) 1
= ( x + y + z ) 3( x + y + z ) 1
t t = x + y + z , ( t 3) khi P t 3t +
Xt hm s f (t ) =t 3t +
3 3t ( t + 1) 72
3
=
f '(t )
( t + 1)
72
1.
t +1
72
1 vi t 3 ta c
t +1
> 0, t 3 do f(t) l hm ng bin trn [3;+ ) .
V vy P f (t ) f (3) =
44 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
410
Bi 12. Ta c
2
2
6 ( ab + bc + ca )= 3 ( a + b + c ) a 2 b 2 c 2 = 3 ( a + b + c ) 3 ( a + b + c ) 4 .
V theo bt ng thc AM GM dng lu tha ta c :

1
3
a 3 + b3 + c 3 ( a + b + c ) .
9
Suy ra
3
a + b + c)
(
3( a + b + c )
3( a + b + c ) + 4
3( a + b + c ) + 3( a + b + c ) + 4 .
2
Theo gi thit ta c : 3 ( a + b + c ) +=
4 3 a 2 + b2 + c2 ( a + b + c )
( a + b + c + 1)( a + b + c 4 ) 0 a + b + c 4 .
Suy ra
3( a + b + c )
3( a + b + c ) + 4
Do P
=1 +
( a + b + c )3 3
4
4
3
1 +
= .
3( a + b + c ) + 4
3.4 + 4
4
( a + b + c )2 + 3 ( a + b + c ) +
9
t t = a + b + c, ( 0 < t 4 ) khi :
13
.
4
t3
13 1
923
923
3t 2 + 3t + = ( t 4 ) t 2 23t 65
, 0 < t 4 .
9
4 9
36
36
4
.
3
923
4
t ti a= b= c=
.
36
3
P
Bi 13. Theo gi thit ta c 3 x, y, z 3 .

Do x + 2 > 0, y + 2 > 0, z + 2 > 0 .
V vy P t gi tr nh nht khi v ch khi c x,y,z u m.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} khi 1 x 0 v
P=
( x + 2 ) ( yz + 2 ( y + z ) + 4 ) =
1
1
( x + 2 ) ( y + z + 2 )2 + x 2 + 1 ( x + 2 ) x 2 + 1
2
2
1
Xt hm s f ( x) = ( x + 2 ) x 2 + 1 vi x [ 1;0] ta c
2
x = 1
3 2
1
.
f '( x) = x + 2 x + ; f '( x) =0
x = 1
2
2
3
1 25
.
Lp bng bin thin suy ra min f ( x) = f =
x[ 1;0]
3 27
411

1
x = 3
1 1 5 1 5 1
( x; y; z ) = ; ; ; ; ; .
y + z + 2 =0
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
2
2
x
+
y
+
z
=
3
25
1
5
t ti hai bin bng v mt bin bng .
27
3
3
Bi 14. Ta c
+
+
xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2 y z x
=
+ +
z x y
xyz
x2 y
z3
y2 z
x3
z2 x
y/z
z/x
x/ y
=
+
+
3
2
2
( z / x)
y
( x / y ) ( y / z )2
=
a
b
b
c
c
a
1 1 1
+ +
a b c
= ab + bc + ca 3abc ( a + b + c ) =
3( a + b + c )
13
x
y
z
, t = a + b + c 3, a = , b = , c =
3t
y
z
x
3
13
40
+ f '(=
2 > 0, t 3 S f (t ) f (3) =
t)
9
2 3t 3t
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
S f (t ) = 3t +
P=
x5
3 2
y z
y5
3 2
z x
z5
3 2
x y
9 xyz
2( x y + y 2 z + z 2 x)
2
1
Bi 15. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} , khi x ;1 .
2
Ta c P = x + y + z = x + ( y + z ) 2 yz x + ( y + z )
2
= x + x .
2
1
Xt hm s f ( x) = x 2 + x trn on ;1 ta c
2
2
5 3 9
3
1
.
(1)
; f =
f '( x) = 4 x 3; f '( x) = 0 x = . Ta c f =
f=
4 4 8
4
2
1
5
Do P ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi=
x
=
, y 0,=
z 1 v cc hon v.
2
4
412
Bi 16. Ta c : P = ( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) = 100 2 xyz .

2
y + z = 10 x
y + z = 10 x
T iu kin ta c :
x (10 x ) .
yz ( x 1)= x ( y + z )= x (10 x ) yz =
x 1
Suy ra =
P f (=
x) 100
2 x 2 (10 x )
x 1
Mt khc : ( y + z ) 4 yz (10 x ) 4.
2
x (10 x )
x 1
( x 1)(10 x ) 4 x x 7 x + 10 0 2 x 5 .
2
Xt hm s f (=
x) 100
=
f '(x)
2 x 2 (10 x )
2 x 2 x 2 13 x + 20
( x 1)2
Bng bin thin :

t
2
+
f(t)
f(t)
x 1
) ; f '( x=)
5
2
0
75
2
lin tc trn [ 2;5] ta c
x=
x[ 2;5]
0
2.
x = 4
5
+
75
2
36
36
5
75
t ti x= 5, y= z=
.
2
2
Gi tr nh nht ca P bng 36 t ti x= 2, y= z= 4 (ch ch c mt trng
T bng bin thin suy ra gi tr ln nht ca P bng
hp xy ra du bng bt ng thc ( y + z ) 4 yz trong mi trng hp max

2
v min).
Bi 17. Ta c P = x 4 + y 4 + z 4 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2 x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
2
2
= ( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 2 xyz ( xy + yz + zx )
4
x + y + z =
Theo gi thit ta c
, t t = xy + yz + zx P = 2 t 2 32t + 144
xyz
2
=
413
Ta c
( y + z )2 4 yz ( 4 x )2
8
, gii bt phng trnh ny ta suy ra
x
3 5 x 2.
2
2
, xt hm s f ( x) = x ( 4 x ) +
trn
x
x
5 5 1
on 3 5, 2 ta c t 5,
Ta c t = x ( y + z ) + yz = x ( 4 x ) +
5 5 1
Tng t xt hm s f (t ) = 2 t 2 32t + 144 trn on 5,
ta c iu
2
phi chng minh.

Bi 18. Nhn xt. hai v ca bt ng thc nu b i s 2014 ta c ng thc
v nu thay t = 2014 ta c ngay mt hm s m f (t ) f (0) .
t +a t +b t +c
trn [ 0;+ ) .
+
+
t +b t +c t +a
Bt ng thc c chng minh nu chng minh c f(t) l hm nghch bin
trn [ 0;+ ) .
Xt hm s f (t ) =
f '(t ) =
ba
(t + b)
cb
(t + c )
ac
(t + a )
bc+ca
(t + b)
cb
(t + c )
ac
( t + a )2
1
1
1
1
= (a c)
+
b
(
)
( t + a )2 ( t + b )2
( t + b )2 ( t + c )2
( a c )( b a )( 2t + a + b ) ( b c )2 ( 2t + b + c )
( t + b )2 ( t + c )2
( t + a )2 ( t + b )2
f '(t ) 0 ta ch cn gi s a = max {a, b, c} v bi ton c chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi f '(t ) = 0, t 0 a = b = c .

1 1 1
1 1
Bi 19. Xt hm s f ( x) = ( x + y + z ) + + (1 + y + z ) 1 + + trn
y z
x y z
[1;4] ta c:
2
1
1 1 1 x+ y+z
1 x yz ( y + z )
f '( x) = + +
= ( y + z ) 2 =
0.
x y z
x2
x 2 yz
yz x
Do f(x) l hm nghch bin trn [1;4] suy ra f ( x) f (1) =

0 hay
414
1 1 1
1 1
+ + (1 + y + z ) 1 + + .
y z
x y z
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1 .
( x + y + z)
1 1 1
Nhn xt. tm gi tr ln nht ca P = ( x + y + z ) + + vi cng iu
x y z
1 1
kin ta xt tip hm s g ( y ) = (1 + y + z ) 1 + + (xem thm ch k thut
y z
kho st hm nhiu bin).
Bi 20. Ta c ab + bc + ca 3 3 (abc)2 .
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) =1 + ab + bc + ca + a + b + c + abc (1 + 3 abc )
Khi P
t
+ =
,t
t +1
3 + 3t
2
abc ,0 < t 1 .
t ( t + 1) 3t 2 + t 1
t
(t )
Xt hm s =
.
f (t )
+
, 0 < t 1 f=
2
2
3 + 3t 2 t + 1
3 ( t + 1) 1 + t 2
2
T suy ra MaxP =
5
t =1 a = b = c =1.
6
Bi 21. Ta c:
x + y + z +1 x + y + z +1 x + y + z +1
=
P+3
+
+
x +1
y +1
z +1
=
1
1
1
+
+
x +1 y +1 z +1
( x + y + z + 1)
Tm gi tr nh nht ca P.
1
1
1
9
.
+
+
x +1 y +1 z +1 x + y + z + 3
Suy ra P + 3 ( x + y + z + 1) .
9
.
x+ y+ z+3
9 ( t + 1)
3
t t = x + y + z , t ;3 khi P f (t=
)
3.
t +3
2
Xt hm s
=
f (t )
9 ( t + 1)
3
3 lin tc trn on ;3 ta c:
t +3
2
415
=
f '(t )
18
( t + 3)
3
3
> 0, t ;3 do f(t) ng bin trn ;3 .
2
2
1
3
Suy ra P f (t ) f =
.
5 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z=
2
2
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 5 t ti x= y= z=
.
2
Tm gi tr ln nht ca P.
Ta c:
(1 x ) x
1
3
1
2
2
0 x + x 0 2 x + 3x 1 0
2
2
2
1
x 5
( x + 1)( 2 x + 5 ) 6
+
x +1
3 6
1
y 5 1
z 5
Tng t ta c:
+ ;
+ .
y +1
3 6 z +1
3 6

1
1
1
x+ y+z 5
+
+
+ .
x +1 y +1 z +1
3
2
x+ y+ z 5
Suy ra P ( x + y + z + 1)
+ .
3
2
3
t 5 1
t t = x + y + z , t ;3 ta c: P ( t + 1) + =
( 2t 7 )( 3 t ) + 6 6 .
2
3 2 6
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 6 t ti x= y= z= 1 .
Bi 22. Gi biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc l P ta c
2
P= abc ( a + b + c ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) = 9abc 2abc ( ab + bc + ca ) .
Ta c ( ab + bc + ca ) 3abc ( a + b + c ) =
9abc .
2
Suy ra
P
( ab + bc + ca )2 9 2
9
ab + bc + ca )
(=
t t = ab + bc + ca suy ra P f (t ) =
Xt hm s =
f (t )
416
2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2t 3 2
+t .
9
2t 3 2
+ t vi t ( 0;3] ta c
9
+ ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
2t 2
+ 2t ; f '(t ) =0 t =3 .
3
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = 3 nn f(t) t cc i ti
t = 3 . Suy ra P f (t ) f (3) =
3 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
f '(t ) =
Bi 23. Ta c: 2 yz = ( y + z ) y 2 + z 2 = x 2 1 x 2 = 2 x 2 1 .
2
2 2
1
1
Suy ra P = x x = x 6 x 4 + x 2 .
2
4
Mt khc: ( y + z ) 4 yz x 2 2 2 x 2 1 0 x 2
2
2
.
3
1
2
t
t x 2 , t 0; v P = f (t ) = t 3 t 2 + t .
=
4
3

1
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 3 t 2 + t lin tc trn on
4
2
0; 3 ta c
1
1
1
f '(t ) = 3t 2 2t + ; f '(t ) = 0 t = hoc t = .
4
6
2
1
1
2 1
.
Ta c =
f (0) f=
0, f=
f=

2
6
3 54
1
1
Suy ra max f (t ) =
. Do P ng thc xy ra khi
2
54
54
t 0;
3
x=
2
1
.
,y= z =
3
6
1
t ti x =
54
2
1
,y= z =
.
3
6
Bi 24. Nu a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =0 a =b =c =0 bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc.

+ Nu a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0 vit li bt ng thc di dng :
6 ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 27 abc
(a
t x
=
+b +c
2
a
=
,y
a 2 + b2 + c2
2 3
10 .
b
=
,z
a 2 + b2 + c2
c
a +b +c
2
x2=
+ y2 + z2 1 .
Bt ng thc tr thnh: 6 ( x + y + z ) 27 xyz 10 2 ( x + y + z ) 9 xyz
10
.
3
417
x2 + y 2 + z 2 1
Khng mt tnh tng qut=
gi s x 2 max x 2 , y 2 , z 2 x 2 =
.
3
3
Ta c
( x ( 2 9 yz ) + 2 ( y + z ) )2 x2 + ( y + z )2 . ( 2 9 yz )2 + 4= ( 2 yz + 1) (81y 2 z 2 36 yz + 8) .
t t = yz t
y 2 + z 2 1 x2 1
=
.
2
2
3
1 1
Khi P f (t ) = ( 2t + 1) 81t 2 36t + 8 vi t ; ta c:
3 3
t=
9
.
f '(t ) =486t 2 + 18t 20; f '(t ) =0
t = 5
27
1 29 2 100 5 1369 1 25
Ta c f =
.
; f =
;f =
;f=
9
3 3
9
27 243 3 3
100
10
2 100
Suy ra Max f (t ) = f =
P2
P .
1 1
9
9
9
3
t ;
3 3
ng thc xy ra chng hn ti a =
1, b =
c=
2.
Bi 25. Ta c:
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc = 3 ( a + b + c ) abc .
Khi =
P
1
4
.
+
abc 3 ( a + b + c ) abc
Mt khc ( ab + bc + ca ) 3abc ( a + b + c ) a + b + c
2
3
.
abc
1
4
1
4abc
.
+
=
+
2
9
abc
abc abc 9 ( abc )
abc
1
4t
.
t
=
t abc, ( 0 < t 1) khi P f (t) =+
t 9 t2
Suy ra P
Xt hm s f (t)=
f '(t ) =
418
1
t2
1
4t
trn ( 0;1] ta c:
+
t 9 t2
4t 2 + 36
9 t2
) (
(9 t )
t 2 4t 2 + 36 9 t 2
t2
2 2
< 0, t ( 0;1]
3
nn f(t) l hm nghch bin trn ( 0;1] . Do f (t ) f (1) =
.
2
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti a= b= c= 1 .
2
Cch 2: Ta c th nh gi nhanh thng qua bt ng thc AM-GM nh sau:
1
1
4
1
1
4
P=
+
+
+
+
2abc 2abc ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 2 2abc ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
1
+2
2
2
1
2
3
+2
=
3
2
( ac + bc )( ab + ac )( bc + ab ) 2
2ab + 2bc + 2ca
3
xy ra khi a= b= c= 1 .
2
Bi 26. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s e = min {a, b, c, d , e} vit li biu thc P
di dng: P
= bc ( a + d e ) + e ( a + c )( b + d ) .
3
b + c + a + d e 1 2e
bc ( a + d e )
=
v
3
3
a+c+b+d
1 e
e ( a + c )( b + d ) e
e
=
.
2
2
3
1 2e
1 e
Suy ra P
+ e
.
3
2
Vi a, b, c, d , e > 0 v a + b + c + d + e = 1, e = min {a, b, c, d , e} 0 < e

3
1
.
5
1 2e
1 e
1
Xt hm=
s f (e)
+ e
trn 0; ta c:
3
2
5
f '(e=
)
1
1
1
5e2 4e + 1=
(1 5e )( e + 1) 0, e 0; nn f(e) l hm
36
36
5
1 1
1
ng bin trn 0; . Do f (e) f =
.
5 25
5
1
1
t ti a= b= c= d= e=
.
25
5
a
b
c
Bi 27. Ta c:
+
+
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + c )( b + a ) ( c + a )( c + b )
419
2 ( ab + bc + ca )
=
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
6
.
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
V
2 ( a + b + c ) a 2 b 2 c 2= 2 ( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c ) + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2
= 2(a + b + c) (a + b + c) + 6
2
Mt khc:
1
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
9
8
8
Suy ra: ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca=
) (a + b + c) .
9
3
9
2
Suy ra P
+ 2(a + b + c) (a + b + c) + 6 .
4(a + b + c)
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
t t = a + b + c, t 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) = 3 P f (t ) =
Xt hm s f (t ) =
f '(t ) =
9
4t 2
9
+ 2t t 2 + 6 .
4t
9
+ 2t t 2 + 6 vi t 3 ta c:
4t
+ 2 (1 t ) < 0, t 3 . Do f(t) l hm nghch bin trn [3;+ ) .
15
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
Suy ra P f (t ) f (3) =
4
15
t ti a= b= c= 1 .
4
1
3 1
2
a 2 ( a + 1) + b 2 ( b + 1) + c 2 ( c + 1) = a3 + b3 + c3 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c ) + ( a + b + c ) .
9
3
t3 t 2
8
t t =a + b + c, t 0;3 3 P f (t ) =
+ 31 .
9 3
t +1
Xt hm s f (t ) =
=
f '(t )
420
1
2
( t + 1)3
t3 t 2
8
+ 31 lin tc trn on 0;3 3 ta c:
9 3
t +1
.
3
2
t 3t + 279
t (t + 2)
Ta c: f '(t ) = 0 8 t 3 3t 2 + 279 t ( t + 2 )
( t + 1)3 t = 3 (do
v tri l
hm s nghch bin).
Ta c f '(t ) i du t dng sang m khi i qua t = 3 nn f(t) t cc i ti
t = 3 . Do P f (t ) f (3) =
3.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 3 t ti a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 29. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P
Ta c: x 4 3 x3 9 x ( x 3) = x ( x 3)
Nu ab + bc + ca
a +b +c
3
( x + 3) 0, x [0;3] .
9
9 27
P 3. =
> 3.
5
5 5
Xt vi ab + bc + ca
a 4 + b4 + c4
3 + 9.
9
ta c:
5
a ( a 3) + b ( b 3) + c ( c 3)
a 3 + b3 + c 3
a 2 + b2 + c2 3( a + b + c )
a 2 + b2 + c2 ( a + b + c )
=
3 + 9.
=
3
+
9.
a 3 + b3 + c 3
a 3 + b3 + c 3
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca
= 3 18. 3 3 3 3 18. 3 3 3
= 3 18.
3. 9 3 ( ab + bc + ca )
a +b +c
a + b + c 3abc
2
= 3 + 2.
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca 3
Vy P 3 + 2.
ab + bc + ca
+ 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
ab + bc + ca 3
9
2t
6
t t = ab + bc + ca, t 0; khi P f (t ) = 3 +
.
+ 3t = 3t + 5 +
t 3
t 3
5
Xt hm s f (t ) =3t + 3 +
f '(t ) =
3
5+
6
t 3
6
ta c:
t 3
4t 6
3
; f '(t ) =0 t = .
2
6
+ 1
( t 3) 5 +
t 3
+3=
421
Bng bin thin:

t
3
2
0
11
2
0
+
f(t)
f(t)
9
5
27
5
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra P f (0) =

3.
3 t ti a= 3, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 30. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c = min {a, b, c} khi

b 2 bc + c 2 =b 2 + c ( c b ) b 2 , c 2 ca + a 2 =a 2 + c ( c a ) a 2 .
Suy ra:
P
t t
=
1 1
=
+ +
a 2 ab + b 2 a b
a+b+c
a+b
( a + b )2 3ab
ab
(a + b)
( a + b )2 3ab
2
a + b)
(
+
=
ab
2
a + b)
(
+
1
1 3
ab
( a + b)
)
, 0 < t khi P f (t=
4
Xt hm s=
f (t )
a+b
ab
ab
1
1
+ .
1 3t t
1
1
+ trn 0; ta c
1 3t t
4
1
3
1
3
2
2.
1 3t 2 (1 3t )
4 < 0, t 0; 1 .
=
=
2
16
f '(t )
3
3
3
t
4
2 (1 3t )
2t 2 (1 3t )
2t 2 (1 3t )
3
1
1
Suy ra f(t) nghch bin trn 0; do P f (t ) f =
6.
4
4
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 6 t ti a= b=
2
Khi :
422
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a a 2b + abc + bc 2 = b a 2 + ac + c 2
Suy ra
abc
a b+b c+c a
2
abc
b a + ac + c
2
2 a 2 + b2 + c2
Ta cn nh gi
Ta c:
a+b+c
2 a 2 + b2 + c2
=
a+b+c
) v
2 4.
ac
.
=
2
a + ac + c 2
ac
a + ac + c 2
2
ab + bc + ca
( a + b + c )2
) (
4 ( ab + bc + ca ) a 2 + ac + c 2 ab + bc + ca + a 2 + ac + c 2
2
2
= b ( a + c ) + ( a + c ) =
Suy ra
ab + bc + ca
( a + b + c )2
( a + c )2
4 a 2 + ac + c 2
(a + b + c) (a + c)
2
.
2
Do
P 2
t t =
( a + c )2
a + ac + c
2
3ac
4 a 2 + ac + c 2
3ac
ac
.
=
+
1 2
2
a + ac + c
4 a 2 + ac + c 2
,
t 1 khi :
a + ac + c 3
P f (t ) =t +
ac
3
3
3
1 t 2 = t 2 + t + .
4
4
4
2
3
3
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 + t + lin tc trn on ;1 ta c
4
4
3
2
2
3
f '(t ) = t + 1 < 0, t ;1 . Do f(t) nghch bin trn ;1 .
2
3
3
Suy ra P f (t ) f (1) =
a b=
,c 0 .

a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 34. y l mt biu thc hon v cn tm cch nh gi chuyn v biu thc
i xng cch thc hin l xt phn tng ng vi P c th l
423
Q = x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x .
Theo gi thit ta c
( x + y + z )2 x 2 y 2 z 2 =
4
xy + yz + zx =
2
3
3 3 3
3
.
x + y + z = ( x + y + z ) 3 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) = 3xyz
x3 y 3 + y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 = ( xy + yz + zx )3 3 xyz ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) x 2 y 2 z 2 = 3x 2 y 2 z 2 64
27
Khi
P + Q =
xy ( x + y ) + yz ( y + z ) + zx ( x + z ) =
3 xyz
64 .
3 3
3 3
3 3
3
3
3
2 2 2
2 2 2
P.Q= x y + y z + z x + xyz x + y + z + 3 x y z = 9 x y z
27
Theo nh l Vi-t P,Q l 2 nghim ca phng trnh

64
x 2 + 3tx + 9t 2
=
0 vi t = xyz .
27
256
256
27t 2
3t
27t 2
27
27
hoc P =
.
Suy ra P =
2
2
Kho st P nh trn ta tm c Max v Min.
Bi tp tng t
3t +
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn x + y + z =

5 v x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
9 . Tm gi tr
ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P = x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x .
( a + c )2 2ac =
1

2ac
=
6 b2
a + c =
2b
6 b2
1 .
2b
2 2
6b
Do P = b ( c a ) = b c + a 2ca = b 1
1 16 .
2b
b+c
Bi 36. Ta c P =a + (a + 1)(b + c) + bc a + (a + 1)(b + c) +
.
2
Ta ch cn rt c b+c theo a.
x + 2 =
Theo gi thit ta c
2 x =
424
a + 2b + 1
a + 2c + 1
x [ 1;1] ta c
2
a + b + c = x + 3
a + b + c = x 2 + 3
b c 4 x
4x
b c =
2
2
a + 2 ( b + c + 1) a + ( 2b + 1)( 2c + 1) = 4 x
Ta c
4 ( a + b + c ) 3 ( b c ) = 12 ( ab + bc + ca ) ( 2a b c ) 12 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
Do
P = a + b + c + ab + bc + ca a + b + c +
1
1
( a + b + c )2 ( b c )2
3
4
x2 x2 3
2
x4
1 2
2
2
= x + 3 + x + 3 4x =
x + 6=
+ 6 6, x [ 1;1]
3
3
3
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
2
( x + y + z ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx ) =
1
2
3
( x + y + z ) x2 + y 2 + z 2 ( x + y + z ) =
2.
2
2
x +=
y +z
2
Khi P =
Vi x=
( x + y + z )2 +
3
x2 + 2 y 2 + z 2
x + y + z +1
2
4
34
3( x + y + z )
x2 + y 2 + z 2
x + y + z +1
2
2, y= z= 0 th P = 1
1
1+ 3 4
=1
1
x + y + z +1
2
1
.
1+ 3 4
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x3 + y 3 + z 3 =2 + 3 xyz .
Bi 38. Tm gi tr nh nht
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = min {a, b, c} a 1 b + c = 3 a 2 .
Khi
( b 1)3 + ( c 1)3 = ( b + c 2 ) ( b 1)2 ( b 1)( c 1) + ( c 1)2

( b 1 + c 1)2 ( b 1 + c 1)2 ( b + c 2 )3
=
(b + c 2)
2
4
4
425
Suy ra
1
1
3
3
( b + c 2 )3 =( a 1)3 + (1 a )3 = ( a 1)3 , a [0;1] .
4
4
4
4
3
3
hoc cc hon v.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti a= 0, b= c=
2
4
+ Tm gi tr ln nht.
P ( a 1) +
3
S dng ng thc x3 + y 3 + z 3 = ( x + y + z ) 3 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) .
3
( a + b + c 3)3 3 ( a + b 2 )( b + c 2 )( c + a 2 ) .
=3 ( a + b 2 )( b + c 2 )( c + a 2 )
2
2
2
P 2= 9 ( b + c 2 ) ( a + b 2 ) ( c + a 2 )
Ta c b + c 2 0, ( a + b 2 ) + ( a + c 2 ) = a 1 0 .
Ta c: P =
+ Nu c a + b 2 0, a + c 2 0 P 0 .
+ Nu tn ti mt tha s dng 1 tha s m ta gi s a + b 2 0, a + c 2 0
khi
P= 3 ( b + c 2 )( 2 b a )( a + c 2 )
2
b+c2+a+c2
3( 2 b a )
3
3
3
3
= ( c 1) . ( 3 1) = 6
4
4
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 0, c= 3 .
Bi 39. Gi
s c min {a, b, c} 0 c < a, b khi
=
1
1
1
2
.
P ( a + b ) + a 2 + b 2
+
+
( a b )2 a 2 b 2
Ta c:
2
1
1
a 2 + ab + b 2
a b
a b
( a + b ) 2 + a 2 + b 2 1
+
=
+
2.
+
2
+
+ 2 +
2
2
2
2
(a b)
a
b
b a
b a
(a b)
a
b
2
+1+
a + 2 a + b + 2 a + b
= 2. b
a
b
b a
b a
2+
b
a
a b
t +1
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) khi P f (=
t) 2 t 2 + t +
.
t 2
b a
426
t +1
Xt hm s f (=
t) 2 t2 + t +
trn ( 2;+ ) ta c
t 2
3
3
; f '(t ) = 0 ( 2t + 1)( t 2 ) 3 = 0 .
f '(t ) = 2 2t + 1
2
( t 2 )
t >2
t
2t 3 7t 2 + 4t +=
=
1 0
5 + 33
.
4
5 + 33
th f(t) i du t m sang dng nn f(t) t cc tiu ti
4
5 + 33 59 + 11 33
5 + 33
hay f (t ) f
=.
4
4
4
Ti t =
a b 5 + 33
59 + 11 33
t ti =
+
=
,c 0 .
b a
4
4
CH 4: K THUT S DNG TNH THUN NHT

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Xt mt biu thc P ( x1 ; x2 ;...; xn ) c gi l biu thc thun nht bc k khi
P ( tx1 ; tx2 ;...; txn ) = t k P ( x1 ; x2 ;...; xn ) .

Nh cp trong ch Bt ng thc AM GM vi bt ng thc thun nht
ta c th chun ho iu kin ca cc bin chng minh cho n gin. Vi dng
ton ny chng ta tip cn a v bi ton t bin s hn bt ng thc ban u v
kt hp s dng tnh n iu ca hm s.
PHNG PHP
Phng php chung l gim bi ton n bin v (n-1) bin hoc nh hn bng
cc php t n ph.
Bng cch t
x2 = t1 x1
x3 = t2 x2
...
xn = tn 1 xn 1
Ta a v bi ton vi (n-1) bin t1 , t2 ,..., tn 1 .

Du hin nhn din:
- Gi thit bi ton c dng thun nht.
- Biu thc ca P thun nht.
427
1) K thut t x = ty hoc y = tx cho trng hp bt ng thc v bi ton

cc tr hai bin s.
V d 1. Cho x,y l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x 2y .
x2 + y2
.
xy
Li gii
t x = ty t x 2y t 2 v ta c:
t 2 + 1 t 2 + 1 5 5 2t 2 5t + 2 5
=
+=
+
t
t
2 2
2t
2
( t 2 )( 2t 1) + 5 0, t 2
=
2t
2
=
P
5
t ti x = 2y .
2
Nhn xt. Ta c th x l bng cch khc nh sau:

Vi d on du bng xy ra ti x = 2y ta vit li P di dng:
3x 2 x 2 + 4y 2 3 x x 2 + 4y 2 3
4xy 5
P=
+
= . +
.2 +
= .
4xy
4xy
4 y
4xy
4
4xy 2
Trong trng hp khng d on c du bng ta s dng k thut ng cp
nh trn ta d dng tm c gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc ca P vi
vic coi P l hm ca t.
V d 2. (TSH Khi B 2006) Cho hai s thc x, y thay i v tha mn iu
kin x 2 + y 2 =
1.
2 ( x 2 + 6 xy )
1 + 2 xy + 2 y 2
Li gii
Nhn xt. Biu thc P cha ng bc nhng nu thay x 2 + y 2 =
1 vo biu
thc ca P th ta a P v dng ng bc.
2 ( x 2 + 6 xy )
2 ( x 2 + 6 xy )
.
Vit li biu thc
P di dng: P =
=
x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 xy
TH1: Nu y = 0 ta c P = 2 .
TH2: Nu y 0 ta t x = t.y ta c:=
P
428
f=
(t )
2 ( t 2 + 6t )
t 2 + 2t + 3
Xt hm s f (t ) =
2 ( t 2 + 6t )
trn ta c
t 2 + 2t + 3
4 ( 2t 2 3t 9 )
t=
f '(t ) =
; f '(t ) =
0
2.
2
( t 2 + 2t + 3)
t = 3
Bng bin thin:
t
f(t)
f(t) 2
3
2
0
3
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra P=

f(3)
= 3 t ti
max
3
1
x=
3y ( x; y ) =
;
.
10
10
3
6 t ti
Pmin =
P =
2
3
3
2 3
2
x=
y ( x; y ) =
;
;
;
.
2
13
13
13
13
V d 3. Gi s x, y l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x + y 2.

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = 7( x + 2 y ) 4 x 2 + 2 xy + 8 y 2 .
Li gii
V x, y l cc s thc dng nn
7( x + 2 y ) 4 x 2 + 2 xy + 8 y 2
P= ( x + y )
x+ y
7 y 4 x 2 + 2 xy + 8 y 2
.
=
( x + y) 7 +
x+ y
t
=
t
(1)
7 y 4 x 2 + 2 xy + 8 y 2 7 4 t 2 + 2t + 8
x
, t > 0 khi
=
. (2)
x+ y
t +1
y
429
Xt hm s f (t ) =
Ta c f '(t ) =
7 4 t 2 + 2t + 8
vi t > 0.
t +1
7 t 2 + 2t + 8 + 28
(t + 1)
t + 2t + 8
2
Suy ra bng bin thin
; f '(t ) = 0 t 2 + 2t + 8 = 4 t = 2.
f '(t )
f (t )
T bng bin thin ta suy ra f (t ) 3 vi mi t > 0.
(3)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi t = 2.
T (1), (2) v (3) ta suy ra P ( x + y )(7 3) 8, du ng thc xy ra khi v
2
x + y =
4
2
ch khi
=
x
y
,=
.
x
=
t
=
2
3
3
4
2
=
,y
.
3
3
V d 4. (TSH Khi D 2013) Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn iu kin
xy y 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l 8, t khi
=
x
P
=
x+y
x xy + 3y
2
x 2y
.
6 (x + y)
Li gii
Nhn xt. Nhn thy P ng bc nn ta tm cch nh gi min gi tr ca t =
x
v
y
a v kho st hm s vi t.
2
1 1 1 1
x y 1 1 1
Xut pht t gi thit ta c: 0 < 2 = 2 =
+ .
y
y y
y
y 2 4 4
t t =
Xt hm
s f(t)
=
430
t +1
x
1
0 < t=
v P
y
4
t +1
t2 t + 3
t2 t + 3
t 2
trn
6 ( t + 1)
t 2
.
6 ( t + 1)
1
0; ta c:
4
7 3t
f '(t)
=
(t
Vi 0 < t
t +3
(t
1
2 ( t + 1)
1
ta c t 2 t + 3= t ( t 1) + 3 < 3; 7 3t > 6; t + 1 > 1 .
4
7 3t
t +3
1
2 ( t + 1)
>
1
=
2.3 3 2
1
3
1
> 0.
2
1
4
Vy f(t) l hm ng bin trn 0; .
1
4
5
3
Do f(t) f = +
7
.
30
5 7
1
t ti=
+
x =
,y 2 .
3 30
2
2) K thut gim bin vi bt ng thc v bi ton cc tr ba bin

Ta thng t
=
a x=
.b; b y.c .
V d 1. (Bt ng thc Schur) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m ta lun c
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) .
Chng minh.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c khi tn ti hai s thc khng m
)
( )
( x + 1) + ( y + 1) + 1 + 3 ( x + 1)( y + 1) ( x + 1)( y + 1)( x + y + 2 ) + ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) + ( y + 1)( y + 2 )
( x y ) ( x + y + 1) 0 (lun ng).
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin z ( x + y ) =
xy .
x,y sao cho a =+
x 1 c, b =+
y 1 c v bt ng thc tng ng vi:
3

=
P
x2 + y2
z
.
+
2
x+y
z
Li gii
t
ab .
=
x a.z,y
= b.z ta c a + b =
Khi
P =a2 + b2 +
2
2
1
1
1
.
=( a + b ) 2ab +
=( a + b ) 2 ( a + b ) +
a+ b
a+ b
a+ b
431
Mt khc a + b
4ab ( a + b ) 4 ( a + b ) a + b 4 .
2
1
t
t t =
a + b, t 4 khi P = f(t) = t 2 2t + .
1
t
t 3 2t 2 1
> 0, t 4 nn
t2
33
.
f(t) l hm ng bin trn 4; + ) suy ra P = f(t) f(4) =
4
c f '(t)
Xt hm s f(t) = t 2 2t + vi t 4 ta=
Cch 2: T gii thit suy ra
33
t ti x= y= 2z .
4
xy x + y
.
=
z
z2
x+y
x+y
z
Khi P =
.
2
+
z
z x+y
2
x+y
xy x + y
t2
t t =
t= 2
=
t 4.
z
4
z
2z
1
t
Khi P = f(t) = t 2 2t + .
t 3 2t 2 1
> 0, t 4 nn
t2
33
.
f(t) l hm ng bin trn 4; + ) suy ra P = f(t) f(4) =
4
1
t
c f '(t)
Xt hm s f(t) = t 2 2t + vi t 4 ta=
33
t ti x= y= 2z .
4
a b c a+b b+c
+ +
+
+1 .
b c a b+c a+b
Li gii
a+b
b+c
=
a x=
.b; c y.b ( x, y > 0 ) khi=
Bt ng thc tr thnh: x +
432
x +1 b + c y +1
.
=
;
y +1 a + b x +1
1 y x +1 y +1
+
+
+1
y x y +1 x +1
x3 y 2 + x 2 + x + y 3 + y 2 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 + 2 xy .
Bt ng thc cui ng v l tng ca ba bt ng
x3 y 2 + x
x3 y 2 + x + y 3 + y 3
x 2 y;
2 xy 2 ; x 2 + y 2 2 xy .
2
2
V d 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [1; 2] .

Tm gi tr gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
3
x 2 + z 2 + 4 xz y 2 + 2 yz 5 z 2
2
=
P
+
3x x .
2
2
2
x +z
yz 4 z
Li gii
t
=
x a=
.z; y b.z; a, b ; 2 .
2
3
a 2 + 4a + 1 b 2 + 2b 5
2
Khi
P
=
+
3x x .
2
a +1 b 4
Xt hm s
=
f (a)
a 2 + 4a + 1
b 2 + 2b 5
trn on
=
;
g
(
b
)
a2 + 1
b4
1
2 ; 2
v h( x) =
3 x x 2 trn on [1; 2] ta c
f '(a ) =
4 ( a 2 1)
1
; f '(a ) =
0 a =
1 ; 2 .
2
( a + 1)
2
Suy ra max f =
(a)
=
g '(b)
b 2 8b 3
(b 4)
1 13
.
f=
(1) 3; min f =
(a ) f =
(2) f =
2 5
1
< 0, b ; 2
2
3
1 15
; min g (b) =
max g (b) =
g =
g (2) =
2
2 14
h '( x) =
3 2x
3
; h '( x) =
0 x=
2
2 3x x 2
3
3
max h( x) =
h(1) =
h(2) 2; min h( x) =
h =
2
2
433
Do vy P = ( f (a ))3 + ( g (b))3 + h( x) .
3
V vy Pmax
15
=
3 + 2 .
( max f (a) ) + ( max g (b) ) + max h( x) =
14
3
=
a 1=
x z
x = 2
1
1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi b = y = z y =1 .

2
2
z = 2
x 1=
x 1
=
=
x 2=
x 2
ac + bc =
V d 5. Cho 3 s thc dng a,b,c tha mn iu kin

a
b
c
c2
.
+
+
+ 2
b + c c + a a + b a + b2
Li gii
t
=
a x.c,
=
b y.c, x,y 1 khi theo gi thit ta c:
x 1 + y =
1
2
xy ( ( x 1)( y 1) 1)=
0
xy =+
x y 2 xy =
> xy 4
Ta vit li biu thc P di dng: P =
x
y
1
1
.
+
+
+ 2
y +1 x +1 x + y x + y2
P=
x2
y2
1
1
+
+
+
xy + x xy + y x + y ( x + y ) 2 2 xy
( x + y)2
1
1
+ + 2 2
2 xy + x + y xy x y 2 xy
x2 y 2 1
1
+ + 2 2
3 xy xy x y 2 xy
xy 1
1
=
+ + 2 2
3 xy x y 2 xy
t t = xy, t 4 P f(t) =
434
t 1
1
.
+ + 2
3 t t 2t
ab
.
c
Xt hm s f(t) =
f '(t)
t 1
1
trn 4; + ) ta c:
+ + 2
3 t t 2t
t 2 t 2 4t + 1 + 6 ( t 1)
6t 2 ( t 2 )
> 0, t 4 .
41
.
24
V vy f(t) ng bin vi t 4 P f(t)= f(4)=
41
t ti x= y= 2 .
24
V d 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a b c > 0 .
thc P
=
( 3ab + bc )
b4
121b 2
.
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 8ac
Li gii
t =
x
a
c
,y
=
, ( x 1 y > 0 ) khi :
b
b
121
x + y + 8xy + 1
121
= 9x 2 + 6xy + y 2 + 2
2
x + y + 8xy + 1
121
x 2 + 8xy + y 2 + 6 + 2
2
x + y + 8xy + 1
P = ( 3x + y ) +
2
t t =
x 2 + 8xy + y 2 + 1 P f(t) =
t+
Ta c: f '(t) = 1
121
+ 5.
t
121
; f '(t) = 0 t = 11 .
t2

t = 11 hay P f(t) f(11) =
V d 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin
7 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2=
) 11( xy + yz + zx ) .
Chng minh rng
51
x
y
z
+
+
2.
28 y + z z + x x + y
435
Li gii
t P =
x
y
z
khi
+
+
y+z z+x x+ y
x
y
z
+1+
+1+
+1
y+z
z+x
x+ y
P +=
3
1
x+ y+z x+ y+z x+ y+z
1
1
+
+
= ( x + y + z)
+
+
y+z
z+x
x+ y
x+ y y+z z+x
( x + y + z ) ( x + y )( x + z ) + ( y + z )( y + x ) + ( z + x )( z + y )
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
2
( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z ) + xy + yz + zx
=
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
=
Theo gi thit ta c: 7 ( x + y + z=
) 25 ( xy + yz + zx ) . Suy ra
2
P+3
Do
( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z )
7
2
+ ( x + y + z)
3
x + y + z)
(
32
25
=
25 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
2
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) .
32 1
.
=
3
25 P + 3
( x + y + z)
1
a + b + c =
x
y
z
t a
=
=
=
,b
,c
7 .
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
ab + bc + ca =
25
32 1
.
=( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =(1 a )(1 b )(1 c )
25 P + 3
.
=1 ( a + b + c ) + ab + bc + ca abc
= 1 1 +
7
7
abc =
abc
25
25
Vy tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca P ta tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht

ca Q = abc .
Ta c
7
7
3
2
Q
= a ab ac=
a
a
1
a
=
a
a
+
a
(
)
a a ( b + c )=
25
25
25
25
Ta c:
436
b + c =1 a
7
1
3
2
2
2
7 ; ( b + c ) 4bc (1 a ) 4 a a + a .
2
25 15
5
bc = a a 25
Xt hm s f (a ) = a 3 a 2 +
7
1 3
a trn on ; ta c:
25
15 5
a=
7
5
.
f '(a ) =3a 2 2a + ; f '(a ) =0
25
a = 7
15
1
15
49
3
7
3
1
.
f=
; f=

f=

15 3375 5
5 125
3
49
51
.
=
; Qmin =
Pmax = 2; Pmin =
125
3375
28
Ta c f =

Suy ra Qmax
3) Mt nh gi hay s dng
Vi iu kin cc s thc a,b,c khng m ta cc bt ng thc thng t im
ri ti mt bin bng 0 nn ta thng gi s c = min {a, b,c} v tm cch nh
gi a bt ng thc v hai bin.
Ta c cc c lng hay s dng:
2
c
c
c
c
a + c a + ; b2 + c2 b + ;a2 + b2 a + + b + ;
2
2
2
2
c
c
a + b + c a+ +b +
2
2
c
c
ab + bc + ca a + b +
2
2
c
a ac + c = a + c ( c a ) a a + ;
2
c
b bc + c = b + c ( c b ) b b + ;
2
c
c
c
c
a ab + b a + a + b + + b +
2
2
2
2
437

3.
)(
)(
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = a2 ab + b2 b2 bc + c2 c2 ca + a2 .
Li gii
Gi s c = min a, b,c ta c:
b2 bc + c2 = b2 + c ( c b ) b2 ;
a2 ac + c2 = a2 + c ( c a ) a2
Suy ra
P a2 b2 a2 ab + b2
36
t t =
a2 b2 a2 ab + b2
( a + b + c)
) a b (a
2
ab + b2
(a + b)
a
b
b +2+ a
a b
t 1
.
+ , ( t 2 ) P f(t) = 36.
3
b a
+
t
2
( )
Xt hm s f(t) = 36.
f '(t) = 36.
5 2t
( t + 2)
t 1
( t + 2)
vi t 2 ta c:
; f '(t) = 0 t =
5
.
2
Ta c f(t) i du t dng sang m khi i qua t =
t=
) =b 1 + a
5
nn f(t) t cc i ti
2
5
5
hay P f(t) f =
12 .
2
2
a 2,=
b 1,c
= 0 hoc cc hon v.
Cch 2: Thc hin nh gi nh trn v s dng AM-GM ta c:
3
ab + ab + a2 ab + b2
4 3 3
4
2
2
P a2 b2 a=
. ab. ab a2 ab + b2 2
ab + b2
9 2 2
9
3
4 ( a + b ) 4 ( a + b + c)
12
=.
=
9 27
9.27
6
438
=
= 0
a 2,=
b 1,c
3
a + b + c = 3,c = 0, ab = a2 ab + b2
2
b 2,c
=
= 0
a 1,=
Cch 3: Gi s c = min a, b,c khi ta c:

2
c
a ac + c = a + c ( c a ) a a + ;
2
c
b bc + c = b + c ( c b ) b b + ;
2
c
c
c
c
a ab + b a + a + b + + b +
2
2
2
2
t x = a +
c
c
,y = b + , ( x,y 0 ) x + y = a + b + c = 3 khi :
2
2
P x 2 y 2 x 2 xy + y 2 = x 2 ( 3 x ) x 2 x ( 3 x ) + ( 3 x )
2
=3x 6 27x 5 + 90x 4 135x3 + 81x 2 12

V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m khng c hai s no ng thi bng 0
tha mn a + b + c =
2.
1
4
a2 + b 2
Li gii
1
4
b 2 + c2
1
4
a 2 + c2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c = min a, b,c khi ta c:

2
c
c
a + b a+ +b + ;
2
2
c
b +c b+ ;
2
c
a + c a+
2
Khi P
1
a+
c
2
1
b+
c
2
c
c
a+ 2 +b + 2
439
t x = a +
c
c
,y = b + , ( x,y > 0 ) x + y = a + b + c = 2 .
2
2
2
x+y
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c: xy
1 v
=
2
1
x2 + y2
+2
=
4 2
x + y2
2xy
1 1
+ 2 .
4
4 2
2 4 xy
x + y2
1
+2
= 2+
2
2
2xy + x 2 + y 2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 1 a = b = 1,c = 0 .

8
2xy x 2 + y 2
xy
1
4
1
4
t ti a= b= 1,c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
B. BI TP CHN LC
Bi 1. (TSH Khi A, A1 2013) Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c tha mn iu kin
4c
( a + c)( b + c) =
32a3
32b3
( b + 3c) ( a + 3c)
3
a2 + b 2
.
c
Li gii
t
=
a cx,
=
b cy, x,y > 0 t iu kin bi ton ta c:
( x + 1)( y + 1) = 4 xy + x + y = 3 .
Ta c: =
P
32x3
32y3
( y + 3) ( x + 3)
3
x2 + y2 .
Trc tin ta chng minh bt ng thc quen thuc sau y:

Vi mi a,b dng ta lun c a3 + b3
3
1
a + b) .
(
4
)(
) (
Tht vy bt ng thc tng ng vi: 4 a + b a2 ab + b2 a + b .
4 a2 ab + b2 a2 + 2ab + b2 3 ( a b ) 0 .
440
Bt ng thc lun ung v bi ton ph c chng minh.

p dng ta c:
32x3
( y + 3)
x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 3y
x
y
8
+
=
8
y+3 x+3
xy + 3x + 3y + 9
32y3
( x + 3)
( x + y )2 + 3 ( x + y ) 2xy
= 8
xy + 3 ( x + y ) + 9
Thay xy = 3 x y vo biu thc trn ta c:

3
32x
32y
( y + 3) ( x + 3)
3
( x + y )2 2 ( 3 x y ) + 3 ( x + y )
=
8
3 x y + 3(x + y) + 9
3
3
( x + y 1) .
3
Do
( x + y 1)
P ( x + y 1) x 2 + y 2 =
3
( x + y 1)
( x + y 1)
(x + y)
2 (3 x y )
(x + y)
+ 2 (x + y) 6
(x + y)
2xy
t t= x + y ta c P t 1 t 2 + 2t 6 v
2
x+y
t2
( t 2 )( t + 6 ) 0 t 2 .
3 x y= xy
3
t
4
2
Xt hm s f(t) = t 1 t 2 + 2t 6 vi t 2 ta c:
t +1
f '(t) = 3 ( t 1)
2
t 2 + 2t 6
3 2 ( t 1) t 1
2
t 2 + 2t 6
3 t 2 + 2t 6 ( t 1) t 1
2
t 2 + 2t 6
4 ( t 1) t 1 4t 2 9t + 3
>
=
> 0, t 2
t 2 + 2t 6
t 2 + 2t 6
2
Vy f(t) l hm ng bin trn 2; + do
f(t) f(2) = 1 2 P 1 2 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 2 t ti a= b= c .
441
Bi 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng i mt phn bit tha mn b 8a 4c v
ab + bc =
2c2 . Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc
P=
a
b
c
.
+
+
ab bc ca
Li gii
t=
a x.c,=
b y.c, 0 <
1
1
2
.
y x v xy + y = 2 y =
8
2
x +1
Khi
2
1
+ x +1 +
2
2
1 x
x
1
x +1 x +1
2
2
x + x 3 ( x + 2 ) x 2 2x 6
x +x
3
= 2
+ =
=
x + x 2 1 x
x2 + x 2
x2 + x 2
x
y
1
P=
+
+
=
x y y 1 1 x
Ta c
1 + 2 1
1
1
y x x
;
8
2
2
2
Xt hm s f(x) =
=
f '(x)
x 2 2x 6
lin tc trn
x2 + x 2
3x 2 + 8x + 10
(x
+x2
1 + 2 1
; ta c
2
2
1 + 2 1
> 0, x
;
2
2
1 + 2 1
;
2
2
suy ra f(x) l hm ng bin trn
1 + 2
1
17 + 6 2
27
.
P
f(x) f hay
7
5
2
2
Suy ra f
ca P bng
442
27
8
t ti=
b 2a,c
= a v gi tr nh nht
3
5
1 + 2
17 + 6 2
t =
ti a
=
c, b 4
2
7
2 1 c .
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a3 + b3 =

c3 .
a 2 + b 2 c2
.
( c a )( c b )
Li gii
Nhn xt. iu kin bi cho ng bc 3 v biu thc P bc 0 nn ta t
=
a xc,
=
b yc, ( x,y > 0 ) .
( x + y ) 2xy 1 .
xy ( x + y ) + 1
(x + y) 1 .
= ( x + y ) 3xy ( x + y ) xy =
3(x + y)
2
x2 + y2 1
Khi x +
=
y =
1 v P =
(1 x )(1 y )
3
Xut pht t 1 = x + y
3
t t= x + y ta c t > 1 v x + y
Ta c P =
4 +2
4 1
t3 1
4xy t 4.
1< t 3 4 .
3t
2
t+2
d thy y l hm nghch bin vi 1 < t 3 4 suy ra
t 1
.
4 +2
4 1
t ti=
a b,c
= a3 2 .
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a b c .
(a
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc M =
Li gii
+ c2
ab + bc + ca
ac ( a + b + c )
)(
Nhn xt. iu kin cho a b c b a b c 0 v M bc 0 nn t
=
a x.b,c
= y.b, ( x 1,0 < y 1) v
(1 x )(1 y ) 0 xy x y + 1 0 x + y 1 + xy .
(x
Khi : M =
+ y2
x + y + xy
xy ( x + y + 1)
443
y l biu thc i xng vi tng x + y v tch xy nn suy ngh ngay n vic

t S =+
x y,P =
xy t iu kin ta c ngay 0 0
do f(P) l hm nghch bin trn 0;S 1 .
Do f(P) f S 1
(S
Xt hm s g(S) =
g'(S)
(S
=
2S + 2
2S + 2
2S 1
.
S2 1
2S 1
S2 1
S4 + 2S3 13S2 + 12S 4

=
2
2S 1 S2 1
trn 1; + ta c:
(S 2) (S
+ 4S2 5S + 2
2S 1 S2 1
);
S>1
= 0
=
g'(S)
S 2
Ta c g(S) i du t m sang dng khi i qua S = 2 nn g(S) t cc tiu ti
2
S = 2 trn (1; + ) hay g(S) g(2) =.
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca M bng
2
3
t ti a= b= c .
Bnh lun. Ngoi li gii trn ta c th xt hm s trc tip bng cch coi b l n
v a,c l tham s ta c kt qu tng t hoc chng minh
( a + c) b + 2ac
. Khi M
ac ( a + b + c )
( a + b + c) 3 ( a + c)
b2 + 2ac
4ac
2
3
Nhng r rng vi du hiu ng cp t iu kin cho n biu thc M vic s

dng k thut gim v hai bin x,y t ra hiu qu. y l mt bi ton hay i
hi phi t duy logic khi gp tng v tch i xng ca S =+
x y,P =
xy .
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

32abc .
444
a 4 + b 4 + c4
( a + b + c)
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
a
b
c
1
.
.
.
=
a + b + c a + b + c a + b + c 32
1
a
b
c
=
,x + y +=
z 1.
=
,y =
,z
,x,y,z > 0 v xyz
32
a+ b+c
a+ b+c
a+ b+c
=
t x
Khi P = x 4 + y 4 + z 4 v ta c:
P=
(x
+ y2 + z2
2 x2 y2 + y2z2 + z2 x2
2
2
= ( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 2xyz ( x + y + z )
2
2
1
= 1 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx )
16
2
9
= 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 4 ( xy + yz + zx ) +
8
t t = xy + yz + zx ta c P = 2t 2 4t +
Ta c: t =x y + z + yz =x 1 x +
9
.
8
1
1
.
= x 2 + x +
32x
32x
Mt khc:
3 5
1
x
2
2
4
2.
( 2x 1) 4x 2 6x + 1 0 4
( y + z ) 4yz (1 x ) 32x
3+ 5
x
Xt hm s f(x) = x 2 + x +
1
trn
32x
3 5 1 3 + 5
;
; + ta c:
2 4
4
1
x=
1
4
.
f '(x) = 2 x + 1
; f '(x) = 0
2
32x
1+ 5
x =
8
3 5 1 3+ 5
x
;
;+
4 2 4
445
Ta c:
3 5
f
=
4
Suy ra
1+ 5 5 5 1 1
f
,f =
=
8
32
4
1 5 3+ 5
5 5 +1
.
f =
,f
=
32
2 16 4
5
5 5 1
9
. Xt hm s g(t) = 2t 2 4t + trn
t
16
32
8
5 5 5 1
;
32
16
5 5 5 1
;
.
32
16
Ta c: g'(t)= 4t 4 < 0, t
5 5 1
5
383 165 5
9
.
P
g(t)
hay ta c
32
256
128
16
Suy ra g
9
t ti a= 2, b= c= 1 hoc cc hon v v
128
1+ 5
383 165 5
t ti a =
3 5, b =
c= .
2
256
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a b c 0 v
2b + 2c a > 0 .
gi tr nh nht ca P bng
b
c
2b + 2c a
.
+
c+a
a + b
a
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 2
Li gii
b
2b a
.
a
a
TH1: Nu c = 0 P = 2
t t
=
b 1
,
t 1 khi P =
f(t) =
2t 2t 2 1 .
a 2
;1 ta c
2
Xt hm s f(t) =
2t 2t 2 1 lin tc trn
f '(t) = 2
2t
2t 2 1
2t 2 1 t
2t 2 1
)=
2 t2 1
2t 2 1
1
0, t
;1 .
2
2
2t 1 + t
;1 , suy ra P = f(t) f(1) = 1 .

2
Do f(t) l hm nghch bin trn

446
Trng hp ny gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti=

a b,c
= 0.
TH2: Nu c > 0 a b c > 0 t c = x.a, b = y.a, 0 < x,y 1 .
x
y
+
2x + 2y 1 .
y +1
x + 1
Khi :
P 2
=
x
y
+
x+y .
y +1
x +1
Ta chng minh
x2 + x + y2 + y
( x + y )( x + 1)( y + 1)
x 2 + x + y 2 + y + 2 xy ( x + 1)( y + 1) ( x + y )( x + 1)( y + 1) .
2 xy ( x + 1)( y + 1) xy ( x + y + 2 ) 4 ( xy + x + y + 1) xy ( x + y + 2 ) .
2
Bt ng thc lun ng do xy x + y + 2
xy + x + y + 1 xy ( x + y + 2 ) =
4xy ( x + y + 2 ) v
( x + y + 1)(1 xy ) 0 .
Vy P 2 x + y 2x + 2y 1
t t=
x + y, 0 < t 2 suy ra P f(t) =2t 2t 2 1 .
Ta c: f '(t) = 2
2t
; f '(t) = 0 t = 1 .
2t 1
Do P f(1) =
1 . Nhng trng hp ny du bng khng xy ra.
2
Kt hp hai trng hp suy ra gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti=

a b,c
= 0.
Bi 7. (TSH Khi A 2009) Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng x,y,z tha
)
( x + y ) + ( x + z ) + 3 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) 5 ( y + z )
mn iu kin x x + y + z =
3yz ta lun c
3
Li gii
)
Ta cn chng minh ( a + 1) + ( b + 1) + 3 ( a + 1)( b + 1)( a + b ) 5 ( a + b ) .
( a + b + 2 ) 3 ( a + 1)( b + 1)( a + b + 2 ) + 3 ( a + 1)( b + 1)( a + b ) 5 ( a + b ) .
t
3ab .
=
y a.x,
=
z b.x, a, b > 0 ta c a + b + 1 =
3
447
( a + b + 2 ) 6 ( a + 1)( b + 1) 5 ( a + b )
3
( a + b + 2 ) 6 ( ab + a + b + 1) 5 ( a + b )
3
Thay a + b + 1 =
3ab vo bt ng thc ta cn chng minh
( 3ab + 1)
6 ( ab + 3ab ) 5 ( 3ab 1) ( 3ab 1)( ab 1)( 6ab 1) 0

3
(lun ng)
Do 3ab = a + b + 1 2 ab + 1
)(
ab 1 3 ab + 1 0 ab 1 .

Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b l hai s thc v c khng m tha mn iu kin a2 + b2 + ab =
3c2 .
Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + 4abc 6c3 .
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + 2a ( b + c ) =

5bc .
Chng minh rng ( a + b ) + ( a + c ) + ( a + b )( a + c )( b + c ) 3 ( b + c ) .
3

14 .
6 v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
Li gii
4a + b
.
c
6
c ( x + y + 1) =
.
2
2
2
c
x
+
y
+
1
=
14
(
)
t
=
a x=
.c, b y.c, ( x, y > 0 ) theo gi thit ta c:
6c
x+ y =
6 c
( x + y ) c =
c
2
2
2
2
( 6 c ) (14 c 2 ) c 2 6c + 11
14 c
( x + y ) c 2 xyc =
=
xy =
c2
2c 2
Trc ht ta phi c:
( x + y)
c 2 6c + 11
62 3
6+2 3
6c
.
4 xy
c
4.
2
c
3
3
c
2
Suy ra x,y l hai nghim dng ca phng trnh:
6 c 3c 2 + 12c 8
t1 =
6 c c 6c + 11
2c
0
.
t2
t+
=
2
c
c
6 c + 3c 2 + 12c 8
t 2 =
2c
448
Ta c: =
P 4x + y .
tm gi tr ln nht ca P ta xt vi=
x t2=
, y t1 v t2 t1 .
Khi
6 c + 3c 2 + 12c 8 6 c 3c 2 + 12c 8 30 5c + 3 3c 2 + 12c 8

+
=
.
2c
2c
2c
6 2 3 6 + 2 3
30 5c + 3 3c 2 + 12c 8
lin tc trn on
Xt hm s f (c) =
;
.
2c
3
3
P= 4.
f '(c) =
3 5 3c 2 + 12c 8 + 3c 4
) ; f '(c) =0 5
c 3c + 12c 8
4 3c 0
6
2 c =.
2
7
25 ( 3c + 12c 8 ) = ( 4 3c )
2
3c 2 + 12c 8 + 3c 4 =0
Ta c f(c) i du t dng sang m khi i qua c =
6
nn f(c) t cc i ti
7
6
6 31
hay P f (c) f =
.
7
7 2
19
17
6
.
=
a =
,b =
,c
7
7
7
31
19
17
6
t ti
.
a =
,b =
,c
=
2
7
7
7
c=
tm gi tr nh nht ca P ta xt vi=
x t1=
, y t2 .
Khi
P= 4.
6 c 3c 2 + 12c 8 6 c + 3c 2 + 12c 8 30 5c 3 3c 2 + 12c 8

+
=
.
2c
2c
2c
30 5c 3 3c 2 + 12c 8
lin tc trn on
2c
6 2 3 6 + 2 3
;
.
3
3
Xt hm s g(c) =
g'(c) =
3 5 3c 2 + 12c 8 3c + 4
c
3c + 12c 8
2
) ;g'(c) =0 5
3c 2 + 12c 8 3c + 4 =0 .
449
3c 4 0
2
25 ( 3c + 12c 8 ) =
( 3c 4 )
c=
3.
Ta c g(c) i du t m sang dng khi i qua c = 3 nn g(c) t cc tiu ti

c = 3 hay P g (c) g (3) =
2.
a 1,=
b 2,=
c 3.
a 1,=
b 2,=
c 3.
( 3a + 2b + c )
1 2 3
+ + =
30 .
a b c
b + 2c 7 72a 2 + c 2
.
a
Li gii
t
=
x
b
c
. Suy ra: 30 =
=
,y
2a
3a
1 1
+ + 1
x y
( 4 x + 3 y + 3)
1 1
1 1 x ( y + 1)
= x + + 1 + 3 ( x + y + 1) + + 1
+ 28
2y
x y
x y
2y
4y
x
P = 2 x + 6 y 21 y 2 + 8
+ 6 y 21 y 2 + 8 55
y +1
y +1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 6=
a 3=
b 2c .
Cch 2: Trc tin ta bin i iu kin bi ton
( 3a + 2b + c )
1
1 1
5
+ + =
6a 3b 2c
1 1 1
1 1
1
10
( 6a + 3b + 2c ) + + + b + + =
6a 3b 2c 6a 3b 2c
1 1
1 2
4ac
1
1
b + + 1 b + b
3a + c
6a 3b 2c
6 a 2c 3
4ac
2
+ 2c 7 72a 2 + c 2
4c
2c
c
3
+
a
c
P
=
+ 7 72 +
3a + c a
a
a
4t
Xt hm s f (t ) =
+ 2t 7 t 2 + 72 55, ( t = c / a ) ta c
3+t
450
f '(t ) =
2+
4
4t
7t
.
2
t + 3 ( t + 3)
t 2 + 72
S: Pmax =
55; 2a =
3b =
6c .
Di y ti trnh by mt bi ton tng t nhng i theo mt hng khc
( a + 5b + 3c )
1 1
1 39
+ + =.
a 4b 3c 4
2 ( a + 3c )( a + 3c 4b ) 7c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2
.
P=
2ac
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c
39
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
=( a + 4b + 3c ) + + + b + + 9 + b + +
4
a 4b 3c a 4b 3c
a 4b 3c
3ac 2b ( a + 3c )
1
1 1
+
+ 9.
a 4b 3c
Ch AM GM ta c ( a + 4b + 3c )
Khi
2 ( a + 3c ) 8b ( a + 3c ) 7c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2
P=
2ac
2
2 ( a + 3c ) 12ac 7c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2 2a 2 + 11c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2
=
.
2ac
2ac
2
a
2 x 2 + 11 + 4 x 2 + 7
=
,x
c
2x
Xt hm s f ( x) =
( 2x
f '( x) =
2 x 2 + 11 + 4 x 2 + 7
vi x dng ta c
2x
11) x 2 + 7 28
2 x2 x2 + 7
; f '( x) = 0 x = 3 .
15
2
Ta c f(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x=3 nn f ( x) f (3) =

.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi =
a 4=
b 3c .
15
.
2
451
Bi tp tng t
( a + 3b + c )
1 1 1 21
+
+ =.
a 2b c 2
a 2 + ( a + c )( a + c 2b ) + 2a 2 + 2c 2
.
P=
ac
S: Pmin
= 5;=
a 2=
b c.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P=
(x +
4xy 2
x + 4y
2
Bi 2. Cho x,y l hai s khng m . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
xy + x 4 + 9x 2 y 2
.
P=
x 2 + 8y 2
Bi 3. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn xy y 1 .
y3 2x 2
.
P
+
x3 y 2
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn
( a + 2b ) 1b + 1c =
2
2
a + 2b
.
P=
ac
4,c 3a . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
Bi 5. Cho x,y l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
=
P
x3
4y3
+
.
3
x3 + 8y3
y3 + ( x + y )
( a + b + c) 1a + 1b + 1c =16 .

452
a2 + 2b2
.
ab
Bi 7. (TSH Khi A 2011) Cho cc s thc x, y, z [1;4] , x y, z z .

x
y
z
.
+
+
2x + 3y y + z z + x

bc
4abc
.
=
P
( b + a )( c + a ) ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Bi 9. Cho cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin ( a + c )( b + c ) =
4c 2 .
a
b
ab
.
+
+
b + 3c a + 3c bc + ca
Bi 10. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a 2b .
Chng minh: 14 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 5 ( a + b + c ) .
2
Bi 11. Cho a,b l hai s thc v c khng m tha mn a 2 + b 2 + ab =

3c 2 .
Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + 4abc 6c3 .
Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn ( a + b c ) =
ab .
2
ab
c2
c

+ 2
+
.
2
a+b a +b a+bc
Bi 13. Cho cc s thc khng m a,b,c tha mn a + b + c > 0 .
a3 + b3 + 16c3
( a + b + c )3
Bi 14. Cho cc s thc a,b,c.

Chng minh rng 8a 4 + 8b 4 + 27c 4
27
( a + b + c )4 .
64
Bi 15. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn ( a + b + c )= 2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 v a + b + c 0 .

2
a 3 + b3 + c 3
.
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
Bi 16. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m i mt phn bit. Chng minh rng
x+ y
y+z
z+x
9
.
+
+
2
2
2
x
+
y+z
( x y) ( y z ) ( z x)
Bi 17. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m i mt phn bit tha mn a + b + c =
1.
453
(a b)
(b c )
( c a )2
Bi 18. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m khng c hai s no ng thi bng 0.

.
b +c
c +a
a +b
Bi 19. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m v khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0.
P=
( a + b + c )2
.
b +c
c +a
a +b
Bi 20. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0 tha
mn a + b + c =
1.
1
1
1
.
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
a +b
b +c
c + a2
Bi 21. Cho cc s thc a > 0, b,c 0 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
( ab + bc + ca )
.
a +b
a +b +c
a
Bi 22. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m v c < a, c < b . Chng minh rng
P=
( ab + bc + ca )
a 2 + b2 + c2
a b
.
+
ab + bc + ca
bc ca
Bi 23. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] .

x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
.
xyz ( x + y + z )

4a3 + 3b3 + 2c3 3b 2 c
( a + b + c )3
Bi 25. Cho a,b,c l di mt tam gic khng nhn. Chng minh rng
(a
1
1
1
+ b 2 + c 2 2 + 2 + 2 10 .
b
c
a
Bi 26. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn x 2 + y 2 + 6 z 2= 4 z ( x + y ) .

454
x3
y( x + z)
y3
x( y + z)
x2 + y 2
.
z
Bi 27. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn ( a + b + c )= 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) v a + b + c 0 .

2
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a
( a + b + c )3
Bi 28. Cho a, b 0, c > 0 v tho mn iu kin a3 + b3 = c ( c 1) .

a 2 + b2 + c2
( a + b + c )2
Bi 29. Cho x,y l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn x + 2 xy 8 y .

x3 y 3 x 2 y 2
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 4 3 + 3 9 2 + 2 .
y
x y
x
Bi 30. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn 0 < 4a c 9a .

12a
12b
25c
.
+
+
a+b b+c c+a
4
3
Bi 31. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn b a c b .
5
5
12 ( a b ) 12 ( b c ) 25 ( c a )
.
+
+
c
a
b
Bi 32. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m thay i tha mn 2a3 ( b + c ) 4abc .

3
Chng minh
7 4
a + 3 b 4 + c 4 2a 2b 2 3b 2 c 2 + 2c 2 a 2 .
16
Bi 33. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn ab + bc + ca =

3b 2 .
abc ( a + c ) a 2 + c 2
a
c
.
P=
+
+
b+c a+b
( a + c ) b2
( a + c )
1 10
, c 4b .
=
b2 b
a
a +cb
.
b
(a
+ b2 + c2
27 ( a b ) ( b c ) ( c a ) .
2
Bi 36. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn ab + bc + ca > 0 .

455
Chng minh rng
1
a +b
2
1
b +c
2
1
c +a
2
11
a +b +c
2
32
( a + b + c )2
Bi 37. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m i mt khc nhau tha mn a + b + c =

0.
33
.
( a b )4 ( b c )4 ( c a )4 16
Bi 38. Tm hng s k tt nht sao cho bt ng thc sau ng vi mi s thc
khng m a,b,c
Chng minh rng
( ab + bc + ca )2
( a + b + c )5 k ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) ( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
Bi 39. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc i mt phn bit. Chng minh rng

2
a b bc ca
+
+
5.
bc ca a b
1
a + ab + b
2
1
b + bc + c
2
1
c + ca + a
2
( a + b + c )2
Bi 41. (Iran 1996) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
9
.
+
+
2
2
2
4
ab
+
bc + ca )
(
( a + b) (b + c ) (c + a )
Bi 42. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn
1
2
1
=2 .
b
2c
c
2
a
a
b
.
Tm gi nh nht ca biu thc P =
+
+
b+c c+a
a 2 + b2 + c2
27 ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 45abc 32 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) .

ab
bc
ca
4abc
.
P=
+
+
2
2
2
( a + b ) ( b + c ) ( c + a ) ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
Bi 45. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng ng thi bng 0 tha mn
2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) .
Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca biu thc P =
456
( y 2 z )2
xy + yz + zx
Bi 46. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 4ab + 4bc + 4ca =

0 v
a + b + c 0 . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
a3 + b3 + c3 abc
( a + b + c )3
Bi 47. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2= 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) v

ab + bc + ca 0 . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
( a b )( b c )( c a ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca )
( a + b + c )5
Bi 48. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn 5 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6 ( xy + yz + zx ) .

1 1 1
P = ( x + y + z) + + .
x y z
Bi 49. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng ng thi bng 0 v tha mn
8 x 2 + y 2 + z 2= 11( xy + yz + zx ) .
x3 + y 3 + z 3
( x + y + z ) ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
Bi 50. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0 .

P=
2 ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 9abc
(a
+b +c
2
2 3
C. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. t
=
x t. y, ( t > 0 ) ta c=
P f=
(t )
f '(t ) =
t 2 + 4 3t
t2 + 4 t + t2 + 4
(t +
4t
t +4
2
ta c
; f '(t ) = 0 t 2 + 4 = 3t t =
1
.
2
457

ti t =
1
trn khong ( 0;+ ) nn
2
1
1 1
f(t) t cc tiu hay P =
f (t ) f
=.
2
2 8
1
t ti y = 2 x .
8
Bi 2. Nu x =0 P =0 . Xt x > 0 ta t=
y t .x ( t 0 ) .
Khi =
P f=
(t )
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t + t 4 + 9t 2
t2 + 8
t + t 4 + 9t 2
trn [ 0;+ ) ta c
t2 + 8
7t 2 + 72 + 8 t 2 t 2 + 9
=
f '(t ) =
; f '(t ) 0
2
4
2 2
t + 9t t + 8
7t 2 + 72 + 8 t 2
( )
) t +9 = 0t = 6
2
3 2
Lp bng bin thin suy ra P =
f (t ) f (6 2) = .
4
3 2
t ti x = 6 2 y .
4
2
Khi P= f (t=
) t3 +
2
t
x y 1 1 1 1
1
y
2 = t = 4 .
y
4 y 2
4
x
y
. Xt hm s f (t=
) t3 +
2
t2
vi t 4 ta c
4 3t 5 4
f '(t=
) 3t 2 3=
> 0, t 4 do f(t) l hm ng bin trn
t
t3
513
[ 4;+ ) suy ra P = f (t ) f (4) = .
8
513
1
t ti=
x =
,y 2.
8
2
Bi 4. t =
a x.b,=
c y.b, ( 3 x y > 0 ) khi t iu kin ta c:
( x + 2 ) 1 +
458
2 ( y 1)
1
.
=4 x =
y
y +1
Mt khc: 3 x y 3.
2 ( y 1)
y +1
y y2 5 y + 6 0 2 y 3 .
2 ( y 1)
+2
2
x + 2 y +1
3y2 2 y + 2
.
Khi
=
=
= f=
P
( y)
2 ( y 1)
xy
y3 y
.y
y +1
2
3y2 2 y + 2
Xt hm s f ( y ) =
y3 y
lin tc trn on [ 2;3] ta c:
3
3
3 y 4 + 4 y 3 + 3 3 y ( y 2 ) 2 y + 3
=
f '(y)
=
< 0, y [ 2;3] .
2
2
y3 y
y3 y
Do f(y) l hm nghch bin trn [ 2;3] .

11
2
t ti
=
a =
b, c 2b
6
3
a b=
, c 3b .
P=
f=
(3) 1 t ti=
min
Suy ra P=
f=
(2)
max
1 1
Bi 6. t
=
c x=
.a, b y.a, ( x, y > 0 ) theo gi thit ta c: (1 + x + y ) 1 + + =
16 .
x y
Khi
=
P f=
( y)
1 + 2 y2
.
y
kho st hm f(y) ta cn tm min gi tr ca y trc tin.

1
1
Vit li ng thc trn di dng: 1 + x 2 + y + 13 x + y + 1 =
0 (1) .
y
y
Phng trnh (1) phi c nghim x,y dng do iu kin l:
y > 0
1
1
73 5
7+3 5
=
y
+
13
y
4 1 + ( y + 1) 0
y
y
2
2
1
y + 13 > 0
y
7 3 5 7 + 3 5
Vic cn li ta ch kho st hm s f(y) trn
;
ta c:
2
2
7 3 5 21 3 5
1
=
=
Pmax f =
, Pmin f=
2 2.
2
2
2
459
Bi 7. Nhn xt. Biu thc P ng cp bc 0 v c x y, x z nn ta t n ph

gim bin bng cch biu din y theo x v z theo x.
1
t
=
y a=
.x, z b.x do x, y, z [1;4] , x y, x z a, b ;1 .
4
1
a
b
Khi P =
.
+
+
2 + 3a a + b b + 1
Ta cha c mi lin h gia a v b nn c mnh dn xt hm s vi a hoc b
xem sao v hy vng c mt hm lun ng bin hoc lun ngch bin.
Xt hm s f (a) =
1
a
b
1
lin tc trn ;1 ta c:
+
+
2 + 3a a + b b + 1
4
( 2 + 3a ) b 3 ( a + b ) .
3
b
f '(a ) =
+
= 2
2
2
( 2 + 3a ) ( a + b )
( 2 + 3a ) ( a + b )2
2
Ta c:
( 2 + 3a )2 b 3 ( a + b )2=
9a 2b + 6ab + 4b 3a 2 3b 2
9a 2b + 6a 2b + 4b 3a 2 3b 2
1
= 3a 2 ( 5b 1) + b ( 4 2b ) > 0, a, b ;1
4
1
Do f(a) l hm ng bin trn ;1 suy ra
4
1
b
1 4
.
P=
f (a ) f =+
+
4 11 1 + 4b 1 + b
4
1
b
1
lin tc trn on ;1 ta c:
Xt hm s g (b) =+
+
11 1 + 4b 1 + b
4
g '(b)=
( b + 1)
(1 + 4b )
Ta c g(b) i du t m sang dng khi i qua b =

b=
1
b ;1
4
b=
; g '(b)= 0 (1 + 4b ) = 4 ( b + 1)
2
1
.
2
1
nn g(b) t cc tiu ti
2
1
34
1 34
hay g (b) g =
. Do P .
2
33
2 33
34
1
1
t ti=
hay
=
x 4=
y, x 2 z v do
a =
,b
33
4
2
x, y, z [1;4] x = 4, y = 1, z = 2 .
Bi 8. t
=
b x=
.a, c y.a, ( x, y > 0 ) khi :
460
xy
xy
4 xy
4
.
P=
=
1
( x + 1)( y + 1) ( x + y )( x + 1)( y + 1) ( x + 1)( y + 1) x + y
Vi x + y > 4 P > 0 ta xt vi x + y 4 .
Khi P
=
xy
4
1
khi nu coi v phi lm mt hm ca xy
xy + x + y + 1 x + y
2
x+ y
ta c mt hm nghch bin mt khc xy
suy ra:
2
2
x+ y
( x + y )( x + y 4 ) .
4
2
P
1
=2
2
x + y ( x + y) + 4( x + y) + 4
x+ y
+ x + y +1
2
t t = x + y, ( 0 < t 4 ) P f (t ) =
Xt hm s f (t ) =
f '(t ) =
t (t 4)
( t + 2 )2
t (t 4)
( t + 2 )2
trn ( 0;4] ta c:
( 2t 4 )( t + 2 ) 2 ( t 2 4t )
(t + 2)
8t 8
( t + 2 )3
; f '(t ) = 0 t = 1 .

1
t = 1 do P f (t ) f(1) =
.
3
1
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti x = y = a = 2b = 2c .
3
2
Bi 9. t
=
a x=
.c, b y.c, ( x, y > 0 ) theo iu kin bi ton ta c:
4.
( x + 1)( y + 1) =
x2 + y 2 + 3( x + y )
x
y
xy
xy
Khi : P =
+
+
=
+
y+3 x+3 x+ y
xy + 3 ( x + y ) + 9 x + y
( x + y )2 + 3 ( x + y ) 2 xy xy
+
xy + 3 ( x + y ) + 9
x+ y
Do ( x + 1)( y + 1) =4 xy =3 ( x + y ) .
461
t t = x + y, ( 0 < t < 3) xy = 3 t v
2
t2
x+ y
t >0
3=
t xy
=
t 2 + 4t 12 0
t 2 .
4
2
t 2 + 3t 2 ( 3 t )
3t t 3 3
= + .
3 t + 3t + 9
t
2 t 2
Bng
bin thin:
t 3 3
Xt hm s f (t ) = + vi
t
2 t 2
2
ta
c
t [ 2;3)
f(t)
Khi P =
1 3
; f '(t ) = 0 t = 6 .
2 t2
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra
max f =
(t ) f(2)
= 1.
t[ 2;+3)
f '(t ) =
f(t)
6
+
0
6
3
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 t ti a= b= c .
Bi 10. t a= x.c, b= y.c, ( 0 < 2 y x ) ta cn chng minh
14 x 2 + y 2 + 1 5 ( x + y + 1) 9 y 2 10 ( x + 1) y + 9 x 2 10 x + 9 0 .
2
Coi v tri l hm ca y v x l tham s

f ( y ) = 9 y 2 10 ( x + 1) y + 9 x 2 10 x + 9 ta c
f '( y ) =
18 y 10 ( x + 1) 9 x 10 ( x + 1) =
x 10 < 0 nn f(y) l hm nghch
2
x 5
bin suy ra f ( y ) f = x 3 0 .
2
2


=
a 2=
b,5a 6c .
2
b 3b 2
Bi 11. Nu c = 0 a 2 + ab + b 2 = 0 a + +
= 0 a = b = 0 bt ng
2
4
thc tr thnh ng thc.

Nu c > 0 t
=
a x=
.c, b y.c khi theo iu kin ta c:
x 2 + y 2 + xy =
3 v bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh:
x3 + y 3 + 4 xy 6 ( x + y ) 3 xy ( x + y ) + 4 xy 6 .
3
t = x + y 3 = x 2 + y 2 + xy =
462
( x + y )2 xy =
t 2 xy t 2 3 = xy
t2
2 t 2 .
4
Thay xy= t 2 3 vo bt ng thc trn ta cn chng minh:
)
9t + 18 0, t [ 2;2] ( t 2 ) ( 2t
t 3 3 t 2 3 t + 4 t 2 3 6, t [ 2;2] .
2t 3 4t 2
9 0, t [ 2;2] (lun ng).
xy
1
1
2
Bi 12. t
xy v P = + 2 2 + .
=
a x=
.c, b y.c t iu kin ta c: ( x + y 1) =
x + y x + y xy
2
2
2
2
x+ y
Ta c: ( x + y 1) =xy
( x + y ) 4 ( x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) + 1 0 .
2
2
2
3( x + y ) 8 ( x + y ) + 4 0 x + y 2 .
3
2
2
t t = x + y, t 2 thay xy= ( t 1) vo biu thc ca P ta c:

3
( t 1)2
P=
t
=
( t 1)2
t
1
t 2 ( t 1)
2
1
2 ( t 1)
( t 1)
1
t + 4t 2
2
( t 1)2
t
+
t + 4t 2
2
( t 1)2
1
2 ( t 1)
2
4
2
+ 2, t ;2
t t 1 t2
3
2
4
+
=
t t 1 t 2 + 4t 2 + 2 ( t 1)2
Nhn xt. Ta c th x l theo cch khc sau y:
ab
c2
c2
ab
c2
c2
c2
+ 2
+
=
+
+
+
P=
a + b a + b 2 ab a + b 2ab a 2 + b 2 2ab
4c 2
2c 2c
c 2 ab
2
+ 2
2
ab ( a + b ) a + b + 2ab a + b a + b
2
Xut pht t gi thit ta c: 1 =
a+b
ab
(a + b)
1
1
c
3

.
4
2 a+b 2
c
1 3
. Xt hm s g (t=
) 2t + 4t 2 trn ; ta c kt qu tng t nh
a+b
2 2
li gii trn. Qua bi ton ny ta c nhn xt l i khi s dng k thut gim
bin i vi dng ng bc i hi chng ta phi bin i v vn dng tinh t
cc bt ng thc.
t t =
463
3
a
b
c
Bi 13. Ta c: P =
+
+ 16
.
a+b+c a+b+c
a+b+c
a
b
c
t x =
=
,y =
,z
, ( x, y, z 0 ) v x + y + z =
1.
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
Khi P = x3 + y 3 + 16 z 3 .
tm gi tr ln nht ta thc hin nh sau:
P =+
x3 y 3 + z 3 + 15 z 3 ( x + y + z ) + 15 z 3 =
1 + 15 z 3 16 .
3
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 16 t ti a= b= 0 .
tm gi tr nh nht ca P ta thc hin nh sau:
2
P = x3 + y 3 + 16 z 3 = ( x + y ) ( x + y ) 3xy + 16 z 3
3
1
2
2
( x + y ) ( x + y ) ( x + y ) + 16 z 3 =
(1 z )3 + 16 z 3
4
4
1
3
Xt hm s f ( z ) = (1 z ) + 16 z 3 lin tc trn on [ 0;1] ta c:
4
3
1
z[ 0;1]
2
.
f '( z )= (1 z ) + 48 z 2 ; f '( z )= 0
z=
4
9
Ta c
=
f (0)
1 1 16
1 16
.
=
,f =
, f (1) 16 . Suy ra P f ( z ) f =
4 9 81
9 81
16
t ti
81
1
c
1
x = y , z = a = b,
= , a = b = 4c .
9
a+b+c 9
Bi 14. Nu a + b + c =
0 , bt ng thc hin nhin ng.
Nu a + b + c 0 , khi vit li bt ng thc di dng:
a
b
c
27
.
8
+ 8
+ 27

64
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
a
b
c
suy ra x + y + z =
t x =
=
,y =
,z
1.
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
Khi v tri ca bt ng thc bng P = 8 x 4 + 8 y 4 + 27 z 4 .

) (
8 x4 + y 4 4 x2 + y 2
Suy ra P 27 z 4 + (1 z ) .
4
464
4
4
= 2 x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) =(1 z ) .
Xt hm s f ( z=
) 27 z 4 + (1 z ) ta c:
4
1
3
3
f '( z ) =4 (1 z ) + 27.4 z 3 ; f '( z ) =
0 (1 z ) =27 z 3 z = .
4
1
1
Ta c f(z) i du t m sang dng khi i qua z = nn ti z = th f(z) t
4
4
1
27

.
cc tiu hay P f ( z ) f =
4 64
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b=
3c
.
2
Nhn xt. Trong trng hp a,b,c dng v cc h s ca a 4 , b 4 , c 4 i mt khc

nhau ta s dng k thut cn bng h s cho bt ng thc AM-GM hoc dng AM
GM dng lu tha.
Bi 15. Ta c: ( a + b + c ) = 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2= 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
( a + b + c )= 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
2
Khi P =
4 a 3 + b3 + c 3
( a + b + c )3
) = 4
a
b
c
+ 4
+ 4
.
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
a
b
c
ta c x + y + z =
1 v
=
,y =
,z
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
ab + bc + ca 1
.
xy +=
yz + zx
=
( a + b + c )2 4
t x
=
y + z =1 x
y + z =1 x
Suy ra
1
1.
2
yz + x ( y + z ) = 4
yz = x x + 4
1
2
2
2
Mt khc ( y + z ) 4 yz (1 x ) 4 x 2 x + 0 x .
4
3
Khi :
3
P= 4 x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 4 x3 + ( y + z ) 3 yz ( y + z )
1
3
3
2
= 4 x3 + (1 x ) 3 x 2 x + (1 x )=
12 x 12 x + 3x + 1
4
2
Xt hm s f ( x)= 12 x3 12 x 2 + 3 x + 1 lin tc trn 0; ta c:
3
465
x=
6
.
f '( x)= 36 x 2 24 x + 3; f '( x)= 0
x = 1
2
2
x0;
3
11
1
2
1 11
Ta c =
. Suy ra 1 f ( x) =
.
f (0) f=
P
1, f=
f=

9
2
3
6 9

a 0,=
b c . Gi tr ln nht ca P
bng
a
11
5
t ti b= c=
hoc b= c=
a.
2
9
2

gi s z min { x, y, z} x > y > z 0 .
x+ y
y+z
z+x
9.
cn chng minh: ( x + y + z )
+
+
( x y )2 ( y z )2 ( z x )2
t P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc.

Ta c
x+ y
y
x
P ( x + y)
+
+
=
( x y )2 y 2 x 2
( x + y )2 + x + y=
+2
( x y )2 y x
x
+2+
y
x
2+
y
y
x x y
+ + +2.
y y x
x
t+2
x y
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) do x > y khi P f (=
t)
+t +2.
t2
y x
Xt hm s f (=
t)
f '(t )=
(t 2)
t+2
+ t + 2 trn khong ( 2;+ ) ta c
t2
+ 1; f '(t )= 0 ( t 2 ) = 4
t= 4 .
2
t >2

t = 4 hay f (t ) f (4) =
9 do P 9 .
x y
+ = 4, z = 0 hoc cc hon v.
y x

gi s c min {a, b, c} a, b > c 0 .
Khi :
466
P=
( a + b + c )2
( a b )
(b c )
(c a)
.
a
b
+2+
2
2
1
1
1
2
a + a + b + 2 a + b + 2
b
( a + b)
+ 2 +=
2
2
a
b
a
b
b2 a 2
b a
2+
( a b )
b
a
a b
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) do a,b dng phn bit.
b a
t+2
2
Khi P f (t=
)
+ ( t + 1) + 1 .
t2
t+2
2
Xt hm s f (t=
)
+ ( t + 1) + 1 vi t > 2
t2
4
Ta c: f '(t ) =
+ 2 ( t + 1) ;
( t 2 )2
t >2
f '(=
t ) 0
t 1+ 3 .
=
Bng bin thin:

t
2
f(t)
f(t)
1+ 3
+
+
11 + 6 3
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra Pmin =

min f (t ) =
f(1 + 3) =
11 + 6 3 t ti
t >2
a b
+ =1 + 3, c =0 hoc cc hon v.
b a
Bi 18. Gi s c = min {a, b, c} khi a, b > c 0 ta c:
2
c
c
a 2 + b2 a + + b + ;
2
2
b2 + c2 b + ;
2
a2 + c2 a + ;
2
467
(a + b + c)
c
c
c
c
= a + + b + 4 a + b + .
2
2
2
2
c
c
1
1
1
.
Suy ra: P 4 a + b +
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
c
c
c
a +
b +
a + + b +
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 x
c
c
t x =
a+ ,y=
b + khi P 4 xy 2 + 2 + 2
= 4 +
2
2
y
x + y 2 y
x
t t =
y
4
.
+
x x + y
y x
4
4
x y
) 4t + vi t 2 ta c f '(t ) = 4 2 > 0, t 2
+ 2 xt hm s f (t=
t
y x
t
nn f(t) l hm ng bin vi t 2 . Do P f (t ) f (2) =

10 . ng thc xy
ra khi v ch khi x = y, c = 0 a = b, c = 0 .
a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 19. Gi s c = min {a, b, c} ta c:
2
c
c
a 2 + b2 a + + b + ;
2
2
b2 + c2 b + ;
2
a2 + c2 a + ;
2
ab + bc + ca = ab +
c
c2 c
c
c
c2
c
c
a
b
a
b
ab
a
b
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
= a + b +
( )
( )
2
4 2
2
2
4
2
2
c
c
1
1
1
Suy ra: P a + b +
.
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
c
c
c
a +
b +
a + + b +
2
2
2
2

1
1
1 x y
1
c
c
.
t x =
a+ ,y=
b + khi P xy 2 + 2 + 2
= + +
2
2
2
y
x +y y x x + y
x
y x
468
t t =
1
1
x y
+ 2 xt hm s f (t ) = t + vi t 2 ta c f '(t ) = 1 2 > 0, t 2
t
y x
t
5
. ng thc xy
nn f(t) l hm ng bin vi t 2 . Do P f (t ) f (2) =
2
ra khi v ch khi x = y, c = 0 a = b, c = 0 .
5
t ti=
a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
Cch 2: Coi P l hm s ca c ta chng minh P t gi tr nh nht khi c = 0 .
Tht vy ta cn chng minh:
1
1
1
1
1
1
( ab + bc + ca ) 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 ab 2 2 + 2 + 2
b +c
c +a
a
b
a +b
a +b
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
c (a + b) 2
+ 2
+ 2
ab 2 + 2 2
2
.
2
2
2
2
b +c
c +a
b
b +c
a + c2
a +b
a
1
1
c2
c2
1
c (a + b) 2
+
+
ab
+
a2 a2 + c2
a + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a 2
b2 b2 + c2
Bt ng thc cui ng do:
c (a + b)
a 2 + b2
0;
ac a 2 + b ( a c )
abc 2
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +c
a a +c
a a +c
c (a + b)
bc b 2 + a ( b c )
abc 2
=
b2 + c2 b2 a 2 + c2
b2 b2 + c2
c (a + b)
1
1
1
Vy ta tm gi tr nh nht=
ca Q ab 2
+ 2 + 2 .
2
a
b
a +b
a b 5
1
Tng t trn ta c: =
Q
+ + .
a b b a 2
+
b a
5
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti=
a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
Bi 20. Nhn xt. Bi ton ny thc cht l mt trng hp ring ca hai bt ng
thc trn:
Ta c:
469
P=
( a + b + c )2
c +a
1
b +c
a +b
2
1
1
1
c
c
.
a + +b +
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
c
c
c
a + + b +
b +
a +
2
2
2
2

1
1
2 1
=( x + y ) 2 + 2 + 2
10
y
x + y 2
x
c
c
Vi x = a + , y = b + , ( x, y > 0, x + y =1) v c = min {a, b, c} .
2
2
1
,c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
Bi 21. Gi s c = min {a, b, c} khi a 2 + b 2 a 2 + ( b + c ) v

2
a 2 + b2 + c2 a 2 + ( b + c ) .
2
Suy ra:
1
1
1
+
P ( ab + bc + ca ) 2 +
a ( b + c )2 a 2 + ( b + c )2
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
a (b + c ) 2 +
=
+
+
bc + a ( b + c ) 2 +
2
2
2
2
2
a ( b + c ) a + ( b + c )
a ( b + c ) a + ( b + c )2
t x= a, y= b + c a v tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc quen thuc
1
1
1
=
Q xy 2 + 2 + 2
.
y
x + y 2
x
Ta c:
2
x y
x y
2 + 5 + + 2
y x
1
5
x y
y x
=
+
Q= + +
2
y x x+y
x y
2 +
y x
y x
x y
2 x 2 y
+
1
+ 2
y x
y
x
+55
=
2 2
x y
2 +
y x
470
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y, c = 0 a = b, c = 0 .

5
t ti=
a b=
, c 0 hoc=
a c=
,b 0 .
2
Bi 22. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
2
2
2
a b a +b +c
0.
+

ab + bc + ca
bc ca
Coi v tri l hm s ca c ta c:
f '(c) =
>
2a 2
2b 2
( b c )3 ( a c )3
( b + c ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) 2c ( ab + bc + ca )
( ab + bc + ca )2
2c a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2c ( ab + bc + ca )
( ab + bc + ca )2
2
2
2
c ( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a )
0
=
2
( ab + bc + ca )
Vy v tri l hm ng bin vi c vy ta ch cn chng minh vi c = 0 .

Khi ta cn chng minh:
a2
b2
b2
a2
a 2 + b2
ab
a 4 + b 4 ab a 2 + b 2 ( a b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 0 (lun ng).
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi=

a b=
,c 0 .
2
a 2 b2 a b a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 + c2
a b
Cch 2: Ta c
.
+
+
+=
ab
ab + bc + ca
b2 a 2 b a
bc ca
Bi 23. Gi s x y z. t =
x a.z,=
y b.z, (1 b a 2 ) , khi
=
P f=
(a)
Ta c f '(a )
a 2b 2 + a 2 + b 2
.
ab ( a + b + 1)
( a + b + ab ) b2 ( a 1) + a b
a 2b ( a + b + 1)
0, a b 1 nn f(a) l hm
ng bin trn [1;2] suy ra f (b) f (a ) f (2) .

b 4 + 2b 2
b2 + 2
Mt khc f=
(b)
=
=
b 2 ( 2b + 1) 2b + 1
=
f (2)
5b 2 + 4
=
2b ( b + 3)
( b 1)2 + 1 1 v
2b + 1
(13b 10 )( b 2 ) + 6 6 .
10b ( b + 3)
5 5
471
6
.
5
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti x= y= z v gi tr ln nht ca P bng
Do 1 P
6
t ti x= y= 2, z= 1 hoc cc hon v.
5
Nhn xt. Ta c th tm nhanh Min ca P nh sau:
x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 xy. yz + yz.zx + zx.=

xy xyz ( x + y + z ) suy ra P 1 .
Nu thay iu kin x, y, z [1;2] bng on [ 2;4] ta c kt qu tng t.

Bi 24. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c: b3 + b3 + c3 3b 2 c .
Suy ra:
4a3 + b3 + c3 + 2b3 + c3 3b 2 c
P
( a + b + c )3
) 4a
+ b3 + c 3
( a + b + c )3
1
( b + c )3 16a3 + ( b + c )3 a 3 1 b + c 3
4
4
=
=
+
3
a +b+c 4 a +b+c
4(a + b + c)
( a + b + c )3
4a 3 +
a
b+c
=
,y
, ( y > x > 0 ) khi x + y =
1 v
a+b+c
a+b+c
1
3 1
P 4 x3 + y 3 = f ( y ) = 4 (1 y ) + y 3 .
4
4
3 1
Xt hm s f ( y ) = 4 (1 y ) + y 3 vi y ( 0;1) ta c
4
3
4
2
0< y <1
.
f '( y )= 12 (1 y ) + y 2 ; f '(y)= 0
y=
4
5
4
Ta c f(y) i du t m sang dng khi i qua y = nn f(y) t cc tiu ti
5
4
4 4
.
y = hay P f ( y ) f =
5
5 25
t x
=
4
t ti b= c= 2a .
25
Bi 25. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a l di cnh ln nht khi gc A ln nht:
Tam gic khng nhn nn cos A 0 b 2 + c 2 a 2 0 b 2 + c 2 a 2 .

t
=
b 2 x=
.a 2 , c 2 y.a 2 , ( x, y > 0 ) v ta c: x + y 1 .
Khi t P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc.
472
1 1
xy + x + y
P = (1 + x + y ) 1 + + = ( x + y + 1)
x y
xy
( x + y + 1) .
( x + y )2 + x + y
4
( x + y)
( x + y + 1)( x + y + 4 )
=
x+ y
+ y + 4)
( x + y + 1)( x =
( x + y 1)( x + y 4 ) + 10 0
10 + 10
x+ y
x+ y

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic vung.
Bi 26. t
=
y a=
.z, x b.z, ( a, b > 0 ) khi ta c a 2 + b 2 + 6= 4 ( a + b ) v
a3
=
P
Mt khc a 2 + b 2
b ( a + 1)
b3
a ( b + 1)
+ a 2 + b2 .
1
1
( a + b )2 ( a + b )2 + 6 4 ( a + b ) .
2
2
( a + b 2 )( a + b 6 ) 0 2 t = a + b 6 v
4 ( a + b ) = a 2 + b 2 + 6 2ab + 6 ab 2 ( a + b ) 3 .

a3
b ( a + 1)
b3
a ( b + 1)
a 2 + b2
1
( a + b ) 2 v
2
a + 1 b ( a + 1) 3a
+
8
8
4
b + 1 a ( b + 1) 3b
+
8
8
4
a + b ab 1
a + b 2(a + b) 3 1 1
2+
= + 2.
2
4 4
2
4
4 2
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng + 2 t ti x= y= z .
2
Nhn xt. Ta c th nh gi nh sau
Suy ra P 2 +
b ( a +=
1)
1
1 2a + 2b + 2 1
3
.2b ( a + 1)( a + 1)
( a + b ) v
2
2
3
2
a ( b + 1)
1
( a + b )3 .
2
473
a3
1
1
b3
a 3 + b3
Do P 2
+
+
=
+ 2 2. + 2 = + 2 .
2
2.
3
3
3
4
2
( a + b )
( a + b )
(a + b)
Bi 27. HD: T gi thit ta c:
a
b
b
c
c
a
1
.
.
+
.
+
.
=
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c 4
a
b
c
t x =
ta c
=
,y =
,z
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
1
khi P = x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x .
x + y + z= 1, xy + yz + zx=
4
Bi 28. Ta c:
2
a + b + c ) 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
(
ab + bc + ca
1 2.
P=
=
1.
2
( a + b + c )2
(a + b + c)
2
c3
1+ c 1
T iu kin ta c: a3 + b3 = c ( c 1) c
.
=
4
2
Mt khc
3
2
2
2 (a + b)
.
a3 + b3 =( a + b ) ( a + b ) 3ab ( a + b ) ( a + b ) ( a + b ) =
4
4
Suy ra ( a + b ) c3 a + b c .
3
t
=
a x=
.c, b y.c ( x, y 0 ) ta c x + y 1 v
2
2
x + y ) 2 xy + 1 ( x + y ) + 1
(
2 xy
=
P=
2
2
2
( x + y + 1)
( x + y + 1)
( x + y + 1) ( x + y + 1)2
x2 + y 2 + 1
1
( x + y + 1)2 xy 1 1 x + y 2 1 1 3
2

=
( x + y + 1)2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8
3
t ti a= b= 1, c= 2 .
8
Bi 35. Gi s c = min {a, b, c} khi ( a c ) a 2 , ( b c ) b 2 .

2
(
) 27 ( a b ) a b .
( a + b + c ) ( a + b ) . Vy bt ng thc c chng minh nu bt
ng thc sau ng: ( a + b ) 27 ( a b ) a b .
Vy ta i chng minh: a 2 + b 2 + c 2
2
2 3
474
2 3
2 3
2 2
2 2
Nu b = 0 bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc.

Nu b > 0 t
=
a x.b, ( x 0 ) a v chng minh bt ng thc.
( x + 1)
2
) (x
27 ( x 1) x 2 x 2 3 x + 1
2
ng thc xy ra khi x =
+ 6 x + 1 0 (lun ng).
3 5
3 5
b,c = 0 .
,c = 0 a =
2
2
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy =

ra khi a
3 5
=
b,c 0 hoc cc
2
hon v.
Nhn xt. Vit li bt ng thc di dng.
f (c ) =
(a
+ b2 + c2
27 ( a b ) ( b c ) ( a c ) 0 .
2
Coi v tri bt ng thc l hm s ca c.
Ta c f '(=
c ) 6c a 2 + b 2 + c 2
+ 54 ( a b ) [b c + a c ] 0 (do
2
=
c min {a, b, c} 0 ).
Vy f (c) f (0) = a 2 + b 2
27 a 2b 2 ( a b ) .
2
Bi ton a v chng minh bt ng thc a 2 + b 2
27 a 2b 2 ( a b ) 0.
2
y chnh l kt qu ca cch trn. Trong trng hp a,b,c l cc s thc bt k

ta c bt ng thc sau:
(a
+ b2 + c2
2 ( a b) (b c ) (c a ) .
2
chng minh bt ng thc trn ta tm cch nh gi ( a c ) ( b c ) a 2b 2 .

2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c l s nm gia a v b.

TH1: Nu c 0 ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
TH2: Nu c 0 v a, b 0, ta t x =
a, y =
b, z =
c a bt ng thc v
trng hp 1 v c ngay iu phi chng minh.
TH3: Nu c 0, ab 0, ta c th gi s c [ a; b ] , khi xt
f (c) = ( c a )( c b ) + ab = c 2 ( a + b ) c + 2ab trn on [ a; b ] ta c:

f (c) max { f (a), f (b)} =
ab tc ( c a )( c b ) ab . Mt khc
( c a )( c b )= c ( c a b ) + ab ab .
Vy ( c a )( c b ) ab ( c a ) ( c b ) a 2b 2 .
2
475
Vy a v chng minh bt ng thc: a 2 + b 2 + c 2
2 ( a b ) a 2b 2 .
2
t a = x.b v a v chng minh bt ng thc:
( x + 1)
2 ( x 1) x 2 ( x + 1)
2
(x
2 x3 + 4 x 2 2 x + 1 0 .
2
2
( x + 1) x 2 x + 3 x 2 2 x + 1 0 (lun ng).
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a =

b, c =
0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 36. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s c = min {a, b, c} , khi ta c:

2
c
c
a 2 + b2 a + + b + ;
2
2
b2 + c2 b + ;
2
a2 + c2 a + ;
2
c
c
a 2 + b2 + c2 a + + b + .
2
2
c
c
t x =
a+ ,y=
b + , ( x, y > 0 ) bt ng thc c chng minh nu ta chng
2
2
1
1
12
32
minh c: 2 + 2 + 2
.
2
x
y
x +y
( x + y )2

1
x
1
y
1
1
4
8
4
8
= 2 + 2 + 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
xy x + y 2
x +y
y
x +y x +y
x
8
8
4
32
= + 2
8.
=
2
2
2
2 xy x + y
2 xy + x + y
( x + y )2
12
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi=

a b=
, c 0 hoc cc
hon v.
Bi 39. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a > b > c, t
a = x + y + c, b = y + c, ( x, y > 0 ) .
Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc cn chng.
( x + y) .
y2
x2
Ta c P =
+
+
x 2 ( x + y )2
y2
2
476
t y = t.x ta c P =
t +
Ta cn chng minh: t +
2
t + 1)
(
.
+
( t + 1)2
t2
2
t + 1)
(
+
5.
( t + 1)2
t2
t 6 + 2t 5 3t 4 6t 3 + 2t 2 + 4t + 1 0 t 3 + t 2 2t 1 0 (lun ng).
Cch 2:=
t x
a b
bc
ca
=
,y =
,z
, khi :
bc
ca
a b
0
x + y + 1 =
0
xy + y + 1 =
1
y + + 1 = 0 yz + z + 1 = 0 xy + yz + zx + x + y + z + 3 = 0 .
z
zx + x + 1 =
0
1
0
z
+
+
=
Ta cn chng minh x 2 + y 2 + z 2 5 ( x + y + z ) 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 5 0
2
( x + y + z ) 2 ( 3 x y z ) 5 0 ( x + y + z + 1) 0 (lun ng).
2
Nhn xt. T cch 2 ta c mt ng thc p mt sau y:

2
a b bc ca
a b bc ca
5+
+
+
+ 1 .
+
+
=
bc ca a b
bc ca a b
Bi 41. Nhn xt. y l mt bi ton kh v c nhiu li gii dnh cho bt
ng thc ny.
Di y trnh by mt li gii khc da vo du hiu ng bc ca bt ng
thc trn.
Gi s c max {a, b, c} c > 0 .

=
t
=
a c=
.x, b c.y, ( x, y [ 0;1]) khi ta cn chng minh
1
( x + y)
( x + 1)
( y + 1)
9
.
4 ( xy + x + y )
Quy ng hai v v rt gn a v bt ng thc:
(
+ 6( x
(
)
+ y + x y ) + 2 xy x + y + x
x 6 x = x ( x 1) ( 4 x
4 x + y + x5 + y 5 + xy x 4 + y 4 + 2 xy 1 + x3 + y 3 + 6 x 2 y 2
x2 + y 2 + x4 + y 4
Ta c: 4 x + x5 x 2
3 3
+ y 2 + xy ( x + y ) + x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2
+ 7 x + 4 0, x [ 0;1] do
477
4 x + y + x5 + y 5 x 2 + y 2 + x 4 + y 4 + 6 x3 + y 3 .
) (
4 x 4 + y 4 + 2 1 + x3 + y 3 + 6 xy 2 x + y + x 2 + y 2 + xy ( x + y ) + 6 x 2 y 2 + xy x 2 + y 2 .
4 x +y
4
) = 3( x
+y
)+ x
Ta c:
4
+ y 3.2 x 2 y 2 + xy x 2 + y 2 = 6 x 2 y 2 + xy x 2 + y 2 .
4
Vy ta chng minh 1 + x3 + y 3 + 3 xy x + y + x 2 + y 2 + xy ( x + y ) .
Ta c th gi s x y 0 y x 1 v bt ng thc tng ng vi:
y ( x 1) + (1 x )( x y ) + (1 y ) + (1 x ) 1 x + 2 ( x y ) 0 (lun ng).
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.

2
Bi 42. t
=
a x=
.c, b y.c, ( x, y > 0 ) , khi theo gi thit ta c:
1
x2
1
x2 y 2
2
2
.
=
x
+
y
=
2
y2 2
1
2
x2 y 2
2
2
x
+
y
xy
2 xy xy 4
2
.
2 2
2
x y
2
2 1
2 = x + y 2 ( x + y ) x + y xy
Khi : P =
x
y
+
+
y +1 x +1
1
x2 + y 2 + 1
x2 y 2 + 2 ( x + y )
x
y
x2 + y 2 + x + y
x 2 y 2 + 2 xy
x 2 y 2 + 2 xy
=
+
=
=
y +1 x +1
xy + x + y + 1 2 xy + 2 ( x + y ) + 2 2 xy + 2 xy + 2
4 xy + 2
(hm nghch bin vi x+y).
Do P
x 2 y 2 + 2 xy
+
4 xy + 2
1
x2 y 2
+1
2
t xy = t , ( t 4 ) P f (t ) =
Xt hm s=
f (t )
478
t 2 + 2t
+
4t + 2
t 2 + 2t
+
4t + 2
1
2
t
+1
2
1
2
t
+1
2
vi t 4 ta c:
f '(t )
=
t2 + t +1
( 2t + 1)2
(t
2t
=
3
t2 + 2
) (t
+ t +1
) 2t ( 2t + 1)
(t + 2)
+2
( 2t + 1)
> 0, t 4 .
5
Do f(t) l hm ng bin vi t 4 P f (t ) f (4) = .
3
5
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti a= b= 2c .
3
Bi 43. Chia hai v bt ng thc cho ( a + b + c ) a v chng minh bt ng

3
thc: 27 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 45 xyz 32 ( xy + yz + zx )
=
P 27 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xy ( 45 z 32 ) 32 z ( x + y ) 0 .
a
b
c
=
,y
=
,z
; x=
+ y + z 1.
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
1
gi s z min { x, y, z} z 45 z 32 < 0 .
3
Khi s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
Trong
x
=
27
2 ( x + y)
P 27 z + ( x + y ) +
2
4
( 45 z 32 ) 32 z ( x + y )
27
1
2 (1 z )
= 27 z + (1 z ) +
( 45 z 32 ) 32 z (1 z=) ( 3z 1)2 ( 5 z + 22 ) 0
2
4
4
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .
2
Bi 44. t
=
a x=
.c, b y.c, ( x, y > 0 ) ta c:
P=
xy
( x + y)
( x + 1)
( y + 1)
4 xy
.
x
+
y
(
)( x + 1)( y + 1)
Nhn xt. Do biu thc ca P i xng vi a,b,c nn d on ng thc xy ra khi

a = b = c x = y =1 .
Vy ta chng minh P
xy
( x + y)
1
.
4
x
( x + 1)
( y + 1)
4 xy
1
x
+
y
x
+
1
y
+
1
(
)( )( ) 4
xy ( x + 1) ( y + 1) + x ( y + 1) ( x + y ) + y ( x + 1) ( x + y ) 4 xy ( x + y )( x + 1)( y + 1) 1
4
( x + y )2 ( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2
2
479
(x
y + xy + x + y 2
)( xy
+ xy + y + x 2
( x + y )2 ( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2
) 1 ( x 1)
4
( y 1)2 ( x y )2 0
( x + y )2 ( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2
2
(lun ng).
1
t ti a= b= c .
4
Cch 2: Ta bin i a P v dng:
ab
bc
ca
3
1
1
1
4abc
P= +
+
+

2
2
2
4 (a + b)
4 (b + c )
4 (c + a)
4 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
( b c )2 + ( c a )2 +
3 1 (a b)
16abc
=

+
4 4 ( a + b )2 ( b + c )2 ( c + a )2 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
t=
x
a b
bc
ca
2a
2b
2c
.
=
,y
=
,z
x +=
1
, y +=
1
, z +=
1
a+b
b+c
c+a
a+b
b+c
c+a
Do :
3 1
P = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 ( x + 1)( y + 1)( z + 1)
4 4
3 1
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 (1 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx + xyz )
4 4
3 1
1
1
2
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx + 2 = ( x + y + z )
4 4
4
4
Nhn xt. Li gii trn ta s dng ng thc quen thuc:
a b bc ca ab bc ca
x + y + z + xyz
=
+
+
+
.
. = 0
a+b b+c c+a a+b b+c c+a
Bi 45. HD: Theo gi thit ta c:
xy + yz + zx 2
2
.
2 ( x + y + z )= 7 ( xy + yz + zx )
=
( x + y + z )2 7
t a
=
1
a + b + c =
x
y
z
,b
,c
=
=
2 (1) .
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
ab + bc + ca =
7
7 ( y 2z )
7
Khi =
P
=
( b 2c )2 .
2
2
2( x + y + z )
2
Bi 46. Theo gi thit ta c: ( a + b + c ) =2 ( ab + bc + ca )

2
480
ab + bc + ca
(a + b + c)
1
= .
2
1
x + y + z =
a
b
c
t x
,y
,z
=
=
=
1.
a+b+c
a+b+c
a + b + c xy + yz + zx =
1 10
1 + 10
2
2
1
.
Ta c: ( y + z ) 4 yz (1 x ) 4 x (1 x )
x
3
3
2
Khi :
P = x3 + y 3 + z 3 xyz = x3 + ( y + z ) 3 yz ( y + z ) xyz
3
3
1
= x3 + (1 x ) 3 x (1 x ) (1 x ) x x (1 x )
2
2
4 x3 4 x 2 2 x + 5
2
Xt hm s f ( x) =
1 10 1 + 10
4 x3 4 x 2 2 x + 5
lin tc trn on
;
ta c:
3
2
3
2 10
x =
6
.
f '( x) =6 x 2 4 x 1; f '( x) =0
2 + 10
x =
6
Bi 47. HD: Ta c: P =
( a b )5 + ( b c )5 + ( c a )5 .
5
5( a + b + c)
a b
bc
ca
=
,y
=
,z
x +=
y+z 0.
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
Theo gi thit ta c:
t
=
x
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + ( c a )2 = ( a + b + c )2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
Vy bi ton a v tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc

0
x + y + z =
.
Q = x5 + y 5 + z 5 vi 2
2
2
1
x + y + z =
Bi 48. Theo gi thit ta c: 5 ( x + y + z=
) 16 ( xy + yz + zx )
2
x
y
y
z
z
x
5
.
.
+
.
+
.
=
x + y + z x + y + z x + y + z x + y + z x + y + z x + y + z 16
t a
=
x
y
z
ab + bc + ca =
=
;b
=
;c
16 (1) .
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
a + b + c =
1
481
Khi P
=
+ yz + zx )
( x + y + z )( xy
=
xyz
5( x + y + z )
5
.
=
16 xyz
16abc
3
Bi ton a v tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P vi iu

kin (1).
b + c =1 a
Gi thit ta c:
5
5
5 .
2
bc = 16 a ( b + c ) = 16 a (1 a ) = a a + 16
5
5
5
Ta c: =
Q abc
= a a ( b + c=
) a a (1 a=
) a a 2 a + .
16
16
16
Mt khc:
5
1
1
2
2
4bc ( b + c ) 4 a 2 a + (1 a ) 12a 2 8a + 1 0 a .
16
6
2
1 1
Xt hm s f (=
a ) a a 2 a + lin tc trn on ; ta c:
16
6 2
a=
5
4 .
f '(a ) =3a 2 2a + ; f '(a ) =0
16
a = 5
12
1
5 25
1
1 1
Ta c f=
.
; f=
f=

f=

6
12 864 2
4 32
1
25
54
Suy ra MaxQ = MinP =
10 v MinQ = MinP = .
32
864
5
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 10 t ti y= z= 2 x .
Gi tr ln nht ca P bng
54
5
t ti y= z=
x.
5
2

8 ( x + y + z=
) 27 ( xy + yz + zx )
2
t a
=
(x + y + z)
yz
(x + y + z)
zx
8
.
=
2
( x + y + z ) 27
x
y
z
ab + bc + ca =
=
;b
=
;c
27 (1) .
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
a + b + c =
1
Khi P
=
482
xy
3
3
3
8
27 x3 + y 3 + z 3 27 a + b + c
x3 + y 3 + z 3
.
.
.
= =
13 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) 13 ( x + y + z )3
13
8
8
8
a (b + c ) =
a (1 a ) = a 2 a +
bc =
T h iu kin (1) ta c:
27
27
27 .
b + c =1 a
8
1
5
2
2
Mt khc: ( b + c ) 4bc (1 a ) 4 a 2 a + a .
27
9
9
Khi :
27 3
27 3
8
3
3
a + ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + =
c )
a + (1 a ) 3 (1 a ) a 2 a +
13
13
27
3
=
27 a3 27 a 2 + 8a + 1
13
P
=
Xt hm s =
f (a)
3
1 5
27 a3 27 a 2 + 8a + 1 lin tc trn on ; ta c:
13
9 9
a=
3
9
.
f '(a ) = 81a 2 54a + 8 ; f '(a ) =
0
13
a = 4
1
4 43 5
2 47
Ta c f=
.
; f=
f=

f=

9
9
117
9

9 119
47
43
Suy=
ra Pmax =
.
;Pmin
117
117
Bi 50. t
a
b
c
=
x
=
,y
=
,z
x2=
+ y2 + z2 1 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b +c
a +b +c
a +b +c
Khi P= 2 ( x + y + z ) 9 xyz= x ( 2 9 yz ) + 2 ( y + z ) .
x2 + y 2 + z 2 1
gi s x 2 max x 2 , y 2 , z 2 x 2 =
.
3
3
Ta c
2
2
2
x ( 2 9 yz ) + 2 ( y + z ) x 2 + ( y + z ) . ( 2 9 yz ) + 4=
t t = yz t
( 2 yz + 1) (81y 2 z 2 36 yz + 8)
y 2 + z 2 1 x2 1
=
.
2
2
3
1 1
Khi P f (t ) = ( 2t + 1) 81t 2 36t + 8 vi t ; ta c:
3 3
483
t=
9
.
f '(t ) =486t 2 + 18t 20; f '(t ) =0
t = 5
27
1 29 2 100 5 1369 1 25
Ta c f =
.
; f =
;f =
;f=
9
3 3
9
27 243 3 3
2 100
5 1369
.
Suy ra Max f (t ) = f =
; Min f (t ) = f =
1
1
1 1
9
9
27 243
t ;
t ;
3 3
3 3
nh nht ca P bng
10
t ti chng hn a =
1, b =
c=
2 v gi tr
3
10
.
3
CH 5: K THUT S DNG BT NG THC TIP TUYN

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
nh l 1(Bt ng thc tip tuyn) Cho hm s f(x) lin tc v c o hm cp
2 trn on [ a; b ] .
Nu f ''( x) 0, x [ a; b ] ta lun c f ( x) f '( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + f ( x0 ), x0 [ a; b ] .
Nu f ''( x) 0, x [ a; b ] ta lun c f ( x) f '( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + f ( x0 ), x0 [ a; b ] .
ng thc xy ra trong hai bt ng thc trn x =
x0 .
Chng minh.
Xt hm s g ( x=
) f ( x) f '( x0 ) ( x x0 ) f ( x0 ), x [ a; b ] , x0 [ a; b ] .
Ta c g=
'( x) f '( x) f '( x0 ) do f ''( x) 0, x [ a; b ] nn f(x) l hm ng
bin trn [ a; b ] . Do g(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x0 nn g(x)
t cc tiu ti x0 hay g ( x) g ( x0 ) .
f ( x) f '( x0 ) ( x x0 ) f ( x0 ) 0 f ( x) f '( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + f ( x0 ), x [ a; b ] .
Chng minh tng t.
Nhn xt. H thc

=
y f '( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + f ( x0 ) chnh l phng trnh tip tuyn ca
th hm s f(x) ti im x0 . Do vy nu f ''( x) 0, x [ a; b ] th tip tuyn vi
th hm s ti im bt k trn on [ a; b ] lun nm pha di th hm s.
Nu f ''( x) 0, x [ a; b ] th tip tuyn vi th hm s ti im bt k trn on
[ a; b] lun nm pha trn th hm s.

484
Du hiu nhn bit

Thng thng bi ton c pht biu di dng
Cho cc s thc x1 , x2 ,..., xn tha mn g ( x1 ) + g ( x2 ) + ... + g ( xn ) k bi ton
yu cu chng minh
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) + ... + f ( xn ) M hoc f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )... f ( xn ) M .
Ta c th p dng trc tip cc nh l 1 v 2 hoc ly logarit ha t nhin hai
v bt ng thc.
K nng cn vn dng
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca hm s f(x) ti im x0 (im du bng xy ra
k
) c phng trnh:=
y f '( x0 )(x x 0 ) + f ( x0 ) .
n
Xt tnh dng m ca f ( x) [ f '( x0 )(x x 0 ) + f ( x0 ) ] .
thng l x0 =
Thay x bi x1 , x2 ,..., xn cui cng cng li theo v n bt ng thc trn ta c

ngay iu phi chng minh.
Ch . Trong mt s trng hp khng p dng trc tip c cch trn ta cn xt
trng hp hoc xy dng mt hm ph ph hp vi iu kin( f ''(x) 0,f''(x) 0 )
v iu kin du bng xy ra.
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b + c =
6.
Chng minh rng a 4 + b 4 + c 4 2 a3 + b3 + c3 .

Li gii
Nhn xt. Du bng xy ra khi a= b= c= 2 nn ta vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi
th hm s f ( x=
) x 4 2 x3 ti im x = 2 .
Phng trnh tip tuyn l =
y 8 x 16 .
( x 2 )2 ( x 2 2 x + 4 ) 0, x .
Ta c: f ( x) 8 x + 16=
Do f (a ) + f (b) + f (c) 8 ( a + b + c ) 3.16 =

0.
V vy a 4 + b 4 + c 4 2 a3 + b3 + c3 .
1.
a
b
c
9
Chng minh rng 2
+ 2
+ 2
.
10
a +1 b +1 c +1
Li gii
Xt hm s f ( x) =
x
x +1
2
vi x [ 0;1] ta c
=
f ''( x)
2 x x2 3
( x + 1)
2
) 0, x [0;1] .
485
p dng bt ng thc ii.nh l 1 ta c:

1
1
1
f (a) f' a + f
3
3
3
1
1
f (b) f ' b +
3
3
1
1
f (c) f' c + f
3
3
1
f
3
1

3

1
VT
= f (a ) + f (b) + f (c) f ' ( a + b + c 1) + 3 f
3
1
.
3
1 9
.
=
3 10
3
Nhn xt. Bt ng thc vn ng trong trng hp a, b, c .
4
1
Tht vy xt tip tuyn ca f(x) ti im x = c phng trnh l:
3
18
3
.
=
y
x+
25
50
( 3x 1) ( 4 x + 3) 0, x 3 .
18
3
Ta c: f ( x) x
=
25
50
4
50 x 2 + 1
2
Do VT
= f (a ) + f (b) + f (c)
18
3
9
.
( a + b + c ) + 3. =
50
50 10
nh l 2 (Bt ng thc ct tuyn) Cho hm s f(x) lin tc v c o hm cp 2

trn on [ a; b ] .
f (a) f (b)
( x a ) + f (a), x [ a; b] .
a b
f (a) f (b)
Nu f ''( x) 0, x [ a; b ] ta lun c f ( x)
( x a ) + f (a), x [ a; b] .
a b
ng thc xy ra trong hai bt ng thc trn x =
a hoc x = b .
Vic chng minh hai bt ng thc trn ch cn chuyn v v kho st hm
trc tip.
Ta c mt bt ng thc khc hay c s dng
Nu f ''( x) 0, x [ a; b ] ta lun c f ( x)
486
nh l 3.(Bt ng thc Jensen) Cho hm s f ( x) lin tc v c o hm cp

hai trn khong (a;b) v n s thc dng k , k = 1, n c tng bng 1 ta c
+ Nu f ''( x) > 0, x ( a; b ) th ta c
1 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + ... + n f ( xn ) f (1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ) .
Vi mi xk ( a; b ) , k =
1, n . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1= x2= ...= xn .
+ Nu f ''( x) < 0, x ( a; b ) th ta c
1 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + ... + n f ( xn ) f (1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ) .
Vi mi xk ( a; b ) , k =
1, n . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1= x2= ...= xn .
Chng minh.
a) t y= 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn . V f ''( x) > 0 nn p dng bt ng thc tip
tuyn ta c
f ( xk ) f '( y ) ( xk y ) + f ( y ), k =
1, n
.
k f ( xk ) f '( y ) ( k xk k y ) + k f ( y ), k =
1, n
Cng li theo v n bt ng thc trn ta c
n
k f ( xk ) ( f '( y) ( k xk k y ) + k f ( y)=) f ( y=) f (1x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ) .

k 1=
k 1

Nhn xt. Ta c th vit li bt ng thc di dng
1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn
1 + 2 + ... + n
1 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + ... + n f ( xn ) (1 + 2 + ... + n ) f
Trong 1 , 2 ,..., n l cc s thc dng bt k.
b) Chng minh tng t.

T y ta c ngay kt qu ca bt ng thc AM GM suy rng.
(Bt ng thc AM GM suy rng) Cho 1 , 2 ,..., n l cc s thc dng c
tng bng 1, khi vi mi s thc khng m bt k x1 , x2 ,..., xn ta c
1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn x11 x2 2 ...xn n .

Chng minh.
ln (1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ) 1 ln x1 + 2 ln x2 + ... + n ln xn .
Xt hm s =
f ( x) ln x, x > 0 ta c f ''( x) =
< 0, x > 0 .
x2
Khi p dng bt ng thc Jensen ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
487
V d 1. Cho x,y,z,t l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

x 2, x + y 6, x + y + z 12, x + y + z + t 24 .
Chng minh rng
1 1 1 1
+ + + 1.
x y z t
Li gii
Xt hm s f (t ) =
1
2
vi t dng ta c f ''(t )= 3 > 0, t > 0 .
t
t
Do ta c
1 1 1 1 1 x 1 y 1 z 1 t
+ +=
+
f + f + f +
f
x y z t 2 2 4 4 6 6 12 12
144
1 x 1 y 1 z 1 t
f . + . + . + . =
2 2 4 4 6 6 12 12 36 x + 9 y + 4 z + t
144
=
27 x + 5 ( x + y ) + 3 ( x + y + z ) + ( x + y + z + t )
144
1
=
27.2 + 5.6 + 3.12 + 24
=
x 2,=
y 4,=
z 6,=
t 12 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x 4, y 9, x + y + z 49 .
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
1.
x
y
z
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc = 1 .

a
Chng minh rng a b .b c .c a 1 .

Li gii
a
b
c
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi ln a + ln b + ln c 0 .
b
c
a
1
Xt hm s=
f ( x) x ln x, x > 0 ta c f '( x) = ln x + 1; f ''( x) =
> 0, x > 0 .
x
1
1
1
a
b
c
V vy ln a + ln b + ln c =
f (a ) + f (b) + f (c)
b
c
a
b
c
a
a
b c
+ +
1 1 1
+ + f b c a
b c a 1 + 1 + 1
a b c
488
a b c 1 1 1
+ + + + .
b c a a b c
Tht vy theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c
Ch f(x) ng bin v
a
b
a b2 3
+ 2. 33 . 2 =
b
c
b c
c
b
c
b c2 3
+ 2. 33 . 2 =
c
a
c a
a
c
a
c a2 3
+ 2. 33 . 2 =
a
b
a b
b
T suy ra
a
b
c
1 1 1
ln a + ln b + ln c + + f (1) =
0.
b
c
a
b c a

Ch . Bt ng thc trn vn ng khi abc 1 .
B. BI TON CHN LC
( b + c a )2 + ( c + a b )2 + ( a + b c )2 3 .
2
2
2
5
a2 + (b + c )
b2 + ( c + a )
c2 + ( a + b )
Li gii
Bt ng thc c dng thun nht chun ho a + b + c =
1.
Bt ng thc tr thnh
(1 2a )2 + (1 2b )2 + (1 2c )2 3
2
2
2
5
a 2 + (1 a )
b 2 + (1 b )
c 2 + (1 c )
.
27
2
+
+
2a 2a + 1 2b 2 2b + 1 2c 2 2c + 1 5
1
1
54 x + 27
Tip tuyn ca hm s y = 2
ti im x = l y =
.
3
25
2x 2x + 1
1
54 x + 27
.
Vy ta chng minh:
2
25
2x 2x + 1
1
2 ( 3 x 1) ( 6 x + 1)
2
25 2 x 2 2 x + 1
0 , lun ng.
489
Thay x bi a,b,c ri cng li theo v ta c pcm.

Bi tp tng t
( 2a + b + c )2 + ( 2b + c + a )2 + ( 2c + a + b )2 8 .
2
2
2
2a 2 + ( b + c )
2b 2 + ( c + a )
2c 2 + ( a + b )
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3. Chng minh
a2 + 9
2a 2 + ( b + c )
b2 + 9
2b 2 + ( c + a )
c2 + 9
2c 2 + ( a + b )
5.
3) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a + b + c > 0 .

Chng minh rng
a2
5a + ( b + c )
2
b2
5b + ( c + a )
2
c2
5c + ( a + b )
2
1
.
3
4) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a + b + c > 0 .

Chng minh rng
1
a2
b2
c2
2
+
+
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2a + ( b + c )
3
2b + ( c + a )
2c + ( a + b )

a (b + c )
a + (b + c )
2
b (c + a)
b + (c + a)
2
c (a + b)
c + (a + b)
2
6
.
5

a 2 ab + b 2 + b 2 bc + c 2 + c 2 ca + a 2 =
12 .
a2 + 9
Li gii
b
b2 + 9
c
c2 + 9
Ch : a 2 ab + b 2 + b 2 bc + c 2 + c 2 ca + a 2 a + b + c .
Chng minh.
3( a b ) + ( a + b )
(a + b) a + b .
=
4
4
2
2
Ta c:
a ab + b
=
2
b+c
c+a
.
, c 2 ca + a 2
2
2
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
T suy ra: a + b + c 12 .
Tng t:
490
b 2 bc + c 2
Biu thc P c dng P = f (a ) + f (b) + f (c) trong f ( x) =

x
Xt hm s f ( x) =
f '(x) =
(x
+9
x2 + 9
x
x2 + 9
trn ( 0;+ ) ta c:
; f ''( x) =
27 x
(x
+9
< 0, x > 0 .
Do p dng bt ng thc ii ta c:
f (a ) f'(4) ( a 4 ) + f (4)
f (b) f '(4) ( b 4 ) + f (4)
f (c) f '(4) ( c 4 ) + f (4)
Cng li theo v 3 bt ng thc trn ta c:

=
P f (a) + f (b) + f (c) f '(4) ( a + b + c 12 ) + 3 f (4) 3f(4)
=
12
.
5

12
t ti a= b= c= 4 .
5
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
3.
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
1 + 8a
1 + 8b
1 + 8c
3.
P =a + a 2 + 1
) (b +
b
b2 + 1
) (c +
Li gii
Ly logarit ha t nhin P ta c:
c2 + 1 .
ln=
P b ln a + a 2 + 1 + c ln b + b 2 + 1 + a ln c + c 2 + 1 .
Xt hm s f ( x=
) ln x + x 2 + 1 , x 0 ta c
1+
x +1 = 1
f '( x) =
> 0, f ''( x) =
x + x2 + 1
x2 + 1
2
( x + 1)
2
0, x 0 .
491
p dng nh l 1.ii ta c:
f (a ) f '(1) ( a 1) + f (1);
f (b) f '(1) ( b 1) + f (1);
f (c) f '(1) ( c 1) + f (1).
Ly tng ba bt ng thc trn ta c

ln P = b. f (a ) + c.f(b) + a .f(c)
b ( f '(1) ( a 1) + f (1) ) + c ( f '(1) ( b 1) + f (1) ) + a ( f '(1) ( c 1) + f (1) )
=
( ab + bc + ca a b c ) f '(1) + ( a + b + c ) f (1)
2
1
( a + b + c ) a b c f '(1) + 3 f (1)
= 3f(1)
= 3ln 1 + 2
3
Do P 1 + 2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 + 2
t ti a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 4. Cho tam gic ABC nhn tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

P = sin A.sin 2 B.sin 3 C .
Li gii
Ta c ln P =ln(sin A) + 2ln(sin B ) + 3ln(sin C ) .

Xt hm =
s f ( x) ln(sin x), x 0; ta c
2
f '( x) =cot x; f ''( x) =

< 0, x 0; .
sin x
2
1
V vy
f ( A) f '( M ) ( A M ) + f ( M ) =( A M ) cot M + ln(sin M )
f ( B ) f '( N ) ( B N ) + f ( N ) = ( B N ) cot N + ln(sin N )
f (C ) f '( P ) ( C P ) + f ( P ) = ( C P ) cot P + ln(sin P )
Vi M,N,P l ba gc nhn trong mt tam gic.

Khi
tan M . f ( A) + tan N . f ( B) + tan P. f (C ) ( A M + B N + C P )
+ tan M .ln(sin M ) + tan N .ln(sin N ) + tan P.ln(sin P)
= tan M .ln(sin M ) + tan N .ln(sin N ) + tan P.ln(sin P)
Do vy ta ch cn chn cc gc M,N,P sao cho

Mt khc
492
tan M tan N tan P

= = = k.
1
2
3
tan M + tan N + tan P =

tan M .tan N .tan P
k + 2k + 3k= 6k 3 k= 1
tan M
1
2
;sin N
;sin =
P
sin M
=
=
=
2
2
5
1 + tan M
Thay vo bt ng thc trn ta c ngay
1
2
ln P
= f ( A) + 2 f ( B) + 3 f (C ) ln
+ 2ln
+ 3ln
2
5
Du bng t ti sin
=
A sin=
M
1
;sin
=
B sin
=
N
2
.
3
10
3
27
27
= ln
P
.
5
25 5
25 5
2
;sin
=
C sin
=
P
5
3
.
10
Tng qut
Cho tam gic ABC nhn tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P = sin m A.sin n B.sin n C .
Vi m,n,p l cc s thc dng.
Bi tp tng t
Cho tam gic ABC nhn, tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =tan A + 2 tan B + 3tan C .
3.
P=
a 2 + a + 4 + b2 + b + 4 + c2 + c + 4 .
Li gii
Xt hm s f ( x=
)
=
f '( x)
x 2 + x + 4 vi x 0 ta c:
2x + 1
=
; f ''( x)
2 x2 + x + 4
4
15
(x
+x+4
> 0, x 0 .
Theo bt ng thc i.nh l 1 ta c:

f (a ) f '(1) ( a 1) + f (1)
f (b) f'(1) ( b 1) + f (1)
f(c) f'(1) ( c 1) + f (1)

=
P f (a ) + f (b) + f (c) f '(1) ( a + b + c 3) + 3 f (1)
= 3 6.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 3 6 t ti a= b= c= 1 .
493
2
2
1 15
Cch 2: Ta phn tch c tha s a + a + 4 = a + +

thnh tng ca
2 2
hai bnh phng nn ngh ngay n vic p dng bt ng thc Mincopski khi
a= b= c= 1 .
S dng bt ng thc Mincopski ta c:
2
2
2
2
1 15
1 15
1 15
P = a + +
+
b
+
+
+
c
+
+
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
3
15
a + b + c + + 3.
3 6
=
2
2

Cch 3: Ta c
a 2 + a + 4=
( a 1)2 + 3 ( a + 1)2
Nh ti nhn xt nhng bt ng thc vi iu kin cc s thc khng m
thng thng nu khng nh gi qua cc bin i xng(du bng khng t ti
tm) th du bng ca bt ng thc thng xy ra khi c mt bin t ti bin.
Vi bi ton ny du bng xy ra khi c hai bin bng 0 khi bin cn li
bng 3.
Vy tm gi tr ln nht ca P lc ny ta cn xy dng hm f(x) c
f ''( x) 0 p dng bt ng thc ii.nh l 2.
Vi hm s lc u f ( x=
)
15
ta c f ''( x)
x 2 + x + 4=
4
(x
+x+4
> 0, x 0
vy to ra mt hm c o hm cp 2 m ta x l nh no. iu ny xut
15
pht t pht hin du bng xy ra nh trn v f ''( x)
< 1, x 0 .
4.8
Gi s du bng xy ra khi a= 3, b= c= 0 khi xt hm s nh sau:
g ( x=
)
15
Ta c: g ''( x)
x 2 + x + 4 ( x 3) x. =
4

4
g (3) g (0)
g (a)
( a 3) + g (3)= ( a 3) + 4
30
3
g (3) g (0)
4
g (b)
( b 0 ) + g (0) = b + 2
30
3
494
(x
+x+4
2 < 0, x 0 .
g (3) g (0)
4
( c 0 ) + g (0) = c + 2
30
3
g (c )
P= g (a ) + g (b) + g (c) + a ( a 3) + b ( b 3) + c ( c 3)
4
8
( a + b + c 3) + 8 =
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= 3, b= c= 0 .
g (a ) + g (b) + g (c)

Cch 2: Ngoi ra c th p dng bt ng thc
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4, x, y 0; x + y 1 .
x2 + x + 4 + y 2 + y + 4 2 +
Chng minh.
)(
x2 + y 2 + x + y + 8 + 2 x2 + x + 4 y 2 + y + 4 4 + 4 ( x + y ) + x + y + 4 + ( x + y ) + x + y + 4
(x
)(
+ x + 4 y 2 + y + 4 xy + 2
)(
x 2 + x + 4 y 2 + y + 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 + 4 ( x + y )2 + x + y + 4
2
p dng vo bi ton
Trong ba s a,b,c lun tn ti hai s c tng khng nh hn 1 gi s hai s l
a v b khi p dng bt ng thc ph trn ta c
P2+
( a + b )2 + a + b + 4 +
c2 + c + 4 .
Mt khc a + b + c = 3 > 1 nn suy ra
( a + b )2 + a + b + 4 +
c2 + c + 4 2 +
6.
( a + b + c )2 + a + b + c + 4 =
Do P 8 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= 3, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.

1.
) (
Chng minh rng 10 a3 + b3 + c3 9 a5 + b5 + c5 1 .

Li gii
Bi ton ny bt ng thc xy ra c hai trng hp ca du bng l
1
hoc a= 1, b= c= 0 v cc hon v.
a= b= c=
3
Xt hm s f=
( x) 10 x3 9 x5 vi x [ 0;1] ta c:
495
f '( x) =
30 x 2 45 x 4 ; f ''( x) =
60 x 180 x3 =
60 x 1 3 x 2 .
1
1
Suy ra f ''( x) 0, x 0; , f ''( x) 0, x ;1 .
3
3
Vy ta cn phn chia trng hp ca cc bin, khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
abc.
1
TH1: Nu a
khi p dng bt ng thc i.nh l 1 ta c:
3
1
1
1
f (a) f ' a + f ;
3
3
3
1
1
1
f (b) f ' b + f ;
3
3
3
1
1
1
f (c) f ' c + f .
3
3
3
1
1
VT
= f (a ) + f (b) + f (c) f ' ( a + b + c 1) + 3 f =
1.
3

3
1
.
3
1
2
1
TH2: Nu a
khi nu b
th a + b + c
> 1 v l.
3
3
3
Vy a
1
b c . Khi xt hm g ( x) = 10 x3 9 x5 + 20 x 2 ( x 1) ta c
3
g ''(=
x) 180 1 x 2 0, x [ 0;1] .
p dng bt ng thc i.nh l 1 ta c:

g (a ) g '(1) ( a 1) + g (1) =
a
g (1) g (0)
b
( b 0 ) + g (0) =
1 0
g (1) g (0)
g(c)
c
( c 0 ) + g (0) =
1 0
g (b)
VT= g (a ) + g (b) + g (c) a 2 ( a 1) b 2 ( b 1) c 2 ( c 1)

1
g (a ) + g (b) + g (c) a + b + c =

Bi ton c chng minh.
496
1
hoc a= 1, b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
3
1
1
1
1
.
Bi 7. Cho a, b, c > 2 tho mn iu kin 2
+ 2
+ 2
=
a 4 b 4 c 4 7
1
1
1
3
Chng minh rng
+
+
.
a+2 b+2 c+2 7
Li gii
1
9
1
Vi mi t > 2 ta c
+ .
t + 2 10 t 2 4 10
( t 5 )2
10 t 2 4
0.
p dng bt ng thc trn ta c

1
1
1
9 1
1
1 3 3
+
+
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ =.
a + 2 b + 2 c + 2 10 a 4 b 4 c 4 10 7

Ch . Bt ng thc trn c th chng minh bng BT Chebyshev.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
x 4, y 9, x + y + z 49 .
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
1.
x
y
z
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x 1, y 2, x + y + z 6 .

Chng minh rng ( x + 1)( y + 1)( z + 1) 4 xyz .
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1.
3 3
.
2
b +c
c +a
a +b
1.
Chng minh rng
P=
a 2 + 11a + 4 + b 2 + 11b + 4 + c 2 + 11c + 4 .

1.
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
3 3+9
.
+
+
1 a 1 b 1 c
2
497
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1 chng minh

a
b
c
3 2
.
+
+
2
1+ a
1+ b
1+ c
)(
)(
Chng minh rng 1 + a 2 1 + b 2 1 + c 2
125
.
64

)(
3
.
2
)(
9
.
4
P =a + a 2 + 1 b + b 2 + 1 c + c 2 + 1 .
Bi 9. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + y + z =

3.
Chng minh rng
4+ x 4+ y 4+ z
+
+
5.
4 x
4 y
4 z
Bi 10. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic chng minh

1 1 1
9
1
1
1
+ + +
4
+
+
.
a b c a+b+c
a+b b+c c+a

3.
1
1
1
Chng minh rng 2 + 2 + 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
a
b
c
3.
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
4 ab 4 bc 4 ca
( 3a + b + c )3 + ( 3b + c + a )3 + ( 3c + a + b )3 375 .
3
3
3
11
3a3 + ( b + c )
3b3 + ( c + a )
3c3 + ( a + b )
3+ 3 2
1 1 1
a + b2 + c2 + + a + b + c + a 2 + b2 + c2 .
9
a b c
3( a + b + c )
a
b
c
+
+
.
2
b+c
c+a
a+b
498
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. Xt hm s=
''(t )
f (t ) 1 / t , t > 0 ta c f=
3
4t
> 0, t > 0 .
Do ta c
1
x
1
1 x 1
+ =
f +
y
z 2 4 3
y 1
f +
9 6
z
f
36
216
1 x 1 y 1 z
f . + . + . =
27 x + 8 y + z
2 4 3 9 6 36
=
216
26 x + 7 y + ( x + y + z )
216
= 1
26.4 + 7.9 + 49

x 4,=
y 9,=
z 36 .
1
1
1
ln 1 + + ln 1 + + ln 1 + ln 4 .
x
y
z
1
2t + 1
1
Xt hm s f (t ) = ln 1 + , t > 0 ta c f '(t ) = 2 ; f ''(t ) =
> 0, t > 0 .
2
2
t
t +t
t +t
( )
Do s dng bt ng thc tip tuyn ta c

1
1
( x 1) + ln 2
ln 1 + f '(1) ( x 1) + f (1) =
2
x
1
1
3
( y 2 ) + ln
ln 1 + f '(2) ( y 2 ) + f (2) =
y
6
2
1
4
1
( z 3) + ln
ln 1 + f '(3) ( z 3) + f (3) =
z
12
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
ln 1 + + ln 1 + + ln 1 + ln 4 ( x 1) ( y 2 ) ( z 3)
x
y
z
2
6
12
6 x + 2 y + z 13
=
ln 4
+
12
4
5 x + y + ( x + y + z ) 13
= ln 4
+ ln 4
12
4
x 1,=
y 2,=
z 3.
499
a
1 a
Ta c:
b
1 b
c
1 c
3 2
.
2
a
a
a
3 2a
.
=
=
2
2
2
2
b +c
1 a
a 1 a
3 2b 2
c
3 2c 2
.
;
2
2
c2 + a2
a 2 + b2
b
Tng t ta c:
a
b +c
2
b
c +a
2
c
a +b
2
3 2 2
3 2
a + b2 + c2 = .
2
2
1
3
Bi 4. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P
Xt hm s f ( x) =
Ta c f ''( x)
x 2 + 11x + 4 vi x 0.=
105
4 x + 11x + 4
2
p dng bt ng thc i.nh l 1 ta c:

1
1
1
f (a ) f ' a + f
3
3
3
1
1
1
f (b) f ' b + f
3
3
3
1
1
1
f (b) f ' c + f
3
3
3
1
1
=
P f (a ) + f (b) + f (c) f ' ( a + b + c 1) + 3 f =
2 10 .
3
3
1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
.
3
Xt hm s g ( x=
)
x 2 + 11x + 4 2 x ( x 1) vi x 0 ta c:
105
=
g ''( x)
4
(x
+ 11x + 4
4 < 0, x 0 .
500
> 0, x 0 .
g (1) g (0)
( a 1) + g (1)= 2 ( a 1) + 4
1 0
g (1) g (0)
g (b)
( b 0 ) + g (0) = 2b + 2
1 0
g (1) g (0)
g (c )
( c 0 ) + g (0) = 2c + 2
1 0
g (a)
P= g (a ) + g (b) + g (c) + 2a ( a 1) + 2b ( b 1) + 2c ( c 1)
g (a ) + g (b) + g (c) 2 ( a + b + c 1) + 8 =
8

Bi 5. HD: Chng minh
Bi 6. HD: Chng minh
1
9+6 3 2 3
x + , x ( 0;1) .
1 x
4
4
x
3 2
2
x
, x > 0 .
4
4
1+ x
Bi 7. HD: Chng minh ln 1 + x 2
4
5 2
3
x + ln , x 0; .
5
4 5
2
Bi ton tng qut xem chng 4.

Bi 8. Ly Logarit t nhin P ta c
) (
) (
Xt hm s f ( x) = ln ( x + x + 1 ) , x > 0 ta c
ln P= ln a + a 2 + 1 + ln b + b 2 + 1 + ln c + c 2 + 1 .
2
f '( x) =
x2 + 1
; f ''( x) =
( x + 1)
2
3
3
Do f ( x) f ' x +
4
4
T suy ra
) (
x2 + 1
< 0, x > 0 .
3
3 4
f = x + ln 2 .
5
4 5
) (
ln P= ln a + a 2 + 1 + ln b + b 2 + 1 + ln c + c 2 + 1
4
9
( a + b + c ) + 3ln 2 3ln 2
5
5
P8
3
th P bng 8. Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 8.
Vi a= b= c=
4
501
Bi 9. Phng trnh tip tuyn ca hm s y =

=
y
4+ x
ti im x = 1 l
4 x
13
17
x+ .
18
18
4 + x 13
17
x+ .
4 x 18
18
Ta i chng minh:
17
2
13
4 + t 4 t 2 t 2 + , t = x 0; 3 ( t 1) 13t 2 + 26t + 4 0 .
18
18
Xy dng hai bt ng thc tng t cho y,z ri cng li theo v ta c pcm.
Bi 10. Bt ng thc c dng thun nht chun ho a + b + c =
1.
1
4
1
4
1
4
+
+
9 .
a 1 a b 1 b c 1 c
1
Ch do a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic nn a, b, c 0; .
2
1
1
4
Tip tuyn ca hm s y=
ti im x = l y= 3 18 x .
3
x 1 x
Vy ta chng minh:
1
4
1
3 18 x, x 0; .
x 1 x
2
( 3x 1)2 (1 2 x ) 0
x (1 x )
lun ng.
1
4
1
4
1
4
3 18a;
3 18b;
3 18c .
a 1 a
b 1 b
c 1 c
Do
CH 6: K THUT KHO ST HM NHIU BIN

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Bi ton. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc P ( x, y, z ) tha mn iu
kin K cho trc.
Xut pht t gi thit bi ton tm c mi lin h(iu kin x so vi y,z) gia
bin x vi hai bin cn li. Coi f ( x) = P ( x, y, z ) l hm s vi bin x v y,z l
tham s. Kho st hm s vi bin x tm ra gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca f(x) chng
502
hn t ti x = x0 . Khi tip tc kho st hm s g ( y ) = P ( x0 , y, z ) v tm ra gi

tr ln nht, nh nht ca g(y) t suy ra kt qu bi ton.
Cc im cn lu
- Bi ton x l c bng phng php ny thng cho mi rng buc cc bin
cng thuc on [ a; b ] cho trc v du bng ca bt ng thc t ti bin.
- Vi bi ton c hai bin s x,y ta thc hin tng t.
- Nu bt ng thc c dng i xng 3 bin ta thng gi s x y z thun
tin cho vic nh gi tnh n iu ca hm s.
- nh gi cui cng l hm mt bin ta c th kho st hm s hoc bin i
tng ng c nhanh kt qu.
Mt bi ton s dng phng php ny hay gp trong thi
Bi ton. Cho a,b,c v x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
ax + by + cz =
xyz .
PHNG PHP
Theo gi thit ta c:
ax + by + cz = xyz z =
ax + by
ax + by
.
, ( xy > c ) P = f ( y ) = x + y +
xy c
xy c
Xt hm s f ( y ) = x + y +
f '( y ) =
1
bc + ax 2
( xy c )
ax + by
ta c
xy c
; f '( y ) =
0 ( xy c ) =
bc + ax 2
2
c + bc + ax 2
x
Ta c f(y) i du t m sang dng khi i qua y0 nn f(y) t cc tiu ti y0 .
y = y0 =
V vy
c + bc + ax 2
P f ( y0 ) =
x+
+
x
=x +
=
ax + b.
c + bc + ax 2
x
bc + ax 2
c + bc + ax 2 b
+ + bc + ax 2
x
x
x 2 + b + c + ( x + 1) bc + ax 2
x
503
Thc hin xt tnh n iu ca hm s g ( x) =
x 2 + b + c + ( x + 1) bc + ax 2
x
ta
c kt qu bi ton.
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin 2 x + 4 y + 7 z =
2 xyz .
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c z =
2x + 4 y
2x + 4 y
. Khi P = f ( y ) = x + y +
.
2 xy 7
2 xy 7
Xt hm s f ( y ) = x + y +
f '( y ) =
1
4 x 2 + 28
( 2 xy 7 )
7
2x + 4 y
vi y >
ta c
2x
2 xy 7
; f '( y ) =
0 ( 2 xy 7 ) =
4 x 2 + 28
2
7 + 2 x2 + 7 7
>
2x
2x
Ta c f(y) i du t m sang dng khi i qua y0 nn f(y) t cc tiu ti y0 .
y = y0 =
V vy
P f ( y0 ) =x +
7 + 2 x2 + 7
+
2x
7 + 2 x2 + 7
11 2 x 2 + 7
2x
.
=x +
+
2x
x
2 x2 + 7
2 x + 4.
11 2 x 2 + 7
vi x > 0 ta c
+
2x
x
28
Xt hm s g ( x) =x +
2 x 2 11
g '( x) =
2x
11
x
2
2
2 x 11
) (x
2
x 2 + 7 ; g '( x) =0 2 x 2 11 =
3
x=
15
15
P . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
2
2
5
=
,z 2 .
2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 15/2 t ti=

x 3,=
y
504
x2 + 7
0
+ 7 282 =
T suy ra g min = g (3) =

=
x 3,=
y
28
5
=
,z 2 .
2
Ch . S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
x2 + 7 (9 + 7 )
11 2 x 2 + 7
11
x+
+
=x +
+
2x
2x
2x
x
11 3 x + 7
9 3
9 3 15
x+
+
= x + + 2 x. + =
2x
2x
x 2
x 2 2
Ta c kt qu tng t trn.
K thut c nh bin s
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0 .
4a
4b
4c
Chng minh rng 1 +

1 +
1 +
25 .
b
+
c
c
+
a
a
+b
Li gii
Bt ng thc c vit di dng
( 4a + b + c )( 4b + c + a )( 4c + a + b ) 25 0 f =
ab +
(ab)
25 0 .
ab +
( a + b )( c + a )( c + b )
Trong , , , l cc hng s khi ta c nh c v a + b .

R rng f(ab) l hm lun ng bin hoc lun nghch bin do vi
( a + b )2
th f(ab) t gi tr nh nht hoc ti 0(khi c t nht mt
ab 0;
4
s bng 0) hoc ti
( a + b )2 (khi 2 s bng nhau).
4
Vy ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc trong hai trng hp.
+ TH1: Nu c mt s bng 0 gi s l a. Ta cn chng minh
4b 4c
1 + 1 + 25 .
c
b
Bt ng thc ny l hin nhin theo CS, tht vy

2
4b 4c
4b 4c
. =
25 .
1 + 1 + 1 +
c
b
c b
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b = c .

+ TH2: Khi 2 s bng nhau gi s l a v b, khi ta cn chng minh.
4a
4a
4c
1 +
1 +
1 +
25
a + c a + c 2a
2
4 a 2c
4 2c
1 +
1 + 25 0
1 + 25 1 +
a
a
a+c
1+ c
a
505
t x=
c
0 ta phi chng minh
a
2
4
2
1 +
(1 + 2 x ) 25 0 x x 2 x + 5 0 x ( x 1) + 4 0 .
x +1
Bt ng thc cui lun ng.

Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 1
=
a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
2a
2b
2c
, y=
,=
z
xy + yz + zx + xyz= 4 .
b+c
c+a
a+b
Theo bt ng thc c chng minh ta c
x + y + z xy + yz + zx .
Cch 2: t x=
Vy bi ton a v chng minh
(1 + 2 x )(1 + 2 y )(1 + 2 z ) 25 2 xyz + x + y + z 4 ( x + y + z + xyz ) + xyz 4 .
Bt ng thc cui ng bi v x + y + z + xyz xy + yz + zx + xyz =

4.
a
1 + (b + c) 2
b
1 + (a + c)2
c
1 + ( a + b) 2
3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 12abc
Li gii
3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
a
b
c
3
b
c
+
2
2
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 12abc
1 + (b + c) 1 + (c + a ) 1 + (a + b)
a (b + c)2
1 + (b + c)
b (c + a ) 2
1 + (c + a )
Xt hm s y =
c ( a + b) 2
1 + (a + b)
36abc
a + b + c 2 + 12abc
2
x
2
2
2
tng do vi ( b + c ) 4bc; ( c + a ) 4ca; ( a + b ) 4ab
x +1
Ta c:
a (b + c )
1 + (b + c )
4abc b ( c + a )
4abc c ( a + b )
4abc
.
;
;
2
2
1 + 4bc 1 + ( c + a )
1 + 4ca 1 + ( a + b )
1 + 4ab
2
4abc
4abc
4abc
36abc
36abc
.
+
+
2
=
2
2
1 + 4bc 1 + 4ca 1 + 4ab a + b + c + 12abc a 2 (1 + 4bc)
cyc
Bt ng thc cui ng bi theo C S ta c
506
1 + 4bc a 2 (1 + 4bc) (a + b + c)2 =9 .

cyc
cyc
V d 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] .
x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x
x4 + y 4 + z 4
Li gii
Tm gi tr ln nht
Do iu kin bi ton x, y, z [1;2] x 2 y x 2 y 2 ; y 2 z y 2 z 2 ; z 2 x z 2 x 2 .
Do P
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
= 1
x4 + y 4 + z 4
x4 + y 4 + z 4 x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x2
x4 + y 4 + z 4
(x y ) + ( y z ) + (z x )
=
1
2( x + y + z )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2

Tm gi tr nh nht
Vi gi thit bi ton x,y,z thuc on nn thng t cc tr ti bin. Th x,y,z
chn trong 2 s (1,2) thay vo P ta thy gi tr nh nht
7
7
x = y =1; z =2 P =
= .
2 + 16 18
7
Vy ta i chng minh P .
18
Trc tin chuyn P v biu thc i xng ca x,y,z.
Theo gi thit ta c: ( x 1)( x 2 ) 0 x 2 3 x 2; y 2 3 y 2; z 2 3z 2 .
y2 + 2
z 2 + 2 2 x2 + 2
Suy ra: x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x x 2
+ y2
+z
3
3
3
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 + 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
Do vy ta ch cn chng minh.
507
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 + 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
3
7 x +y +z
4
) 6( x
y + y2 z2
2 2
) 7
(x + y + z )
18
+ z x ) 12 ( x + y + z ) 0
2 2
cho n gin ta t a =
x2 , b =
y2 , c =
z 2 a, b, c [1;4] v bt ng thc tr
thnh: 7 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 6 ( ab + bc + ca ) 12 ( a + b + c ) 0 .
V tri k hiu l P (a, b, c) l tam thc bc hai ca a vi h s ca a2 dng
nn t max ti 1 hoc 4.
Do P (a, b, c) max { P (1, b, c); P(4, b, c)} .
Bng cch tng t P (1, b, c); P(4, b, c) l tam thc bc hai vi h s b2; c2
dng nn
P (1, b, c) max { P (1,1, c); P (1, 4, c)}
max {max { P(1,1,1); P(1,1, 4)} ;max { P(1, 4,1); P(1, 4, 4)}} =
0
V
P (4, b, c) max { P (4,1, c); P (4, 4, c)}
max {max { P(4,1,1); P(4,1, 4)} ;max { P(4, 4,1); P(4, 4, 4)}} =
0
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Vi x= y= 1, z= 2 th P bng 7/18. Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 7/18.
Nhn xt. Thc cht ta c nh gi trn da vo tnh cht ca hm li, l nu
f ''( x) 0; x [ a; b ] th f(x) t max ti a hoc ti b.
B. BI TON CHN LC
1
Bi 1. Cho a,b l hai s thc thuc on ;1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
4
1
a
b
.
P=
+
+
2 + 3a a + b b + 1
Li gii
1
a
b
1
Xt hm s f (a) =
trn on ;1 ta c:
+
+
2 + 3a a + b b + 1
4
b ( 2 + 3a ) 3 ( a + b )
3
b
f '(a ) =
+
= 2
> 0 v
2
2
( 2 + 3a ) ( a + b )
( 2 + 3a ) ( a + b )2
2
b ( 2 + 3a ) 3 ( a + b ) = 9a 2b + 6ab + 4b 3a 2 3b 2 9a 2b + 6a 2b + 4b 3a 2 3b 2
2
1
= 3a 2 ( 5b 1) + b ( 4 3b ) > 0, a, b ;1
4
508
1
Vy f(a) l hm ng bin trn on ;1 suy ra
4
( 2b 1)
4
1
b
34 34
1
.
P = f (a) f = g (b) = +
+
=
+
11 1 + 4b b + 1 3 ( b + 1)( 4b + 1) 33 33
4
2

a
1
1
.
=
,b
4
2
34
1
1
t ti=
.
a =
,b
33
4
2
34
thc cht ta xt hm mt bin vi b tm ra
Nhn xt. c bin i g (b)
33
1
g(b) t cc tiu ti b = .
2
Bi 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc thuc on [1;4] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

P= x y+
y 1 1 x
.
+
x
y
Li gii
y 1 1 x
Ta c: x =
y+
+
x
y
y 1)( x 1)
( x y )( =
( x y )( y 1)( x 1)
P
xy
xy
Do P l biu thc i xng vi x v y nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s

y )( x 1)( y 1) y 1 x 2 ( y + 1) x + y
( x =
=
x yP
.
xy
y
x
2
y 1 x ( y + 1) x + y
Xt hm s f ( x) =
lin tc trn on [1;4] ta c:

y
x
y 1
y
f=
'( x)
1 =
y x2
( y 1) ( x 2 y )
x2 y
0, x y 1 .
Do f(x) l hm ng bin trn on [1;4] .

Suy ra P = f ( x) f (4) = g ( y ) =
Xt hm s g ( y ) =
( y 1)(12 3 y ) .
4y
( y 1)(12 3 y ) lin tc trn on

4y
[1;4] ta c:
509
12 3 y 2
g '( y ) =
; g '( y ) =0 y =2 [1;4] . Ta c g(y) i du t dng sang
4 y2
3
.
m khi i qua y = 2 nn g(y) t cc i ti y = 2 . Do P g ( y ) g (2) =
4
x 4,=
y 2.
3
t ti=
x 2,=
y 4 hoc=
x 4,=
y 2.
4
Bi 3. Cho hai s thc x 1 y > 0 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
(x
A=
+ y2
xy + x + y
xy ( x + y + 1)
Li gii
y l biu thc i xng vi tng x + y v tch xy nn suy ngh ngay n vic
t S =+
x y, P =
xy t iu kin (1 x )(1 y ) 0 x + y 1 xy ta c ngay
0 0 do f(P) l hm nghch bin trn
( 0; S 1] .
Do
(S
f ( P ) f ( S 1) =
(S
Xt hm s g ( S ) =
g '( S )
2S + 2
2S + 2
S 2 1
S 2 1
S 4 + 2 S 3 13S 2 + 12 S 4
=
2
2S 1 S 2 1
2S 1
2S 1
.
trn (1;+ ) ta c:
( S 2 ) ( S 3 + 4 S 2 5S + 2 )
2S 1 S 2 1
S >1
g '( S=
=
S 2.
) 0
Ta c g(S) i du t m sang dng khi i qua S = 2 nn g(S) t cc tiu ti

2
S = 2 hay g ( S ) g (2) =.
3
2
t ti x= y= 1 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A bng
3
510
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn 1 x y z 4 .

1 1 1
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = ( x + y + z ) + + .
x y z
Li gii
1 1 1
Xt hm s f ( x) = ( x + y + z ) + + trn [1;4] ta c:
x y z
2
1
1 1 1 x+ y+z
1 x yz ( y + z )
f '( x) = + +
= ( y + z ) 2 =
0.
x y z
x2
x 2 yz
yz x
Do f(x) l hm nghch bin trn [1;4] suy ra f ( x) f (1) hay

1 1
P = f ( x) f (1) = g ( y ) = (1 + y + z ) 1 + + .
y z
1 1
Xt hm s g ( y ) = (1 + y + z ) 1 + + trn on [1;4] ta c:
y z
g '( y ) =1 +
1 1 1 + y + z z + 1 1 + z ( y z )( z + 1)
+
=
2 =
0.
y z
yz
y2
y
y2 z
Do g(y) l hm nghch bin trn on [1;4] suy ra

1
2
P g ( y ) g(1) =( 2 + z ) 2 + =h( z ) =5 + 2 z + .
z
z
2
Xt hm s h( z ) =5 + 2 z + trn on [1;4] ta c:
z
2 z2 1
h '( z ) =2 2 = 2
0 nn h(z) l hm ng bin trn on [1;4] .
z
z
27
.
Do P h( z ) h(4) =
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 1, z= 4 .
2
27
t ti x= y= 1, z= 4 .
2
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc + a + c =
b.
2
2
3
.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = 2
2
+ 2
a +1 b +1 c +1
Li gii
1
a+c
Theo gi thit ta c b (1 ac ) = a + c > 0 1 ac > 0 a < ; b =
.
c
1 ac
511
Khi P =
a +1 a + c
c +1
+1
1 ac
2
2 a 2 + 2ac + 2c 2 + 1
Xt
hm s f (a )
=
( a + 1)( c + 1)
2
3
c +1
2
( a + 1)( c + 1) c
4c ( a + 2ac 1)
f '(a ) =
; f '(a ) = 0 a =
( a + 1) ( c + 1)
2
2 a 2 + 2ac + 2c 2 + 1
3
+1
2 ta c
c2 + 1 c .
Ta c f(a) i du t dng sang m khi i qua

V vy f (a ) f
2c
Xt hm s
=
g (c )
g '(c) =
c2 + 1
2 1 8c 2
2c
c 2 + 1=
c
c2 + 1
c2 + 1
3
c +1
2
3c + c 2 + 1
3
c +1
2
c2 + 1 c .
vi c dng ta c
; g '(c) = 0 c =
1
2 2
Ta c g(c) i du t dng sang m khi i qua c =
, ( c > 0) .
1
2 2
1 10
.
V vy g (c) g
=
2 2 3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c=
, a=
2 2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 10/3 t ti
1
, b=
2
2.
1
, b= 2 .
2 2
2
Nhn xt. Ta c th gii bi ton bng lng gic xem chng sau.
3.
c=
1
1
+1
=
8
2 2
, a=
1
1
+1
=
8
2 2
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =a + b 2 + c3 .

Li gii
Thay a = 3 b c vo biu thc ca P ta c:
2
1
11
11
P = b 2 b + c 3 c + 3 = b + c 3 c + f (c ) = c 3 c + .
2
4
4
512
2.
11
vi c [ 0;3] ta c:
4
1
f '(c) = 3c 2 1; f '(c) = 0 c =
[ 0;3] .
3
Xt hm s f (c) = c3 c +
Ta c f(c) i du t m sang dng khi i qua c =

c=
1
3
1
nn f(c) t cc tiu ti
3
1 11 2 3
Suy ra P f (c) f
= 9 .
3 4
5 1
1
1
,b =
,c =.
2
2
3
3
5 1
1
1
11 5 3
t ti a =
,b =
,c =.
2
2
4
9
3
3
Bi 7. Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
a b c
a c b
3 + + 2 + + + 3 .
b c a
c b a
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c}
- Nu a c b th
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
a b c
+ + + + 3 3 + + 3 + + 2 + + + 3
b c a c a b
b c a c a b
c a b
- Nu a b c th
a b c
a c b
Xt hm s f (a )= 3 + + 2 + + 3
b c a
c b a
Ta c f '(a ) =
a 2 bc ( 3c 2a )
3 3c 2 2b
2 + 2 =
b a
c a
a 2bc
Do a b c a 2 bc
Kh nng 1. Nu 3c > 2a hm s ng bin suy ra f (a ) f (b) =
b c
+ 20
c a
Kh nng 2. Nu 3c < 2a hm s nghch bin suy ra

f (a ) f (b =
+ c)
( b c )2
bc
3c 2b 2 ( b 2c ) + c ( b c )
+ =
0
b+c
( b + c )2
2

513
Bi 8. (TSH Khi A 2011) Cho x,y,z l ba s thc thuc on [1;4] v

x y, x z .
P=
x
y
z
.
+
+
2x + 3y y + z z + x
Li gii
x
y
z
Xt hm s f ( z )=
trn on [1;4] ta c:
+
+
2x + 3y y + z z + x
( x y ) z 2 xy
y
x
.
f '(z) =
+
=
( y + z )2 ( x + z )2 ( x + z )2 ( y + z )2
1
y
z
6
+ Nu x = y P = +
+
= .
5 y+z z+ y 5
+ Nu x > y khi f '(z) = 0 z = xy ta c f(z) i du t m sang dng khi

i qua z = xy nn f(z) t cc tiu ti z = xy .
x
Do P =
f (z) f( xy ) =
+
2x + 3y
t
=
t
x
2 y
y
=
+
x
x + y 2 +3
y
2
.
x
+1
y
x
, (1 < t 2 ) ta c
y
t2
2
P g=
(t)
+ =
2
2t + 3 t + 1
( 2 t ) ( 35t 2 27t + 48) 34 34

+
.
33 33
33 ( t + 1) ( 2t 2 + 3)

z = xy , t = 2 x = 4 y, z = 2 y x = 4, y = 1, z = 2 .
34
t ti =
x 4,=
y 1,=
z 2.
33
Nhn xt. Do P dng ng cp bc 0 nn ta c th t
=
y a=
.x, z b.x,
1
a, b ;1 a bi ton v tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
4
1
a
b
c trnh by trn(xem thm ch s dng bt
P=
+
+
2 + 3a a + b b + 1
ng thc ph).
514
1
Bi 9. Cho cc s thc a, b, c ;3 .
3
a
b
c
.
+
+
a+b b+c c+a
Li gii
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc S =
t f ( a ) =
a
b
c
. Xt hai trng hp sau:
+
+
a+b b+c c+a
TH1: a b c . Ta c f ( a ) =
Suy ra f ( a ) f ( 3) =
Mt khc g ( c ) =
( b c ) ( a 2 bc )
( a + b )2 ( a + c )2 ( a + b )2 ( a + c )2
3
b
c
+
+
= g (c) .
3+b b + c c +3
( b 3) ( 3b c 2 )
( c + b )2 ( c + 3)2 ( c + 3)2 ( b + c )2
3
3b
1
1
Suy ra g ( c ) g =
+
+ = h (b)
3 3 + b 3b + 1 10
Ta c h ( b ) =
( 3b + 1)
( b + 3)
(1 b )(1 + b ) 0
( 3b + 1)( b + 3)
1 8
T bng bin thin suy ra f ( a; b; c ) f 3;1; =

.
3 5
8
TH2: c b a . T TH1 ta c f ( c; b; a ) .
5
Mt khc f ( a; b; c ) =
f ( c; b; a )
( a b )( b a )( a c ) 0 .
( a + b )( b + a )( a + c )
8
Suy ra f ( a; b; c ) .
5
8
1 1
1
Vy max S = , t c khi v ch khi ( a, b, c ) 3,1, , ,3,1 , 1, ,3 .
5
3 3
3
Bi 10. Cho a, b, c [ 0;1] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

S=
a
b +c +6
c + a + 6 a + b3 + 6
Li gii
a
b
c
t f ( c ) = 3 3
.
+ 3
+ 3
3
b + c + 6 c + a + 6 a + b3 + 6
3
515
1
3ac 2
Ta c f ( c ) =3
a + b3 + 6 b3 + c 3 + 6
3c 2
) ( a + c + 6)
6ac ( 6 + b 2c ) 6bc ( 6 + a 2c )
0
f ( c ) =
(b + c + 6)
( a + c + 6)
3
3b
Nn f(c) gim trn [0; 1]. Suy ra

f ( c )=
f (1)
1
6+a +b
3
3a
(7 + b ) (7 + a )
3 2
3 2
1
3
2. > 0
8
49
Suy ra f(c) tng trn [0; 1].

a
Do S = f ( c ) f (1) =
b +7
1
2a 2 b
Ta c g ( a ) =3
b + 7 a3 + 7
a +7
3
a + b3 + 6
3
= g (a) .
3a 2
) (a + b + 7)
6ab ( 7 2a ) 6a ( b + 6 2a )
0
g ( a ) =
(a + 7)
(a + b + 7)
2
Nn g(a) gim trn [0; 1]. Suy ra

1
g ( a ) g (1=
)
b +7
3
3b
3
1 5
3 5 3b
1
=
3
>0
3
+
2
64 7 + b3
64
b + 7 8 8 b + 7
Suy ra g(a) tng trn [0; 1]. Do =

S g ( a ) g (1=
)
1
6b 2
Ta c h ( b ) =
8 b3 + 7
(b
+7
48b 2
8 b3 + 7
b
+ = h(b) .
b +7 8
3
> 0, b [ 0;1] .
3
3
Suy ra h(b) tng trn [0; 1], nn h ( b ) h (1) = S .
8
8
Vi a = b = c = 1 th max S =
516
3
8
Bi 11. Xt cc s thc dng x, y, z tha mn h iu kin

2
5 z min { x, y} (1)
( 2)
xz
15
( 3)
yz 5
Hy tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P ( x, y, z ) =
1 2 3
+ + .
x y z
Li gii
4
T iu kin (1) v (2) suy ra x max z ,
(4)
15 z
2
1 1
a) Xt hm s f ( x )=
+ vi x > 0 v tham s z . Xt hai trng hp
5
x z
2
4
1 1 2
th x z
theo (4) nn f ( x ) + = 15 (5)
Nu z
15 z
z z z
15
Nu
2
2
4
15 z 1
th x
z
z theo (4) nn f ( x )
+ =
g ( z) .
5
15 z
4
z
15
Xt hm s g(z) vi
g( z ) =
2
2
. Ta c
z
5
15
15 1
2
.
2 <0 z<
4 z
15
2
Do g(z) l hm gim v f ( z ) g ( z ) g =
4 (6)
5
So snh (5) v (6) ta c
1 1
1 1
2
2
(7)
+ 4 v
+ =4 x = ,z =
x z
x z
3
5
2
1 1
b) Xt hm s h ( y =
) + vi tham s z
5
y z
1
T iu kin (1) v (3) suy ra y max z ,
5z
Lp lun tng t phn a) ta c
1
th h ( y ) 2 5 (9)
Nu z
5
(8)
517
2
1
9
th h ( y )
(10)
z
5
2
5
So snh (9) v (10) ta c
1 1 9
2
1
1 1 9
+ = x= ,y=
+ v
x z 2
5
2
y z 2
Nu
(11)
So snh kt qu phn a) v b) ta c
1 1
1 1
9
P ( x, y, z ) = + + 2 + 4 + 2. = 13
2
x y
y z
2
1
2
x =
,y =
,z
3
2
5
1
Bi 12. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on ;2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
2
x y z y x z
thc P= 8 + + 5 + + .
y z x x z y
Li gii
Nhn xt. Ta th o hm P theo bin x ta c:
1 z y 1 8 x 2 z 8 z 2 y + 5 yz 5 x 2 y
2 5 2 +
=
8 =
z
x 2 yz
y x x
(x
yz ( 8 z 5 y )
x 2 yz
P min suy ngh n o hm khng m. Vy trc tin cn c x 2 yz ta ch

cn gi s x = max { x, y, z} .
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} .
Vit li P di dng: P= f ( x)=
Ta c
(x
f '( x) =
yz ( 8 z 5 y )
x 2 yz
8z 5 y
8z 5 y 8 y 5z
vi
.x +
+
yz
x
z
y
yz x 2
TH1: Nu 8 z 5 y > 0 f '( x) 0 nn f(x) l hm ng bin trn yz ;2 do

f ( x) f ( yz ) =
t
=
t
518
8 y 5z
z
y
.
+ 16
10
z
y
y
z
5 16
y 1
, t ;2 . Khi P = f ( x) f ( yz ) = g (t ) = 8t 2 2 + 10t .
t
z 2
t
Xt hm s g (t ) = 8t 2
5
t
16
1
10t lin tc trn ;2 ta c:
t
2
( t 1)(8t 5) ( t 2 + t + 1)
10 16
) 16t + 3 2 10
g '(t=
=
t
t
t3
t = 1
; g '(t=
) 0
5 .
t =
8
1
t ;2
2
75
1
5 387
.
Ta c g =
(1) 9, g =
, g=
(2)
g=
4
2
8 40
1
Suy ra min g (t ) = 9 xy ra ti t = 1 hoc t = hay x= y= z hoc
=
z 4=
y, x 2 y .
2
TH2: Nu 8 y 5 z 0 f '( x) 0 suy ra
2 y z y z 2
f ( x) f (2)= 8 + + 5 + + = g ( y ) .
y z 2 2 y z
Thc hin tng t.
1
Bi 13. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on ;1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
2
a b bc ca
.
thc P =
+
+
c
a
b
Li gii
Ta c:
P=
a b b c c a ab ( a b ) + bc ( b c ) + ca ( c a )
+
+
=
=
c
a
b
abc
( a b )( b c )( c a )
abc
Do P l biu thc i xng vi ba bin a,b,c nn khng mt tnh tng qut gi

s a b c . Khi :
P
a b )( b c )( a c )
(=
abc
Xt hm s f (a ) =
2
b c a ( b + c ) a + bc
.
bc
a
2
1
b c a ( b + c ) a + bc
vi c b a 1 ta c:
2
bc
a
b c bc
f '(a=
)
1 =
bc a 2
( b c ) ( a 2 bc )
a 2bc
0.
1
Do f(a) l hm ng bin trn ;1 .
2
Suy ra P
= f (a ) f (1)
=
bc
1 b
1
1
+ c 1 + b .
(1 b c + bc=) g (c=)
bc
c
b
b
519
Xt hm s g (c=
)
g '(c) =
1 b
c
1 b
1
1
1
+ c 1 + b trn on ;1 ta c:
c
b
b
2
2
1
1 1 (1 b ) c b (1 b )( c b )
+ 1 =(1 b ) 2 =
0.
b
bc 2
bc 2
b c
1
Do g(c) l hm nghch bin trn ;1 .
2
3
1
1
.
Suy ra P g (c) g = h(b) = b
2
2b
2
3
1
1
b
2
2b
2
1
1
h '(b) =1 + 2 ; h '(b) =0 b = .
2
2b
1
nn h(b) t cc i ti
Ta c h(b) i du t dng sang m khi i qua b =
2
Xt hm s h(b) =
1
1 3 2 2
. Do P h(b) h
.
=
2
2
2
1
1
v cc hon v.
a 1,=
b
=
,c
2
2
b=
1
1
3 2 2
a 1,=
b
=
,c
t ti =
v cc hon v.
2
2
2
Nhn xt. im quan trng trong li gii trn l pht hin ng thc
( a b )( b c )( c a ) .
a b bc ca
+
+
=
c
a
b
abc
Ngoi ra d thy P l biu thc ng cp bc 0 v dng i xng nn khng mt
tnh tng qut ta c th gi s a b c . Ta t =
a x.c,=
b y.c, ( 2 x y 1) .
Bi ton a v tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =
( x 1)( y 1)( x y ) .
xy
y chnh l bi ton 2 ti trnh by.

Bi 14. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] v 4a + 2b + c =
11 .
1 2 3
+ + .
a b c
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c 4a =11 2b c suy ra P= f (b=
)
520
4
2 3
+ + .
11 2b c b c
Xt hm s
=
f (b)
4
2 3
+ + lin tc trn [1;2] ta c
11 2b c b c
2
2 8b 2 (11 2b c ) 2 ( 4b + c 11)(11 c )
=
f '(b)
=
=
< 0, b, c [1;2] .
2
b 2 (11 2b c )
(11 2b c )2 b2 b2 (11 2b c )2
2
Do f(b) l hm nghch bin trn on [1;2] suy ra f (2) f (b) f (1) .

Xt hm s g (c)= f(1)=
=
g '(c)
4
3
+ 2 + ta c:
9c
c
3 c 2 + 54c 243
=
< 0, c [1;2] .
c2 ( 9 c )
( 9 c )2 c 2
4
Vy g(c) l hm nghch bin trn on [1;2] P= f (b) f (1)= g(c) g(1)=
11
.
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b= c= 1, a= 2 .

11
t ti a= 2, b= c= 1 .
2
Xt hm s h(=
c) f (2)
=
=
h '(c)
4
3
+ 1 + ta c:
7c
c
3 c 2 + 42c 147
=
< 0, c [1;2] .
2
c2 ( 7 c )
( 7 c )2 c 2
4
Do h(c) l lm nghch bin trn on [1;2] .

Suy ra P = f (b) f (2) = h(c) h(2) =
33
.
10
5
.
4
33
5
t ti a=
, b= c= 2 .
10
4
Bi tp tng t
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b= c= 2, a=
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;3] tha mn a + 2b + 3c =

12 .
3 2 1
+ + .
a b c
Bi 15. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc P =
1
1
1
.
+
+
4 + a ab 4 + b bc 4 + c ca
521
Li gii
Coi P l hm s ca a v b,c l tham s ta c:
1
1
1
.
P=
f (a) =
+
+
4 + a ab 4 + b bc 4 + c ca
b 1
c
=
f '(a )
+
0, a, b, c [1;2] .
2
( 4 + a ab ) ( 4 + c ca )2
Do f(a) l hm ng bin trn on [1;2] .
1
1
1
+
+ .
5 b 4 + b bc 4
1
1
1
Xt hm s g (b) = +
+ lin tc trn on [1;2] ta c:
5 b 4 + b bc 4
1
c 1
g=
'(b)
+
0, b, c [1;2] . Do g(b) l hm ng bin
2
( 5 b ) ( 4 + b bc )2
Suy ra f (a ) f (1) = g (b) =
trn on [1;2] .
1
1
1
1
3
+
+
= .
2 5 c 2 5 1 4
3
4
Bi 16. (Vit Nam TST 2001) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn
21ab + 2bc + 8ca 12 .
1 2 3
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + + .
a b c
Li gii
2 8 21 12
Ta c: 21ab + 2bc + 8ca 12 + +
.
a b c abc
1
1
1
t=
x =
,y =
, z , ( x, y, z > 0 ) v 2 x + 8 y + 21z 12 xyz . Khi P =x + 2 y + 3 z .
a
b
c
2x + 8 y
7
v x >
.
Ta c: z (12 xy 21) 2 x + 8 y > 0 z
4y
12 xy 21
Suy ra P g (b) g (1) =
Khi P x + 2 y + 3.
2x + 8 y
2x + 8 y
.
=x + 2 y +
12 xy 21
4 xy 7
Xt hm s f ( x) =x + 2 y +
f '( x) =1
522
14 + 32 y 2
( 4 xy 7 )
2x + 8 y
trn khong ; + ta c:
4 xy 7
4y
; f '( x) =0 ( 4 xy 7 ) =14 + 32 y 2 x =x0 =

2
2
7 + 32 y 2 + 14
.
4y
Ta c f(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x0 nn f(x) t cc tiu ti x0 .

Do f ( x) f ( x0 ) = 2 y +
Xt hm s g ( y ) = 2 y +
g '( y ) = 2
9
4y
32 y 2 + 14
9
.
+
4y
2y
32 y 2 + 14
9
trn ( 0;+ ) ta c:
+
4y
2y
7
y 2 32 y 2 + 14
; g '( y ) = 0 8 y 2 9
Ta c g(y) i du t m sang dng khi i qua
5
32 y 2 + 14 28 = 0 y = .
4
5
5
nn ti y = g(y) t cc
4
4
5 15
tiu. Do g ( y ) g =
.
4 2
5 15
Suy ra P f ( x) f ( x0 ) =g(y) g = .
4 2
15
5
2
t ti =
hay
y
=
, x 3,=
z
2
4
3
1
4
3
.
=
a =
,b =
,c
3
5
2
Bi 17. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P =
10a 11b 2014c

.
+
+
bc
ca
ab
Li gii
Ta ln lt coi P l hm ca c: f (c) =
2014c 1 10a 11b

+
+
.
ab
c b
a
Ta c:
f '(c) =
2014 1 10a 11b 2014c 2 10a 2 11b 2 2014.12 10.22 11.22

+
>0.
=
ab c 2 b
a
abc 2
abc 2
Do f(c) l hm ng bin trn [1;2] .

4028 5a 11b
.
+
+
ab
b 2a
4028 5a 11b
trn on [1;2] ta c:
Xt hm s g (b)=
+
+
ab
b 2a
Do f (c) f (2) = g (b) =
11 4028 11b 2 2.4028 11.22 2.4028

g '(b) =
=
<0.
2a ab 2
2ab 2
2ab 2
523
Do g(b) l hm nghch bin trn on [1;2] suy ra

4028
11
.
+ 5a +
a
2a
4028
11
Xt hm s h(a=
trn on [1;2] ta c:
)
+ 5a +
a
2a
4028
11
h '(a) = 2 + 5 2 < 0, a [1;2]. Do h(a) l hm nghch bin trn [1;2]
a
2a
8077
8077
V vy h(a ) h(1)
=
P
2
2
a= b= 1, c= 2 .
g (b) g (1)= h(a )=
8077
t ti a= b= 1, c= 2 .
2
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho 2 s thc x,y thuc [ 0;1] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P= 2 x3 + y 3 x 2 y y 2 x .
Bi 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn x, y 4 .

x
y 12
.
+ +
2 y x xy
Bi 3. Cho hai s thc x,y tho mn iu kin x y 1 .

Chng minh rng x 2 + x + 4
2 ( x + 1)
x+ y
2 x ( x + 1)
y +1
+ 2y .
Bi 4. Cho cc s thc 0 a b c 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

P=
(a
b 2 ( b c ) + c 2 (1 c ) .

8.
1
3
8
.
+
+
a
b
3c + 2a
Bi 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn x y z .
Chng minh rng
x z y x y z
+ + + + .
z y x y z x
Bi 7. Cho x,y,z l ba s thc thuc on [1;3] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

P=
524
x y z y x z
+ + + + + .
y z x x z y
1
2
1 1
21
P = ( x + y + z) + + .
x y z
Bi 9. Cho x,y,z l ba s thc thuc on [1;9] v x y, x z .

Tm gi tr gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
x
y
z
.
+
+
x + 2y y + z z + x
1
3
x
y
z
.
+
+
x+ y y+z z+x
Bi 11. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [1;3] . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu

x y z x z y
thc P= 5 + + .
y z x z y x
Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] .

Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + c3 5abc .
1 1 1
Chng minh ( a + b + c ) + + 10 .
a b c

10 x 11 y 12 z
.
+
+
yz
zx
xy

36 x 2 y z
.
+
+
yz
zx xy
Bi 16. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;3] tha mn a + 2b + 3c =

12 .
3 2 1
+ + .
a b c
Bi 17. Cho x,y l hai s thc thuc on [1;2] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
525
P= x y+
y 1 1 x
.
+
x
y
1
Bi 18. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on ;2 .
2
a b bc ca
.
+
+
c
a
b
Bi 19. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin 21ab + 2bc + 8ca 12 .
1 2 3
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + + .
a b c
Bi 20. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + y + z xyz .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =x + 2 y + 5 z .

5
Bi 20. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x + y + z = xyz .
3
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 6 ( x + y ) + z .

6.
x 2 y 5z
.
+
+
yz zx xy
Bi 22. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin ab >
7
v
3
100
.
a
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a + b + c .
Bi 23. Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
3a + 57b + 7c= 3abc +
a ( b c ) + b ( c a ) + c ( a b ) + 4abc > a 3 + b3 + c3 .
2
Bi 24. Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic (c th suy bin).

( a b )( b a )( a c ) . Tm maxT v chng minh rng
1
.
t T =
max T <
21
( a + b )( b + a )( a + c )
Bi 25. Xt cc s thc dng x, y, z tha mn h iu kin
0 < z y x 3 (1)
3
2
( 2)
+ 2 1
xy
y
18
4
18
2 + 2 + 2 3
x y y z z x
526
( 3)
1
80 3 18 3
Hy tm GTLN ca biu thc P ( x, y, z ) = xyz +
x + y .
2
27
8
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. Xt hm s f ( x)= 2 x3 x 2 y x + 2 y 3 y 2 trn on [ 0;1] ta c:
y y2 + 6
x
=
[ 0;1]
6
.
f '( x) =
6 x 2 2 xy 1; f '( x) =
0
2
y
+
y
+
6
x
=
[ 0;1]
6
Ta c f(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x =

cc tiu ti x =
y + y2 + 6
.
6
y + y2 + 6
nn f(x) t
6
Do P Max { f (0); f (1)}= Max 2 y 3 y 2 ;2 y 3 y 2 y + 1 = 2 y 3 y 2 y + 1 v

2 y 3 y 2 y + 1 2 y 3 y 2 , y [ 0;1] .
1 y 2 y 2 y 1 +=
1 y ( y 1)( 2 y + 1) + 1 1, y [ 0;1] .
Mt khc 2 y 3 y 2 y +=
Suy ra P 1 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi=
x 1,=
y 0 hoc x= y= 1 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 t ti=
x 1,=
y 0 hoc x= y= 1 .
Bi 2. Xt hm s f ( x) =
f '( x) =
x y 12
vi x ( 0;4] ta c:
+ +
2 y x xy
1
y
12 x 2 2 y 2 24 x 2 24
2 2 =
<
< 0.
2y x
yx
2 yx 2
2 yx 2
Do f(x) l hm nghch bin trn khong ( 0;4] suy ra

P = f ( x) f (4) =
y 5
+ =
4 y
( y 4 )( y 5) + 9 9 , 0 < y 4 .
4y
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 4 .

9
t ti x= y= 4 .
4
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,x,y l cc s thc dng tha mn a3 + b3 =
1 v x, y 4 .
x 2 + 2 y 2 + 24
xy a 2 + b 2
.
527
Bi 3. Xt hm s f ( x) = x 2 + x + 4
f '( x) = 2 x + 1
2 ( 2 x + 1)
y +1
2 ( x + 1)
x+ y
2 x ( x + 1)
y +1
2x + 1
2 ( y 1)
( x + y)
( y 1)
=
2
y +1
2 y vi x y 1 ta c
0.
( x + y )2
2
1
V vy f(x) l hm ng bin suy ra f ( x) f ( y ) = y 2 3 y + 3 =
y
( y 1)3 0 .
y
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 1 .

1 1
1 z y
Bi 6. Xt hm s f ( x)= x + ( y z ) . + ta c:
x y z
z y
( y z ) ( x 2 yz )
1 1 yz
f '( x) = 2 =
z y
x
x 2 yz
0, x y z > 0 .
Vy f(x) l hm ng bin suy ra f ( x) f ( y ) =

0 hay
x z y x y z
+ + + + .
z y x y z x
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y .

Bi 7. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z . Coi P l hm ca x ta c:
1 1
y+z y z
P = f ( x) = + x +
+ + vi x [1;3] ta c:
x
z y
y z
2
1 1 y + z ( y + z ) x yz
f '( x) = + 2 =
0.
y z
x
x 2 yz
Do f(x) l hm ng bin trn on [1;3] .

1 1 y+ z y z
Suy ra P= f ( x) f (3)= g ( z )= 3 + +
+ + .
3
z y
y z
1 1 y+ z y z
Xt hm s g ( z )= 3 + +
+ + trn on [1;3] ta c:
z y
3
y z
2
1 y 1 ( y + 3) z 3 y
g '( z ) = 2 + 2 + =
0, 1 z y 3 .
3 z
y
z
3 yz 2
Suy ra g(z) l hm nghch bin trn on [1;3] hay

1 y +1
1 4 ( y 1)( y 3) 26 26
= 3 + 1 +
+ y +=
+
, y [1;3] .
P g (z) g(1)
3
y
3y
3
3
y
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= 3, y= z= 1 hoc x= y= 3, z= 1 .
528
26
t ti x= 3, y= z= 1 hoc x= y= 3, z= 1 v
3
cc hon v.
Cch 2: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z khi :
x
z +1
2
( x y )( y z ) 0 xy + yz y + zx
1 + z
x
y
+
z
y
+
x
x
y
.
z
y
x z
Suy ra P 2 + + 2 .
z x
x
3
t=
t
, t [1;3] suy ra ( t 1)( t 3) 0 t 2 + 3 4t t + 4 .
z
t
2
4
4 26
1
.
Suy ra P 2 t + + 2 2 4 + 2 = 10 10 =
t
t
3 3
t
1 1 1 35
.
Nhn xt. Ta c th vit li bt ng thc di dng: ( x + y + z ) + +
x y z 3
Bt ng thc tng qut ca dng ton ny cp n trong ch trc.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] . Chng minh rng
1 1 1
+ + 10 .
x y z
Bi 8. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P.
( x + y + z )
1 1 1
3
3
27
Ta c: x + y + z ; ( x + y + z ) + + 9 P .9 = .
2
2
2
x y z
1
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z=
2
27
1
t ti x= y= z=
.
2
2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z khi :
1 1
1
21
Xt hm s f ( x) = ( x + y + z ) + + trn on ;1 ta c:
2
x y z
529
2
xyz + 2 x 2 yz ( y + z )
1 1 1 ( x + y + z)
>0
= ( x + y + z)
f '( x) = 2 ( x + y + z ) + +
2
2
x
y
z
x
x
yz
v x 2 yz .
1
Do f(x) l hm ng bin trn ;1 suy ra
2
1 1
2
P = f (x) f(1) = g ( y ) = 1 + + (1 + y + z ) .
y z
1 1
1
2
Xt hm s g ( y ) = 1 + + (1 + y + z ) trn on ;1 ta c:
y z
2
g '( y ) =
(1 + y + z )2 + 2 1 + y + z 1 + 1 + 1 =1 + y + z yz + ( 2 y
(
)
)
(
2
z ( z + 1)
>0
y2 z
v 2 y = 2 y. y y z .
2
1
Vy g(y) l hm ng bin trn on ;1 suy ra
2
( z 1) 2 z 2 + 11z 4
1
2
1
P g ( y ) g (1)= 2 + ( 2 + z ) =
+ 27 27, z ;1 .
z
z
2
Nhn xt. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta tm gi tr ln nht ca P nh sau:
3
1 1 1 1
P
+ + + 2 ( x + y + z ) .
27 x y z
1
Ta=
c: 2 x +
x
( x 1)( 2 x 1) + 3 3, x 1 ;1 .
Tng t ta c: 2 y +
1
1
1
3
27 .
3;2 z + 3 . Do P ( 3 + 3 + 3) =
27
y
z

Bi 9. Xt hm s f ( z ) =
x
y
z
trn on [1;9] ta c:
+
+
x + 2y y + z z + x
( x y ) z 2 xy
y
x
.
f '(z) =
+
=
( y + z )2 ( x + z )2 ( x + z )2 ( y + z )2
530
1
y
z
4
+ Nu x = y P = +
+
= .
3 y+z z+ y 3
+ Nu x > y khi f '(z) = 0 z = xy ta c f(z) i du t m sang dng khi

i qua z = xy nn f(z) t cc tiu ti z = xy .
x
Do P =
f (z) f( xy ) =
+
x + 2y
t
=
t
x
y
2 y
=
+
x + y x +2
y
2
x
+1
y
x
, (1 < t 3) ta c
y
t2
2
P g (t)= 2
+ =
t + 2 t +1
( 3 t ) ( 7t 2 16t + 10 ) 29 29
.
+
22 22
22 ( t + 1) ( t 2 + 2 )

z = xy , t = 3 x = 9 y, z = 3 y x = 9, y =1, z = 3 .
29
t ti =
x 9,=
y 1,=
z 3.
22
x
y
z
ta c:
Bi 10. Gi s z = min { x, y, z} khi xt hm s f ( z ) =
+
+
x+ y y+z z+x
( x y ) z 2 xy
x = y
y
x
.
f '( z ) =
+
=
;
f
'(
z
)
=
0
( y + z )2 ( x + z )2 ( x + z )2 ( y + z )2
z = xy
1
y
z
3
+ Nu x = y P = +
+
= .
2 y+z z+ y 2
+ Nu x > y f '( z ) 0 nn f(z) l hm nghch bin do

x
P=
f ( z ) f ( xy ) = +
x+ y
2
t2
Mt khc:
=
+
2
t +1 t +1
2
t2
vi
=
+
=
t
2
t
+
1
x + y t +1
2 y
x
, (1 < t 3) .
y
( 3 t ) ( 2t 2 2t + 1) 7 7
+ , t (1;3] .
5 5
5 ( t + 1) ( t 2 + 1)

1
z = xy , t = 3 x = 9 y, z = 3 y x = 3, y = , z =1 .
3
531
1
7
t ti=
x 3,=
y
=
, z 1 hoc cc hon v.
3
5
Tm gi tr ln nht thc hin tng t
Bi 12. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s 1 c b a 2 khi bt ng thc
tng ng vi: a3 5bca + b3 + c3 0 .

Xt hm s f (a ) = a3 5bca + b3 + c3 trn on [1;2] ta c
f '(a ) =
3a 2 5bc; f ''(a ) =
6a > 0 .
Suy ra f (a ) max { f (1); f (2)=

} max 1 5bc + b3 + c3 ;8 10bc + b3 + c3 .
Ta ch cn ch ra rng f (1) 1, f (2) 0 .
+ Xt hm s g (b) = f (1) = b3 5cb + c3 + 1 trn on [1;2] ta c
g '(b) =
3b 2 5c; g ''(b) =
5b > 0 .
{
5c + 2 = ( c 2 ) ( c 1 + 2c ) 0, c [1;2]
10c + 9 = ( c 1) ( c + c 9 ) 0, c [1;2]
Suy ra g (b) max { g (1); g (2)

=
} max c3 5c + 2; c3 10c + 9 .
Ch c3
c3
Do f (1) 0 . Tng t ta c f (2) 0 .

Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= 2, b= c= 1 v
cc hon v.
Bi tp tng t
Chng minh a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;2] ta c
2 a3 + b3 + c3 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) .
Bi 13. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:

a b c b c a
+ + + + + 7.
b c a a b c
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c . Khi
c
c b
a
a b
( a b )( b c ) 0 ab + bc ac + b2 + 1 + v + 1 + .
a
b a
c
b c
a b c b c a
a c
Do + + + + + 2 + 2 + .
b c a a b c
c a
a c 5
a
a
+ 2 1 0 lun ng do 1 c a 2 .
c a 2
c
c
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a= b= 2, c= 1 hoc
a= 2, b= c= 1 v cc hon v.
Vy ta chng minh
532
Tng qut. Cho cc s thc x1 , x2 ,..., xn [ p; q ] , ( p, q 0 ) . Chng minh

1
( p q) .
1
1
( x1 + x2 + ... + xn ) + + ... + n2 + kn
xn
4 pq
x1 x2
2
trong kn = n 2 nu n chn v k=
n 2 1 nu n l.
n
Bi 16. T iu kin ta c: 3c = 12 a 2b khi P =
3 2
3
.
+ +
a b 12 a 2b
3 2
3
trn on [1;3] ta c:
+ +
a b 12 a 2b
12 ( 6 b )( a + b 6 )
3
3
f '(a) =
2+
=
0, a, b [1;3] .
a
(12 a 2b )2 a 2 (12 a 2b )2
Xt hm s f (a) =
Do f(a) l hm nghch bin trn on [1;3] suy ra

2
3
2
3
.
+
= f (3) =P = f (a ) f (1) =h(b) =3 + +
b 9 2b
b 11 2b
1
2
3
Bi 19. t=
ta c 2 x + 4 y + 7 z 2 xyz v ta cn tm gi tr nh
x =
,y =
,z
a
b
c
nht ca biu thc P = x + y + z . Thc hin tng t bi ton trn ta c gi tr
1
4
3
.
nh nht ca P bng 15/2 t ti=
a =
,b =
,c
3
5
2
100
3a + 57b
100
a .
Bi 22. Theo gi thit ta c: c ( 3ab 7 ) = 3a + 57b
c=
a
3ab 7
100
3a + 57b
2
a = a + b + 3a + 57 ab 100
Khi P = a + b +
3ab 7
a ( 3ab 7 )
g (b) =1 +
= a+b+
3a 2 +
57
( 3ab 7 ) + 33
3a 2 + 33
57
3
= a+b+
+
a ( 3ab 7 )
a ( 3ab 7 ) 3a
=a +
1
3a 2 + 33
64
+
( 3ab 7 ) +
3a
a ( 3ab 7 ) 3a
a+
64
1
3a 2 + 33
64 2 a 2 + 11 35
+2
=a +
+
( 3ab 7 ) .
3a
3a
3a
3
a ( 3ab 7 )
a
Vic xut hin 3ab 7 ta suy ngh n vic kh ci khi biu thc ca P
bng cch tch nhm hp l v triu tiu bng AM-GM.
Ch . Kho st hm s f(a) sau cng ta c ngay kt qu bi ton.
35
35
5
Vi=
th P bng
. Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng
.
a 5,=
b
3
3
3
533
CH 7: K THUT S DNG TNH CHT CA
NH THC BC NHT V TAM THC BC HAI

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Ta m u k thut ny bng cc nh l sau y
1. nh l 1. Nu f(x) l hm bc nht tho mn iu kin f (a ) 0, f (b) 0 khi
f ( x) 0, x [ a; b ] .
2. nh l 2. Nu f(x) l hm bc nht khi
min { f (a ); f (b)} f ( x) max { f (a ); f (b)} , x [ a; b ] .
3. nh l 3. Nu f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, ( a 0 ) khi vi mi x [ ; ] .
Ta c f(x) t Max, Min ti x = hoc x = hoc x =
b
.
2a
B. BI TP MU
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [ 0;2] .
Chng minh rng 2 ( x + y + z ) ( xy + yz + zx ) 4 .
Li gii
Phn tch tm li gii: Nu coi y v z l tham s th bt ng thc c dng nh
thc bc nht ca x nn ta nh gi theo nh l 2.
Vit li bt ng thc cho di dng:
( 2 y z ) x + 2 ( y + z ) yz 4 0 .
Do x [ 0;2] nn f ( x) max { f (0); f (2)} .
Ta c f (0) = 2 ( y + z ) yz 4 = ( y 2 )( 2 z ) 0, y, z [ 0;2] .
f (2) =2 ( 2 y z ) + 2 ( y + z ) yz 4 = yz 0 .
f ( x) =
Suy ra f ( x) 0 . Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc t ti chng hn

x= 0, y= z= 2 .
Bi 2. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc thuc on [ 0;1] .
Chng minh rng (1 a )(1 b )(1 c )(1 d ) + a + b + c + d 1 0 .
Li gii
Ta cn chng minh P = (1 a )(1 b )(1 c )(1 d ) + a + b + c + d 1 0 .
R rng biu thc v tri l hm bc nht i vi mi bin a,b,c,d.
+ Nu coi l hm bc nht ca a th biu thc P t gi tr nh nht ti a = 0 hoc
a =1.
+ Tng t P t gi tr nh nht ti b, c, d {0;1} .
534
Nu mt trong 4 s bng 1 th P 0 .
Nu c 4 s bng 0 th P = 0 .
Vy P 0, a, b, c, d [ 0;1] ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 3. Cho 2015 s thc x1 , x2 ,..., x2015 thuc on [ 2015;2015] .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P= x1 x2 + x2 x3 + ... + x2014 x2015 + x2015 x1 .
Li gii
Tng t bi ton trn ta c P t gi tr nh nht khi
xi {2015;2015} , i =1, 2015 .
Trong 2015 s cho lun tn ti t nht 2 s cng du khng mt tnh tng

qut gi s x1 x2 > 0 x1 x2 =
20152 .
Khi
P=
20152 + x2 x3 + ... + x2015 x1 20152 20152 ... 20152 =
2013.20152 .
Vi x1 =
x2 =
2015, x3 =
2015, x4 =
2015,..., x2014 =
2015, x2015 =
2015 th
P = 2013.20152 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2013.20152 .

Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [ 0;1] .
a
b
c
+
+
+ (1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) 1 .
b + c +1 c + a +1 a + b +1
Li gii
b
b
c
c
.
=
a max {a, b, c}
c + a +1 b + c +1 a + b +1 b + c +1
a+b+c
Suy ra P
+ (1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) .
b + c +1
Vy chng minh bt ng thc trn ta ch cn chng minh
a+b+c
=
f (a)
+ (1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) 1 0 .
b + c +1
Chng minh rng
Ta c f (a ) max { f (0); f (1)} .

Ta c f=
(1) 0; f =
(0)
=
b+c
+ (1 b )(1 c ) 1
b + c +1
bc ( b + c ) b 2 + c 2 bc 1
b + c +1
535
(b + c ).
(b
b2 + c2
b 2 + c 2 bc 1
2
b + c +1
+ c 2 ( b + c 2 ) 2 ( bc + 1)
2 ( b + c + 1)
Suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Cch 2: Ta c th chng minh theo cch khc nh sau:
a+b+c
+ (1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) 1
b + c +1
a+b+c
1 a
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) 1
=
b + c +1 b + c +1
(1 b )(1 c )( b + c + 1) 1
lun ng theo AM-GM.
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = ab + bc + ca 2abc .
Li gii
Do P l biu thc i xng vi a,b,c nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi
a+b+c 1
s c = min {a, b, c} c
= 1 2c > 0 .
3
3
Khi vit li P di dng: P = ab (1 2c ) + ( a + b ) c = ab (1 2c ) + c (1 c ) .
2
2
1 c 2
a + b 1 c
0 ab
=

ab 0;
.
2 2
2
Coi ab l n th P l hm bc nht ca ab.

Suy ra
2
1 c 2
1 c
MaxP
= Max P(0);P
Max c (1 c ) ; (1 2c )
=
+ c (1 c ) .
2
2
1 c
1
1
1
1
Xt hm s f (c) =
c3 + c 2 + vi c 0;
(1 2c )
+ c (1 c ) =
2
2
4
4
3
ta c:
f '(c)=
1
1
1
3c 2 + c =
c (1 3c ) 0, c 0; .
2
2
3
1
Do f(c) l hm ng bin trn on 0; .
3
536
1 7
Suy ra Max =
.
f (c ) f=

1
3 27
c 0;
3
1
.
3
2c. (1 2c ) 1 2c + 1 2c 2 1 7
.
Xt Q =
c (1 2c ) =

=<
2
2
2
8 27
1 c
1 7
Vy Max c (1 c ) ; (1 2c )
.
+ c (1 c ) = f =
2
3 27
7
V vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng
27
1
.
a= b= c=
3
Nhn xt. V 1 2c > 0 nn ta c th nh gi trc tip:
a+b
1 c
P
c)
(1 2c ) + c (1=
(1 2c ) + c (1 c ) .
2
2
Bi 6. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 3.
Chng minh rng x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xyz 4 .

Li gii
1
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x = min { x, y, z} 3x x + y + z = 3 x .
3
t biu thc v tri bt ng thc l P, khi ta c:
P 4 = x 2 + ( y + z ) 2 yz + xyz 4 =
2
( x 2 ) yz + x 2 + ( 3 x )2 4
= f (t ) = ( x 2 ) t + 2 x 2 6 x + 5
2
y + z 3 x
Vi 0 t = yz
=
2 2 .
3 x 2
Vy ta tm gi tr nh nht ca f (t ) trn 0;
, ta c f (t ) l hm s
2
nghch bin do x 2 < 0 .
3 x 2 1
Vy P 4= f (t ) f
=
( x 1)2 ( x + 2 ) 0 P 4.
2 4
T ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .

537
Bi 7. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

1.
) (
Chng minh rng 5 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 6 a3 + b3 + c3 + 1 .

Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng =
gi s a min {a, b, c} a
1
3

2
3
5 a 2 + ( b + c ) 2bc 6 a3 + ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + c ) + 1
2
3
5 a 2 + (1 a ) 2bc 6 a3 + (1 a ) 3bc (1 a ) + 1
( 9a 4 ) bc + ( 2a 1) 0
2
b + c 1 a
Ta t t = bc 0 < t
=
2 2
Vy ta ch cn chng minh: f (t=

)
2
1 a
.
2
( 9a 4 ) t + ( 2a 1)2 0, t 0;
1 a 2 1
2
Do f (t ) l hm nghch bin nn f (t ) f
a ( 3a 1) 0.
=
2 4
1
.
Ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
3
C. BI TP RN LUYN

Chng minh rng a + b + c ab bc ca 0 .
Bi 2. Cho l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin a + b + c =
1.
1
a) Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + c3 + 6abc .
4
b) 7 ( ab + bc + ca ) 2 + 9abc .
1
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on 0; v a + b + c =
1.
2
9
Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + c3 + 4abc
.
32
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [1;2]. Chng minh a3 + b3 + c3 5abc .

Bi 5. Cho cc s thc khng m x,y,z c tng bng 1.
538
Chng minh rng 0 xy + yz + zx 2 xyz
7
.
27
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 2. a) Khng mt tnh tng qut =
1
.
3

a3 + ( b + c ) 3 ( b + c ) bc + 6abc
3
1
4
a3 + (1 a ) 3 (1 a ) bc + 6abc
3
1
0.
4
4 ( 3a 1) bc + ( 2a 1) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi a= b=
1
2
c) Khng mt tnh tng qut =

gi s a min {a, b, c} 7 9a > 0 .
( 7 9a ) bc + 7a ( b + c ) 2 0
( 7 9a ) bc + 7 a (1 a ) 2 0
b+c
V tri l hm ng bin vi bc v bc
, do ta ch cn chng minh
2
2
b+c
2
( 7 9a )
7a + 7a 2 0
2
2
1 a
2
( 7 9a )
7a + 7a 2 0
2
( a + 1)( 3b 1)2
4
Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
1
.
3
1
Bi 5. HD: Gi s x = min { x, y, z} 3 x x + y + z =1 x .
3
Khi ta c: P = xy + yz + zx 2 xyz = yz (1 2 x) + xy + zx 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= 1, y= z= 0 .

Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 0 t ti x= 1, y= z= 0 hoc cc hon v.
2
1 x
Mt khc ta li c P= yz (1 2 x) + x( y + z ) x (1 x ) +
(1 2 x )= f ( x)
2
539
1
Ta tm gi tr ln nht ca f ( x) trn on 0; .
3
Ta c f '( x=
)
3 1
x x 0 , do f ( x) ng bin trnon
2 3
1
0; 3 .
1 7
Vy max
=
P max=
f ( x) f=
.

3 27
1
.
3
CH 8: BT NG THC PH NG CH
V P DNG GII THI

Ni dung ch ny ti cp n mt s bi ton c bn v kt hp s dng
bt ng thc c bn nh AM GM v Cauchy Schwarz trong chng minh bt
ng thc v tm cc tr. Hy vng ch ny s gip ch cho bn c nhn nhn
tip cn bi ton bt ng thc v cc tr linh hot v bao qut hn.
Bi ton 1. Vi mi s thc a,b tha mn iu kin ab 1 ta lun c
1
1
2
.
+
2
2
1 + ab
1+ a
1+ b
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b hoc ab = 1 .
Vi ab 1 th bt ng thc i chiu.
Chng minh.
Nhn xt. Bng cch chng minh tng t trn ta c cc bt ng thc cng dng
nh sau
Vi mi s thc dng a,b thay i tha mn ab 1 ta lun c
1
1
2
.
+
1 + ab
1 + a2
1 + b2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b hoc ab = 1 .
Vi ab 1 bt ng thc i chiu.
Mt s bt ng thc ph khc cng dng
1
1
2
, ( 1 < xy 1) .
2
2
1 + xy
1+ x
1+ y
540
1
1 + x2
1
1 + y2
2
, ( xy 1) .
1 + xy
1
1 + x2
1 + y2
2
, ( 1 < xy 1) .
1 + xy
Cho hai s thc dng x,y ta lun c
1
x + xy
2
1
y + xy
2
2
x + y2
2

Chng minh.
1
1
2
+
2
2
x + xy
y + xy
x 2 + xy y 2 + xy
2
=
x 2 + xy + y 2 + xy
( x + y )2
2
2
)(
2
x2 + y 2
1
1
1
n
, xk 1, k =
1, n .
+
+ ... +
1 + x1 1 + x2
1 + xn 1 + n x1 x2 ...xn
T bt ng thc ny ta c th a ra cc bt ng thc cng dng chng hn

4
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x,y tho mn iu kin xy ta c
5
1
1
2
+
2
2
4 + 5 xy
4 + 5x
4 + 5y
1
4 + 5x2
1
4 + 5 y2
Vi mi s dng a,b ta c
2
4 + 5 xy
a
b
2
.
+
b + ab a + ab 1 + ab
Chng minh.
b)
( a + b )=
(a +=
a
b
+
2
2
b + ab a + ab ab + a b + ab + b a ab ( a + b ) + 2ab
2
1
ab
2ab
+
a + b ( a + b )2
1
2
=
ab
1 1 + ab
+
2 ab 2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .
541
CC V D
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin y 2 xz; z 2 xy .
x
y
z
.
+
+ 2014.
x+ y y+z
z+x
Li gii
1
Ch z / x 1 khi s dng bt ng thc
1+ a
1
1
2
x
y
Ta c
.
+
=
+
x + y y + z 1+ y 1+ z
z
1+
x
y
x
z
t2
2
2
Do P
+ 2014. x = + 2014. 2
z
z
t +1
+1 1+ t
1+
x
x
1
1+ b
2
, ( ab 1)
1 + ab
2 ( t 1) 503t 2 + 1007t + 503

z
=
+ 1008 1008, t = 1
2
x
( t + 1) t + 1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1008 t ti x= y= z .

V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x z .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: P =
2+
2 x2
( x + y)
2z ( 2 y + z )
( y + z)
3z
.
z+x
Li gii
Bin i biu thc trong cn v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
2+
2 x2
( x + y )2
2 z (2 y + z )
( y + z )2
2 x2
( x + y )2
2 y2
( y + z )2

1
1
1
= 2
+
+
2
2
y
z
z
+
+
1
1
1+
1 +
x
y

x
y
Mt khc do:
y z z
. =
1.
x y x
2
1
2

Nn p dng bi ton 1 ta c
.
+
z
1+ y 1+ z
1+
x
y
x
542
T ta suy ra
2+
2 x2
( x + y)
2 z (2 y + z )
( y + z)
z
x
1+
z
2
3t 2
.
1 . Khi ta suy ra P
+ 2
x
1+ t t +1
2
6t
2
3t 2
f '(t )
+ 2 2 > 0 t [1; + )
Xt hm f=
trn [1; + ) ta c =
(t )
+ 2
2
1+ t t +1
(1 + t ) (t + 1)
t=
t
Do Min P = f (1) =
5
2
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x = min { x, y, z} .
x
y
3z
.
+
+
x+ y y+z z+x
1
x 1; y, z 1 tha mn iu kin xyz = 1 .
4
1
1
1
.
+
+
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
V d 3. Cho cc s thc
Li gii
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
+
P
+
=
+
Vi yz 1 ta c
1 + y 1 + z 1 + yz
1 + x 1 + yz 1 + 1 1 + yz
yz
=
t
yz 1 =
t
2 . Suy ra P f (t ) =
t2
2
.
t +1 1+ t
Ta c =
: f '(t )
t2 +1
2t ( t + 1) 2 t 2 + 1
2
=
2
2
(1 + t )2
t 2 + 1 ( t + 1)
2
2t
0, t [1;2] .
22
f (t ) f (2) =
15
22
1
t ti x= ; y= z= 2 .
15
4
2a
2b
2c
+
+
3.
a+b
b+c
c+a
Li gii
Nhn xt. Ta chng minh bt ng thc trn bng bt ng thc C S di y
tip cn theo phng php hm s.
Chng minh rng
543
Ta cn chng minh:
b
,y=
a
t x =
1
b
1+
a
c
,z =
b
c
1+
b
1
a
1+
c
a
xyz = 1 .
c
Bt ng thc tr thnh:
1+ x
1+ y
1+ z
3
.
2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s z = max { x, y, z} z 1 xy =
1
1.
z
Khi s dng bt ng thc C-S v bi ton ph ta c:

1
1 + x2
1
1
4
2 z
2
+
=.

2
2
1 + xy
z +1
1+ y
1 + y2
1+ x
1
Chng minh hon tt nu ta chng minh c:

Tht vy
vi
2 z
1
3
.
+
z +1
2
1 + z2
2 z
1
2 z
2
3
(v bt ng thc tng ng
+
2
z +1
z +1 1+ z
2
1+ z
2z z + 1
0 ).
Bi ton c chng minh.

V d 5. Cho cc s thc dng a, b tha mn iu kin a + b =
2ab .
3 3 2 2
+3
a +b +a+b+4 .
4
a +1 b +1
Li gii
Q
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:=
T gi thit ta c: 2ab = a + b 2 ab ab 1 ab 1.
Vi ab 1 ta c BT:
2
.
a + 1 b + 1 1 + ab
2
Mt khc ta c:
3 3 2
a + b 2 + a + b=
+4
3
4
3 3 2
a + b 2 + 2ab + 4
4
3
2
= 3 3 (a + b) + 4
4
3
4 3 3 ab + 1
3 3 4ab +=
4
544
3
23 2 2 23 2
3
3
ab + 1 + ab + 1 + ab + 1 +
+
ab
+
1
ab + 1
p dng BT AM - GM ta c:
Do : Q
2
+ 33 ab +=
1
ab + 1
ab + 1 + 3 ab + 1 + 3 ab + 1 +
23 2
44 23 2 =
43 2
ab + 1
T gi thit ta c:
2ab = a + b 2 ab ab 1 ab 1 ab + 1 2
M 2 2 3 2 < 0
1
1
ab + 1 2
2 23 2 2 23 2
=1 3 2
ab + 1
2
Do Q 4 3 2 + 1 3 2 = 1 + 3 3 2 . ng thc xy ra khi a = b = 1.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca Q l bng 1 + 3 3 2 t c khi a = b = 1.
V d 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin
4
x y
z x
+ + = + 2.
x z
y z
2 y2
x +y
2
2z2
y +z
2
3z
.
2x + z
Li gii
4
x y
x y
x
z
z
x2 z
+=
2 + + 2 . + = 2 2 + .
z
x
x
x
z
y z
y z
Theo gi thit ta c:
x
1
, ( t > 0 ) t + 2 2t 2 + 2t 3 t 2 2t + 1 0
z
t
1
( t 1) 2t 2 + t 1 0 ( t 1)( t + 1)( 2t 1) 0 t 1 .
2
x y x
1
1
2
2
Khi . =
.
=
t 1
+
=
2
2
x y 1+ t
y z z
x
y
+
1
.
+1 z +1
y z

y
t=
t
Ta c:
y2
x +y
2
z2
1
= 2
+
y +z
x
+1
y
2
2
2
2
= = .
x
y
x
1+ t
y
1+ .
1+
+1
y
z
z
z
2
4
3
Suy ra P f (t ) =
.
t 2t + 1
545
Xt hm s f (t )=
f '(t ) =
( 2t + 1)
4
3
1
t 2t + 1
2
4
( t + 1)
2 5t 2 + 2t 1
( t + 1) ( 2t + 1)
2
1
0, t ;1 .
2
1
1 7
Do f(t) l hm nghch bin trn on ;1 . Suy ra P f (t ) f =
.
2
2 6
x y x 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi = , = z = 2 x, y = 2 x .
y z z 2
7
t ti
=
z 2=
x, y
6
2x .
V d 7. (TSH Khi A 2011) Cho cc s thc x, y, z [1;4] tha mn iu kin

x y, x z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P=
x
y
z
.
+
+
2x + 3y y + z z + x
Li gii
1
1
1
Vit li P di dng: P =
.
+
+
3y
z
x
2+
1+
1+
x
y
z
Do x y
1
z
1+
y
t
=
t
z x x
. = 1. p dng bt ng thc trong bi ton 1, ta c
y z y
1
x
1+
z
1+
x
y
1
2
.
+
3y
x
2+
1+
x
y
x
1
2
t2
2
.
, (1 t 2 ) suy ra P
+
=
+
2
3
y
2 + 2 1 + t 2t + 3 1 + t
t
Xt hm s=
f (t )
=
f '(t )
6t
( 2t
+3
t2
2
trn [1;+ ) , ta c:
2t + 3 1 + t
2
< 0, t [1;2] .
(1 + t )2
2
34
.
Suy ra min f =
=
(t ) f(2)
t[ 2;2]
33
546
34
t ti =
x 4,=
y 1,=
z 2.
33
Nhn xt. Ngoi ra c th chng minh bng tam thc bc hai, kho st hm nhiu
bin(chng 1 chng 3).
V d 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin abc = 1 v
max {a, b, c} 4 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P=
1
1 + a2
1
.
1+ c
1 + b2
Li gii
Nhn xt. Vi vai tr ca a v b nh nhau lm ta ngh n bt ng thc quen
1
1
2
.
thuc
+
1 + ab
1 + a2
1 + b2
1
1 . Vy ta cn chng
ab
minh rng P t gi tr ln nht trong trng hp c = max {a, b, c} .
c c iu ny ta cn c ab 1 . Do =
c
Tht vy gi s a = max {a, b, c} . Khi a 1 v ta cn chng minh

1
1 + a2
1
1 + b2
1
1
1
1
+
+
1+ c
1+ a
1 + c2
1 + b2
1
1
1
1
(1) .
1+ c
1+ a
1 + c2
1 + a2
+ Nu c < 1 VT(1) < 0 < VP(1) bt ng thc lun ng.

+ Nu c 1 khi xt hm s=
f ( x)
1
1+ x
1
1 + x2
2 x (1 + x ) 1 + x 2
=
3
3
2 (1 + x ) 1 + x 2
3
+
f '( x) =
3
2 (1 + x )
(1 + x )
2 3
trn on [1;4] ta c
>0.
Do
2 x (1 + x ) x x . (1 + x ) =
3
x3 (1 + x ) =
3
(x + x )
2 3
(1 + x ) , x [1;4] .
2 3
Do f(x) l hm ng bin trn on [1;4] . Nn c a f (c) f(a) . Ta c

(1) ng.
Vy P t gi tr ln nht khi v ch khi c = max {a, b, c} v ta c c 1, ab 1 .
p dng bt ng thc phn tch trn ta c
P
2
1
2
1
2 c +1
.
+
=
+
=
g (c ) =
1 + ab
1+ c
1
1+ c
1+ c
1+
c
547
Xt hm s g (c) =
=
g '(c)
2 c +1
lin tc trn on [1;4] ta c
1+ c
2 c
2 (1 + c ) c 2 + c
0, c [1;4] .
Do g(c) l hm ng bin trn on [1;4] suy ra P g (c) g (4) =

5.
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =b, c =4, abc =1 a =b = , c =4 .
2
1
V d 9. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on ;3 .
3
x
y
z
.
P=
+
+
x+ y y+z z+x
Li gii
Trong chng 1 ti trnh by bng cch s dng tam thc bc hai di y
chng ta p dng bi ton nu.
+ Tm gi tr nh nht.
z
gi s z max { x, y, z} 1 .
x
Khi s dng bt ng thc ph cho ta c
1
1
2
2
x
y
.
+
=
+
=
x + y y + z 1+ y 1+ z
y z
z
1+
.
1+
x
y
x y
x
2
Khi P
1+
z
x
Xt hm s f=
(t )
2
t2
=
+ 2
t
,=
x 1+ t t +1
1+
z
1
2
t2
lin tc trn on [1;3] ta c
+ 2
1+ t t +1
(
( t + 1) ( t
) 0, t [1;3] .
2 ( t 1) t 2 + t + 1
2
f '(t ) =
z
,1 t 3 .
x
+1
7
Do f(t) nghch bin trn on [1;3] v vy f (t ) f (3) =
.
5
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi z = 9 x, x = y x = y = , z = 3 .
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 7/5.
548
+ Tm gi tr ln nht
y x y
x
z
Ta c . =
1
+
x z z
x+ y z+x
Do P
y
+
y+z
2
1+
2
y
z
1+
2
t2
y 1
= + 2
, t = ;1 .
z 3
y t +1 t +1
z
Xt hm s tng t trn ta c P g (t ) =
2
t2
1 8
+ 2
g = .
t +1 t +1
3 5
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 8/5 t ti x= z= 3, y=
1
.
3
1
tho mn iu kin abc = 1 .
9
a
b
1
.
+
+
b + ab c + ab 1 + c
Li gii
V d 10. Cho cc s thc a, b, c
(a + b)
a
b
+
b + ab a + ab ab + a 2b + ab + b 2 a
2
2
a + b)
(
=
ab ( a + b ) + 2ab
1
2ab
ab
+
a + b ( a + b )2
2
=
1 1 + ab
ab
+
2 ab 2
2
1
2
ab
.
Khi P
+
=
+
1 + ab 1 + c 1 + ab ab + 1
t t = ab . Do a, b, c
Xt hm s f=
(t )
1
1
t=
9
9
ab=
1
2
t2
3; P
+ 2
.
1+ t t +1
c
2
t2
lin tc trn on [1/9;3] ta c
+ 2
1+ t t +1
(
( t + 1) ( t
2
f '(t ) =
) 0, t [1;3] .
2 ( t 1) t 2 + t + 1
2
+1
549
7
Do f(t) nghch bin trn on [1/9;3] v vy f (t ) f (3) =
.
5
1
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 3, c=
9
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 7/5.
BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x z .
P=
x
x +y
2
y +z
2
HD: P =
y
1+
x
z
.
x+z
z
2
z/x
+
5.
x+z
1+ z / x
1+ z / x
z
1+
y
Bi 2. Cho cc s thc khng m thay i tha mn iu kin a b c v abc = 1 .
1
1
2
.
+
+
2
2
1+ a
1+ b 1+ c
HD: P
2
2
+
=
2.
1 + ab 1 + c
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xy 1, z 1 .

HD: P =
x
y
z3 + 2
.
+
+
y + 1 x + 1 3 ( xy + 1)
2 2 xy + 1
1
1
z3 + 2
1
3
+
2
+
2 .
+
xy + 1
2
1 + xy
x + 1 y + 1 3 ( xy + 1)
( x + y + 1)
Bi 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

1.
1

HD: S dng bt ng thc:
Suy ra P
550
1
x 2 + xy
2 3
2
8
.
+
1+ z
3
1 z2
x + xy
2
1
y 2 + xy
y + xy
2
2
x2 + y 2
2 3
.
1+ z
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng khng nh hn 1.

1
2
3
P=
+
+
+ 6 1 + abc ( abc 1) .
6
3
1 + a 1 + b 1 + c2
HD: S dng bt ng thc ph sau:
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
+
, ab 1 v
+
+
, a, b, c 1
2
2
3
3
3
1 + ab
1+ a
1+ b
1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 1 + abc
1
4
1
1
2
1
.
+
Ta c 2
;
3
2
6
2
3
1 + a 3c
1+ b 1+ c 1+ c b 1+ a 1+ c
Suy ra
1
1
1
P 2
+
+
3
1 + ca
1 + c b3 1 + c b3
6
+ 6 1 + abc ( abc 1) .
+ 6 1 + abc ( abc 1)
1 + abc
t
=
t abc, ( t 1) ta c: P f (t ) =
6
+ 6 1 + t ( t 1) vi t 1 ta c
t +1
Xt hm s f (t ) =
f '(t ) =
( t + 1)2
6
+ 6 1 + t ( t 1) .
t +1
3 ( 2t 1)
3 ( 2t 1)( t + 1) 6 t 2 t + 1
=
> 0, t 1 .
2
2
2
t t +1
( t + 1) t t + 1
2
Do f(t) l hm ng bin trn [1;+ ) .

Suy ra P f (t ) f (1) =
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1.
1
1
1
.
+
+
a +1
b +1
c+2
HD:
2
1
1
1
1
+
= a +1 + b +1 +
b +1
a +1
Suy ra
(1 + a )(1 + b )
a+b+2
2
+
ab + a + b + 1
ab + a + b + 1
a+b+2
2
1
+
=
1+
a + b +1
a + b +1
a + b +1
1
1
1
.
+
1+
a +1
b +1
a + b +1
Mt khc: ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1 a + b 1 c .
2
551
Suy ra P f (c) =
1+
1
1
.
+
2c
c+2
1
1
lin tc trn on [ 0;1] ta c:
Xt hm s f (c) =
1+
+
2c
c+2
1
=
f '(c)
2
0, c [ 0;1]. Do f(c) l hm ng bin
3
( 2 + c )
( 2 c )3
trn [ 0;1] .
1
.
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c= 1, a= b= 0 .
Suy ra P f (c) f (1) =

2+
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 2 +
Nhn xt. Ta c th nh gi
1
2c
1
c+2
1
t ti a= b= 0, c= 1 .
3
1
1
bng bin i tng ng nh sau:
+
2c
c+2
2
1
1
+
=
c+2
2c
1
1
2
+
+
2c 2+c
4 c2
4
2
4
2
1
= 2+
+
=
1+
4 1
4 1
3
4c
4 c2
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a b c d v

abcd = 1 .
1
1
1
3
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu th P =
+
+
+
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c 1+ d
HD: Do a b c d v abcd = 1 nn ab 1 cd d 2 .
1
1
2
2
2
2d
.
Vi ab 1 ta c:
+
=
1 1+ d
1 + a 1 + b 1 + ab 1 + 1
1+
d
cd
1
1
1
1
1
1
c
+
=
+
= 1.
c 1+ c 1+ d 1+ c 1+ 1 1+ c 1+ c
c
2d
2
Mt khc:
+
=
2.
1+ d 1+ d
V cd 1 d
552
1 1
1
2
2d
2
1
Suy ra P =
+
+
+1+
= 3.
+
+
1+ d
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c 1+ d 1+ d 1+ d
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 3 t ti a= b= c= d= 1 .
Bi ton 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin
a 2 + b2 + c2 =
k , trong k 1 .
Chng minh rng
a) k + 2bc 2a ( b + c ) .
b) ( a + b + c ) 2k (1 + bc ) .
2
2
c) a + b + c abc 2k .
k
Chng minh.
a) Theo gi thit ta c: k + 2bc =a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2bc =a 2 + ( b + c ) .

2
a 2 + ( b + c ) 2a ( b + c ) k + 2bc 2a ( b + c ) .
2

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b=
k
, c= 0 hoc a= c=
2
b) Ta cn chng minh: k + 2a ( b + c ) + 2bc 2k 1 + b 2 c 2 + 2bc
k
, c= 0 .
2
2kb 2 c 2 + 2 ( 2k 1) bc + k 2a ( b + c )
S dng bt ng thc chng cu a) ta ch cn chng minh

2kb 2 c 2 + 2 ( 2k 1) bc + k k + 2bc
kb 2 c 2 + 4 ( k 1) bc 0 bc ( kbc + 4 ( k 1) ) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do k 1 .

Nhn xt. T b) ta c mt bt ng thc rt hay s dng l:
a
2k a
.
1 + bc a + b + c
c) S dng bt ng thc C S ta c
2
a 1 bc + b + c
k
=
( k + 2bc )
(a
+ (b + c )
2 2
1 bc + 1
k
b 2 c 2 bc + 2
k
k
553
( k + 2bc )
b 2 c 2 bc + 2 2k
k
k
4b 2 c 2
0 4b 2 c 2 ( 2bc k ) 0
2
k
k
Bt ng thc lun ng v theo AM GM ta c
8b3c3
2bc b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
k.
Cc bt ng thc dng ny trnh by trong chng 2 (K thut s dng bt
ng thc C-S).
CC V D
V d 1. (TSH Khi A,A1/2014) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn
iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
2.
x2
x + yz + x + 1
2
y+z
1 + yz
.
x + y + z +1
9
Li gii
Nhn xt. Vi cc bt ng thc v bi ton cc tr vi iu kin cc bin khng
m thng thng du bng xy ra ti mt bin bng 0 v P ln nht ta thy
yz = 0 l hp l nht. Vy ta tm cch nh gi P theo i lng 1 + yz v
y = 0 hoc z = 0 .
Ta c 2 (1 + yz ) =x 2 + ( y + z ) 2 x ( y + z ) .
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x= y + z .

Suy ra x 2 + yz + x + 1 x 2 + x + x ( y + z )= x ( x + y + z + 1) .
Do P
1 + yz
x2
y+z
+
9
x ( x + y + z + 1) x + y + z + 1
1 + yz
1
1 + yz
x+ y+z
=
=
+
1
9
9
x + y + z +1
x + y + z +1
Theo bt ng thc C-S ta c
2
x + y + z 2 x 2 + ( y + z ) = 2 1 + yz .
Suy ra P 1
1
1 + yz
.
9
2 1 + yz + 1
t t =1 + yz , ( t 1) ta c P f (t ) =
1
554
1
t2
.
2t + 1 9
1
t2
Xt hm s f (t ) =
1
vi t 1 ta c
2t + 1 9
f '(t ) =
( 2t + 1)2
2t 18 2t ( 2t + 1)
2
; f '(t) = 0 18 2t ( 2t + 1) = 0 t = 1 .
=
2
9
9 ( 2t + 1)
2
Ta c f(t) i du t dng sang m khi i qua t = 1 .

Do f(t) t cc i ti t = 1 .
5
Do P f (t ) f (1) =
9
1
1 + yz =
x= y + z
x 1,=
y 1,=
z 0 hoc=
x 1,=
y 0,=
z 1.
=
2
2
2
2
x + y + z =
x, y , z 0
5
t ti =
x 1,=
y 0,=
z 1 hoc
9
=
x 1,=
y 0,=
z 1.
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

1.
2a + c 2b + c a + b + c
.
+
+
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + 2abc
Li gii
Ta c
2a + c
2a + c
2.
( a + b + c )2 2 (1 + bc )2
1 + bc
a+b+c
2b + c
2b + c
2.
( a + b + c )2 2 (1 + ca )2
1 + ca
a+b+c
2a + c 2b + c
2a + c
2b + c
2 2
+
2.
+ 2.
=
1 + bc 1 + ca
a+b+c
a+b+c
Theo bt ng thc chng minh ti cu c) bi ton ph ta c:
a + b + c 2abc 2 .
a + b + c 2abc= a (1 2bc ) + ( b + c )
) ((1 2bc ) + 1)
(a
(1 + 2bc ) ( 4b2c 2 4bc + 2 )
+ (b + c )
555
(1 + 2bc ) ( 4b2c 2 4bc + 2 ) 2 4b2c 2 ( 2bc 1) 0 .

Bt ng thc cui ng v theo AM GM ta c
2bc b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. T suy ra P 3 2 .

1
Du bng t ti a= b=
, c= 0 .
2
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
2.
2a + c 2b + c a + b + c
Chng minh rng
+
+
5.
1 + bc 1 + ca abc + 2
V d 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
Chng minh rng 1
x
y
z
+
+
2.
1 + yz 1 + zx 1 + xy
Li gii
Chng minh bt ng thc v phi
Ch ( x + y + z ) 2 (1 + yz )
2
Tng t ta c:
x
2x
.
1 + yz x + y + z
y
2y
z
2z
.
1 + zx x + y + z 1 + xy x + y + z

1
2
2.
Chng minh rng
x2
x 2 + yz + 1
y2
y 2 + zx + 1
z2
z 2 + xy + 1
1.
Li gii
Ta c 2 + 2 yz = x 2 + ( y + z ) 2 x ( y + z )
2
1 + yz x ( y + z ) x 2 + yz + 1 x ( x + y + z )
x2
x + yz + 1
2
Tng t ta c:
556
x
x+ y+z
y2
y 2 + zx + 1
y
z2
z
; 2
x + y + z z + xy + 1 x + y + z

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 1, z= 0 hoc cc hon v.
V d 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
2.
x2
M=
x + yz + x + 1
2
y+z
1
.
+
x + y + z + 1 xyz + 3
Li gii
2 + 2 yz =x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 yz =x 2 + ( y + z ) 2 x ( y + z )
2
1 + yz x ( y + z ) x 2 + x + yz + 1 x ( x + y + z + 1)
Do
x2
x + x + yz + 1
2
x
.
x + y + z +1
Ta chng minh x + y + z xyz 2 .

x + y + z xyz = x (1 yz ) + ( y + z )
=
(x
+ ( y + z)
2 (1 + yz ) y 2 z 2 2 yz + 2=
) ((1 yz ) + 1)
2
y 2 z 2 ( yz 1) + 4 2
Bt ng thc cui ng v theo AM GM ta c

y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
=
1.
2
2
x
y+z
1
T suy ra M
+
+
=
1.
x + y + z +1 x + y + z +1 x + y + z +1
yz
Vi x= y= 1, z= 0 th M bng 1. Vy gi tr ln nht ca M bng 1.

Bi tp tng t
8.
Chng minh rng
x2
x + x + 4 + yz
2
y+z
2
+
1.
x + y + z + 1 xyz + 5 2
BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 =
8.
4 yz + 8
=
P
+2
xz + 2 yx + 2 yz
( y 1)2 + ( z 1)2 + 3 yz .
557
HD: Ch
4 yz + 8 = 4 yz + 4 y 2 + z 2 + x 2 = x 2 + ( 2 y + z ) 2 x ( 2 y + z )
2
2 yz + 4 x ( 2 y + z )
4 yz + 8
4 yz + 8 yz + 2 .
=
xz + 2 yx + 2 yz 4 yz + 4 yz + 1
Nhm thnh hng ng thc ta c:
( y 1)2 + ( z 1)2 + 3 yz =( y + z 1)2 + 1 + yz 1 + yz .

Suy ra P
yz + 2
+ 4 (1 + yz ) 4 .
yz + 1

2.
Chng minh rng
HD: Chng minh
x
y
z
+
+
2.
1 + yz 1 + zx 1 + xy
x
2x
y
2y
z
2z
.
1 + yz x + y + z 1 + zx x + y + z 1 + xy x + y + z

2.
Chng minh rng
x
y
z
+
+
2.
1 + yz
1 + zx 2 (1 + xy )
HD: S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
x
y
1 x
y
+

+
+ 2 .
1 + yz
1 + zx 2 1 + yz 1 + zx
Chng minh
x
2x
y
2y
z
2z
.
1 + yz x + y + z 1 + zx x + y + z 1 + xy x + y + z

2.
2a + c 2b + c a + b + c
Chng minh rng
+
+
5.
1 + bc 1 + ca abc + 2
a+b+c
a+b+c
HD: Chng minh a + b + c abc 2;1 + bc
.
;1 + ca
2
2
5
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =.
2
18
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = ab + bc + ca
.
2
9 5 (1 + bc ) + 1
HD: ab
=
+ bc + ca
558
( a + b + c )2
2
5
2 5 (1 + bc )2 5
2
4
1
36
2
5 33 .
P 5 (1 + bc )
2
2
4
9 5 (1 + bc ) + 1 4
Bi 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x 4 + y 4 + z 4 =

2.
P
1 + yz ( 2 y
( y + z )2
+
2
x 4 + x 2 + yz ( 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz ) + 1 x 2 + 1 + ( y + z )
x4
HD: Ta c
2 + 2 yz 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz =x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + 2 yz 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz
= x4 + ( y + z ) 2 x2 ( y + z )
4
+ 2 z 2 + 3 yz
1 + yz 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz x 2 ( y + z )
x 4 + x 2 + yz 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz + 1
2
2
x4 + x2 + x2 ( y +=
z)
x2 x2 + 1 + ( y + z )
x4
x 4 + x 2 + yz 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz + 1
Mt khc: 1 + yz 2 y 2 + 2 =
z 2 + 3 yz
Suy ra P
x2 + ( y + z )
x +1+ ( y + z)
2
(x
x2
x2 + 1 + ( y + z )
x4 + ( y + z )
2
+ ( y + z)
t t = x 2 + ( y + z ) , ( t > 0 ) ta c P f (t ) =
Xt hm s f=
(t )
f '(t ) =
( t + 1)
1 2
2 2
x + ( y + z) .
2 2
36
.
t
t2
.
t + 1 36
t
t2
vi t > 0 ta c
t + 1 36
t
; f '(t ) = 0 t = 2 (do t > 0 ).
18
Ta c f(t) i du t dng sang m khi i qua t = 2 nn f(t) t cc i ti t = 2 .

5
.
Do P f (t ) f (2) =
9
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( x; y; z ) = (1;1;0 ) ; (1;0;1) .
559
5
.
9
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( x; y; z ) = (1;1;0 ) ; (1;0;1) .

Cch 2: Ta c:
2 + 2 yz (2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz ) =x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + 2 yz (2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 3 yz )
= x 4 + ( y + z )4 2 x 2 ( y + z )2
Do :
P
x2
x 2 + ( y + z )2 + 1
x 2 + ( y + z )2
x 2 + ( y + z )2 + 1
( y + z )2
x 2 + ( y + z )2 + 1
x 4 + ( y + z )4
18
x 4 + ( y + z )4
18
1
x 4 + ( y + z )4
=
+
1 2
2
18
x + ( y + z ) + 1
2
x 4 + ( y + z )4 + 4 4 5
1 4
+

4
18
18 9
x + ( y + z ) + 4
Vy MaxP
=
5
khi =
x 1,=
y 1,=
z 0 hoc=
x 1,=
y 0,=
z 1.
9
Bi 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x3 + y 3 + z 3 =

2.
P
=
x2
x 2 + x + yz ( y + z ) + 1
2 (1 + yz ( y + z ) )
y+z
.
27
x + y + z +1
HD: Ta c
3 + 3 yz ( y + z ) =+
x3 y 3 + z 3 + 3 yz ( y + z ) + 1 =+
x3 ( y + z ) + 1 3x ( y + z )
3
x ( y + z ) 1 + yz ( y + z )
x 2 + x + yz ( y + z ) + 1 x 2 + x + x ( y + z )= x ( x + y + z + 1)
x2
x + x + yz ( y + z ) + 1
2
560
x
x + y + z +1
2 (1 + yz ( y + z ) )
x+ y+z
27
x + y + z +1
Mt khc ta c
( x + y + z )3 =
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3x ( y + z )( x + y + z )
= 2 + 3x ( y + z )( x + y + z )
2 + ( x + y + z ) ( 3 + 3 yz ( y + z ) )
3
x + y + z) 2
(
1 + yz ( y + z )
3( x + y + z )
x+ y+z
2 (x + y + z) 2
.
Do P
.
1 + x + y + z 81
x+ y+z
3
2 t3 2
t
t t = x + y + z v t x + y + z t 2 v P f (t ) =
.
t +1
81t
3
2 t3 2
t
Xt hm s f=
vi t 3 2 ta c
(t )
t +1
81t
f '(t ) =
( t + 1)
) ; f '(t ) = 0 t = 2 .
4 t3 + 1
81t
Ta c f(t) i du t dng sang m khi i qua t = 2 nn f(t) t cc i ti

t=2.
16
.
Do P f (t ) f (2) =
27
16
.
Vi x= y= 1, z= 0 th P =
27
16
xy ra khi ( x; y; z ) = (1;1;0 ) ; (1;0;1) .
27
1.
a
b
(1 + bc) 2
.
+
1 + bc 1 + ac 3 + 2 2
Kt hp nh gi bt ng thc AM GM v Cauchy Schwarz

Bt ng thc hoc bi ton cc tr c dng i xng gia hai bin s ta thng
s dng nh gi bng bt ng thc AM GM hoc Cauchy Schwarz gia hai
biu thc i xng v biu thc cn li a v kho st hm s.
CC V D
V d 1. Cho cc s thc tho mn iu kin x > y > z > 0 .
561
y
z
+
+
x y y z 8x
x2
xz z
Li gii
y
z
x
t a = , b = , c = abc =
1.
x
y
z
Khi P =
a
b
c2
.
+
+
1 a 1 b 8 c 1
S dng bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s dng ta c

a
b
+
1 a 1 b
Suy ra P
2 ab
(1 a )(1 b )
4 ab
4 ab
2 ab
= .
2 a b 2 2 ab 1 ab
2 ab
c2
c 2 + 16
+
= .
1 ab 8 c 1 8 c 1
c 1
c 1
3c 2 4c c 16
16 c
) (
c 2 + 16
Xt hm s f (c) =
f '(c) =
trn khong (1; +) ta c
; f '(c) = 0 3c 2 16 = 4c c c = 4 .
Lp bng bin thin ta c kt qu P=

min f=
(c) f=
(4) 4 .
min
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b, abc = 1, c = 4 x = 2 y = 4 z .
V d 2. (TSH Khi B 2013) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng.
4
9
.
=
P
2
2
2
a + b + c + 4 ( a + b ) ( a + 2c )( b + 2c )
Li gii
Nhn xt. Nhn thy a,b i xng vi nhau nn vai tr ca a + 2c, b + 2c nh nhau
ta s dng AM-GM cho hai s
a + 2c + b + 2c
( a + b ) ( a + 2c )( b + 2c ) ( a + b ) .
2
( a + b )2 + 4c ( a + b ) ( a + b )2 + 4c 2 + ( a + b )2
=( a + b ) + 2c 2 2 a 2 + b 2 + 2c 2 =2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2
2
562
Vy P
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 4
2 a + b2 + c2
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 4, ( t > 2 ) P
t t=
Xt hm s f (t )=
f '(t ) =
4
t
4
9
.
2
t 2 t 4
4
9
trn khong ( 2;+ ) ta c:
2
t 2 t 4
9t
(t
)
( 4 t ) ( 4t
=
+ 7t 2 4t 16
t2 t2 4
) ; f '(t) =0 t =4 .

t = 4 trn khong ( 2;+ ) .
5
Suy ra P f (t ) f (4) =
.
8
5
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng t ti a= b= c= 2 .
8
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
9
16
.
=
P
ac ( a + 2b )( c + 2b )
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 1
V d 3. Cho cc s thc x, y, z ( 0;1] tho mn iu kin x + y z + 1 .

x
y
z
.
+
+
y + z z + x xy + z 2
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc C-S v AM-GM ta c:
( x + y) + z
x2
y2
z
+
+
2
2 xy + z ( x + y ) xy + z 2
x ( y + z ) y ( z + x ) xy + z
2
P=
2
2
x + y)
2( x + y)
(
z
4z
+
=
+
2
2
2
( x + y ) + z x + y x + y + z 2 ( x + y ) + 2 z ( x + y ) ( x + y )2 + 4 z 2
(
) 2
t t = x + y, (1 + z t 2 ) khi P f (t=
)
2t 2
t + 2tz
2
4z
t + 4z2
2
.
563
Xt hm s
=
f (t )
2t 2
t + 2tz
2
f '(t=
) 4 zt
2
t + 2 zt
4z
t + 4z2
2
lin tc trn [1 + z;2] ta c
4 zt
2
2
2
t 2 + 4z2
t + 4 z
) (
2
=
0
2
2 2
t + 4z
) (
2
Do f(t) l hm nghch bin trn [1 + z;2] .

V vy
P f (t ) f (2) =
2
z
3z 2 + z + 2
+
=
1 + z 1 + z2
1 + z 2 (1 + z )
2
3 z 3 + 3 z 2 z + 1 3 (1 z ) 3 z + 1 3 3
=
=
+
+ , z ( 0;1]
2 1 + z 2 (1 + z ) 2 2 1 + z 2 (1 + z ) 2 2
3
t ti x= y= z= 1 .
2
V d 4. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin a + b + 1 =
c.
a2
b2
c 2 + 16
.
+
+
a + bc b + ca
c + ab
Li gii
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: F =

2
a + b)
(
F
+
( a + b )( c + 1)
c 2 + 16
c+
( a + b )2
c 1 2c 2 + 32 2c 2 + c + 31
.
= +
=
c +1
c +1
c +1
2c 2 + c + 31
, c > 1 f (c) = 0 c = 3 .
c +1
43
T suy ra : MinF =
c = 3, a = b = 1 .
4
V d 5. Cho x > 1, y > 0, z > 0 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
Xt f ( c ) =
1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 2 x + 2
2
.
x ( y + 1)( z + 1)
Li gii
Nhn xt. D on du bng xy ra khi x = y + 1 = z + 1 nn ta s dng bt
ng thc AM-GM cho x ( y + 1)( z + 1) .
564
3
x+ y+ z+2
x ( y + 1)( z + 1)
.
3

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 x + 2 = ( x 1) + y 2 + z 2 + 1
2
Suy ra P
1
1
( x 1 + y + z + 1)2 = ( x + y + z )2 .
4
4
2
54
.
x + y + z ( x + y + z + 2 )3
2
54
.
t t = x + y + z , ( t > 1) khi P f (t ) =
t ( t + 2 )3
2
54
trn (1;+ ) ta c:
t ( t + 2 )3
Xt hm s f (t )=
f '(=
t)
162
(t + 2)
2
t
; f '(=
t ) 0 81=
t2
t >1
=
t
( t + 2 )4
4.

1
.
t = 4 hay P f (t ) f (4) =
4
1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng t ti x= 2, y= z= 1 .
4
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x + y > 0 .
1
4
.
=
F
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 z + 2 3 ( x + y )3 ( z + 2)3
V d 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab= 3 ( a + b + c ) .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 6 ( a + b ) + c 2 +
2014
2014
.
+
a+c
b+2
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c: 3 ( a + b + c ) =
Ta c
1
2
4
( a + b )2 + c 2 ( a + b + c )2 a + b + c 6 .
1
1
4
4
.
+
=
a+c
b+2
a+c + b+2
2 ( a + c + b + 2)
2(a + b + c) + 4
6 ( a + b ) + c 2 6 ( a + b ) + 6c 9= 6 ( a + b + c ) 9 .
565
2014.4
Suy ra P 6 ( a + b + c ) +
2(a + b + c) + 4
9.
2014.4
.
2t + 4
t t = a + b + c, ( 0 < t 6 ) ta c P f (t ) =
6t +
2014.4
Xt hm s f (t=
) 6t +
f '(t ) = 6
2t + 4
8056
( 2t + 4 )3
vi t ( 0;6] ta c
( 2t + 4 )3 8056
( 2t + 4 )3
< 0, t ( 0;6] .
Do f(t) nghch bin trn ( 0;6] P f (t ) f (6) =

2050 .
a = 1
a + b = c = 3
b =
2.
a + c = b + 2
c = 3

a 1,=
b 2,=
c 3.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 5 ( a + b + c ) 2ab .
3
48
.
+3
a + 10
b+c
V d 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + b + 1 =
c.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a + b + c + 48
P=
a3
b3
c3
+
+
+
a + bc b + ca c + ab ( c + 1)
14
( a + 1)( b + 1)
Li gii
c + ab =a + b + 1 + ab =( a + 1)( b + 1)
( a + b + 2 )2 =( c + 1)2
4
Mt khc s dng bt ng thc C S ta c:
(a
+ b2
a
b
a
b
a 2 + b2
+
=
+
2
=
a + bc b + ca a ( a + bc ) b ( b + ac ) a + b 2 + 2abc 1 + 2abc
a 2 + b2 .
3
( c 1)
a 2 + b2 1 ( a + b )
=
1+ c
2 c +1
2 ( c + 1)
2
566
Do P f (c=
)
Ta c f '(c) =
( c 1)2
4c 3
28
+
+
2
2 ( c + 1) ( c + 1)
( c + 1)2
( 3c 5) ( 3c 2 + 14c + 23)
2 ( c + 1)
; f '(c) = 0 c =
5
.
3
5
Ta c f(c) i du t m sang dng khi i qua c = nn f(c) t cc tiu ti
3
5
5
53

.
c = hay P f (c) f =
3
3 8
1
5
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= , c=
.
3
3
53
1
5
t ti a= b= , c=
.
8
3
3
BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c.
2
a
b
c
+
+
.
b+c c+a a+b
HD. S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c:
(a + b) =
a
b
a2
b2
+
=
+
b + c c + a a ( b + c ) b ( a + c ) c ( a + b ) + 2ab
2
Suy ra P
1
1
.
c
2ab
c
1
+
+
a + b ( a + b )2 a + b 2
c
.
+
1 a + b
c
+
a+b 2
1
1
c
+ t2 .
, ( t > 0 ) ta c: P f (t ) =
1
a+b
t+
2
1
1
Ta c: f '(t ) =
+ 2t ; f '(t ) =0 t = . Ta c f(t) i du t m sang
2
2
1
t +
2
1
1
dng khi i qua t = nn ti t = th f(t) t cc tiu trn ( 0;+ ) hay
2
2
1 5
.
f (t ) f =
2 4
t t
=
567
5
t ti a= b= 2c .
4
1
1
.
=
P
2
2
2
a
+
1
b
)( + 1)( c + 1)
2 a + b + c +1 (
HD. S dng bt ng thc C-S v AM-GM ta c:

1
2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 1 ( a + b + c + 1)
4
a +b + c +3
( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1)
Suy ra P
1
27
.
a + b + c + 1 ( a + b + c + 3)3
1
27
.
t t = a + b + c + 1, ( t > 1) khi P f (t ) =
t ( t + 2 )3
Xt hm s f (t )=
f '(=
t)
1
t
1
27
vi t > 1 ta c:
t ( t + 2 )3
81
(t + 2)
t ) 0 81=
t2
; f '(=
2
t >1
=
=
t
9t ( t + 2 )
( t + 2 )4
4.
Ta c f(t) i du t dng sang m khi i qua t = 4 nn ti t = 4 f(t) t cc

1
.
i suy ra P f (t ) f (4) =
8
1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng t ti a= b= c= 1 .
8
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P
=
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 1
( a + b + c + 3)2 .
3 ( a + 1)( b + 1)( c + 1)
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 5 ( a + b + c ) 2ab .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a + b + c + 48

HD: T iu kin ta c: ( a + b ) + c 2= 5 ( a + b + c ) .
2
Mt khc:
568
3
48
.
+3
a + 10
b+c
1
1
2
2
D on c a + b = c, a + b + c = 10 c = 5, a + b = 5 ta s dng bt ng thc
AM-GM cho hai cn thc:
a + 10
+4
a + 10 1 a + 10
a + 22
=
=
.4 3
3
2
3
4
22
b + c + 16
13
3
b+c
=
8.8 ( b + c )
4
12
( a + b )2 + c 2 ( a + b + c )2 ( a + b + c )2 5 ( a + b + c ) a + b + c 10 .
1
2304
1
.
Suy ra P a + b + c + 48.12
+
a+b+c+
a + b + c + 38
a + 22 b + c + 16
2304
t t = a + b + c, ( 0 < t 10 ) khi P f (t ) =
.
t+
t + 38
Ta c f '(t ) = 1
2304
( t + 38)2
( t + 38)2 2304 0, t 0;10 suy

( ]
( t + 38)2
ra f(t) nghch
bin trn ( 0;10] .

Do P f (t ) f (10) =
58 .
a 2,=
b 3,=
c 5.
5
4
.
=
P
a 2 + 2b 2 + 5c 2 + 3 + 1 ab + bc + ca + 1
HD: S dng bt ng thc C-S ta c:
a 2 b2 c2 ( a + b + c )
+
+
=
1
1
1
1 1 1
+ +
2
3
6
2 3 6
2
2a 2 + 3b 2 + 6c 2 =
( a + b + c )2
a 2 + 2b 2 + 5c 2 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2=

a 3=
b 6c .
5
4
.
Do P
2 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 3 + 1 ab + bc + ca + 1
( a + b )2
.
c 2 + 4 ( ab + bc + ca )
569
HD : S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c 4ab ( a + b ) .

2
Khi P
Ta t t =
( a + b )2
2
c2 + 4 ( a + b ) c + ( a + b )
a b
+
c c
=
2
a b a b
1+ 4 + + +
c c c c
a+b
a+b
th do a, b, c [1;2] =
t
[1;4]
c
c
Xt hm s f (t ) =
4t 2 + 2t
t2
c f '(t )
=
1 + 4t + t 2
(t
+ 4t + 1
> 0, t [1;4] .
1
Do P f (t ) f (1) =
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1, c= 2 .
6
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti a= b= 1; c= 2 .
6

9
16
.
=
P
ac ( a + 2b )( c + 2b )
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 1
HD: S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
4
1
1 4a + 4c + 4b
1
4
ac ( a + 2b )( c + 2b ) .3a.3c. ( a + 2b )( c + 2b )
= (a + b + c) .
9
9
4
9
V s dng bt ng thc C-S ta c: ( a + b + c ) 9 a 2 + b 2 + c 2

4
Suy ra P
t t =
a +b +c
2
16
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 1
16
trn (1;+ ) ta c:
t 1 t
16
.
t 1 t
2
18t
(t
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 1, ( t > 1) khi P f (t ) =
Xt hm s =
f (t )
f '(t )=
).
3
2
16 2 ( t 2 ) 8t + 7t 2t 4
t >1
+ 2=
; f '(t )= 0
t= 2 .
2
2
2
t
t t 1

t = 2, do P f (t) f(2) =
5 .
570

1.
a2
=
P
(b + c )
+ 5bc
b2
(c + a)
+ 5ca
3
( a + b )2 .
4
HD: S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:

a2
a3
2a 3
=
=
( b + c )2 + 5bc a ( b + c )2 + 5abc 2a ( b + c )( b + c ) + 10abc
Tng t:
2a 3
3
2a + b + c + b + c
a+b+c
+ 10
3
3
b2
(c + a)
+ 5ca
=
3a3
3b3 .
3
3
3
( a + b )2 ( a + b )3 ( a + b )2 .
4
4
4
3
t t = a + b, ( 0 < t < 1) khi P f (t ) = t 3 t 2 .
4
3 3 2
Xt hm s =
f (t )
t t vi t ( 0;1) ta c:
4
3
2
f '(t ) = 3t 2 2t ; f '(t ) = 0 t = (t > 0) .
4
3
2
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = nn f(t) t cc tiu ti
3
1
2
2
.
t = . Do P f (t ) f =
9
3
3
Suy ra P 3 a3 + b3
a= b= c=
1
.
3
1
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti a= b= c=
.
9
3
Cch 2: Ta c ( b + c ) + 5bc 2 b 2 + c 2 + 5bc =( b + 2c )( c + 2b ) .

2
Suy ra
a2
( b + c )2 + 5bc
3a3
3a3
a2
=
= 3a3 .
3
( b + 2c )( c + 2b ) 3a ( b + 2c )( c + 2b ) 3a + b + 2c + c + 2b
571
Tng t ta c:
b2
(c + a)
+ 5ca
3b3 . Ta c kt qu tng t li gii trn.
Cch 3: S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c

bc
( b + c )2
4
a2
( b + c )2 + 5bc
4a 2
9 (b + c )
4 a
=
.
9 1 a
( 3a 1) 0 .
a
9
1
a
1 a 4
4
4 (1 a )
2
Mt khc
Suy ra
a2
4 9
1
a .
2
( b + c ) + 5bc 9 4 4
Tng t ta c:
Do P
b2
4 9
1
b .
2
( c + a ) + 5ca 9 4 4
2
2
4 9
1 9
1 3
2
a + b ( a + b )
9 4
4 4
4 4
2
2 9
1 9
1 3
2
a + b ( a + b )
9 4
4 4
4 4
3c 2 c 5
1

8
4 72
9
Bi ton 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng ta lun c
4
a + ab + 3 abc ( a + b + c ) .
3
Chng minh.
1
1
a + ab + 3 abc =
a+
a.4b + 3 a.4b.16c
2
4
1 a + 4b 1 a + 4b + 16c 4
a+ .
+ .
=
(a + b + c)
2 2
4
3
3
a 4=
b 16c .
Nhn xt. y l ch l mt trng hp n gin ca nh gi AM GM t trung
bnh nhn sang trung bnh cng kt hp vi tham s ho ta c th vn dng bt
ng thc ny xy dng cc bi ton cc tr.
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c =
3.
=
572
3
Chng minh rng 2a + b + ab + bc + 3 abc 7 .
4
6 ab + 7c + 8 ca 9 ( a + b + c ) .
CC V D
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1
3
.
=
P
3
a + ab + abc
a+b+c
Li gii
1
a + 4b 3
13
a + 4b + 16c
.
ab =a.4b
, abc =
a.4b.16c
2
4
4
12
3
3
4
Suy ra ab + bc + 3 abc ( a + b + c ) do P
.
2(a + b + c)
3
a+b+c
2
3 3 1
3
3
=
1 .
2
t 2t
2
2
2t
16
4
1
3
.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti
=
a =
,b =
,c
21
21
21
2
t t =
a + b + c , ( t > 0 ) khi P
Bi tp tng t
2
3
.
=
P
3
a + ab + abc
a+b+c
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + b + c 1 .
Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca biu thc
1
1
.
=
P
6 ab + 7c + 8 ca 9 a + b + c
Li gii
6 ab + 7c + 8 =
ca 2 a.9b + 7c + 4 c.4a
a + 9b + 7c + 2 ( c + 4a )
= 9(a + b + c)
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Suy ra P
=

.
9 ( a + b + c ) 9 a + b + c 9 a + b + c 2 36
36
573
18
a = 23
a + b + c =
2
2

b = .
23
=
b; c 4a
a 9=
72
c = 23
1
18
2
72
t ti
.
=
a =
,b =
,c
36
23
23
23
Bi tp tng t
=
P
abc
6ab c + 7 abc3 + 8ca b
1
.
9 a+b+c
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

P=
8a + 3b + 4
ab + bc + 3 abc
1 + (a + b + c)
).
Li gii
4=
ab 2 a.4b a + 4b
4=
bc 2 b.4c b + 4c
a + 4b + 16c
4 3 abc 3 a.4b.16c
=
3
8a + 3b + 4
Suy ra P
ab + bc + 3 abc
28 ( a + b + c )
3 + 3( a + b + c )
28
(a + b + c) .
3
14 14 ( a + b + c 1)
14
=
.
3 3 ( a + b + c )2 + 1
3
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a + b + c = 1, a = 4b = 16c a =

574
14
.
3
16
4
1
.
,b =
,c =
21
21
21
BI TP RN LUYN
1
8
.
=
P
2
2
2a + b + 2 2bc
2a + 2 ( a + c ) + 3
3.
3
Chng minh rng 2a + b + ab + bc + 3 abc 7 .
4
6 ab + 7c + 8 ca 9 ( a + b + c ) .
Bi ton 4. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x 1 ta c

x2 + 2
.
2
Chng minh.
x3 + 1
( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1)
x + 1 + x2 x + 1 x2 + 2
.
=
2
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hoc
x = 0 hoc x = 2 .
Bt ng thc khc cng hay c dng
x3 + 1=
Chng minh vi mi s thc x ta c x 2 x + 1
x4 + 1
.
2
CC V D
2a 2 + 3b 2 + 5ab + 3bc + 2ac + c 3 + 5a + 8b .
1
1
1
Chng minh rng
+
+
1.
8a + 1
8b + 1
8c + 1
Li gii
Vit li iu kin ca bi ton thnh: ( a + b + c 3)( 2a + 3b + 1) 0 .

V a, b, c > 0 nn a + b + c 3 .
a
b
t
=
x 2=
, y 2=
, z 2c , ( x, y, z > 0 ) v=
xyz 2a +b + c 8 .
Ta cn chng minh
1
x +1
3
1
y +1
3
1
z +1
3
1.
575
( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1)
x3 + 1=
Ta c
Suy ra
x3 + 1
x +2
2
x + 1 + x2 x + 1 x2 + 2
.
=
2
2
1
2
1
2
.
;
2
2
y3 + 1 y + 2 z3 + 1 z + 2
. Tng t:

1
Do
x3 + 1
y3 + 1
Ta ch cn chng minh
z3 + 1
2
x +2
2
x +2
2
y +2
2
2
y +2
2
2
z +2
2
2
z +2
2
1.
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) (
2 ( x y + y z + z x ) + 8 ( x + y + z ) + 24
x y z + 4( x + y + z ) + 2( x y + y z + z x ) + 8
4 ( x + y + z ) + 16 x y z
)(
)(
2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 2 + 2 x2 + 2 z 2 + 2 + 2 x2 + 2 y 2 + 2 x2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 + 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1
1
1
16
4 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 1 (lun ng).
y z
y z x y z
x y
V theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
1
1
1
16
1
16 12 16
4 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 12 3 4 4 4 + 2
+
=
1.
3 4
64
y z
y z x y z
x y z
8
8
x y
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xyz = x + y + z + 2 .
1
x2 + 2
Li gii
Vit li ng thc bi cho di dng:
1
y2 + 2
1
z2 + 2
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + z ) = (1 + x )(1 + y ) + (1 + y )(1 + z ) + (1 + z )(1 + x ) .
1
1
1
+
+
=
1.
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
(x
576
2
1
+ 2 1 + ( x + 1)
2
1
x2 + 2
3 1
.
.
2 x +1
Tng t ta c:
y2 + 2
3 1
1
3 1
.
.
;
.
2 y + 1 z2 + 2
2 z +1

1
x +2
2
y +2
2
z +2
2
3 1
1
1
3
.
+
+
=
2 1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
2

6
t ti x= y= z= 2 .
2
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 = c 2 + 1 .

a3
P=
b3
a3 + ( b + c )
b3 + ( c + a )
2c 3 + 1
.
27
Li gii
(a
+ b2 + c2
Do
) (
=a 4 + 2a 2 b 2 + c 2 + b 2 + c 2
)(
=a 4 + b 2 + c 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2a 2
a4 +
1
1
( b + c )2 ( b + c )2 + 2a 2
2
2
a4 +
1
1
( b + c )2 .2 ( b + c )2 .2a 2 = a 4 + a ( b + c )3
2
2
a3
a3 + ( b + c )
Tng t ta c:
a4
(a
+b +c
2
b3
b3 + ( c + a )
2 2
a3
a3 + ( b + c )
b2
a 2 + b2 + c2
a2
a 2 + b2 + c2

P
a 2 + b2
a 2 + b2 + c2
2c3 + 1 c 2 + 1 2c3 + 1
= 2
+
27
27
2c + 1
( c 1)2 ( 4c3 + 8c 2 + 14c + 7 )
27 2c + 1
2
7 7.
9 9
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 . Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 7/9.

577
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + b = c + 1 .

P=3
9a 2
( b + c )2 + 5bc
9b 2
+3
( c + a )2 + 5ca
a + b + c2
.
9
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc C-S v AM-GM ta c:
9a 2
( b + c )2 + 5bc
Suy ra
9a 2
2 b 2 + c 2 + 5bc
27 a3
=
3
( a + b + c )3
3a + b + 2c + c + 2b
+ 5bc
3a
.
a+b+c
9b 2
Tng t ta c: 3
Do
( c + a ) + 5ca
3( a + b ) a + b + c2
P
+
2
a+b+c
Xt hm s
=
f (c )
f '(c) =
9a 2
27 a3
=
( b + 2c )( c + 2b ) 3a ( b + 2c )( c + 2b )
27 a3
9a 2
(b + c )
3 ( c + 1)
2c + 1
3b
.
a+b+c
3 ( c + 1) c 2 + c + 1
.
=
+
2c + 1
9
c2 + c + 1
vi c > 0 ta c
9
2c + 1 ( 2c + 1) 27
2
; f '(c) =0 ( 2c + 1) =27 c =
1.
+
=
2
9
9 ( 2c + 1)
3
( 2c + 1)2
Ta c f(c) i du t m sang dng khi i qua c = 1 nn f(c) t cc tiu ti c = 1 .

7
.
Do P f (c) f (1) =
3
7
3
BI TP RN LUYN
a3
a3 + ( b + c )
578
b3
b3 + ( c + a )
c3
c3 + ( a + b )
1.
Bi 2. Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z tha mn iu kin x, y 1 v xyz = 1 .

1
1
P=
+
2
x2 x + 1
y2 y + 1
) (
HD: S dng bt ng thc: x 2 x + 1
) (
2
z2 z + 1
x4 + 1
, x .
2
2
z4 + 1
y4 + 1
v z 2 z + 1
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 x4 y 4
Suy ra P 4
.
+ 4
+ 4
= 4
+ 4
+ 4 4
x +1 y +1 z +1 x +1 y +1 x y +1
2
Tng t ta c: y 2 y + 1
Ta s chng minh
2 x4 y 4
x4 + 1 y 4 + 1 x4 y 4 + 1
Bin i tng ng ta th c:
)(
)(
3.
2 x4 y 4 1 x4 1 y 4 1 0 .
Bt ng thc ny lun ng do x, y 1 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 3 , khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
Bi ton 5. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x,y cng du ta c
k2 + x + k2 + y k + k2 + x + y .
Chng minh.
Bnh phng hai v a v chng minh bt ng thc:
(k
(k
2
2
)(
+ x )( k
)
+ y) k (k
+ x k 2 + y 2k k 2 + x + y
2
+ x + y xy 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 hoc

y = 0.
Hay c dng: 1 + x + 1 + y 1 + 1 + x + y .
Ta c mt kt qu cng dng
Vi mi s thc khng m a,b,c tha mn iu kin a + b + c =
1 ta c
a + b2 + b + c2 a + b + c + b2 .
CC V D
4a + 1 + 4b + 1 + 4c + 1 5 + 2 .
579
Li gii
Ta c
1 + x + 1 + y 1 + 1 + x + y vi mi x,y khng m.

1
.
3
Khi
4b + 1 + 4c + 1 1 + 1 + 4a + 4b = 1 + 5 4a .
P 4a + 1 + 1 + 5 4a .
1
4a + 1 + 1 + 5 4a lin tc trn on ;1 ta c
3
2
2
1
; f '(a ) = 0 5 4a = 4a + 1 a = .
2
4a + 1
5 4a
Xt hm s f (a=
)
f '(a ) =
7
11 1
1
Ta c f =
1+
+
;f =
1 + 2 3; f (1) =5 + 2 .
3
3 2
3
V vy P f min =f (1) = 5 + 2 .
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 1,
b= c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
1 + a 2 + 1 + 2b + 1 + 2c =
5.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = 2a3 + b3 + c3 .

Li gii
Theo gi thit v s dng bi ton ph trn ta c
1 + a 2 + 1 + 2b + 1 + 2c 1 + a 2 + 1 + 1 + 2b + 2c
1 + 1 + 1 + a 2 + 2b + 2c
=2 + 1 + a 2 + 2b + 2c
Suy ra: 1 + a 2 + 2b + 2c 3 a 2 + 2b + 2c 8 b + c 4
a2
.
2
3
Ta c: P = 2a + ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + c ) 2a + ( b + c )
3
T gi thit a,b,c khng m tha mn iu kin
1 + a 2 + 1 + 2b + 1 + 2c =
5
suy ra 5 1 + a 2 + 1 + 1 a 2 2 0 a 2 2 .
580
a2
2a + 4 .
3
a2
Xt hm s f (a ) = 2a + 4 lin tc trn 0;2 2 ta c:
a2
3
f '(a ) = 6a 3a 4 = a ( a 2 ) a 12 a 2 + 2 16 a 2 ;
2
4
.
a
0
=
0 a 2 2
f '(a )= 0
a = 2 2
) (
Ta c: f (0) =
64, f (2) =
24, f (2 2) =
32 2 max
a0;2 2
f (a) =
f(0) =
64 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 64 t ti=

a 0,=
b 0,c
= 4 hoc=
a 0,=
b 4,=
c 0.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin 1 + x + 1 + y + 1 + z =
5.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x + y 2 z + 12 1 + z .
1.
1
Chng minh rng
Trong ba s
( x + y )2
( y + z )2
( z + x) 2
+ 1
+ 1
6.
4
4
4
Li gii
( x + y )2 1 ; ( y + z )2 1 ; ( z + x )2 1
4
lun tn ti hai s cng
( x + y )2 1 ( z + x )2 1
du, khng mt tnh tng qut gi s

0.
4
3 4
3
Ta c
2 ( x + y )2 1
2 ( z + x) 2 1

3 4
3
3 4
3
6
2 ( x + y )2 1 ( z + x)2 1
+
+

3
3 4
3
4
3
2
2
2
6
4 2x + 2x ( y + z ) + y + z
+
3
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
6
4 2x + 2x 2 y + z + y + z
3
3
4
581
2
2
2
6
4 y + z + 2 x
6
4 1 x2 + 2 x
.
=
+
=
+
3
3
2
3
3
2
1
( y + z )2
4
y2 + z2
1 + x2
.
=
2
2
2
4 1 x2 + 2 x
1 + x2 2 6
+
.
3
2
2
3
Bt ng thc cui lun ng(bn c kim chng).

1
.
3
V d 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on [ 1;1] v tho mn iu kin

a+b+c =
0.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 1 + a + b 2 + 1 + b + c 2 + 1 + c + a 2 .

Li gii
Ta c: a + b 2 , b + c 2 , c + a 2 1 v trong 3 s ny c t nht hai s hng cng
)(
du, khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a + b 2 b + c 2 0 .

Khi p dng bi ton ph ta c
1 + a + b2 + 1 + b + c2 + 1 + c + a 2 1 + 1 + a + b2 + b + c2 + 1 + c + a 2
=+
1 1 + b2 + c2 c + 1 + c + a 2
=1 +
1+
=1 +
(
(
(
c2 c + 1
) +b
2
Rt gn v phi ta c: P 1 + 2c 2 + 2 1 c3 + 2 .
Ta chng minh 1 + 2c 2 + 2 1 c3 + 2 3
2c 2 + 2 1 c3 + 2 4 1 c3 1 c 2
582
1+ c
) + (a + b)
1+ c ) + c
c2 c + 1 + 1 + c
c2 c + 1 +
+
2
+ a2
1 c3 1 2c 2 + c 4 c 2 c 2 + c 2 0 c 2 ( c 1)( c + 2 ) 0 (lun ng
vi c [ 1;1] ).
a+b+c =
1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=
a + b2 + b + c2 + c + a 2 .
Li gii
Ta c:
P a + b + c + b2 + c + a 2 a + b +
=1 c + 4c + (1 c ) =1 c +
c+ c
( c + 1)2
+ (a + b)
=2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 t ti a= b= c=
1
hoc a= 1, b= c= 0 v
3
cc hon v.
V d 6. Chng minh rng vi x,y l hai s thc khng m tha mn x + y 1 ta
x2 + x + 4 + y 2 + y + 4 2 +
lun c
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 .
Li gii
x2 + y 2 + x + y + 8 + 2
(x
)(
+ x + 4 y2 + y + 4
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 + ( x + y )2 + x + y + 4
4+4
(x
)(
+ x + 4 y 2 + y + 4 xy + 2
)(
x 2 + x + 4 y 2 + y + 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4
( x + y )2 + x + y + 4 + 4 ( x + y )2 + x + y + 4
2
Ta c mt s kt qu cng dng
+ Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m x,y ta lun c
x2 x + 1 + y 2 y + 1 1 +
( x + y )2 x y + 1 .

+ Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m x,y ta lun c
x2 + x + k 2 + y 2 + y + k 2 k +
( x + y )2 + x + y + k 2
.
583

Bi ton p dng
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin a + b + c =
3.
P=
a 2 + a + 4 + b2 + b + 4 + c2 + c + 4 .
V d 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx > 0 .

1
1
=
P
+
+ 4 z +1 + 2 x + 2y + 4 .
y( x + 4 z)
x( y + z ) + 2 z 2
Li gii
S dng kt qu bi ton ph ta c
4 z + 1 + 2 x + 2 y +=
4 4 z + 1 +
x
4 1 +
+
4
x y
+ + 1
4 2
y
+ z + 1
2
=4 + 2 x + 2 y + 4 z + 4
1
Ch =
x( y + z ) + 2 z 2
2 2
8 xy + 8 xz + 16 z 2
2 2
;
x + 2 y + 4z
1
2 2
2 2
v
.
=
y ( x + 4 z )) 2 2 y ( x + 4 z ) x + 2 y + 4 z
t t =x =2 y + 4 z > 0 ta suy ra: P

Xt hm f (t ) =
4 2
+ 2 t + 4 + 4.
t
4 2
+ 2 t + 4 + 4 ta c ngay Min f (t )= 4 + 5 2 .
t
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 4 + 5 2 t ti ( x, y, z ) = ( 2;1;0 ) .

BI TP RN LUYN
x 2 + 4 + 3 y + 4 + 3z + 4 =
8.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =2 x3 + 9 y 3 + z 3 .

584
HD: Dng bt ng thc ph nh gi

8=
x 2 + 4 + 3 y + 4 + 3z + 4 x 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 3 y + 3z
4 + 4 + x 2 + 3 y + 3z y + z
12 x 2
3
3
1
12 x 2 576
3
P 2 x3 + 9 ( y + z ) 2 x3 +
3
1+ x + 1+ y + 1+ z =
5.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x + y 2 z + 12 1 + z .

1 + 2 x2 + 1 + 2 y 2 + 1 + 2 z 2 =
5.
Chng minh rng 4 2 x3 + y 6 + z 6 64 .

Bi ton 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
xy + yz + zx > 0, z =
max { x, y, z}
Ta lun c
x
+
y+z
x+ y
.
z
z+x
Chng minh.
Tht vy ta c th gi s x y . Nu x = 0 bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc.
Vi z y x > 0 khi vit li bt ng thc di dng:
xz
( x + y )( y + z )
yz
( x + y )( x + z )
1.
Ta c
xz
( x + y )( y + z )
2 xz
2 z ( x + y ) .x ( y + z )
2 xz
2 xz
=
z ( x + y ) + x ( y + z ) xy + yz + 2 zx
2 yz
2 yz
2 yz
=
=
( y + z )( x + y ) 2 y ( x + z ) .z ( x + y ) y ( x + z ) + z ( x + y ) xy + xz + 2 yz
yz
Mt khc xy + xz + 2 yz xy + yz + 2 zx suy ra
xz
( x + y )( y + z )
yz
( x + y )( x + z )
2 ( xz + yz )
2 xz
2 yz
+
=
1.
xy + yz + 2 zx xy + yz + 2 zx xy + yz + 2 zx
V yz xz .
585
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z hoc x = 0 hoc y = 0 .

Ngoi ra ta c mt nh gi yu hn nh sau:
2( x + y)
y
.
z+x x+ y+z
x
+
y+z
Mt bt ng thc c dng tng t

Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng
m v z min { x, y, z} ; xy + yz + zx > 0 ta c
=
y
x+ y
.
2
z+x
x + y + 2z
x
+
y+z
Chng minh.
x
+
y+z
x
+
y+z
z + x
(x
( y + z ) + y 2 ( z + x ) ) ( x + y )3
.
( x + y)
( y + z ) + y2 ( z + x)
3
z+x
x 2 ( y + z ) + y 2 ( z + x=
) xy ( x + y 2 z ) + z ( x + y )
x+ y
2
=
Suy ra
x
+
y+z
( x + y 2 z ) + z ( x + y )2 .
( x + y )4 + 2 z ( x + y )2
z+x
( x + y )3
( x + y )4 + 2 z ( x + y )2
x+ y
2
=
.
x + y + 2z

CC V D
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
xy + yz + zx > 0, z =
max { x, y, z}
x
y
z
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + 2
+ 33
y+z
z+x
x+ y
586
Li gii
x
Suy ra P 2
+
y+z
Ta chng minh.
x
x
.
+1 2
y+z
y+z
y
z
1 .
+ 33
z+x
x+ y
x
+
y+z
2( x + y)
y
.
z+x x+ y+z
Tht vy nu x = 0 hoc y = 0 gi s y = 0 bt ng thc tr thnh:

x
2x
2
2
x ( x + z ) 4 x 2 z x ( x z ) 0 (lun ng).
z x+z
Vi x, y > 0 s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:

x
+
y+z
Vy P
t=
t
y
=
z+x
4( x + y)
x+ y+z
x( y + z)
+ 33
y ( z + x)
2( x + y)
2x
2y
.
+
=
4
z
z
1 =
+ 33
1 .
z
x+ y
x+ y
1+
x+ y
z 31
4
, t
t)
+ 3t 1 .
P f (=
2
x+ y
1 + t3
Xt hm s f (t=
)
f '(t ) =
12t 2
(1 + t )
3 2
4
1+ t
+ 3t 1 vi t 3
1
ta c:
2
)(
)
3 ( t 1) t 2 + t 1 t 3 + 2t + 1
1
3
+3=
;
f
'(
t
)
=
0
t
=
1,
t
1 + t3

t = 1 hay P f (t ) f (1) =
y 0,=
x z.
x z=
,y 0.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
xy + yz + zx > 0, z =
max { x, y, z}
x
y
z
.
+2
+ 33
y+z
z+x
x+ y
587
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx > 0 .

Chng minh rng 1 +
48 x
48 y
48 z
+ 1+
+ 1+
15 .
y+z
z+x
x+ y
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s z = min { x, y, z} ta c
x
+
y+z
y
x+ y
.
2
z+x
x + y + 2z
S dng bt ng thc Mincopski v bt ng thc trn ta c
x
48 x
48 y
1+
+ 1+
4 + 48
+
y+z
z+x
y+z
z + x
x+ y
4 + 48 2
x + y + 2z
Vy ta ch cn chng minh 2 1 +
48 ( x + y )
x + y + 2z
1+
48 ( x + y )
= 2 1 +
x + y + 2z
+ 1 + 48
Bt ng thc kh n gin bng cch t t =
z
15 .
x+ y
48 z
,1 t 5 .
x+ y
Bn c t chng minh.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z hoc
=
x y=
; z 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng chng minh rng
1+
16 x
16 y
16 z
+ 1+
+ 1+
9.
y+z
z+x
x+ y
V d 3. Xt cc s thc a b c > 0 tho mn iu kin a + b + c =

1.
a
b
24
.
+
+
b+c
c + a 5 5(a + b)
Li gii
Theo gi thit kt hp bt ng thc ph ta c
588
24
a
b
+
+
b+c
c + a 5 5(a + b)
P=
2
= 2
24
a+b
+
a + b + 2c 5 5 ( a + b )
1 c
24
+
1 + c 5 5 (1 c )
Xt hm s=
f (c ) 2
f '(c) =
1 c
24
trn na khong
+
1 + c 5 5 (1 c )
10 5 (1 c ) + 12 (1 + c ) 1 + c
5 5 1 c
1 c
1
0; ta c
3
f '(c) = 0 10 5 (1 c ) + 12 (1 + c ) 1 + c = 0
125 (1 c ) = 36 (1 + c ) 36c 17c + 358c 89= 0

2
( 4c 1) 9c 2 2c + 89 = 0 c =
1
4
78
1
T suy ra f (c) f =.
4 5 15
Du bng t ti a= b=
78
3
1
. Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng
.
, c=
8
4
5 15
V d 4(TSH Khi B/2014) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu

kin c ( a + b ) > 0 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
a
b
c
.
+
+
b+c
c + a 2(a + b)
P=
Li gii
Ch
a
2a
b
2b
.
b+c a+b+c c+a a+b+c
T suy ra P
t t
=
2(a + b)
a+b+c
c
c
2
.
=
+
c
2(a + b) 1 +
2(a + b)
a+b
c
, t > 0 khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
a+b
589
2
t
2
t +1 1
2 t +1 1 3
.
+ =
+
2
.
=
1+ t 2 t +1
2
2
t +1 2
2 2

a c=
, b 0 hoc=
a 0,=
b c.
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
2.
1 + bc
(b + c )
1 + ca
(a + c)
c
.
2(a + b)
V d 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0 .

a
b
c
.
+
+2
b+c
2c + a
a+b+c
Li gii
Ta s chng minh:
a
b
c
+
+2
2.
b+c
2c + a
a+b+c
+ Nu c bng 0 ta ch cn s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s dng c

iu phi chng minh.
+ Nu a bng 0 khi ta cn chng minh
b
c
+2
2
2c
b+c
x+
b
1
+2
2
b
2c
+1
c
2, =
x
2 x2 + 1
b
0
2c
4 ( 2 x ) 2 x 2 + 1 x 2 x3 8 x 2 + 9 x 4 0
2
Bt ng thc cui ng vi x 2 .
+ Nu b bng 0 chng minh tng t trng hp trn.
+ Ta xt tt c cc s u dng khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
a
b
c
+
+2
=
2c + a
b+c
a+b+c
a
a (b + c )
b
b ( 2c + a )
2c
c (a + b + c)
2a
2b
4c
2a + 2b + 4c
2
+
+
>
=
a + b + c a + b + 2c a + b + 2 c
a + b + 2c

a b=
,c 0 .
25
V d 6. Cho cc s thc x, y, z [ 0;1) tha mn iu kin x + y + z = .
24
590
x
y
z
.
+
+
1 x
1 y
1 z
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s z = min { x, y, z} z
25
25
2
x + y=
z> .
72
24
3
S dng bt ng thc Holder ta c:
x
y
+
1 y
1 x
Suy ra
x
y
+
1 x
1 y
(x
(1 x ) + y 2 (1 y ) ) ( x + y )3 .
( x + y )3
.
x 2 (1 x ) + y 2 (1 y )
Ch . S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
x 2 (1 x ) + y 2 (1 y ) = x 2 + y 2 x3 y 3
= ( x + y ) ( x + y ) + xy ( 3 ( x + y ) 2 )
2
.
2
3 x+ y
( x + y) ( x + y) +
(3( x + y ) 2)
2
1
1
2
3
= ( x + y) ( x + y)
2
4
Suy ra
x
y
+
1 x
1 y
( x + y )3
1
1
( x + y )2 ( x + y )3
2
4
25 24 z
.
2
=
23 + 24 z
Khi P =
f ( z) 2
25 24 z
z
.
+
23 + 24 z
1 z
Xt hm
s f ( z ) 2
=
25 24 z
z
25
trn 0; ta c
+
23 + 24 z
1 z
72
=
f '( z )
1
2 ( z 1)
z
1 z
1152
( 23 + 24 z )
25 24 z
23 + 24 z
f '( z ) =
0 23042 (1 z ) z =
( 23 + 24 z ) ( 25 24 z )
3
25
25
Phng trnh cui c 2 nghim thuc on 0; l 0 < z1 < z2 = .
72
72
591
10
.
23
Lp bng bin thin suy ra min f=

( z ) f=
(0)
10
25
48
t ti x= y=
23
Bi tp tng ng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin
1
a + 47
2
1
b + 47
2
1
.
=
c + 47 24
2
47
.
23
Chng minh rng a + b + c 10
1
1 x
1
1 y
1
1 z
cho 2
.
HD: Tn ti x, y, z [ 0;1) sao =
=
; 2
=
; 2
47 c + 47 47
a + 47 47 b + 47
Khi x + y +=
z
25
;=
P
24
x
y
z
.
+
+
1 x
1 y
1 z
y chnh l bi ton trn.

2) Cho cc s thc a, b, c 1 v
a + 47
Chng minh rng a + b + c 15 .
2
1
b + 47
2
1
.
=
c + 47 24
2
BI TP RN LUYN
xy + yz + zx > 0, z =
max { x, y, z}

HD: Ta chng minh.
x
+
y+z
x
y
z
.
+2
+ 33
y+z
z+x
x+ y
2( x + y)
y
.
z+x x+ y+z
Tht vy nu x = 0 hoc y = 0 gi s y = 0 bt ng thc tr thnh:

x
2x
2
2
x ( x + z ) 4 x 2 z x ( x z ) 0 (lun ng).
z x+z
Vi x, y > 0 s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:

x
+
y+z
592
y
=
z+x
x
x( y + z)
y
y ( z + x)
2( x + y)
2x
2y
.
+
=
Vy P
t=
t
4( x + y)
x+ y+z
4
z
z
.
=
+ 33
x + y 1+ z
x+ y
x+ y
z 31
4
, t
t)
+ 3t .
P f (=
x+ y
2
1 + t3
Xt hm s =
f (t )
f '(t ) =
+ 33
12t 2
(1 + t )
3 2
4
1+ t
+ 3t vi t 3
1
ta c:
2
)(
)
3 ( t 1) t 2 + t 1 t 3 + 2t + 1
1
+3=
; f '(t ) =0 t =1, t 3 .
2
2
1 + t3

t = 1 hay P f (t ) f (1) =
y 0,=
x z.
x z=
,y 0.
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx > 0 .
Chng minh rng
x
+
y+z
y
+
z+x
z
xyz
2 1+
.
x+ y
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
HD: Gi s z = min { x, y, z} khi ta c

x
+
y+z
y
x+ y
.
2
z+x
x + y + 2z
( x + y) .
1
1
=
=
( x + z )( y + z ) z ( x + y + z ) + 1 4 z ( x + y + z ) + 1 ( x + y + 2 z )2
xy
( x + y )2
2
xy
Do vy ta ch cn chng minh 2
t t =
z ( x + y)
z
.
2 1+
x+ y
( x + y + 2 z )2
x+ y
+
x + y + 2z
z
a v chng minh bt ng thc mt bin.
x+ y

2.
1 + bc
(b + c )
1 + ca
(a + c)
c
.
2(a + b)
593
HD: Ch
1 + bc a ( b + c ) ;1 + ca b ( a + c ) P
a
b
c
3
+
+
.
b+c
c + a 2(a + b) 2
Bi ton 7. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x ta c e x 1 + x +
x2
xn
.
+ ... +
2!
n!
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 .

Chng minh. Xem ch 1 Kho st hm mt bin.
x2
xn
T bt ng thc trn ta c x ln 1 + x +
+ ... + .
2!
n1
Thng thng s dng bt ng thc x ln(1 + x), x 0 .

x2
xn
.
+ ... +
2!
n!
V d 1(TSH Khi A,A1/2012) Cho x,y,z l ba s thc tha mn iu kin
x+ y+z=
Ch . Vi x l s thc khng m v a e ta c a x 1 + x +
P= 3
x y
+3
yz
+3
zx
6 x2 + 6 y 2 + 6 z 2 .
Li gii
Nhn xt. Biu thc P v iu kin cc bin c vai tr nh nhau nn d on du
bng xy ra ti x= y= z suy ra x= y= z= 0 khi P = 3 . Vy ta i chng
minh P khng nh hn 3.
Thay z = x y vo P ta c:
P =3
x y
+3
x+2 y
+3
y+2 x
6 x2 + 6 y 2 + 6 ( x y ) .
2
Suy ra :
P x y + 1 + x + 2 y + 1 + y + 2 x + 1 6 x2 + 6 y 2 + 6 ( x + y )
4 x + 2 y + 3 12 x 2 + 12 y 2 + 12 xy
Ta chng minh P 3 vy ta i chng minh:

4 x + 2 y + 3 12 x 2 + 12 y 2 + 12 xy 3 2 x + y 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3xy .
4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 xy
x 2 + xy 2 y 2 0 ( x y )( x + 2 y ) 0
594
bt ng thc cui ng nu ta c
x y z 2x + y 0
x + 2 y =x + y + y = z + y 0 (ch vic gi s x y z t u) do bt ng
thc c chng minh tc P 3 .

Nhn xt. Nh vy bng vic d on du bng xy ra v bin i bt ng thc
tng ng ta ngh n vic gi s x y z y chnh l nt tht a n li gii
ht sc t nhin nh trn.
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =
3.
P = 10
x y
+ 10
yz
zx
+ 10
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
.
3
3( x + y + z )
Li gii
1 2
x + y2 + z2
3
Ta c: x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2
4
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2
4
x2 + y 2 + z 2
3
3
x + y + z 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) = 3
x2 + y 2 + z 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2
.
3( x + y + z )
9
Suy ra:
P 10
x y
+ 10
yz
+ 10
zx
= 10
x y
+ 10
yz
+ 10
zx
= 10
x y
+ 10
yz
+ 10
zx
Xt hm s f (=
t ) 10t
'(t ) 10t ln10
f=
ng bin trn
[0;+ ) do
13 2
x + y2 + z2
9
13
2
2
2
( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) + 6 .
18
13
13
2
2
2
( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x )
3
18
13 2
t vi t 0 ta c
18
13
13
13
''(t ) 10t ln 2 10 > ln 2 10 > 0 nn f(t) l hm
t; f =
9
9
9
[0; + )
f '(t ) f '(0) = 0 nn f(t) l hm ng bin trn
f (t ) f(0) =
1.
595
Hay 10t
13 2
t 1, t 0 .
18
p dng vi t =
x y , y z , z x ta c:
10
x y
+ 10
yz
+ 10
zx
13
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 3 .
18
4
Do gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti x= y= z= 1 .
3
V d 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin x + y + z =
0.
P = 2 x y + 2 y z + 2 z x ln 14 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 1 .
Li gii
Nhn xt. D on du bng t ti x = y = z x = y = z = 0 P = 0 .
Vy ta chng minh P t gi tr nh nht bng 0.
Thay z = x y vo biu thc ca P ta c:
2
P= 2 x y + x + 3 y + 2 y + 3 x ln 14 x 2 + y 2 + ( x y ) + 1
.
2 x y + x + 3 y + 2 y + 3 x ln 28 x 2 + y 2 + xy + 1
= 6 x + 4 y ln 28 x 2 + y 2 + xy + 1
Ta cn chng minh: 6 x + 4 y ln 28 x 2 + y 2 + xy + 1 0 .
6 x + 4 y ln 28 x 2 + y 2 + xy + 1 .
S dng bt ng thc quen thuc: ln ( x + 1) x, x 0 ta c:
ln 28 x 2 + y 2 + xy + 1 28 x 2 + y 2 + xy .
Vy nhn nh c chng minh nu ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau ng:
6 x + 4 y 28 x 2 + y 2 + xy 36 x 2 + 48 xy + 16 y 2 28 x 2 + 28 y 2 + 28 xy .
8 x 2 + 20 xy 12 y 2 0 ( x + 3 y )( 8 x + 4 y ) 0 .
596
Bt ng thc cui lun ng nu ta c xy 0 . Tht vy vi ba s x,y,z lun c

hai s cng du v bi ton kt thc nu ta gi s t u x, y cng du.
V d 4. Cho a,b l hai s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b = a 4 + b 4 .
3
Chng minh rng a a bb 1 a a bb .

Li gii
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi: a ln a + b ln b 0 a3 ln a + b3 ln b .
chng minh bt ng thc v tri ta s dng bt ng thc
ln x x 1, x > 0 ta c a ln a + b ln b a ( a 1) + b ( b 1) = a 2 + b 2 a b .
Vy ta ch cn chng minh a 2 + b 2 a + b .
Tht vy s dng bt ng thc Holder ta c
(a
+ b4 ( a + b ) a 2 + b2
2
a 2 + b2 a + b .
Ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1 .

Chng minh bt ng thc v phi
Theo gi thit kt hp s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
a + b = a 4 + b4
1
( a + b )4 a + b 2 a, b ( 0;2 ) .
8
Khi xt hm s f=
( x) 3ln x +
x x4
x3
trn khong (0;2) ta c
2
3
2 ( x 1) x + 2 x + 2
f '( x) = 1 3 =
; f '( x) = 0 x = 1 ( 0;2 ) .
x
x
x3
Khi f(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x = 1 nn f(x) t cc tiu ti
x =1.
V vy f ( x) f (1) =
0 x3 ln x
x4 x
.
3
a 4 a b4 b
+
=
0.
3
3
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1 .
Do a3 ln a + b3 ln b
597
BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thay i tha mn a, b 0, c > 0 v a + b + c =
1.
1
1
=
P
ln 1 + a 2 +
ln 1 + b 2 +
2013
2014
8 1 c2 + 1
3c
).
HD:
Do a, b 0, c > 0, a + b + c =1 a, b [ 0;1] , c ( 0;1] .
S dng kt qu bi ton ph ta c
1
1
1 2
1 2
ln 1 + a 2 +
ln 1 + b 2
a +
b
2013
2014
2013
2014
.
1
1
4
4
4
a+
b a + b = (1 c )
2013
2014
3
3
3
4
Do : P (1 c ) +
3
8 1 c2 + 3
3c
4
Xt hm s g (c) =
(1 c ) +
3
).
8 1 c2 + 3
3c
c2 + 3
4
8 8
g '(c) =
2 . c +3 2
3 3c
3
c
2
4
8
8
.
=
2+
2
3 3c
c c2 + 3
24 4c 2 c 2 + 3 8 c 2 + 3
g '(c)
) lin tc trn ( 0;1] , ta c:
3c 2 c 2 + 3
0, c ( 0;1] .
8
Nn g (c) l hm ng bin trn ( 0;1] . Suy ra g (c) g (1) =
.
3
8
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng khi a= b= 0, c= 1 .
3
Bi 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P= 3
x y
+3
yz
+3
zx
2
2
2
x y) + ( y z ) + ( z x)
(
HD: S dng bt ng thc a x 1 + x +

3
x y
598
+3
yz
+3
zx
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx .
x2
, x, a e ta c
2
2
2
2
x y) + ( y z ) + ( z x)
(
3+
x y + yz + zx .
Do P 3 + x y + y z + z x 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx .
Ta chng minh x y + y z + z x 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx 0 .
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z bt ng thc tr thnh
1
1
1
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2
2
2
2
( x y) + ( y z) + ( x z) 2
(
2 (( x y )
)
+ ( z x) )
2( x z ) 2 ( x y) + ( y z ) + ( z x)
4( x z )
+ ( y z)
( x z) ( x y) + ( y z)
2
( ( x y ) + ( y z ) ) ( x y ) + ( y z ) 2 ( x y )( y z ) 0
2
Bt ng thc cui lun ng ta c pcm. Suy ra P 3 .

( x + y )2 + ( y + z )2 + ( z + x )2 18 .
x
3
4
y
3
+4
z
3
+4
1
( x + y + z )4 .
108
Bi 3. HD : Ta chng minh 4 3 x + 1, x [ 0;3] .

x
Xt hm s f ( x) = 4 3 x 1 vi x [ 0;3] ta c
x
1
3
.
f '( x) = ln 4.4 3 1; f '( x) = 0 x = x0 = 3log 4
3
ln 3
Ta c f(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x0 nn f(x) t cc tiu ti x0 .

Do f ( x) max { f (0); f (3)}
x
3
=
0 hay 4 x + 1 vi
mi x [ 0;3] .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 hoc x = 3 .

Suy ra P ( x + y + z ) + 3
( x + y + z )4
108
599
Bi ton 7. Cho x,y l hai s thc khng m tha mn x + y
2
ta lun c
3
1 ( x + y)
1 x
1 y
.
+
1+
1+ x
1+ y
1+ ( x + y)

Chng minh.
1 x 1 y
+
+2
1+ x 1+ y
(1 x )(1 y ) 1 1 x y 2
+
+
1+ x + y
(1 + x )(1 + y )
(1 x )(1 y )
(1 + x )(1 + y )
1 x y
1+ x + y
1 x y
1 x y 1 x 1 y
1+
1+ x + y
1+ x + y 1+ x 1+ y
y) 1 x y
2 xy ( x + y )
(1 x )(1 =
0.
(1 + x )(1 + y ) 1 + x + y (1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x + y )
2 xy ( x + y + 2 )
1 x y 1 x 1 y
.
V 1 +
=
1 + x + y 1 + x 1 + y (1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x + y )
2 xy ( x + y )
(1 x )(1 y ) 1 x y
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x + y )
Suy ra
=
(1 + x )(1 + y ) 1 + x + y
(1 x )(1 y ) + 1 x y
(1 + x )(1 + y ) 1 + x + y
2 xy ( x + y )
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x + y )
Ch
1 x y
1+ x + y
xy ( x + y )
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x + y )
xy ( x + y )
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x + y )
600
1 x y
1+ x + y
1 x y
1+ x + y
xy ( x + y + 2 )
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x + y )
1 x y
x+ y
1+ x + y x + y + 2

1 x y
x+ y
1 2 / 3
2/3
=
1+ x + y x + y + 2
1+ 2 / 3 2 / 3 + 2
1
5
1
>0.
4
CC V D
V d 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x + y + z =
1.
P=
1 x
1 y
1 z
.
+
+
1+ x
1+ y
1+ z
Li gii
Tm gi tr nh nht
( (
Ch vi x, y, z [ 0;1] ta c (1 x ) 1 1 x 2
)) 0
1 x
1 x .
1+ x
Tng t ta c
1 y
1 z
1 y;
1 z .
1+ y
1+ z

1 x
1 y
1 z
+
+
3 x y=
z 2.
1+ x
1+ y
1+ z
=
P
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= 1, y= z= 0 hoc cc hon v.

Cch 2: Nu ta c
P=
y+z
z+x
x+ y
+
+
( x + y) + ( x + z)
( y + z) + ( y + z)
( z + x) + ( z + y )
2( y + z)
2( x + y + z)
2( z + x)
2( x + y + z )
2( x + y)
2( x + y + z )
2
=
Tm gi tr ln nht
1
2
gi s z max { x, y, z} z ; x + y .
3
3
Khi s dng bt ng thc ph ta c
1 x
1 y
1 x y
+
1+
=1+
1+ x
1+ y
1+ x + y
z
.
z+2
601
z
1 z
.
+
z+2
1+ z
Suy ra P 1 +
z
1 z
Xt hm s f ( z ) =
trn on
1+
+
z+2
1+ z
=
f '( z )
(2 z)
z
2 z
(1 + z )
1 z
1+ z
1
3 ;1 ta c

1 1
3
3
f '( z ) = 0 (1 + z ) (1 z ) = ( 2 z ) z z = ;1
2 3
1 1
1
So snh cc gi tr suy ra max f (=
z ) max f ; f ; f (1)=
f=
2
3 2
1
hoc cc hon v.
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= 0, y= z=

Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 +
2
3
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin
=
z max { x, y, z=
}; x + y + z 1 .
1 x
1 y
2 z
.
+
+
1+ x
1+ y
z
BI TP RN LUYN
1
2.
=
1+ a
1 + b 1 + c2
Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca biu thc P = a + b + c .
2
Bi ton 8. Cho x,y l hai s thc dng tha mn x + y < 1 ta lun c

2
1 1 2
1 .
1 1
x y x + y

Chng minh.
602
1 1 1
4
4

2
xy x y ( x + y )
x+ y
2
+1 .
3
1
4
1 1
4
+
2
xy ( x + y )
x y x+ y
( x y )2
( x y )2
2
xy ( x + y )
xy ( x + y )
2
( x y ) (1 x y ) 0

CC V D
1.
18
1 1
.
1 1 +
a b a + b + 2c
Li gii
1 1 (1 a )(1 b ) 1 ( a + b ) + ab c
Ta c 1 1 =
=
=
+1.
ab
ab
ab
a b
2
a + b 1 c
Ta c ab
=
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .

2 2
Suy ra
c
1 1
=
+1
1 1
2
a b
1 c
Do P
c +1
c +1
.
=
1 c
1 c
c +1
18
c + 1 18
.
+
=
+
1 c a + b + 2c 1 c 1 + c
4 ( 2c 1)
c + 1 18 c + 1 18
+ =
+
15 + 15
=
+ 15 15 .
1 c 1+ c 1 c 1+ c
1 c2
Mt khc
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c=
1
1 c 1
.
=
, a= b=
2
2
4
1
1
.
, c=
4
2
Cch 2: S dng bt ng thc ph ta c

2
18
2
18
1+
=
+
1.
a+b
a + b + 2c 1 c 1 + c
Thc hin nh gi nh li gii trn ta c kt qu bi ton.
Nhn xt. Li gii 2 cho ta nh gi trong trng hp tng ba s khc 1.
P
603
Bi ton 9. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m a,b tho mn iu kin ta

1
1
1
.
c
+
1+
2
2
2
1 + kx
1 + ky
1+ k ( x + y)
Chng minh.
1 k 2 x2 y 2
(1 + kx )(1 + ky )
2
1
1+ k ( x + y)
2kxy k 3 x 2 y 2 ( x + y ) 2k 2 x 2 y 2
2
)(
)(
1 + kx 2 1 + ky 2 1 + k ( x + y )
kxy 2 kxy k ( x + y ) + 2
)(
)(
))
1 + kx 2 1 + ky 2 1 + k ( x + y )
.
2
CC V D
V d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m a,b tho mn iu kin
2
1
1
1
ta c
.
a+b
+
1+
2
2
2
7
1 + 3a
1 + 3b
1 + 3( a + b )
Li gii
Ta ch cn chng minh 1 3ab
2 3ab 2 + 3 ( a + b )
).
9ab ( a + b )
ab 1 3ab
(1 + 3a )(1 + 3b ) (1 + 3( a + b ) )
9ab ( a + b )
2
0.
Bt ng thc ng bi v
3ab 2 + 3 ( a + b )
1
2
a+b
3
2 + 3( a + b ) 3
2
7
2
2
2 + 3
<2.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 0 hoc b = 0 .
604
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a + b 2 .
Chng minh rng
1
1+ a
1
1+ b
1+
1
1 + (a + b)
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a + b + c =

1.
P=
1
1 + 3a
1 + 3b
Li gii
1
1 + 3c 2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max {a, b, c}

1
2
a ;b + c .
3
3
Khi ta c
V vy P
1
1 + 3b
1
1 + 3a
1
1 + 3c
+1+
1+
1
1 + 3(b + c )
1
1 + 3(b + c )
1
1
= 2+
+1
2
1 + 3a
1 + 3 (1 a )
3 ( 2a 1) (1 + 6a (1 a ) ) 15 15
+
7
7
7 3a 2 + 1 3a 2 6a + 4
2
)(
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a= b=
1
2
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin a + b + c + d =
2.
Chng minh rng
1
1 + 3a
1
1 + 3b
1
1 + 3c
1
1 + 3d
16
.
7
605
MT S BT NG THC DNG LNG GIC HO GII BNG NH

GI I S
Di y cp mt s bt ng thc dng lng gic ho c th nh gi bng
cc bt ng thc c bn hoc s dng tnh n iu ca hm s (xem chng 4).
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca =
1 ta lun c
a
1+ a
b
1+ b
1 + c2
Li gii
V ab + bc + ca =
1 nn 1 + a 2 = ab + bc + ca + a 2 = ( a + b )( a + c )
1 + b 2 = ( b + c )( b + a ) ;1 + c 2 = ( c + a )( c + b )
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) .
Suy ra ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =
Khi s dng bt ng thc C S ta c

a
b
+=
1 + a 1 + b2
( a + b )( a + c )
=
( b + c )( b + a )
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c
2
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
(1 + a )(1 + b ) =
) (1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )
2
1 + ab
a (b + c ) + b (c + a )
a = b
.
1
ab + bc + ca =

1.
a
1+ a
b
1+ b
3c
1 + c2
Li gii
S dng
a
1+ a
Suy ra P
b
1+ b
3c + 1
1 + c2
( c + 1)(3 + 1) =
10 .
2
1 + c2
2
c2 + 1
c = 3
a =b =3 + 10
ng thc xy ra khi v =
ch khi a b
.
c = 3
ab + bc + ca =
1
606
1
1 + c2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 10 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =
1.
a
1+ a
b
1+ b
3c
1 + c2
Bi 3. Cho cc s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn iu kin xz + yz + 1 =xy.

2x
Tm gi tr ln nht ca=
biu thc P
x2 + 1
2y
y2 + 1
z2 1
z2 + 1
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c xz + yz = xy 1 0 xy 1 .
Khi chia hai v cho xy ta c:
t=
a
z z 1
+ +
=
1.
y x xy
2a
2b
c2 1
1
1
.
1 v P =
+
+
=
,b =
, c z ta c ab + bc + ca =
x
y
1 + a 2 1 + b2 c2 + 1
Ta c 1 + a 2 = ab + bc + ca + a 2 = ( a + b )( a + c )
1 + b 2 = ( b + c )( b + a ) ;1 + c 2 = ( c + a )( c + b )
Suy ra ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =
Ta c
=
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) .
2
b
a
b
=
+
+
2
2
1+ a
1+ b
ab + bc + ca + a
ab + bc + ca + b 2
2
a (b + c ) + b (c + a )
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + c )( b + a ) ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
1 + ab
=
( a + b )( b + c )( a + c )
Vy P f (c=
)
Xt hm s=
f (c )
2
1 + c2
2
1 + c2
(1 + a )(1 + b ) =1
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 1 + c
2
c2 1
c2 + 1
+
c2 1
c2 + 1
vi c 0 ta c
607
2c c 2 + 1 2
c = 0
.
f '(c) =
;
f
'(
c
)
0
2 2
3
c
=
1+ c
3
.
2
Lp bng bin thin suy ra max=

f (c) f=
( 3)
c 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c = 3, a = b = 2 3 x = y = 2 + 3, z = 3 .

3
t ti x =
y=
2 + 3, z =
3.
2
Bi ton 10. Vi mi s thc dng a,b,c ta lun c
(a + b)
(a + c)
1
a + bc
2

Chng minh.
S dng bt ng thc C-S cho hai s dng ta c:
) 1 + bc ( a + b )
) 1 + bc ( a + c )
2
a + bc
a 2 + bc
(a + b)
( a + c )2
c
=
2
b
a + bc ( b + c )
a 2 + bc 1 +
c
.
b
1
=
c
a 2 + bc ( b + c )
a 2 + bc 1 +
b
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

c bit. Khi a = 1 ta c bt ng thc hay dng sau y:
1
+ Vi mi s thc dng a, b ta lun c:

+ Vi mi s thc dng a,b ta lun c:
( a + 1)
( b + 1)
(1 + a ) (1 + b )
2
1
.
1 + ab
Chng minh.
Ta c:
608
(1 + a ) (1 + b )
2
1
1 + ab
1
2
=.
a+b a+b+2
1+
2
2
.
a+b+2
CC V D
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn abc = 1 .
Chng minh rng
(1 + a )
(1 + b )
(1 + c )
3
.
4
Li gii
Bi ton ph. Vi mi s thc dng a, b ta lun c:
1
1
1
.
+
2
2
( a + 1) ( b + 1) 1 + ab
Chng minh. Ta c:
1
1
b
2
a
=
(1 + ab ) 1 + b (1 + a )
2
( a + 1) (1 + ab ) 1 + a (1 + ab )( a + b )
a
.
a
1
1
(1 + ab ) 1 + b (1 + b )2
b (1 + ab )( a + b )
a
1 + b)
(
+
+
ab
1
1
(
)
Cng li theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

1
1
1
1
1
+
Vy ta c: P=
+
+
2
2
2
(1 + b ) (1 + c ) 1 + ab (1 + c )2
(1 + a )
c2 + c + 1
1
1
.
= +
=
2
1 (1 + c )2
c
+
1
(
)
1+
c
Ta chng minh
c2 + c + 1
( c + 1)
3
2
4c 2 + 4c + 4 3 c 2 + 2c + 1 ( c 1) 0 (lun ng).
4
3
t ti a= b= c= 1 .
4
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn xyz = 1 .
(1 + x )
(1 + y )
4
3 (1 + z )
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc:
(1 + x )
(1 + y )
1
1
z
.
=
=
1
1 + xy 1 +
1+ z
z
609
Khi P
z
4
3z 3 + 6 z 2 + 3z + 4
.
+
=
3
1 + z 3 (1 + z )3
3 ( z + 1)
2
D on ng thc xy ra khi x =y =z =1 P = .
3
Ta chng minh
3z 3 + 6 z 2 + 3z + 4
3 ( z + 1)
2
2
z 3 3 z + 2 0 ( z + 2 )( z 1) 0 (lun ng).
3
2
t ti x= y= z= 1 .
3
V d 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn xyz = 1 .

(1 + x )
(1 + y )
(1 + z )3
Li gii
1
(1 + x )
(1 + y )
(1 + z )
+
+
+
(1 + x )
1
3
+
8 2 (1 + x )2
1
3
.
+
8 2 (1 + y )2
1
3
+
8 2 (1 + z )2
(1 + y )
1
(1 + z )
Cng theo v ba t ng thc trn ta c:

3 3 1
1
1 3 1
1 3 z2 + z + 1 9
2P +
+
+
+
=
.
8 2 (1 + x )2 (1 + y )2 (1 + z )2 2 1 + xy (1 + z )2 2 ( z + 1)2 8
3
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti x= y= z= 1 .
8
b
c
a
ta c bi ton trong thi K thi chn HSG
=
,y =
,z
a
b
c
quc gia nm 2006 nh sau:
Bi ton. (VMO 2006) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng.
Nhn xt. Thay=

x
a b c 3
Chng minh rng
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a 8
610
V d 4. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn x y z v xyz = 1 .

( x + 1)
( y + 1)
( z + 1)2
Li gii
1
1
1
+
+
P
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
x
1
z
1
x
1
y
1
z
1
( ) ( )
) ( ) ( )
(
S dng bt ng thc ph ta c
1
Do x z
z2 + z + 1
2
2
2
2
.
+
=
+
=
2.
1 + xy (1 + z )2 1 + 1 (1 + z )2
(1 + z )2
z
Ta chng minh 2.
z2 + z + 1
(1 + z )
Vy GTNN ca P bng
3
2
( z 1) 0 (lun ng).
2
3
khi x= y= z= 1 .
2
V d 5. Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c,d thay i tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 =

1.
Chng minh rng (1 a )(1 b )(1 c )(1 d ) abcd .
Li gii
Ta phi chng minh
t
=
x
1 a
1 b
1 c
1 d
ta c 0 < x, y, z , t < 1 .
=
,y =
,z =
,t
a
b
c
d
Theo gi thit ta c:
Ta c:
Suy ra:
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d
1.
.
.
.
a
b
c
d
(1 + x )
(1 + x )
(1 + y )
(1 + y )
(1 + z )
(1 + z )
(1 + t )
(1 + t )2
=
1.
1
1
2 + xy + zt
.
+
=
1 + xy 1 + zt 1 + xy + zt + xyzt
2 + xy + zt
1 xyzt 1 ta c iu phi chng minh.
1 + xy + zt + xyzt
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= d=
1
.
2
611
BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng . Chng minh
2
a b c d
+
+
+
1.
a+b b+c c+d d +a
HD: Vit li bt ng thc di dng:
1
b
1 +
a
1
c
1 +
b
1
d
1 +
c
1
a
1 +
d
1.
b
c
d
a
ta c xyzt = 1 v a v bt ng thc quen thuc
=
,y =
,z =
,t
a
b
c
d
t=
x
1
(1 + x )
(1 + y )
(1 + z )
(1 + t )2
1 vi x,y,z,t l cc s thc dng tha
mn xyzt = 1 .
2
a b c
P=
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a
HD: Vit li P di dng:
P=
1
b
1 +
a
vi=
x
1
c
1 +
b
1
a
1 +
c
(1 + x )
(1 + y )
(1 + z )2
b
c
a
nn ta c xyz = 1 .
=
,y =
,z
a
b
c
S dng bt ng thc ph ta c:
Suy ra: P
(1 + x )
(1 + y )
1
.
1 + xy
z2 + z + 1 3
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
=
.
1 + xy (1 + z )2 1 + 1 (1 + z )2
( z + 1)2 4
z
3
t ti a= b= c .
4
Nhn xt. T kt qu trn ta chng minh c vi mi a,b,c dng ta lun c
a b c 3
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a 8
612
a
b
c
theo chng minh trn ta c:
=
,B =
,C
a+b
b+c
c+a
Tht vy,=
t A
3
.
4
A2 + B 2 + C 2
1 3
1 3
1 3
A3 + A3 + A2 , B3 + B3 + B 2 , C 3 + C 3 + C 2 .
8 2
8 2
8 2
Cng li theo v ba t ng thc trn ta c:
3 3
9
3
2 A3 + B3 + C 3 + A2 + B 2 + C 2 A3 + B3 + C 3 .
8 2
8
8
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a= b= c .
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn a b c v abc = 1 .

(1 + a )
(1 + b )
(1 + c )2
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a b c .

1
P=
( a + 1)
( b + 1)
( c + 1)
ab + bc + ca
.
4
Bi 5. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn x y z v xyz = 1 .

HD: Do x z
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
( y + 1)
( z + 1)2
( z + 1)2
1
1
1
.
P 2
+
+
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)2 ( z + 1)2
Vy ta c:
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
z2 + z + 1
+
.
2.
P 2
+
+
=
+
=
2
(1 + x )2 (1 + y )2 (1 + z )2 1 + xy (1 + z )2 1 + 1 (1 + z )2
1
z
+
(
)
Ta chng minh 2.
z2 + z + 1
(1 + z )
3
2
( z 1) 0 (lun ng).
2
613
3
khi x= y= z= 1 .
2
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c,d l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn abcd = 1 .
Vy GTNN ca P bng
P=
(1 + a )
(1 + b )
(1 + c )
(1 + d )2
HD: S dng bt ng thc ph ta c:

1
(1 + a )
(1 + b )
(1 + c )
(1 + d )
1
1
ab + cd + 2
=
+
= 1.
1 + ab 1 + cd 1 + ab + cd + abcd
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1 t ti a= b= c= d= 1 .
1
Bi ton 11. Vi mi s thc dng a,b ta c
1
b
( a + b )2

Chng minh.
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho hai s dng ta c:
1
a
1
b
2
2
8
= 2.
2
ab a + b
(a + b)

y ch l mt bt ng thc rt ra t bt ng thc AM GM cho hai s
dng ta cng xt mt s bi ton p dng.
CC V D
V d 1. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 3 y .
( x + 1)
( y + 2)
( z + 3)2
Li gii
Ta c:
1
( x + 1)
614
( y + 2)
( x + 1)
1
y
+ 1
2
2
8
.
2
y
y
( x + 1) + 1 x + 1 + + 1
2
2
8
y
x + 1 + + 1
2
( z + 3)
16
64
.
2
y
1
1
3
x
z
+
+
+
+
) x + 1 + + 1 + z + 3
(
2
Mt khc: 2 x + 4 y + 2 z x 2 + 1 + y 2 + 4 + z 2 + 1 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6 3 y + 6
2x + y + 2z 6 x +
y
64
+ z 3 P
=
1 .
2
( 3 + 2 + 3)2
Vy GTNN ca P bng 1 khi x= z= 1, y= 2 .

V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m v khng ng thi bng 0 thay i
tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 6b .
1
(a + b + c)
( b + 11)
( c + 6 )2
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc ph
1
(a + b + c)
( c + 6)
1
x
1
y
( x + y )2
( a + b + 2c + 6 ) 2
ta c:
1
1
64
.
Suy ra P 8
+
2
2
( a + b + 2c + 6 )
( a + 2b + 2c + 17 )2
+
b
11
(
)
Mt khc theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
) (
) (
2a + 10b + 4c a 2 + 1 + b 2 + 25 + c 2 + 4 6b + 30 a + 2b + 2c 15 .
Do P
64
(15 + 17 )
1
.
=
16
1
t ti =
a 1,=
b 5,=
c 4.
16
BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc i mt phn bit.
1
1
1
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
+
+
( a b )2 ( b c )2 ( c a )2
615
HD: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a > b > c khi ta c:

1
( a b )( b c ) ( a c )2
.
2
a
c
(
)
a 2 + b2 + c2 a 2 + c2
(a b)
(b c )
Suy ra
2
a c)
(
( a c )2
9
=
.
2
a
c
(
) 2
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b = 0, a = c .

9
t ti a =
c, b =
0 hoc cc hon v.
2
Bi 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc i mt phn bit thuc on [ 0;2] .

P=
(a b)
(b c )
( c a )2
HD: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a > b > c ta c:

1
(a b)
Do P
(b c )
(a c)
2
8
.
b
b
c
(
)(
) ( a c )2
9
, a, c [ 0;2] .
4
616
9
t ti =
a 2,=
b 1,=
c 0 hoc cc hon v.
4
CH 9: BI TON CHN LC
BT NG THC V CC TR BA BIN
Trong ch ny ti tng hp li mt s bi ton bt ng thc v cc tr ba
bin hay trong cc thi th, thi chn Hc sinh gii cp tnh v thnh ph cc
nm cng mt s bi ton xut trn Din n hc tp trc tuyn Mathlinks.vn.
V sau mt s bi ton c b sung thm mt s bi ton tng t dnh cho bn c
rn luyn.
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x(1 yz) = y + z.
(z + z
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P
=
xy
( x + y ) ( z 2 + 1)
1 + z2
2z
1 + z2
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c z (1 + xy ) = x y x > y .
(z + z
xy
(z
Khi P
= z 2 1 + 2 xy + xy = z 2 (1 + xy ) + 2 z 2 xy = z ( x y ) + 2 z 2 xy
2
2
+ z 4 ( x y ) + 4 xy =
( x + y ) z z2 + 1
( x + y ) z z2 + 1 +
2z
2z
z
.
= +
( x + y ) ( z 2 + 1) (1 + z 2 ) z 2 + 1 z 2 + 1 (1 + z 2 ) z 2 + 1
z
Xt hm s
=
g ( z)
g '( z ) =
z +1
2
3 1 z2
(z
+1
1+ z
2z
2
z2 + 1
vi z dng ta c
; g '( z ) = 0 z = 1 .
z +1
2
Ta c g(z) i du t dng sang m khi i qua 1 v vy g ( z ) g (1) =

2.
Vi z = 1, x = 2 + 1, y = 2 1 th P bng
2.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 2 .
Bi 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =
4.
P=
Ta chng minh
a 2 + 9bc + b 2 + 9ac + c 2 + 9ba .

Li gii
a 2 + 9bc + b 2 + 9ac + c 2 + 9ba 5 ab + bc + ca .

617

S dng bt ng thc Mincopski ta c
( a + b ) 2 + 9c (
a 2 + 9bc + b 2 + 9ac
a+ b
V c 2 + 9ab 3 ab .
( a + b )2 + 9c (
a+ b
( a + b )2 + 9c (
( a + b ) + 9c
2
+ 3 ab 5 ab + bc + ca
a+ b
a+ b
5 ab + bc + ca 3 ab
9ab + 25 ( ab + bc + ca ) 30 ab ( ab + bc + ca )
( a + b ) + 18c ab + 30 ab ( ab + bc + ca ) 34ab + 16c ( a + b )

2
( a + b ) + 18c ab 4ab 6c ( a + b )
2
c ( a + b )
+30 ab ( ab + bc + ca ) ab +
0
3

c (a + b)
ab ( ab + bc + ca ) ab +
3
c (a + b)
ab ( ab + bc + ca ) ab +
=
c (a + b)
3
ab ( ab + bc + ca ) + ab +
3
Ta c
c ( a + b )( 3ab bc ca )
9 ab ( ab + bc + ca ) + 9ab + 3c ( a + b )
0.
Vy ta chng minh ( a + b ) + 18c ab 4ab 6c ( a + b ) 0 .

2
Bt ng thc c dng thun nht nn chun ho a + b =

1.
a+b 1
.
t=
x
ab ,0 c x =
2
2
Ta cn chng minh f ( x) =4 x 2 + 18cx 6c + 1 0 .
V tri l tam thc bc hai vi h s x2 m nn ch cn ch ra rng
1
min f (c); f 0 .
2
2
1
Tht vy ta c f =3c 0; f (c) =5c 2 + ( 3c 1) > 0 .
2
618
Vy ta c a 2 + 9bc + b 2 + 9ac + c 2 + 9ba 10 .

Du bng t ti a= b= 2, c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 3. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic v tha mn iu kin
a 2 + b2 + c2 =
a+b
b+c
c+a
.
P=
+
+
a+bc
b+ca
c+ a b
Li gii
Ta chng minh gi tr nh nht ca P bng 6.
Tht vy ch cn chng minh rng
a+b
b+c
c+a
64
a 2 + b2 + c2
.
3
a+bc
b+ca
c+ a b
Bt ng thc c dng thun nht nn chun ho a + b + c =
3.
Ta cn chng minh rng
a 2 + b2 + c2
3 a
3b
3c
.
+
+
64
3
3 2a
3 2b
3 2c
3 x
x2 + 3
3
, x 0; .
2
3 2x
2
Tht vy bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
Ta chng minh
4 (3 x ) x2 + 3
2
( 3 2 x ) ( x 1)2 ( 2 x3 + x 2 + 12 x + 9 ) 0 .

p dng bt ng thc kt hp bt ng thc AM GM ta c
3 a
3b
3c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 3.3
+
+
2
3 2a
3 2b
3 2c
2 4 33 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 6 4
a 2 + b2 + c2
3
Ta c pcm.
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 1 2 x + 3 y .

P=
x3 + x 2 + 36 y 3 + y 2 + 36 2 z 3 + z 2 + 9
.
+
+
2x + 2
4y + 4
2z + 1
619
Li gii
2
x
y
18
9
9
.
+
+ z2 +
+
+
2
4
x + 1 y + 1 2z + 1
Ta c P =
Da vo biu thc ca P trn ta d on du bng t ti

x + 1 = y + 1 = 2z + 1 x = y = 2z .
Thay vo iu kin ta c: x= y= 2, z= 1 .
Da vo ta c cc nh gi sau y:
x2 y 2
2 x2 + y 2 + 4 z 2 1
2
=
+
+ z2
( 2x + y + 2z ) .
2
4
4
16
18
9
9
9
9
9
9
+
+
=
+
+
+
x + 1 y + 1 2z + 1 x + 1 x + 1 y + 1 2z + 1
Do P
9.42
144
=
2 ( x + 1) + y + 1 + 2 z + 1 2 x + y + 2 z + 4
144
1
2
+ ( 2x + y + 2z ) .
2 x + y + 2 z + 4 16
Ch gi thit bi ton ta c 2 x + 3 y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 1
=
(x
) (
) (
+ 4 + y2 + 4 + z2 + 1 8
4x + 4 y + 2z 8
2x + y + 2z 8
1 2 144
t t = 2 x + y + 2 z , t ( 0;8] ta c P =
t +
t+4
16
( t 8)2 ( t + 20 ) + 16 16 .
16 ( t + 4 )
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 2, z= 1 .

14 .
=
P
4(a + c)
a + 3c + 28
2
4a
a + bc + 7
2
(a + b)
3
.
a (b + c )
Li gii
Ch n gi thit bi ton v tch a(b+c) ta c nh gi nh sau:
14 + 2bc = a 2 + ( b + c ) 2a ( b + c ) a ( b + c ) 7 + bc .
2
620
Suy ra
4a
a + bc + 7
2
4a
4
.
=
a + a (b + c ) a + b + c
2
a+b+c
S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c: a ( b + c )
3
3
12
.
=
2
a (b + c )
( a + b + c )2
a+b+c
Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c:

4a
3
12
4
+
2
2
a + bc + 7 a ( b + c )
(a + b + c) a + b + c
1
1 1 1
=
12
+
a+b+c 6 3 3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b + c; a + b + c = 6 .
3
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
1 + a + 3c ( a + c ) a + 3c ( a + c ) .
3
4
Suy ra
4(a + c)
a + 3c + 28
2
( a + b )2
4(a + c)
3
( a + c )2 + 28
4
2
1
( a + b 5) .
25
5
1
2
( a + c 4) + .
25
5
Ch hai bt ng thc trn ta s dng bt ng thc dng tip tuyn.

Cng theo v hai bt ng thc trn v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c:
4(a + c)
5
3a + 2b + c 9
2
2
2
25
a + 3c + 28 ( a + b )
(a
)(
+ b 2 + c 2 32 + 22 + 12 9
25
1
=
5
1 1 8
T suy ra Pmax = + = t ti=
a 3,=
b 2,=
c 1.
3 5 15
Nhn xt. Ta c th nh gi phn thc u tin bng cch khc nh sau:
a 2 + 3c 2 + 28 = 2a 2 + b 2 + 4c 2 + 14 2a 2 + 4bc + 14 .
Mt khc: 2a 2 + 2bc + 2 ( bc + 7 ) 2a 2 + 2bc + 2a ( b + c ) = 2 ( a + b )( a + c ) .

621
Suy ra
4(a + c)
2
.
a+b
a + 3c + 28
2
4
5
12
Do P
+
a + b a + b + c ( a + b )2 ( a + b + c )2
2
8 1 a +b5 1 a +b+c6
8

15 5 a + b 3 a + b + c 15
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c =
3.
=
( 2a + b + c )2 + ( 2b + c + a )2 + 8
P=
2
2
2a 2 + ( b + c )
2b 2 + ( c + a )
(a + b 3 c + 3) .
2
9c
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

26 .
=
P
4(a + c)
2a + 4bc + 26
2
4a
a + bc + 13
2
4
7
.
a ( b + c ) ( a + b )2
Bi 6. Cho a, b, c l cc s thuc on [0, 3].

( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) .
Li gii
Gi s a = max {a, b, c} .
Nu a b c A 0 .
Nu a c b .
Khi
P (a, b, c) P (a,0, c) = ( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) ac ( a c )( a + c )
=
( a c ) ( a b )( c b )( a + b + c ) ac ( a + c )
= ( a c ) b b 2 ac c 2 a 2 0
Do P (a, b, c) P (a,0, c) = ac ( a c )( a + c ) = a3c ac3 .

Xt hm s f (=
a ) a3c ac3 trn on [0;3] ta c
f=
'(a ) c 3a 2 c 2 0; 3 a c 0 .
Do f(a) ng bin trn on [0;3] suy ra

622
f (a ) f (3) =g (c) =27c 3c3 .
Xt hm s g (=
c) 27c 3c3 trn on [0;3] ta c
g '(c) = 27 9c 2 ; g '(c) = 0 c = 3 .
Ta c g(c) i du t dng sang m khi i qua c = 3 nn g(c) t cc i ti

c= 3.
V vy g (c) g ( 3) =
18 3 .
a 3,=
b 0,=
c
Suy ra Pmax = 18 3 . Du bng t t=
Bi tp tng t
Cho a, b, c l cc s thuc on [0, 2].
3.
( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) .
Bi 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin x + 3 y 9 z v x > y > z .

2
x
z
y
+ 3
.
+ 3
xz
yz
x y
Li gii
Ta c ( a 3) 0 a 2 6a 9 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 3 .

2
( b 1)2 0 b2 2b 1 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b = 1 .

p dng vo bi ton ta c:
2
x
z
x
y
z
y
Ta c:
9;
1;
1.
6.
2.
2.
y
z
y
z
x
z
x
z
x
y
x
y
x
y
z
Suy ra: P 6
+
+
15 = 6Q 15 .
yz xz x y
Vi Q =
x
y
z
x2
z2
y
.
+
+
=
+
+
y z x z x y x( y z) z ( x y) x z
( x + z)
x2
z2
.
+
x( y z) z ( x y) x( y z) + z ( x y)
2

Suy ra: Q
( x + z )2 + y
( x + z )2
y
+
=
x( y z) + z ( x y) x z y( x z) x z
2
2
x+z
y
y
y x+z
=
+
=
+
.
1

y x z x z x z y
623
2
x+z
x+z
x+z
Mt khc
2 0
4.
4.
y
y
y
x+z
x+z
y
4x + 4z 3y
1 + 4.
=
4 4.
3. =
5.
xz
y
xz
xz
xz
V x + 3 y 9 z .
Do Q
Ti=
x 3,=
y 2,=
z 1 th P = 15 .
x 3,=
y 2,=
z 1.
Cch 2: Theo gi thit tn ti cc s dng a,b sao cho
x =+
( a 1) z, y =+
( b 1) z, ( a > b ) .
Ta c: x + 3 y 9 z ( x z ) + 3 ( y z ) 5 z a + 3b 5 .
2
a +1
b +1
1
Khi P =
+ 3
+ 3
.
b
a
a b
2
2
a + 1 2
1
b +1
1
a +1 b +1
3
3
+
+
+
+
3
.
a
a b
a
a b
b
b
( 9 + 3 + 3)
1
1
a +1 b +1
a b b +1 b +1
+
+
=
+
+
+
b
a
a b a b
b
b
a
1 a b b +1 b +1 b +1 b +1
2
2
+
+
=
+
+
.
5 3b
5 3b
a b b
b
b
b
Xt Q =
b +1 b +1
2
Mt khc
+
+
= 5+
b
5 3b
b
) (13b + 20
b 1
b ( 5 3b )
b +5
) 5, b 0; 5 .
Suy ra Q 5 P 15 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b =1 a =2 2 x =3 y =6 z .
Nhn xt. y l mt bi ton hay v kh biu thc ca P l dng ng bc nn
chc hn nhiu hc sinh s ngh n php t nh trn.
Bi 8. Vi mi a,b,c tm s thc M nh nht tho mn bt ng thc
ab a 2 b 2 + bc b 2 c 2 + ca c 2 a 2 M a 2 + b 2 + c 2
Ch ab a b
2
) + bc (b
Li gii
) + ca ( c
a2 =
( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) .
Vy ta cn tm s thc M nh nht sao cho
( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) M ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 )
624
vi mi a,b,c.
Bt ng thc thun nht nn chun ho a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =

1.
Ta cn tm M nh nht sao cho
M ( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) =
M max ( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c ) .
K hiu P =
( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c )
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c khi

2
1
ac
3
(a b)(b c)
P (a c) ( a + b + c ) .
4
2
V (a c) 2 =
( a b ) + ( b c )
=( a c ) + ( b c ) + 2(a b)(b c)
2
( a c ) + (b c ) +
2
1
( a c )2
2
3
(a c) 2 (a b) 2 + (b c) 2 + (c a ) 2
2
1 2
2
2
2
2 3
(
)
(
)
(
)
.( a + b + c )
a
b
b
c
c
a
4 3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a b = b c a + c = 2b .

Khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
P
(a b) 2 + (b c) 2 + (c a ) 2
2
a + b + c ) + 3.
(
2
3
P
2
4
4
2
9 2
+ c2
. 34 a 2 + b 2=
32
32
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a + c =

2b
(a b) 2 + (b c) 2 + (c a ) 2
( a + b + c )2 =
Vy gi tr cn tm ca M l
9 2
.
32
Bi 9. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + 6 ( b + c ) 15 .

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P= 3 ( a + b + c ) 5abc .
625
Li gii
Nhn xt. iu kin i xng vi b v c nn ta nhm li biu thc ca P nh sau
P = a ( 3 5bc ) + 3 ( b + c ) .
+ Nu 3 5bc > 0 P > 0 .

3
5
+ Nu 3 5bc 0 bc khi theo gi thit ta c a 15 6 ( b + c ) ; b + c < .
5
2
Suy ra
P 15 6 ( b + c ) ( 3 5bc ) + 3 ( b + c ) =
15 ( b + c ) + 30bc ( b + c ) + 45 75bc
=
15 ( b + c ) + 15bc ( 2b + 2c 5 ) + 45 15 ( b + c ) +
=
15
( b + c )2 ( 2b + 2c 5) + 45
4
15
75
( b + c )3 ( b + c )2 15 ( b + c ) + 45
2
4
15 3 75 2
3 3
t t = b + c 2 bc 2
t t 15t + 45 .
> khi P f (t ) =
5 2
4
4
15 3 75 2
3
t t 15t + 45 vi t > ta c
4
4
2
15 2
15
f '(t ) =
3t 5t 2 = ( t 2 )( 3t + 1) ; f '(t ) = 0 t = 2 .
2
2
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = 2 nn f(t) t cc tiu ti t = 2 .
Do P f (t ) f (2) =
0 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b= c= 1, a= 3 .
Xt hm s f (t ) =
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 0 t ti a= 3, b= c= 1 .
5 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6 ( xy + yz + zx ) .

P
2( x + y + z ) y2 + z2 .
Li gii
Nhn xt. Biu thc ca P i xng vi 2 bin y v z nn ta ngh n vic nh gi
biu thc P theo y + z v ng thc iu kin c dng ng cp nn lm ta suy
ngh n vic nh gi x theo y + z . tm gi tr ln nht ca P ta tm cn trn
ca x theo y + z .
Ta c
5
1
5 x 2 + ( y + z ) 2 5 x 2 + 5( y 2 + z 2 )= 6( xy + yz + zx) 6 x( y + z ) + 6. ( y + z ) 2 .
2
4
Do 5 x 2 6 x( y + z ) + ( y + z ) 2 0,
626
Suy ra x + y + z 2( y + z ) .
1
1
1
Khi P 2( x + y + z ) ( y + z )2 4( y + z ) ( y + z )2 = 2 y + z ( y + z )2 .
2
2
2
y+z =
t , khi t 0 v P 2t
t4
.
2
(1)
1
Xt hm s f (t=
) 2t t 4 vi t 0.
2
Ta c f '(t ) = 2 2t 3 ; f '(t ) = 0 t = 1.
Suy ra bng bin thin:
t
f '(t )
1
+
0
3
2
f (t )
3
vi mi t 0.
(2)
Da vo bng bin thin ta c f (t ) f (1) =
2
x= y + z
x = 1
3
T (1) v (2) ta c P , du ng thc xy ra khi=
y
z
1
2
y= z=
y + z =
1
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l
3
1
.
, t ti x= 1, y= z=
2
2
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
8 x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3( x + y + z ) .

P
2( x + y + z ) y2 + z2 .
Bi 11. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin

x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
xy
1 + z2
Li gii
yz
1 + x2
x3 y 3 + y 3 z 3
24 x3 z 3
Ta c:
627
x3 y 3 + y 3 z 3
xy
yz
1 y3 y3
=
+
+ .
1 + z 2 1 + x2
24 x3 z 3
x 2 + y 2 + 2 z 2 y 2 + z 2 + 2 x 2 24 x3 z 3
xy
yz
xy
x2 + y 2 + 2 z 2
yz
y 2 + z 2 + 2 x2
( x + y )2
4 x2 + y 2 + 2 z 2
) 4( y
( y + z )2
2
+ z 2 + 2 x2
( x + y )2
x2 + y 2 + 2 z 2
( y + z )2
y 2 + z 2 + 2 x2
x2
x2 + z 2
y2
y2 + z2
z2
x2 + z 2
y2
x2 + y 2
1 y2 1 y2
+
1
1 + + 1 +
4 x 2 4 z 2
x2 + y 2 y 2 + z 2
3 1 y2 y2
=
+ +
2 4 x 2 z 2
1 3 1 y 2 y 2 1 y3 y3
Suy ra: P + 2 + 2 3 + 3
4 2 4 x
z 24 x
z
=
1+
y2
y2
3 1 3 y 2 3 y 2 2 y3 2 y3
=+ 2 + 2 3 3
8 48 x
z
x
z
3 1 3 y 2 2 y3 1 y 2 2 y3
=
+
3 + 3 2 3
8 48 x 2
x 48 z
z
Xt hm s f (=
t ) 3t 2 2t 3 trn ( 0;+ ) , ta c:
f '(t ) =6t 6t 2 =6t (1 t ) suy ra f(t) i du t dng sang m khi i qua
t = 1 do f(t) t cc i ti t = 1 trn ( 0;+ ) .
Suy ra f (t ) f (1) = 1, t > 0 .

3 1
Tc P +
8 48
y
f +
x
5
y 3 1
f + (1 + 1) = .
12
z 8 48
5
t ti x= y= z=
12
.
3
Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng ng thi bng 0 tho mn iu kin
a+b+c =
0.
628
13a 2b 2 c 2 2abc 2
(a
+b +c
2
2 3
Li gii
Theo gi thit a,b,c l ba nghim ca phng trnh: x3 + qx r =
0 vi
p = a + b + c = 0, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc .
iu kin phng trnh c ba nghim l hm s y = x3 + qx r c

yCD . yCT 0 .
q 0
q
Ta c y ' =
3 x + q; y ' =
0 x =

q .
3 x =
3
Khi
2
q q
2 4q 3
2q q 2q
q
27
y
r
0 q3 r 2 .
. y
= r +
= r +
3 3
3 3 3
3
27
4
Ta ch cn tm gi tr ln nht ca P dng vy xt 13r 2 2r 2 > 0 .

Khi
13r 2 2r 2 13r 2 2r 2
Ch a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
.
p 2 2q =
2q P =
=
(2q )3
8q3
2
13r 2 2r 2 13r 2 2r 2 13
1
1
1 1 1 1
1
P=
= + .
3
2
27
54 27 r 27 r
4 27 r 2
4
8q
8. r 2
4
p 0=
=
p 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi r =

2
q =
3 .
27
r = 2
q3 = r 2
4
Do a,b,c l ba nghim ca phng trnh
x 2 3 x + 2 = 0 ( x 1)
x =1
.
x = 2
( x + 2) = 0
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng t ti a = b = 1, c = 2 hoc cc hon v.

a 2 + b 2 + ( a + b ) c + 4c 2 =
4.

P=
a (b + c )
a+c
b(a + c)
b+c
8 7c 2 c
.
c (a + b)
629
Li gii
Ta c: a 2 + b 2 + c ( a + b ) + 4c 2 =4 4 4c 2 + c ( a + b ) +
1
( a + b )2 .
2
t 2 + 2tc + 8c 2 8 0 ( t + c ) 8 7c 2 t c + 8 7c 2 .
2
a (b + c )
b(a + c)
1
.
a+c
b+c
c
t a + c= x, b + c= y khi theo gi thit ta c:
Do P
( x c )2 + ( y c )2 + ( x + y 2c ) c + 4c 2 =4 x 2 + y 2 c ( x + y ) =4 4c 2 .
Mt khc:
a (b + c )
a+c
b(a + c)
b+c
y2 ( x c)
x
x2 ( y c )
y
x2 y 2
= x2 + y 2 c +
.
y
x

x2 y 2
1
1
+
x + y P x 2 + y 2 c ( x + y ) =4c 2 + 4 .
y
x
c
c
1
Xt hm s f (c) =
4c 2 + 4 vi c > 0 ta c:
c
1
1
1
f '(c) =8c + 2 ; f '(c) =0 8c = 2 c = .
2
c
c
Ta c f(c) i du t dng sang m khi i qua c =

c=
1
nn f(c) t cc tiu ti
2
1
1
hay P f (c) f =
1.
2
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 1 t ti a= b= 1, c=
1
.
2
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a > b; ( a + c )( b + c ) =

1.
(a b)
(b + c )
12
( c + a )2
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + ( a + b ) c + 4c 2 =

4.
630
a (b + c )
a+c
b(a + c)
b+c
1
.
c

=
P
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) +
abc
4bc
( b + c )2
Li gii
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) =
b + c a ( b + c ) b2 + c2
3+
+
+
abc
a
bc
2 ( b + c ) b2 + c2
3+
+
bc
bc
bc
2 (b + c ) (b + c )
b+c
=
+
=+
1+
1
bc
bc
bc
b+c
4bc
Do P
.
+1+
bc
( b + c )2
2
t t
=
( b + c )2 ,
bc
( t 4 ) ta c
4
P f (t ) =+
1
t+ .
t
4
Xt hm s f (t ) =+
1 t + vi t 4 ta c
t
4 t t 8
=
0, t 4 do f(t) l hm ng bin trn [ 4;+ ) suy ra
2 t t2
2t 2
P f (t ) f (4) =
f '(=
t)
Cch 2: Ta c th nh gi biu thc trong cn nh sau:
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) = ( a + b + c ) a ( b + c ) + bc
= a 2 ( b + c ) + bc ( b + c ) + a ( b + c ) + abc
2
2a ( b + c ) bc + abc + a ( b + c )
Suy ra
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
2a ( b + c ) bc + abc + a ( b + c )
abc
abc
b+c
=
+1.
bc
1 2
Bi 15. Cho x,y,z,t l cc s thc thuc on ; .
2 3
2
z+t
x+z
=
P 9
.
+ 16
x+t
x+ y
631
Li gii
2
2
z+t
z+t
( x + z )( z + t )
x+z
x+z
9
16
2
9
24.
+
.16
( x + t )( x + y )
x+t
x+t
x+ y
x+ y
2
1 1
x + t +
( 2 x + 1)( 2t + 1)
2 2
24.
=
18.
2 2
4( x + t )
( x + t ) +
3 3
1 4 xt + 1
1 1
= 18 +
18 + = 18
2 2
2 4 ( x + t )
Do 2 ( x + t ) 4 xt 1 = (1 2 x )( 2t 1) 0 .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 18 t ti x = y =
2
1
.
, z= t=
3
2
2 1 2
2
x+
+
x+
x+z
7
3
2
3
3 l hm nghch bin vi x).
Ta c:
= (do
1
x+t x+t
x+t
+ t 3 ( 2t + 1)
2
2
2
+t
z+t
2
49
2
Tng t ta c:
3
=
t + . Suy ra P f (=
+
+
t)
16
t
.
x+ y 1 + 1
3
3
( 2t + 1)2
2 2
Xt hm s f (=
t)
49
( 2t + 1)
2
+ 16 t + lin tc trn on
3
1 2
2 ; 3 ta c:
196
196
77
2
1 2
f '(t ) = 32 t +
32 +
=
>0.
3
3
6
3 ( 2t + 1)
2 3 1
2. + 1
2
1 2
Do f(t) l hm ng bin trn ; .
2 3
2 337
Do P f (t ) f =.
3
3
1
2
.
, z= t=
2
3
337
1
2
t ti x = y =
.
, z= t=
2
3
3
632
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =

3.
3x 2 + 7 y + 3x 2 + 7 z + 5 y + 5 z .
Li gii
P 2 3 6 x 2 + 7 y + 7 z + 5 y + 5 z= 18 x 2 + 2 ( y + z )
18 x 2 + 2 2 y 2 + z 2 = 18 x 2 + 2 2 3 x 2
Xt hm s f ( x) =18 x 2 + 2 2 3 x 2 lin tc trn 3; 3 ta c:
2x
f '( x) =
36 x
2 3 x2
x = 0
x = 0
0
x =
1 .
; f '( x) =
2
=
2
3
x
2
x = 1
Ta c f (0)= 2 6, f ( 3)= f ( 3)= 3, f (1)= f (1)= 5 .

Suy ra P f ( x)
max
x 3; 3
f ( x) =
5.

1, y =
z=
1.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 5 t ti x =
1, y =
z=
1 hoc x= y= z= 1 .
Bi 17. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin y +=

z x y2 + z2 .
1
1
1
4
.
P=
+
+
+
2
2
2
( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1) ( x + 1)( y + 1)( z + 1)
Li gii
1
2
2
Theo gi thit ta c: y +=
z x y2 + z2 x ( y + z ) y + z .
2
x
( y + 1)2 ( z + 1)2 ( y + 1)( z + 1) ( y + z + 2 )2

1
4
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + z ) (1 + x )( y + z + 2 )2
2 x2
=
2
( x + 1)2
2
2
+
x2
.
=
2
3
x + 1)
(
2
(1 + x ) + 2
x
633
Suy ra P
4 x2
(1 + x )2 (1 + x )2 (1 + x )3
Xt hm s f ( x) =
f '( x) =
2 x2
2 ( 5 x 1)
(1 + x )
2 x3 + 6 x 2 + x + 1
(1 + x )3
2 x3 + 6 x 2 + x + 1
.
= 3
(1 + x )
vi x > 0 ta c:
1
; f '( x) = 0 x = .
5
Ta c f(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x =

x=
1
nn f(x) t cc tiu ti
5
1
1 91
hay P f ( x) f =.
5
5 108
1
, y= z= 5 .
5
1
91
t ti x= , y= z= 5 .
5
108
Bi 18. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin a > b > c v
3ab + 5bc + 7ca 9 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
32
1
1
.
P=
+
+
4
4
( a b ) ( b c ) ( c a )4
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x=
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c a > b > c 0 9 7ca + 5bc + 3ab 3ab ab 3 .
Khi :
1
1
a 2b 2 32
+
+
( a b )4 a 4 b4 9 ( a b )4 a 4 b4
2
2 2
2
2
1
32a b
32
a
b 1
a b
=
=
+
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
9 a 2 2ab + b 2
b
a 9 a b
b a
+ 2
b a
32
1 32
a b
2
.
t t =+ , ( t > 2 ) do a > b khi P=
f (t )
+
t
2
9 ( t 2 )2
b a
Xt hm s
=
f (t )
634
1 32
2
vi t > 2 ta c:
+
t
2
9 ( t 2 )2
1
64
; f '(t ) =
f '(t ) =
+
2
t
0
9 ( t 2 )3
2t ( t 2 ) = 64 t = 4
3
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = 4 nn ti t = 4 f(t) t cc

10
.
tiu hay P f (t ) f (4) =
9
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
=
a
6+3 3
c = 0
b = 2 + 3 2 3 3 .
ab = 3
a b
+ =
c = 0
4
b a
10
t ti
9
a = 6 + 3 3 , b = 2 + 3 2 3 3 , c =0 .
Bi 19. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn c = min {a, b, c}

v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
3 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
6
.
P = 2ab + 3bc + 3ca +
a+b+c
Li gii
Trc ht ta c: 2ab + 3bc + 3ca ( a + b + c ) 1
2
Suy ra P ( a + b + c ) +
2
t t = a + b + c,
3 < t 3 khi P f (t ) = t 2 +
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 +
6
6
1 .
a+b+c
6
1 vi t
t
6
1.
t
3;3 ta c:
> 0, t 3;3 P f (t ) f (3)= 10 .

t2
f '(t )= 2t
Nhn xt. Bt ng thc 2ab + 3bc + 3ca ( a + b + c ) 1 c c nh d on

2
du bng t ti a= b= c= 1 v tng a v kho st hm s vi t = a + b + c .
635
Chng minh.
( a + b + c )2 1 2ab 3bc 3ca =
2 bc ca
= 2 c ( a + b ) 2 c 2 a 2 + b2 = 2 c 2 3 c2
= 2 2c 2 3 c 2 2
2c 2 + 3 c 2 1 c 2
=
0
2
2
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c c = min {a, b, c} v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
3.
Tm gi tr ln nht=
ca biu thc P
2ab + 3bc + 3ca

6
.
2
( a + b + 2c )2 17
Bi 20. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin abc ( a + b + c ) =

4.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc P
=
( a + b )( a + c )
8bc
bc b + c 2 + 8
2
Li gii
Nhn xt. Nhn vo biu thc P cho ta thy P i xng vi b v c nn ta tm cch
nh gi xoay quanh hai bin ny. V d thy p dng AM-GM cho a + b, a + c .
a + b + a + c 2a + b + c
.
=
( a + b )( a + c )
2
2
Vy tm cch nh gi theo 2a + b + c .
8bc
8
8
Ta c:
= = 2
2
bc b 2 + c 2 + 8 b 2 + c 2 + 8 b + c + 2a ( a + b + c )
bc
8
16
=
2
1
( b + c ) 2 + 2a ( b + c ) + 2a 2 ( 2a + b + c )
2
2
16
Suy ra P
.
2a + b + c ( 2a + b + c )2
2 16
t t = 2a + b + c, ( t > 0 ) khi P f (t ) = 2 .
t t
16
2 16
+ ( b + c ) + 4bc 16 t 4 .
bc
bc
2 16
2 32
Xt hm s f (t )=
vi t 4 ta c f '(t ) = 2 + 3 ; f '(t ) =0 t =16 .
t t2
t
t
Ta c: t 2 = 4a 2 + 4a ( b + c ) + ( b + c ) =
2
636
1
Lp bng bin thin suy ra P f (t ) f (4) =
.
2
ng thc xy ra khi a =
2 2, b =
c=
2.
Bi 21. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a b c .
a+b
Tm gi tr nh nht=
ca biu thc P
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
Li gii
b a 2 + ac + c 2
b+c
).
Do a b c > 0 nn ta c:
( b a )( b c ) 0 b2 + ac ab + bc ab2 + ca 2 a 2b + abc
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 a 2b + abc + bc 2 = b a 2 + ac + c 2
Mt khc: a + b 2b, b + c 2b suy ra:

P
=2
2b
b a 2 + ac + c 2
a 2 + ac + c 2
b a 2 + ac + c 2
2b
1 a 2 + ac + c 2
2
2
b
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c,
1
4
a =b =c = .
2
3
a + ac + c
4
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 2 t ti a= b= c=
.
3
1.
2
a2
b2
4c 2
.
+
+
1 + b 1 + a 2 + 2a 2 + 2b 2
Li gii
Ta c c = 1 ( a + b ) 1 2 a 2 + b
4c
2 + 2 a 2 + b2
(
2(a
)
+b )
4 1 2 a 2 + b 2

2+
a 2 + b2
a2
b2
a4
b4
+ =
+
1 + b 1 + a a 2 + a 2b b 2 + ab 2 a 2 + b 2 + ab ( a + b )
a 2 + b2
(a
1
+ (a
2
+ b2
+ b2
)
) 2(a
2
+ b2
2 a 2 + b2
=
2 + 2 a 2 + b2
637
Suy ra P
t t =
2 a +b
2
2 + 2 a 2 + b2
(
2(a
)
+b )
4 1 2 a 2 + b 2
+
2+
2 a 2 + b 2 , ( t > 0 ) ta c P=
f (t )
t 2 + 4 (1 t )
5t 2 8t + 4
=
t+2
t+2
2
5t 2 8t + 4
vi t > 0 ta c
t+2
Xt hm s f (t ) =
5 t 2 + 4t 4
f '(t ) =
; f '(t ) =0 t =2 + 2 2 ( t > 0 ) .
( t + 2 )2
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t =2 + 2 2 nn f(t) t cc
tiu ti t =2 + 2 2 hay P f (t ) f 2 + 2 =
2 20 2 28 .
2
2
2 a + b =2 + 2 2
a =b =1 + 2
ng thc xy =
ra khi v ch khi a b
a + b + c =
c= 3 2 2
1
Vy gi tr nh nht P bng 20 2 28 t ti a =b =1 + 2, c =3 2 2 .
Bi 23. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1
5
.
=
P
x + 2 y + 3 z + 1 ( x + 2 y )( 3z + 1)
Li gii
x + 2 y + 3z + 1
( x + 2 y )( 3z + 1)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x + 2 y =3 z + 1

P
1
20
x + 2 y + 3 z + 1 ( x + 2 y + 3 z + 1)2
2
1
1
1
1
=
20
+
x + 2 y + 3 z + 1 40 80 80
Vi x + 2 y = 20; z =
638
19
1
1
th P bng
. Vy GTLN ca P bng
.
3
80
80
1
Bi 24. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thuc on ;1 .
2
a
b
c
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P
.
=
.
+
b+c a+c a+b
Li gii
( c + a )( c + b ) ( c +
ab
t
=
t
ab
ab
)=
2
c
2c
+ 1
+ 1
a
+
b
ab

1
c
+
2
a + b 2c
+ 1
a+b
c 1
, t 1.
a+b 4
Ta c P f (t ) =
f (t ) =
t+
f '(t ) = 1
( 2t + 1)3
( 2t + 1)2
( 2t + 1)
1
lin tc trn on ;1 ta c
4
( 2t + 1)3 4 0, t 1 ;1 .
>
4
( 2t + 1)3
10
1
a = b = ; c =1
9
2
1.
Do Pmax = f (1) =

P a3b3c3 ( a bc )( b ca )( c ab ) .
Li gii
Ta chng minh 8a b c ( a bc )( b ca )( c ab ) .
2 2 2
a bc > 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c khi do a, b, c ( 0;1)
b ca > 0

Nu c ab 0 khi ta chng minh 2ab
Tht vy 2ab
( a bc )( b ca )
( a bc )( b ca ) 4a 2b2 ( a bc )( b ca )
4a 2b 2 ab a 2 c b 2 c + abc 2 4a 2b 2 + c a 2 + b 2 ab c 2 + 1 0
4a 2b 2 + c ( a b ) + ab 2c c 2 1 0 4a 2b 2 + c ( a b ) ab ( c 1) 0
2
639
2
2
2
ab 4ab ( a + b ) + c ( a b ) 0 ( c ab )( a b ) 0 (lun ng).
Tng t ta c 2bc ( b ca )( c ab ) ;2ca ( c ab )( a bc ) .

1
.
3
Khi P a3b3c3 8a 2b 2 c 2 .
3
1
a+b+c
t
ta c P f (t ) =
t 3 8t 2 .
t abc, 0 < t
=
=
3
27
1
Xt hm s f (t=
) t 3 8t 2 vi t 0; ta c
27
1
f '(t=
) 3t 2 16=
t t ( 3t 16 ) < 0, t 0; .
27
1
Do f(t) l hm nghch bin trn 0; .
27
215
1
.
Suy ra P f (t ) f =
19683
27
1
.
3
215
1
t ti a= b= c=
.
19683
3
=
P
25 5
( a + 1)(b + 1)( c + 1)
2
36
.
a+b+c
Li gii
)(
)(
S dng bt ng thc: a 2 + 1 b 2 + 1 c 2 + 1
5
( a + b + c + 1)2 .
16
Chng minh xem chng 2.

100
36
.
Khi P
a + b + c +1 a + b + c
100 36
t t = a + b + c khi P f (t ) =
.
t +1 t
100
36
3
Ta c f '(t ) =
+ 2 ; f '(t ) =0 6 ( t + 1) =10t t = .
2
2
( t + 1) t
640
3
3
nn f(t) t cc i ti t = .
2
2
1
3
Suy ra P f (t ) f =
.
16 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=
2
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 16 t ti a= b= c=
1
.
2
Bi 27. Cho x,y,z l di 3 cnh mt tam gic.

P = 1+
24 ( y + z x )
x
24 ( z + x y )
+ 1+
+ 1+
24 ( x + y z )
z
Li gii
t a = x + y z , b = y + z x, c = x + z y khi :
P = 1+
48a
48b
48c
.
+ 1+
+ 1+
b+c
c+a
a+b

2
1+
48a
48a
48b
48b
+ 1+
22 +
+
=
b+c
c+a
b
+
c
c
+
a
Mt khc:
a
b
4 + 48
+
.
b
+
c
c
+
a
a
b
a+b
.
+
2
b+c
c+a
a + b + 2c
2
a
b 2
3
2
Tht vy ta c:
+
a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) ( a + b ) .
c+a
b+c
a (b + c ) + b (c + a )
2
3
2
a + b)
c (a + b)
(
a 2 ( b + c ) + b2 ( c + a )
(a + b)
2
a b ) ( a + b 2c )
(
=
c (a + b)
(a + b)
( a + b )3
a 2 ( b + c ) + b 2 ( c + a ) ( a + b )3 c ( a + b )2
3
Do
Suy ra
4(a + b)
.
=
a + b + 2c
a
b
a+b
.
+
2
b+c
c+a
a + b + 2c
Vy P 2 1 +
48 ( a + b )
a + b + 2c
+ 1+
48c
.
a+b
641
t t + 1=
1+
Suy ra P 2
48 ( a + b )
48c
, (0 < t 4) 1 +
=
a+b
a + b + 2c
t 2 + 2t + 1176
t 2 + 2t + 24
Ta chng minh 2
t 2 + 2t + 24
+ t + 1.
t 2 + 2t + 1176
t 2 + 2t + 1176
t 2 + 2t + 24
+ t + 1 15 2
t 2 + 2t + 1176
t 2 + 2t + 24
14 t
4 t 2 + 2t + 1176 (14 t ) t 2 + 2t + 24 t (18 t )( t 4 ) 0 (lun ng).

2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi t = 4 2c = a + b a = b = c x = y = z .

1 3
Bi 28. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc on ; v tho mn iu kin
2 2
a+b+c =
1 1 1
P= 7 + + 6 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 .
a b c
Li gii
1 3
V a, b, c ; a + b c = 3 2c 0 . Tng t b + c a 0, c + a b 0 .
2 2
Do
) (
2 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + a 2 a 2 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = ( a + b + c )( a + b c )( b + c a )( c + a b ) 0 .
Suy ra 2 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + a 4 + b 4 + c 4 2 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 .
a 4 + b4 + c4
1 2
a + b2 + c2
2
1 1 1
Suy ra P 7 + + 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2
a b c
3
t a = y + z , b = z + x, c = x + y x, y, z 0 v x + y + z = .
2
Ta c
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
2
1
1
+ +=
+
+
= .( x + y + z )
+
+
a b c y+z z+x x+ y 3
y+z z+x x+ y
=
642
y
z
y
z
2 x
2 x
+
+
+ 3 2 +
+
+
3 y + z z + x x+ y
3 y + z z + x x+ y
x
x2
x2
=
y + z x ( y + z ) xy + yz + zx
y
y2
y2
= =
z + x y ( z + x ) xy + yz + zx
z
z2
z2
= =
x + y z ( x + y ) xy + yz + zx
Suy ra
x
y
z
x2 + y 2 + z 2
9
+
+
=
2
y + z z + x x + y xy + yz + zx 4 ( xy + yz + zx )
V a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xy + yz + zx
2
2
9
= 4 ( x + y + z ) ( xy + yz + zx ) = 4 xy yz zx
2
9
9
Suy ra P 7 2 +
2 12 xy yz zx
3 4 ( xy + yz + zx )
4
14
63
9
+
12 xy yz zx
3 6 ( xy + yz + zx )
4
x + y + z)
(
3
khi
t t = xy + yz + zx, 0 < t
=
3
4
P f (t ) =
14 63
9
+ 12 t .
3 6t
4
2
14 63
9
3
Xt hm s f (t ) = + 12 t vi t 0; ta c
3 6t
4
4
f '(t ) =
3 16t 3 36t 2 + 7
2t
) ; f '(t ) = 0 16t
36t 2 + 7 = 0 t =

t=
3
1
(do 0 < t ).
2
4
1
nn f(t) t cc tiu ti
2
1
133
1
hay P f (t ) f =
.
12
2
2
643
x + y + z =
2
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi xy + yz + zx = ( x; y; z ) = 0; ;1 hoc
2
2
xyz = 0
1 3
cc hon v suy ra ( a; b; c ) = ;1; hoc cc hon v.
2 2
1
3
133
t ti =
hoc cc hon v.
a
,=
b 1,=
c
2
2
12

P= ab(a 2 b 2 ) + bc(b 2 c 2 ) + ca (c 2 a 2 ) .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a = max{a, b, c}
Ta c :
P= ab(a 2 b 2 ) + c(b3 a3 ) + c3 (a b)= ab(a 2 b 2 ) + c(b a )(a 2 + ab + b 2 c 2 )
V a b 0, a c 0 nn c(b a )(b 2 + ab + a 2 c 2 ) 0
Suy ra: P ab(a 2 b 2 ) 2b(4 b 2 ) (do b [ 0;2] )
Mt khc : F = 2b(4 b 2 ) 0 .
Ta c F 2= 4b 2 (2 b 2 )(4 b 2 )= 2. 2b 2 .(4 b 2 ).(4 b 2 )
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:

3
2b 2 + 4 b 2 + 4 b 2
512
32 3
F 2.
=
0 F
2.
3
27
9
Du bng xy ra khi=
a 2,=
b
2 3
=
, c 0.
3
Vy gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =

=
a 2,=
b
644
2 3
=
, c 0.
3
32 3
, t c chng hn khi
9
Bi 30. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng thuc on [1;2] v tha mn iu kin

2
( a + b + c )=
P=
4 ( ab + bc + ca 1) . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

a+bc
b+ca
c+ ab
2
.
+
+
+2 2
2
c
a
b
a + b + c2 2
Li gii
t x = a + b c, y = b + c a, z = a + c b, ( x, y, z > 0 )
Theo gi thit ta c: xy + yz + zx =
4.
Khi =
P
Ta c:
=
x
+
y+z
z
+
x + y
y
+
z+x
x + y
y
+
z+x
x
y
z
+
+
+ 2
y+z z+x x+ y
Ta c:
=
x
+
2
y+z
4
x2 + y 2 + z 2
xy
yz
( y + z )( x + z )
( y + x )( z + x )
.
( z + y )( x + y )
zx
x
x
y
z
1
y
z
+
+
= ( xy + yz + zx )
+
+
y+z z+x x+ y 4
y+z z+x x+ y
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xyz x
y
z x2 + y 2 + z 2
.
+
+
+
4
4 y+z z+x x+ y
4
xy
=
( y + z )( x + z )
Tng t:
xy
( xy + zx )( xy + yz )
yz
( y + x )( z + x )
2 xy
xy
.
2 xy + yz + zx xy + yz + zx
yz
,
xy + yz + zx
zx
( z + y )( x + y )
zx
.
xy + yz + zx

xy
( y + z )( x + z )
Do
x
+
y+z
Suy ra: P
t t =
yz
( y + x )( z + x )
y
+
z+x
( z + y )( x + y )
1.
x2 + y 2 + z 2
+2 .
4
x+ y
x2 + y 2 + z 2
+4+
2
zx
4
x + y2 + z2
2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , t xy + yz + zx = 2 khi P f (t )=
t2
4
+4+ .
2
t
645
t2
4
+ 4 + vi t 2 ta c:
2
t
Xt hm s f (t )=
f '(t ) =
2 t +8
2
4
t
; f '(t ) = 0 t 3 = 4 2 t 2 + 8 t = 2 2 .
Ta c f(t) i du t m sang dng khi i qua t = 2 2 nn f(t) t cc tiu ti

t = 2 2 hay P f (t ) f (2 2) =
3 2.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 3 2 t ti =
a 1,=
b 2,=
c 1 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 31. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin abc = 1 .
1
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a +
6 3
a + b3 + c 3
Li gii
a
b
c
t x =
a 2b =
a.ab = ; y =
b2c =
b.bc = ; z =
c2a =
c.ca = xyz =
1.
c
a
b
1
V abc = 1 nn ta bin i c P thnh P = x + y + z +
2
6
xy + yz 2 + zx 2
Ta c x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x 3 3 x 2 y. y 2 z.z 2 x =
3.
1
6
xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2
=
6
( xy
3.6 x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x
+ yz 2 + zx 2
)( x
3
( xy
+ yz + zx
2
y + y 2 z + z 2 x .3xyz
)( x
y + y 2 z + z 2 x .3xyz
( xy
+ yz + zx
2
)(
x 2 y + y 2 x + y 2 z + z 2 y + z 2 x + x 2 z + 3xyz
x y + y z + z x .3xyz
( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx) ( x + y + z )
=

3
27 2
Suy ra P x + y + z +
3.3 3
( x + y + z )3/2
t t =x + y + z ,(t 3) P f (t ) =t +
646
3.3 3
t 3/2
1
3.3 3
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t + 3/2 ; t 3 ta thu c: P 3 + 6 .
3
t
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 3 + 6 t ti a= b= c= 1 .
3

2.
a
b
a + b 2ab
.
P= 2
+ 2
a + b + c b + c + a ( a + b + c )2
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc C S ta c a 2 + b + c (1 + b + c ) ( a + b + c )
a
a2 + b + c
Tng t ta c
T suy ra
a (1 + b + c )
( a + b + c )2
b
.
b (1 + c + a )
( a + b + c )2
a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + 2ab
P
1.
( a + b + c )2
b +c+a
2
Bi v 2 + 2bc = a 2 + ( b + c ) 2a ( b + c ) a ( b + c ) 1 + bc
2
2 + 2ca = b 2 + ( c + a ) 2b ( c + a ) b ( c + a ) 1 + ca
2
a ( b + c ) + b ( c + a ) + 2ab 2 + c ( a + b ) + 2ab
= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + c ( a + b ) + 2ab ( a + b + c )
Bi tp tng t
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
1.
2
a +b+c b +c+a c +a+b
( a + 5b + 3c )
1 1
1 39
+
+ =.
a
4
b
3
c 4
2 ( a + 3c )( a + 3c 4b ) 7c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2
2ac
647
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c
39
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
=( a + 4b + 3c ) +
+ + b +
+ 9 + b +
+
4
a 4b 3c
a 4b 3c
a 4b 3c .
3ac 2b ( a + 3c )
1
1 1
Ch . AM GM ta c ( a + 4b + 3c ) +
+ 9.
a 4b 3c
Khi
2 ( a + 3c ) 8b ( a + 3c ) 7c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2
2
P=
2ac
2 ( a + 3c ) 12ac 7c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2
2
2ac
2a 2 + 11c 2 + 4c a 2 + 7c 2
=
2ac
2 x 2 + 11 + 4 x 2 + 7
a
=
,x
c
2x
Xt hm s f ( x) =
( 2x
f '( x) =
11
2 x 2 + 11 + 4 x 2 + 7
vi x dng ta c
2x
x 2 + 7 28
2 x2 x2 + 7
; f '( x) = 0 x = 3 .
15
.
Ta c f(x) i du t m sang dng khi i qua x=3 nn f ( x) f (3) =
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi =
a 4=
b 3c .
15
.
2
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
( a + 3b + c )
1 1 1 21
+
+ =.
a 2b c 2
a 2 + ( a + c )( a + c 2b ) + 2a 2 + 2c 2
S: Pmin
= 5;=
a 2=
b c.
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
( 3a + 2b + c )
1 2 3
+ + =
30 .
a b c
648
ac
b + 2c 7 72a 2 + c 2
.
a
S: Pmax =
55;2a =
3b =
6c .
Bi 34. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin
x2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y + 1 + z =
3.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x 4 + y 4 + z 4 .

Li gii
Trc ht ta chng minh:
x2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y + 1 1 + x2 + y 2 .

x2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y + 1 1 + x2 + y 2 + 2 x2 + y 2 .
x + y x 2 + y 2 xy 0 , bt ng thc lun ng.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi xy = 0 .

Suy ra 3 z 1 + x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 2 z x 2 + y 2 ( 2 z ) v 0 z 2 .
2
P=
x 4 + y 4 + z 4 =x 2 + y 2
+ z 4 2 x2 y 2 x2 + y 2
+ z4 (2 z ) + z4 .
4
Xt hm s f ( z ) =( 2 z ) + z 4 , ta c f '( z ) = 4 z 3 ( 2 z )
4
) = 0 z =1.
Ta c=
f (0) 16,
=
f (1) 2,=
f (2) 16 .
Suy ra P f ( z ) 16 .
xy = 0
x = 0
z = 2

0 hoc
y =
=
z
0
z = 2
2
2
x
y
2
x
2
y
1
z
3
+
+
+
+
+
=
cc hon v.
Vy P ln nht bng 16 khi v ch khi ( x, y, z ) = ( 0,0, 2 ) v cc hon v.

Bi 35. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin abc = 1 .
5 3
1
1
.
. 2
+ 2
2
3
(a a + 1)(b b + 1) c c + 1
=
P
Li gii
Ta chng minh vi mi s thc a v b ta lun c
)(
) (
3 1 a + a 2 1 b + b 2 2 1 ab + a 2b 2 .
649
Chng minh. Vit li bt ng thc di dng:
(a
3a + 3 b 2 3a 2 5a + 3 b + 3a 2 3a + 1 0 .
V tri l tam thc bc hai ca b c a 2 3a + 3 > 0, a v;
b =
3a 2 5a + 3
)(
) (
4 a 2 3a + 3 3a 2 3a + 1 =
a 2 3a + 1 0, a .
Do v tri lun khng m v bi ton c chng minh.
3
a =
2

2
3
a 3a + 1 =
0
b =

3a 2 5a + 3
b
=
a = 3 +
2 a 2 3a + 3
b = 3 +
2

) 23 ( a b
)(
Khi a 2 a + 1 b 2 b + 1
Suy ra P
1
c2 c + 1
Xt hm s f (c) =
f '(c) =
+ 2k .
c2 c + 1
c +1
2 1 1
c2 c + 1
1 2.
.
2 +=
3c c
3c 2
; f '(c) = 0 3kc 2 + ( 6k 2 ) c + 1= 0 .
7+3 5
2
0
650
+
+
5 3
2
5 1
vi c > 0 ta c
7+3 5
3 5
hoc c =
.
c=
2
2
Bng bin thin:
c
3 5
0
2
f(c)
0
+
f(c)
.
5
5 3
3kc 2 + 1
vi k =
.
=
2
2
6
c c +1 c c +1
2.
3c 2
3kc 2 + ( 6k 2 ) c + 1
(c
ab +=
1
3kc 2 + 1
2 2
1 5
3
7 + 3 5 1 5
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra P f (c) f
= .
2
3
3 5
7+3 5
.
, c=
2
2
3 5
7+3 5
1 5
t ti a= b=
.
, c=
2
2
3
2.
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 =

1 1 1 2 ( x + y + z 1)
.
P = ( x + y + z ) + +
3 xyz
x y z
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} . t y + z = 2t x t .

Theo gi thit ta c x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx =
1.
( x + y + z ) =1 + 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) (1) .
2
Khi P = ( x + y + z ) .
xy + yz + zx 2 ( x + y + z 1)
3 xyz
xyz
( x + y + z ) ( ( x + y + z )2 1) 2 ( x + y + z 1)
3 xyz
( x + y + z )3 3 ( x + y + z ) + 2
3 xyz
V (1) x 2 + ( y + z ) x ( y + z ) 3 yz =
1.
2
3 yz = x 2 + 4t 2 2tx 1 .
Suy ra P
3
x + 2t ) 3 ( x + 2t ) + 2
(=
x x + 4t 2tx 1
2
x3 + 6tx 2 + 12t 2 3 x + 8t 3 6t + 2
x x 2tx + 4t 2 1
2
Mt khc ta c:
2 = ( x y) + ( x z) + ( y z) ( x y) + ( x z)
2
1
( 2 x y z )2 .
2
( 2x y z ) 4 2x y z 2 x t + 1 .
2
Ta chng minh P 9 .
651
Tht vy bt ng thc tng ng vi
x3 + 6tx 2 + 12t 2 3 x + 8t 3 6t + 2
x x 2 2tx + 4t 2 1
x3 + 6tx 2 + 12t 2 3 x + 8t 3 6t + 2 9 x x 2 2tx + 4t 2 1
8 x3 24 x 2t + 24 xt 2 8t 3 6 ( x t ) 2 0 .
4 ( x t ) 3 ( x t ) 1 0 ( x t 1) 2 ( x t ) + 1 0 (lun ng v x t + 1 ).
2
y = z
x = 2
y+z
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = t + 1 =
+1
2
y= z= 1
( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 =
2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 9 t ti ( x; y; z ) = ( 2;1;1) hoc cc hon v.

Cch 2: Ta chng minh P 9 .
Vit li bt ng thc di dng:
1 1 1 2 ( x + y + z 1)
+ +
9
3 xyz
x y z
( x + y + z )
3 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + z ) + 2 27 xyz 2 ( x + y + z ) 0
3 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) 9 xyz + 2 2 ( x + y + z ) 0
3 x 2 ( y + z ) + y 2 ( z + x ) + z 2 ( x + y ) 6 xyz + 2 2 ( x + y + z ) 0
3 x 2 ( y + z ) + y 2 ( z + x ) + z 2 ( x + y ) 6 xyz +
2
2
2
+2 ( x + y + z ) ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) 0
( 2 z x y )( x y ) + ( 2 x z y )( z y ) + ( 2 y x z )( x z ) + 2 0
2
0
a + b + c =
t a = x y; b = y z; c = z x 2
.
2
2
2
a + b + c =
Ta cn chng minh ( c b ) a 2 + ( b a ) c 2 + ( a c ) b 2 + 2 0 .
M = ( a b )( b c )( a c ) 2 .
Ta c M 2 =
( a b) (b c ) (c a ) .
2
Trong 3 s a,b,c lun c hai s cng du khng mt tnh tng qut gi s hai s
l a v b, khi ab 0 .
652
V iu kin tr thnh: a 2 + b 2 + ( a + b ) =
2
2
a 2 + ab + b 2 =
1.
Khi
M2 =
( a b ) ( 2a + b ) ( 2b + a ) =(1 3ab )( 2 + 3ab )
2
2
3
2 + 3ab 2 + 3ab
1 3ab + 2 + 3ab
=
4.(1 3ab ) .
.
4
4
=
2
2
3
Suy ra M 2 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
=
y 0
a 0
x=
ab =
0
=
z 0.
b 0
y=
( x; y; z ) =
(1;1;2 ) ; ( 2;1;1)
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 9 t ti ( x; y; z ) = ( 2;1;1) hoc cc hon v.
653
Chng 4:
S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC KHC
CH 1: K THUT LNG GIC HA
Trong ch ny ti cp n mt s php lng gic ho c bn v mt s
bt ng thc trong tam gic v ng dng. Mt ch l cc bi ton trnh by trong
ch c gii bng phng php lng gic ho c th c gii bng phng
php i s thng thng.
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
1. Cc php lng gic ho c bn

Nu x R th t x = Rcos , [ 0; ] ; hoc x = Rsin , , .
2 2
Nu x R th t x =
R
cos
[ 0, c ) ,3 .
2
x= a + R cos
2
Nu ( x a ) + ( y b=
, ( = 2 ) .
)2 R 2 , ( > 0) th t
y= b + R sin
2
2
x= + aR cos
x y
2
+
Nu
, ( = 2 ) .

=R , a, b > 0 th t
a b
y= + bR sin
Nu trong bi ton xut hin ( ax ) + b 2 , ( a, b > 0 ) =

t x
2
b

tg , , .
a
2 2
V d 1. Cho bn s thc x, y, u, v tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 = u 2 + v 2 = 1 .

Chng minh rng 2 u ( x y ) + v ( x + y ) 2 .
Li gii
t x cos
=
=
a, y sin
=
a; u cos
=
b, v sin b .
Ta c u ( x y ) + v ( x + y ) = cosb ( cosa sina ) + sinb ( cosa + sina )
= cos ( a b ) + sin ( b a )
=
2 cos b a 2; 2
4
654
V d 2. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a,b thuc on [-1;1] ta c
(1 b )(1 a ) ) 2 .
a 1 b 2 + b 1 a 2 + 3 ab
Li gii
a = cos
Do a 1, b 1 nn ta t:
b = cos
Khi : a 1 b 2 + b 1 a 2 + 3 ab
( , [0, ])
(1 b )(1 a ) )
2
= cos .sin + cos .sin + 3 ( cos .cos sin .sin )
= sin( + ) + 3.cos( + =
) 2 cos( + )
6
a 1 b 2 + b 1 a 2 + 3 ab
(1 b )(1 a ) 2
2

Bi tp tng t
1) Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x,y thuc on [ 2; 2] ta c
x 4 y 2 + y 4 x2 4 .
2) Cho a , b 1 . Chng minh rng : a b 1 + b a 1 ab .
V d 3. Cho a,b l hai s thc tho mn iu kin ab 0 .
Chng minh rng 2 2 2
a 2 (a 4b) 2
a 2 + 4b 2
Li gii
2 2 2.

t a 2btg , , khi
=
2 2
a 2 (a 4b) 2 tg 2 (tg 2) 2
=
= 4(tg 1).cos 2
2
2
2
a + 4b
1 + tg
= 2sin 2 2(1 + cos 2=
) 2(sin 2 cos 2 ) 2
= 2 2 sin(2 ) 2 2 2 2, 2 2 2
2
655
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y l cc s thc chng minh rng
1 ( x y )(1 + xy ) 1
.
2 (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 ) 2
V d 4. Cho a,b,x,y,z l cc s thc dng c a + b =

1.
Chng minh rng ( x + y )
( y + z)
64abxy 2 z ( ax + y + bz ) .
2
Li gii
Cc ng thc v bt ng thc trong tam gic
sin A sin B sin C 4 cos
A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2
sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C 2 1 cos A cos B cos C

sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2C 4sin A sin B sinC
tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan tan tan tan tan
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 cot A cot B cot B cot C cot C cot A
1 tan
1 cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 B 2 cos A cos B cos C
Mt s php lng gic ho a v chng minh bt ng thc trong tam gic

+ Nu a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c =
abc khi tn ti ba gc
mt tam gic sao=
cho a tan
=
A, b tan
=
B, c tan C .
+ Nu a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca =
1 khi tn ti ba gc
A
2
B
2
mt tam gic sao=

cho a tan
=
, b tan
=
, c tan
C
.
2
+ Nu a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc =

1 khi tn ti
ba gc nhn ca mt tam gic sao=
cho a cos
=
A, b cos
=
B, c cos C .
ng thc quen thuc:
(a
+ 1)( b 2 + 1)( c 2 + 1)=
( ab + bc + ca 1) + ( a + b + c abc )
2
Bi ton 1. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta c
cos A + cos B + cos C
3
.
2
Chng minh.
A+ B
A B
A+ B
cos
2 cos 2
+1.
2
2
2
A+ B
A B
Do A,B,C l cc gc ca tam gic nn 1 > cos
> 0;0 cos
1.
2
2
=
VT 2 cos
656
A+ B
A+ B
3
A+ B 1 3
Do , VT 2 cos
+ 2 cos
+ 1=
2 cos
.
2
2
2
2
2 2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic u.

Tng qut vi x,y,z l cc s thc dng v A,B,C l cc gc ca mt tam gic ta
c
cos A cos B cosC x 2 + y 2 + z 2

.
+
+
x
y
z
2 xyz
Chng minh.
2 yz cos A + 2 zx cos B + 2 xy cos C x 2 + y 2 + z 2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 yz cos ( B + C ) 2 zx cos B 2 xy cos C 0

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 yz cos B cos C 2 yz sin B sin C 2 zx cos B 2 xy cos C 0
( x z cos B y cos C ) + ( z sin B y sinC ) 0 .
2
sin A
x
sin B sin C
.
=
y
z
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic v x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn
a
cy + bz =
b.
az + cx =
bx + ay =
c
Chng minh rng x + y + z
3
.
2
Li gii
D tnh c
=
x
b2 + c2 a 2
c2 + a 2 b2
a 2 + b2 c2
.
=
;y =
;z
2bc
2ca
2ab
3
.
2
Bt ng thc lun ng ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
Bi ton a v chng minh cos A + cos B + cos C
x= y= z=
1
; a= b= c .
2
657
Cch 2: T gi thit ta c:
c
b
y+ x=
1
a
a
a
c
z+ x=
1
b
b
b
a
x+ y=
1
c
c
b c
a c
a b
Cng theo v ba phng trnh trn ta c: x( + ) + y ( + ) + z ( + ) =
3.
c b
c a
b a
S dng AM-GM ta c ngay pcm.
V d 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khc 0 v c > b .
bc + a 2 b a 2 + c 2 + c a 2 + b 2
a 2 + b2 a 2 + c2
Li gii
P
=
=
bc + a
(a 2 + c 2 )(a 2 + b 2 )
bc + a 2
(a 2 + c 2 )(a 2 + b 2 )
+
+
b
a 2 + b2
a2 + c2
b(c b)
(c b)
a 2 + b2
c (c b )
(c b)
a2 + c2
V 3 s a,b,c khc O nn trong h trc ta Oxy chn 3 im

A(0; a ); B (b;0); C (c;0), b < c l ba nh mt tam gic.
Ta c AB =
(b; a ); AC =
(c; a ); BC =
(c b;0) .
Xt tam gic ABC c

AB, AC )
cos A cos(
=
=

BA; BC )
cos B cos(
=
=

CA, CB)
cos C cos(
=
=
bc + a 2
(a 2 + b 2 )(a 2 + c 2 )
b ( c b )
| c b | a 2 + b2
c (c b )
| c b | a2 + c2
3
P cos A + cos B + cos C .
=
2
658
;
;
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.

3
khi c > 0; b =
c; a =
3c .
2
abc .
Chng minh rng
1
2 a +1
2
1
3 b +1
2
1
4 c +1
2
29
.
48
Li gii
Theo gi thit tn ti 3 gc nhn ca mt tam gic tha mn
=
a tan
=
A, b tan
=
B, c tan C .
Khi :
1
1
cos A
= =
2
2 a 2 + 1 2 tan 2 A + 1
1
1
cos B
= =
3
3 b 2 + 1 3 tan 2 B + 1
1
1
cos C
= =
2
2
4
4 c + 1 4 tan C + 1
cos A cos B cos C 29

+
+
2
3
4
48
Bt ng thc ny lun ng bi v
Ta cn chng minh:
cos A cos B cos C 22 + 32 + 42 29

+
+
=
2
3
4
2.2.3.4
48
sin A sin B sin C
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: = =
2
3
4
tan A
tan B
tanC
2 tan 2 A + 1 3 tan 2 B + 1 4 tan 2 C + 1

a
b
c
=
=
2
2
2 a + 1 3 b + 1 4 c2 + 1
1
1 1
+
+ =
6
3a 2b c
3
a
b
c
.
+
+
2
a + 4bc
b + 9ca
c + 36ab
Li gii
Phn tch biu thc v phi trc
Chng minh rng
659
1
1
1
+
+
4bc
9ca
36ab
1+
1+
1+
a
b
c
1
1
1
=
+
+
2
2
2
bc
ca
ab
1+ 2
1+ 3
1+ 6
a
b
c
VP =
t =
x 2
bc
ca
ab
,=
y 3
,=
z 6
xy= 6c; yz= 18a; zx
= 12b .
a
b
c
Theo gi thit ta c:
1
1 1
1
1
1
+
+ =6
+
+
=1
3a 2b c
18a 12b 6c
1
1
1
+ +
=1 x + y + z = xyz
yz zx xy
Cho ta thy du hiu ca lng gic ho vy tn ti ba gc mt tam gic sao cho

=
x tan
=
A, y tan
=
B, z tan C .
Ta cn chng minh
1
1 + tan 2 A
1
1 + tan 2 B
1
1 + tan 2 C
3
2
3
2
Bt ng thc cui ng v ta c iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 3
bc
= 3
a
bc = 4 a
a = 1 / 6
ca
1
= 3 ca = b b = 1 / 4 .
b
3
c = 1 / 2
ab
= 3
ab = 12 c
Bi tp tng t
Chng minh rng
660
1 1
1
+
+ =
6.
a 2b 3c
a
b
c
1
.
.
.
a + 36bc b + 9ca c + 4ab 27

cos A + cos B + sin C
3 3
.
2
Chng minh.
A+ B
A B
cos
+ sin C
2
2
A+ B
C
C
C 2sin 1 + cos
2cos
+ sin=
2
2
2
cos A +=
cos B + sin C 2cos
C
C
C
C
2 1 cos 2 1 + cos =
2 1 cos 1 + cos
=
2
2
2
2

C
C
3 3 1 cos + 3 1 + cos
4
C
C
2
2 3
3 1 cos 1 + cos
=

2
2
4
2
C
C
3 3
2 1 cos 1 + cos
2
2
2

2
.
6
3
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 1. Chng minh rng
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi A= B=
, C=
a
b
abc
3 3
.
+
+
1+
4
Li gii
ab
c .
+
+
Ta c P =
bc
ca
ab
1+
1+
1+
a
b
c
Ch theo gi thit ta c
1
a=
+b+c
ab ca
ab bc
bc ca
.
+
.
+ =
.
1.
c
b
c
a
a
b
661
Suy ra tn ti 3 gc mt tam gic sao cho

bc
A ca
B ab
C
= tan
=
,
tan
=
,
tan .
a
2
b
2
c
2
C
2
1
+
+
A
C
2
2 B
1 + tan
1 + tan
1 + tan 2
2
2
2
A
B
1
= cos 2 + cos 2 + sin C
2
2 2
1
3 2
= 1 + ( cos A + cos B + sin C ) 1 +
2
4
Khi P =
tan
a=
b=
2 3 3, c =
74 3.
Bng cch chng minh tng t cc bt ng thc trn ta chng minh c

Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta c
3 3
;
2
1
A
B
C
cos A.cos B.cos C sin .sin .sin
8
2
2
2
3
cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C ;
4
sin A + sin B + sin C
3
sin A + sin B cos C ;
2
5
3 cos A sin B + 3 sin C ;
2
3
sin 2 A + sin 2 B + cos 2C ;
2
5
2
cos 2 A + 3 ( cos 2 B + cos 2C )
cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2cos A.cos B.cos C =

1.
Chng minh.
ng thc cho tng ng vi:
662
cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2cos A.cos B.cos C =

sin 2 A
( cos B + cos C ) 2cos B.cos C + 2cos A.cos B.cos C =
sin 2 A
2
B+C
B C
A
A
A
cos 2
4cos B cos C sin 2 =
4sin 2 cos 2
2
2
2
2
2
B
C
A
cos 2
cos B cos C =
cos 2
2
2
1 + cos( B C )
1 + cos A
cos B.cos C =
2
2
cos( B C ) 2cos B.cos C = cos A
cos( B C ) + cos( B + C ) 2cos B.cos C =
0
4cos 2
ng thc cui ng v ta c pcm.

Nh vy vi cc s thc dng x,y,z tho mn iu kin
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xyz =
1.
Khi tn ti ba gc nhn trong mt tam gic sao cho

=
x cos
=
A; y cos
=
B; z cos C .
Tht vy ta lun c
cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2cos A.cos B.cos C =

1
A+ B +C
A+ B C
B+C A
C + A B
cos
=
.cos
.cos
.cos
0
2
2
2
2

Vi A, B, C 0; th A + B + C =
.
2
a +1 b +1 c +1
3
Chng minh rng ab + bc + ca .
2
Li gii
Gi thit bi ton tng ng vi:
2
2.
=
a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + 2a 2 b 2 c 2 =
1 ab, bc, ca ( 0;1) .
Do tn ti ba gc nhn trong mt tam gic tho mn:

=
ab cos
=
A, bc cos
=
B, ca cos C .
Bt ng thc tr thnh: cos A + cos B + cos C
3
.
2

663
1
.
2
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c + 1 =

4abc .
4bc 1
4ca 1 1
.
+
+
bc
ca
ab
Li gii
1
1
1
1
Gi thit bi ton tng ng vi
+
+
+ 2.
=
1.
4bc 4ca 4ab
8abc
Do tn ti ba gc nhn trong mt tam gic tho mn:
1
1
1
= 2cos
=
A;
2cos
=
B;
2cos C .
bc
ca
ab
Khi
P 4cos 2 A
=
1
2
cos A
1 + 4cos 2 B
cos B
1 + 4cos 2 C
= 2sin 2 A + 2sin 2 B 4sin C + 4

2
= 4sin( A + B) cos( A B) 4sin 2 C + 4

4sin C 4sin 2 C + 4 = ( 2sin C 1) + 5 5
2
3
C = 6
a= b=
3 .
A= B= 5 =
c 2 3 + 3
12
3
, c= 2 3 + 3 .
3
V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc = a + b + c + 2 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 5 t ti a= b=
Chng minh rng 2
ab + bc + ca 4 + abc .
Li gii
Gi thit bi ton tng ng vi:
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ 2.
=
1.
bc ca ab
abc
Do tn ti ba gc nhn mt tam gic sao cho
1
1
1
= cos
=
A,
cos
=
B,
cos C .
bc
ca
ab
1
1
1
1
Ta cn chng minh 2
+
+
4+
cos A.cos B.cos C
cos A cos B cos C
664
2 ( cos A.cos B + cos B.cos C + cos C.cos A ) 4cos A.cos B.cos C + 1 .
chng minh bt ng thc cui ta chng minh nh sau

1
2cos
sin 2 A.cot A.sin 2 B.cot B ( sin 2 A.cot B + sin 2 B.cot A )
A.cos B
=
2
1
2cos B.cos C ( sin 2 B.cot C + sin 2C.cot B )
2
1
2cos C.cos A ( sin 2C.cot A + sin 2 A.cot C )
2
Cng li th v v khai trin v phi ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi A = B = C a = b = c = 2 .
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca + abc =
4.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = ab + bc + ca + ab + bc + ca .
V d 4. Cho a,b,c,x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 + xyz =
4abc .
Chng minh rng a + b + c x + y + z .

Li gii
x2
y2
z2
xyz
+
+
+ 2.
=
1.
4bc 4ca 4ab
8abc
Do tn ti ba gc mt tam gic sao cho:
Gi thit cho tng ng vi:
x
y
z
= cos
=
A;
cos
=
B;
cos C .
2 bc
2 ca
2 ab
Ta cn chng minh a + b + c 2 bc cos A + 2 ca cos B + 2 ab cos C .

B. BI TP CHN LC
Bi 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin xz + yz + 1 =xy .
2x
x2 + 1
2y
y2 + 1
z2 1
z2 + 1
Li gii
TH1: Nu xy = 1 z = 0 P =
2 xy ( x + y ) + 2 x + 2 y
x y + x + y +1
2 2
1 =
4x + 4 y
( x + y )2
1 1.
xy 1
TH2: Nu xy > 1 z =
.
x+ y
665
xy 1

t x =
tan a, y =
tan b, z = =
cot ( a + b ) vi a, b 0; , a + b > .
2
x+ y
2
Khi : P =sin 2a + sin 2b + cos(2a + 2 b) =1 2sin 2 (a + b) + 2sin(a + b)cos(a b)
2
1
3 3
1 2sin 2 (a + b) + 2sin(a + b) =
2 sin(a + b) + .
2
2 2
a = b
1
5
a =b =
sin(a + b) =
2
12

a, b 0; , a + b >
2
2
5
5
x =y =tan
=
cot
=3
2 + 3, z =
12
6
3
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng t ti x =
y=
2 + 3, z =
3
2
1
a
1+ a
b
1+ b
3c
1 + c2
Li gii
Theo gi thit tn ti ba gc ca mt tam gic tha mn
A
B
C
=
a tan
=
, b tan
=
, c tan .
2
2
2
Khi :
A
tan
a
A
A 1
b
1
c
C
2
=
=
sin=
cos
sinA v
=
=
sin B;
sin .
2
2
A
2
2 2
2
2
1+ a
1+ b
1 + c2
1 + tan 2
2
T suy ra
1
C
A+ B
A B
C
P=
cos
+ 3sin
( sin A + sin B ) + 3sin = sin
2
2
2
2
2
= cos
666
C
A B
C
C
C
cos
+ 3sin cos + 3sin
2
2
2
2
2
(1 + 9 ) cos 2
C
2C
+ sin
=
2
2
10
A B
cos 2 = 1

C
sin
C
2
cos =
2
3
a = b = 10 3, c = 3 .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 10 t ti a =
b = 10 3, c =
3.
Cch 2: Ta x l bng i s nh sau
S dng gi thit ab + bc + ca =
1 ta c:
a
b
a
b
=
+
+
2
2
1+ a
1+ b
ab + bc + ca + a
ab + bc + ca + b 2
a (b + c ) + b (c + a )
a
b
=
+
=
( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + a )( b + c ) ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
2
2ab + c ( a + b )
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
c + ab
=
( c + a )( c + b )
Do P
1
1 + c2
3c
1 + c2
ab ( a + b ) + c ( a + b )
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
1
( c + a )( c + b )
(1 + 9 )
1+ c
1
1 + c2
c2
10 .
=
1 + c 2

b = 10 3, c =
3.
Bi 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xyz + x + y =
z v z 1 .
1
1
z
.
P = 4
+
+
2
2
1 + y 1 + z2
1+ x
Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c: xy +
y x
+ =
1 nn tn ti 3 gc ca mt tam gic sao cho:
z z
A
B 1
C
=
x tan
=
, y tan
=
,
tan .
2
2 z
2
Khi :
667
tan
1
1
2 = 4 cos 2 A + cos 2 B + 1 sinC
+
+
P = 4
2
2 2
1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 B 1 + tan 2 C

2
2
2
1
A+ B
A B 1
4 + 2 ( cos A + cos B ) + sinC =
4 + 4cos
cos
=
+ sin C
2
2
2
2
C
A B 1
C 1
= 4 + 4sin cos
+ sin C 4 + 4sin + sin C
2
2
2
2 2
C
C
9+4 2
.
1 450 C 900 P
2
2
2
Mt khc z 1 tan
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi z= 1, x= y=
2 1.
Bi 4. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin xyz + x + z =

y.
P=
2
x +1
2
2
y +1
2
4z
z +1
2
(z
3z
2
+1
z2 + 1
Li gii
t x = tan A, y = tan B, z = tan C , 0 < A, B, C < .

2
Theo gi thit ta c:
yz
tan B tan C
x=
tan A =
= tan ( B C ) A = B C + k .
1 + yz
1 + tan B tan C
Do
2
Khi :
< A B + C < k =
0 A=
B C A B =
C .
1
1
4 tan C
3tan C
P = 2
+
2
2
1 + tan A 1 + tan B
1 + tan 2 C
1 + tan 2 C 1 + tan 2 C
= 2 cos 2 A cos 2 B 4sin C + 3sin C cos 2 C

= cos 2 A cos 2 B 4sin C + 3sinCcos 2 C
=
2sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B ) 4sin C + 3sinCcos 2 C
= 2sin C sin ( A + B ) 4sin C + 3sinCcos 2 C
C sin C 3cos 2 C =
2 sin C 1 3sin 2 C
2sin C 4sin C + 3sinCcos 2=
Nu sin C >
668
3
3
s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
P < 0 xt vi sin C
3
3
P = sin C 1 3sin C
2
)(
6sin 2 C 1 3sin 2 C 1 3sin 2 C
6
3
6sin 2 C + 1 3sin 2 C + 1 3sin 2 C
3
2
=
9
6
1
=
tan C
3
2
=
, tan A
4
2
=
, tan B
2
2
t ti
=
x
9
=
sin C
2
=
2x =
2, y =
,z
2
2
=
,z
2
=
2, y
2
.
4
2
.
4
Cch 2: Theo gi thit ta c:

yz
2
2
4z
3z
=
x
=
P
2
+
2
1 + yz
y +1
yz
z2 + 1
z2 + 1 z2 + 1
+1
1 + yz
=
P
(y
2 (1 + yz )
2
)(
+1 z +1
2
(
)(
2
y +1
2
4z
z +1
2
)
)
(z
3z
2
+1
z2 + 1
2 z 2 y + y 2 1 z
3z
4z +
=
2
2
2
2
y +1 z +1
z +1
z + 1 z2 + 1
) (
)( )
2
2
2
2
2 z 2 y + y 2 1 z 2 z 4 y + y 1 1 + z
2z
=
2
2
2
2
y +1 z +1
y +1 z +1
1 + z2
(
)(
)
)
2z
Suy ra P
t t
=
1 + z2
z
z +1
2
4z
z2 + 1
(z
3z
2
+1
z
=
3
+
2
z2 + 1
z +1
z
z2 + 1
, ( t ( 0;1) ) khi P f (t ) =
3t 3 + t .
t( 0;1)
Ta c f '(t )= 9t 2 + 1; f '(t )= 0
t=
1
.
3
669
Ta c f(t) i du dng sang m khi i qua t =
1
1
nn f(t) t cc i ti t =
3
3
1 2
trn khong ( 0;1) hay f (t ) f =
.
3 9
2
2
t ti
=
x
=
,y =
2, z
9
2
2
.
4
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 + 16 xyz =
1.
x + y + z + 4 xyz
.
1 + 4 ( xy + yz + zx )
Li gii
Theo gi thit tn ti 3 gc nhn ca mt tam gic sao cho:
=
2 x cos
=
A, 2 y cos
=
B, 2 z cos C .
3
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan tan + tan tan + tan tan
A
B
C
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 =
Khi tan 2 tan 2 tan 2
.
2
2
2
3
27
cos 2
A
B
C
A
B
C
cos 2 cos 2 27sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(1 + cos A )(1 + cos B )(1 + cos C ) 27 (1 cos A )(1 cos B )(1 cos C )
(1 + 2 x )(1 + 2 y )(1 + 2 z ) 27 (1 2 x )(1 2 y )(1 2 z )
28 ( x + y + z + 4 xyz ) 13 (1 + 4 xy + 4 yz + 4 zx )
=
P
x + y + z + 4 xyz
13
1 + 4 xy + 4 yx + 4 zx 28

bc
abc
abc 2 3 5
.
3
+
a
+
bc
c
+
ab
b
+
ca
4
Li gii
ab ca
ab bc
bc ca
.
+
.
+ =
.
1.
c
b
c
a
a
b
Suy ra tn ti 3 gc mt tam gic sao cho
Ch theo gi thit ta c a =
+b+c
670
1
.
4
bc
A ca
B ab
C
= tan
=
,
tan
=
,
tan .
a
2
b
2
c
2
Khi
C
B
2 A
tan
tan
tan 2
2
2
3
+
A
C
2
2
1 + tan
1 + tan 2 B
1 + tan
2
2
2
A 1
1
3 sin 2 sin C + sin B
2 2
P
=
=
=
1
2
3 cos A sin B + 3 sin C +
Bt ng thc cui ng do
3
5
3
+
2
4 2
3 cos A sin B + 3 sin C
5
.
2
A= B=
a= b= 2 3 3
6
.
C = 2
c= 7 4 3
3
Bi 7. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2abc =
1.
Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 + c 2 4 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 .

Li gii
Theo gi thit tn ti ba gc nhn ca mt tam gic tha mn:
=
a cos
=
A, b cos
=
B, c cos C .
Ta cn chng minh:
cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C 4 cos 2 A cos 2 B + cos 2 B cos 2 C + cos 2 C cos 2 A
cot 2 A
cyc 1 + cot
4
cyc
cot 2 A cot 2 B
(1 + cot A)(1 + cot B )

2
cot 2 A
cot 2 A cot 2 B
4
2
cyc ( cotA + cotB )( cot A + cot C )
cyc ( cot A + cotB ) ( cot C + cot A )( cotC + cot B )
cot 2 A cot 2 B
(lun ng).
cyc cot A + cot B
( cot B + cot C ) cot 2 A 4

cyc
cot 2 A cot 2 B
cot A cot B ( cot A + cot B=
)
cyc cot A + cot B
cyc
Do 4
( cot B + cot C ) cot 2 A .

cyc
671
1
.
2

Cch 2: Ta a v chng minh
(a
)(
) (
+ c ) 2(a b
+ b 2 + c 2 + 2abc a 2 + b 2 + c 2 4 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2abc a 2 + b 2
2 2
+ b2c2 + c2 a 2
Ta c:
(
)
) abc ( a + b + c ) .
1
3
abc , a + b + c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a b c = 2 4abc a b c 0 .
8
2
Do 2abc a 2 + b 2 + c 2
Ta a v chng minh bt ng thc:
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + abc ( a + b + c ) 2 a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
a 2 ( a b )( a c ) + b 2 ( b c )( b a ) + c 2 ( c a )( c b ) 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c khi c 2 ( c a )( c b ) 0 v

a 2 ( a b )( a c ) + b 2 ( b c )( b a ) = ( a b ) a 2 ( a c ) b 2 ( b c )
2
2
( a b ) a ( b c ) b ( b c )
=( a b )( b c ) a 2 b 2 0
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c

Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc =
4.
)(
)(
Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 abc b 2 + c 2 abc c 2 + a 2 abc a 2b 2 c 2 .

Bi 8. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin 6 x + 3 y + 2 z =
xyz .
x yz

x
+ 14
(y
Li gii
Gi thit bi ton tng ng vi
672
)(
+4 z +9
2
6
3
+
+ =
1.
xy yz zx
1
2
3
t a = , b = , c = ab + bc + ca =1. Khi tn ti ba gc mt tam gic
x
y
z
A
B
C
sao=
cho a tan
=
, b tan
=
, c tan .
2
2
2
Khi P
=
1
1
A
B
C 4 3
.
.=
.
cos
cos cos
2
2
2
2
2
9
1+ a
1+ b
1+ c
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= 2 2, z= 3 2 .

C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b l hai s thc bt k chng minh rng
( a b )(1 ab )
(1 + a )(1 + b )
2
1
.
2
Bi 2. Cho x,y l hai s thc tho mn iu kin 36 x 2 + 16 y 2 =

5.
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: Z =y 2 x + 5 .
5
5
sin a th t gi thit ta c y =
cos a .
6
4
Bi 2. t x =
a b
a 2 + 1. b 2 + 1
bc
b 2 + 1. c 2 + 1
ca
c 2 + 1. a 2 + 1
Bi 4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc + c + 2b =

2a .
1
Chng minh rng
b2
c2
3
.
2
1+ a
1+ b
4+c
Bi 5. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a.b + bc + ca =
1.
2
3 3
.
2
1+ a
1+ b
1+ c
Bi 6. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc khong (0;1). Chng minh rng
Chng minh rng
abc +
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c ) < 1 .

1.
a
b
c
9
+
+
.
a + bc b + ca c + ab 4
abc .
Chng minh rng
673
2
a2 + 1
b2 + 1
1
c2 + 1
Bi 9. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xyz + x y + z =

0.
2
x +1
2
2
y +1
2
3
z +1
2

ab + bc + ca
=
( a + 1)(b + 1)( c + 1) + 1 .
2
Chng minh rng a + b + c 3 .

abc .
a
b
c
.
+
+
abc .
a
c
b
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = + 3
+
.
a + bc
b + ca c + ab
1 1
1
+
+ =
6.
a 2b 3c
a
b
c
1
.
.
.
a + 36bc b + 9ca c + 4ab 27

2009ac + ab + bc =
2009 .
Chng minh rng
2
2b 2
3
.
+ 2
2
2
2
a + 1 b + 2009
c +1
Bi 15. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc =

4.
)(
)(
Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 abc b 2 + c 2 abc c 2 + a 2 abc a 2b 2 c 2 .

Bi 16. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca + abc =
4.
Chng minh rng
ab + bc + ca 3 .
Bi 17. Chox,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =

xyz .
Chng minh rng
2
1 + x2
1
1 + y2
1
1 + z2
9
.
4

6.
674
P=
(3 a )(3 b)(3 c)(
1
2 2
b c
2 2
c a
1
2 2
a b
).
Bi 19. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc =

4.
Chng minh rng a 4 a 2 + b 4 b 2 + c 4 c 2 3 3 .
Bi 20. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc khong (0;2) tho mn iu kin
ab + bc + ca + abc =
4.
4 a 2 + 4 b2 + 4 c2 3 3 .
Chng minh rng
Bi 21. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin xy =

1+ z ( x + y) .
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P
=
2 xy ( xy + 1)
(1 + x )(1 + y )
2
z +1
2
D. HNG DN GII P S
Bi 1. t
=
a tanx
=
;b tany ta c
VT=
( tan x tan y )(1 tan x.tan y )=
(1 + tan x )(1 + tan y )

2
sin( x y ) cos( x y )=
1
1
sin 2( x y ) .
2
2

5
5
5
5
sin a
cos a + 5
sin a
cos a = Z 5 (*)
6
2
6
2
5 5 49 23
37
2
Phng trnh (*) c nghim khi v ch khi ( Z 5 ) + =
Z .
36 4 36
6
6
Bi 3. =
t a tanx
=
; b tany
=
; c tan z .
Nn Z =

tan x tan y
1 + tan 2 x . 1 + tan 2 y
tan y tan z
1 + tan 2 y . 1 + tan 2 z
tan x tan z
1 + tan 2 x . 1 + tan 2 z
sin( x y ) + sin( y z ) sin( x z )
Bt ng cui ng bi v
sin( x y ) + sin( y z ) sin( x y ) + sin( y z ) sin( x z ) .

Bi tp tng t
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a,b,c ta c
a b
a 2 + 2015. b 2 + 2015
bc
b 2 + 2015. c 2 + 2015
ca
c 2 + 2015. a 2 + 2015
675
Bi 4. Theo gi thit tn ti ba gc mt tam gic sao cho:

a = tanA ;
1
2
= tan B ; = tan C .
c
b
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi: cos A + cos B + cos C
3
.
2

A
B
C
Bi 5.=
t a tan
=
; b tan . T gi thit suy ra c = tan ; vi A, B, C l 3 gc
2
2
2
ca tam gic nhn ABC
1
3 3
(lun ng).
(tan A + tan B + tan C )
2
2
2
Bi 6.=
t a sin
=
x; b
2
sin
=
y; c sin 2 z .
Ta cn chng minh sin x.sin y.sin z + cos x.cos y.cos z < 1 .

Bt ng thc ng bi v
sin x.sin y.sin z + cos x.cos y.cos z sin x.sin y + cos x.cos =
y cos( x y ) 1 .
Du bng khng xy ra v ta c pcm.
Bi 7. Ta cn chng minh
1
1
1
9
+
+
bc
ca
ab 4
1+
1+
1+
a
b
c
ab bc
bc ca
ca ab
.
+
.
+
.
=
1.
c
a
a
b
b
c
Do tn ti ba gc mt tam gic sao cho
Theo gi thit ta c
bc
A ca
B ab
C
= tan
=
;
tan
=
;
tan .
a
2
b
2
c
2
Bt ng thc tr thnh:
1
1
9
+
+
.
A
B
C
4
1 + tan 2
1 + tan 2
1 + tan 2
2
2
2
A
B
C 9
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
2
2
2 4
3 + cos A + cos B + cos C 9
2
4
3
2
Bt ng cui ng v ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c=

676
1
.
3
Bi 8. Theo gi thit tn ti 3 gc nhn ca mt tam gic sao cho:

=
a tan
=
A, b tan
=
B, c tan C .
Khi :
P = 2cosA + cos B + cos C = 2cosA + 2cos
B+C
B C
.
cos
2
2
2
2 4sin 2
C
C
C 1 7 7
+ 2sin =4 sin +
2
2
2 4
4 4
Bi 9. T gi thit ta c: xz +
x z
+ =
1.
y y
A 1
B
C
Do tn ti 3 gc ca mt tam gic sao=
cho x tan
=
,
tan
=
, z tan .
2 y
2
2
Khi ta c:
2
2
3
A
B
C
P=
+
= 2cos 2 2sin 2 + 3cos 2
A
B
C
2
2
2
1 + tan 2
1 + cot 2
1 + tan 2
2
2
2
C
A+ B
A B
C
cos
= cos A + cos B + 3 3sin 2 = 2cos
+ 3 3sin 2
2
2
2
2
2
2sin
C
C
C 1 10 10
3sin 2 + 3 =3 sin +
2
2
2 3
3
3
C 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi sin= =
,A B
2 3
1
1
.
=
x
,=
y
2,=
z
2
2 2
1
1
.
=
,y =
2, z
2
2 2
Cch 2: T iu kin cho php ta gim bin biu thc P v hai bin x v y.
Khi ta c:
P=
2 y 2 x2
xyz + x y + z = 0 z =
yx
0 y x.
1 + xy
(1 + x )(1 + y )
2
10
t ti
=
x
3
3
2
yx
+1
1 + xy
2 y 2 x2
(1 + x )(1 + y
2
(
)
) (1 + x )(1 + y )
+
3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy + 1
2
677
2 y 2 x2
) (
)(1 + y )
3 x 2 y 2 + x 2 + y 2 + 1 3 x 2 2 xy + y 2
(1 + x )(1 + y )
(1 + x
2( y x )
3( x y )
( y x )( 5 x y ) + 3
=
+3
(1 + x )(1 + y ) (1 + x )(1 + y ) (1 + x )(1 + y )
2
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM v C-S ta c:

3( y x ) + 5x y
2
2
2
3 ( y x )( 5 x y )
= ( x + y) 1+ x 1+ y .
2
)(
1
10
Suy ra P + 3 = .
3
3
1
3 y 3 x = 5 x y
1
x =
2 z= .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x 1
2 2
1 = y
y = 2
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin b = a + c + abc .
.
a +1 b +1 c +1
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin 2014ac + bc + ca =
2014 .
2
2
2b 2
3
.
+ 2
2
2
a + 1 b + 2014 c + 1
3) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =
1.
x
x +1
2
y
y +1
2
2z
z +1
4) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xz yz xy =
1.
2 x2
1 + x2
2 y2
1 + y2
3z 2
1 + z2
Bi 10. S dng ng thc:
( a + 1)(b + 1)( c + 1)=

2
( ab + bc + ca 1)2 + ( a + b + c abc )2 .
Suy ra a + b + c =
abc .
Do tn ti 3 gc ca mt tam gic tha mn
=
a tan
=
A, b tan
=
B, c tan C .
Bi ton a v chng minh tan A + tan B + tan C 3 3 .
678
Bi 11. iu kin bi ton tng ng vi:

ab bc
bc ca
ca ab
ab bc ca
.
.
+
.
+
.
=
.
.
c
a
a
b
b
c
c
a
b
Do tn ti ba gc trong mt tam gic sao cho
ab
bc
ca
= tan
=
A,
tan
=
B,
tan C .
c
a
b
Khi P =
1 + tan A 1 + tan B 1 + tan C

Bi 12. iu kin bi ton tng ng vi:
2
= cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C
3
.
4
ab bc
bc ca
ca ab
ab bc ca
.
.
+
.
+
.
=
.
.
c
a
a
b
b
c
c
a
b
Do tn ti ba gc trong mt tam gic sao cho
bc
ca
ab
= tan
=
A,
tan
=
B,
tan C .
a
b
c
1
1
1
+
Khi P = 2 + 3
2
2
1 + tan A
1 + tan B 1 + tan C
=
cos 2 A + 3 cos 2 B + cos 2 C
cos 2 A + 3 ( cos 2 B + cos 2C ) + 1 + 2 3

2
4 3 3
4
5
Ch cos 2 A + 3 ( cos 2 B + cos 2C ) .
2
3+ 2 3
.
7 + 4 3, b =
c=
3
Bi 13. Gi thit cho tng ng vi:
6bc + 3ac + 2ab= 36abc

6
6bc + 3ac + 2ab 36abc

=
abc
abc
bc
ac
ab
bc
ac
ab
6
.3
.2
+3
+2
=
a
b
c
a
b
c
A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cot + cot =
cot .cot .cot .
2
2
2
2
2
2
Suy ra tn ti ba gc trong mt tam gic sao cho:
Trong tam gic ta c: cot
bc
A
ab
C
ca
B
= cot .
=
2
cot
=
;3
cot ; 6
a
2
c
2
b
2
679
V vy VT =
1
1
.
.
.
A
B
2
2
2C
1 + cot
1 + cot
1 + cot
2
2
2
2
= sin 2
A 2B
C 1
A B
A+ B
C
sin
sin
=
cos
cos
sin
2
2
2 4
2
2
2
2
1
A B
C
C 1
C
C
= cos
sin sin 1 sin sin
4
2
2
2 4
2
2
3
C
C
C
1 sin + 1 sin + 2sin
1
1
C
C
C 1
2
2
2
=
=
1 sin 1 sin 2sin
8
2
2
2 8
3
27
b
b
+
.c =
1.
2009 2009
Suy ra tn ti ba gc mt tam gic sao cho:
A b
B
C
=
a tan
=
;
tan ; c = tan .
2 2009
2
2
Khi
2
2
3
A
B
C
P=
+
= 2cos 2 2sin 2 + 3cos 2
1
A
C
2
2
2
1 + tan 2
1+
1 + tan 2
2
2
2 B
tan
2
Bi 14. T gi thit ta c: ac + a.
1
C
A B
C 1
A B 10
) =3 + cos 2
cos
=cos A + cos B + 3(1 sin
3 sin
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
Bi tp tng t
1) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc + a + b =
c.
c2
.
a 2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc + a + b =
c.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P
=
2 (1 + ab )
(1 + a )(1 + b )
2
c
c +1
2
3) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin ab =1 + bc + ca .

680
a2
b2
a +1 b +1 c +1
2

3
3c
.
a +1 b +1 c +1
a +1 b +1 c +1
2
yz
zx
Bi 15. t a 2=
=
, b 2=
,c 2
( x + y )( x + z )
( y + z )( y + z )
4 y 2 z + yz 2 + x 2 z + xz 2 2 xyz
Khi a + b abc
=
2
Tng t suy ra:
(a
+ b abc
2
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
4 yz 2 + xz 2
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
.
xy
( z + x )( z + y )
4 yz 2 + xz 2
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
a 2b 2 c 2
Bi 16. Bt ng tng ng vi: cos A + cos B + cos C
3
.
2
ab
bc
ca
.
=
;cos B =
;cos C
2
2
2
Bi 17. Theo gi thit tn ti cc gc nhn trong mt tam gic sao cho
=
x tan
=
A; y tan
=
B; z tan C .
Vi cos A
=
Khi gi P l biu thc v tri ta c

2
1
1
P=
+
+
1 + tan 2 A
1 + tan 2 B
1 + tan 2 C
= 2cos A + cos B + cos C
=
2 1 2sin 2
2 1 2sin 2
A
A
B C
+ 2sin cos
2
2
2
A
A
+ 2sin
2
2
2
9
A 1
9
= 4 sin
4
2 4
4

Bi 18. Trc ht,ta bin i P v dng:
8P =
(a + b c)(b + c a )(c + a b)( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

a 2b 2 c 2
681
By gi ta s chng minh rng:

(a + b + c)(a + b c)(b + c a )(c + a b)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 9a 2b 2 c 2 (1)
Tht vy,nu (a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b) 0 bt ng thc trn ng

Nu (a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b) > 0 ta thy rng 3 s a + b c; b + c a;
c + a b khng th c ng thi 2 s m.
V th, ta c th quy bi ton v chng minh bt ng thc ng vi 3 cnh 1
tam gic.
Ta xt tam gic ABC vi bn knh ngoi tip=
R; a BC
=
; b CA
=
; c AB .
Ta c : 9R 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 hay
9a 2 b 2 c 2
16 S 2
(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) .
hay 9a 2b 2 c 2 (a + b + c)(a + b c)(b + c a )(c + a b)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

Vy ta c (1) c chng minh.
3
9 3
Suy ra 8 P = hay P .
16
6 2
Bi 19. Theo gi thit tn ti ba gc nhn trong mt tam gic sao cho
=
a 2cos
=
A; b 2cos
=
B; c 2cos C .
Bt ng thc tr thnh:
cos sA 4 cos 2 A + cos B 4 cos 2 B + cos C 4 cos 2 C 3 3
cos A sin A + cos B sin B + cos C sin C
3 3
2
cos A cos B cos C

.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s A B C
sin A sin B sin C
Theo bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c

1
( cos A + cos B + cos C )( sin A + sin B + sin C )
3
1 3 3 3 3 3
. .
=
3 2 2
4
cos A sin A + cos B sin B + cos C sin C
4 a 2 + 4 b 2 + 4 c 2 3 12 a 2 b 2 c 2 .
Ta ch cn chng minh a 2 + b 2 + c 2 3 .
Tht vy theo gi thit tn ti ba gc nhn mt tam gic sao cho
=
cos A
682
bc
=
,cos B
2
ca
=
,cos C
2
ab
.
2
Suy ra a
=
2cos B cos C
2cos C cos A
2cos A cos B
.
=
,b =
,c
cos A
cos B
cos C
2
2cos B cos C 2cos C cos A 2cos A cos B

Vy ta chng minh
+
+
3.
cos A
cos B
cos C
Bt ng thc ng do
2
3
cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A cos B
2
2
2
+
+
4
cos A cos B cos C
Ta c pcm.
1 1
1
+ z + =
1.
xy
x y
1
A 1
B
C
Do tn ti ba gc mt tam gic sao=
cho
tan
=
,
tan
=
, z tan .
x
2 y
2
2
Khi s dng bt ng thc C S v AM GM ta c
1
2 1 +
xy
2
z
z
=
+ 2
+ 2
P
1
1 z +1
1
1 z +1
1
+
1
+
1 + 2 1 + 2
x
y
x2
y2
tan
C
2
+
+ 2 =
+
+
.
1
1
z + 1 1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 B 1 + tan 2 C
+
1
2
2
2
x2
y2
A
B 1
= cos 2 + cos 2 + sin C
2
2 2
3
1+
1
4+3 3
2
= 1 + ( cos A + cos B + sin C ) 1 +
=
.
2
2
4
1+
t ti A = B =
,C =
4+3 3
,
4
2
x = y = 2 + 3; z = 3 .
3
683
CH 2: K THUT S DNG BT NG THC SCHUR

Ni dung ch ny cp n bt ng thc Schur v mt s bi ton p
dng dng c bn nht. chi tit hn cc bn c th tm c mt s bi vit trong
[1].[2].
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Vi mi a,b,c,k l cc s thc khng m ta c
a k ( a b )( a c ) + b k ( b c )( b a ) + c k ( c a )( c b ) 0
Vi k = 1 ta c bt ng thc Schur bc 3
Mt s dng tng ng:
( x + y + z )3 + 9 xyz 4 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) ;
( x + y + z ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 9 xyz 2 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) .
Vi k = 2 ta c bt ng thc Schur bc 4:
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + abc ( a + b + c ) ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + ca c 2 + a 2 .
Trong qu trnh s dng bt ng thc thng a v chng minh cc bt ng

thc rng buc gia p,q,r c gi l phng php bt ng thc Schur kt hp
i bin p, q, r.
Cc hng ng thc cn lu
Ta t p = x + y + z; q = xy + yz + zx; r = xyz , khi
ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) = pq 3r ;
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) =
pq r ;
ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + ca c 2 + a 2 = p 2 q 2q 2 pr ;
( a + b )( a + c ) + ( b + c )( b + a ) + ( c + a )( c + b ) =
p 2 + q;
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = p 2 2 q;
a3 + b3 + c3 = p3 3 pq + 3r ;
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = p 4 4 p 2 q + 2q 2 + 4 pr.
Nu t L = p 2 q 2 + 18 pqr 27 r 2 4q3 4 p3 r , khi
684
pq + 3r L
a 2b + b 2 c + c 2 a =
2
L
( a b )( b c )( c a ) =
Ngoi ra nh gi r vi p,q ta thng s dng hai bt ng thc:
p 4 p q2
r max 0;
9
)(
p2 q 4 p q2
r max 0;
6p
B. BI TP MU
12
15 .
ab + bc + ca
Li gii
S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3 ta c
abc +
( a + b + c )3 + 9abc 4 ( ab + bc + ca )( a + b + c ) 3abc 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) 9
Ta cn chng minh 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) 9 +
36
15
ab + bc + ca
4 ( ab + bc + ca ) 24 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 36 0 4 ( ab + bc + ca 3) 0
2
Bt ng thc lun ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .

2
1
3
.
+
a + b + c 3 ab + bc + ca
Li gii
( ab + bc + ca )3 + 9a 2b2c 2 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) abc ( a + b + c )
( ab + bc + ca )3 + 9
a+b+c
4 ( ab + bc + ca )
8 ( ab + bc + ca )
1
3
+
3
( ab + bc + ca ) + 9 3 ab + bc + ca
t t = ab + bc + ca, t 3 3 a 2b 2 c 2 = 3 bt ng thc tr thnh

685
8t
) (
1 3
+ 24t 2 + t t 3 + 9 9 t 3 + 9
t +9 3 t
3
t 4 9t 3 + 24t 2 + 9t 81 0 ( t 3) t 3 6t 2 + 6t + 27 0
Lun ng vi t 3 . Bt ng thc c chng minh.

3.
Chng minh rng 12 + 9abc 7 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
t t = a + b + c,
3t 3
Li gii
( a + b + c )2 a 2 b 2 c 2
=
ab + bc + ca
=
2
t2 3
.
2
( a + b + c )3 + 9abc 4 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 9abc 2t ( t 2 3) t 3 .
7 t2 3
) ( t 3)
( 2t + 5) 0 .
2
3.
12 + 2t t 3 t
2
Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + c3 + 7 abc 10 .

Li gii
Ta c a3 + b3 + c3 = ( a + b + c ) 3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
3
( a + b + c )3 3 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) + 3abc
t t = a + b + c, t 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) = 3 bt ng thc tr thnh
10abc + t 3 9t 10 0 .
Theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3 ta c
( a + b + c )3 + 9abc 4 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 9abc 12t t 3 .

+ Nu t 2 3 10abc + t 3 9t 10 > 12t 9t 10 = 3t 10 > 0 .
+ Nu 3 t 2 3 abc
686
12t t 3
.
9
Ta cn chng minh 10.
12t t 3 3
+ t 9t 10 0
9
( t 3) t 2 3t + 30 0
) )
( t 3) 3 ( 4 t ) + 16 t 2 + 2 0

a= b= c= 1 .
( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) ( a3 + b3 + c3 ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 )
Li gii
Chun ho p = a + b + c = 1 . t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc .
Ta c a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =1 2q; a3 + b3 + c3 =1 3q + 3r .
Khi ta cn chng minh: q (1 3q + 3r ) (1 2q ) .
3
S dng q 2=
( ab + bc + ca )2 3abc ( a + b + c )=
3r .
Do q (1 3q + 3r ) =
q 3q 2 + 3qr q 3q 2 + q3 .
Vy ch cn chng minh q 3q 2 + q3 (1 2q ) (1 q )( 3q 1) 0 .
3
Bt ng thc lun ng v ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

Bi 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) > 0 v
xy + yz + zx =
P=
x ( x + y )( x + z ) + y ( y + z )( y + x ) + z ( z + x )( z + y )
x+ y+z
Li gii
Ta c:
x ( x + y )( x + =
z)
x x 2 + x ( y + z ) + yz
=
Suy ra
x ( x + y )( x + z )
=
x+ y+z
x2 +
x 2 ( x + y + z ) + xyz .
xyz
.
x+ y+z
Tng t ta c:
y ( y + z )( y + x )
x+ y+z
z ( z + x )( z + y )
xyz
xyz
.
=
y2 +
;
=
z2 +
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
687
Suy ra P =
x2 +
xyz
xyz
xyz
.
+ y2 +
+ z2 +
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
x+ y+z
xyz
P ( x + y + z ) + 3
x+ y+z
Theo bt ng thc schur ta c:
2
( x + y + z )2 +
9 xyz
.
x+ y+z
( x + y + z )3 + 9 xyz 4 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx )
(x + y + z) +
2
9 xyz
4 ( xy + yz + zx ) =
4
x+ y+z
Do P 2 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z=
1
.
3

1 v xy + yz + zx > 0 ;
k l mt s thc dng.
k x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 9 xyz
xy + yz + zx
Li gii
Ta c:
k ( x + y + z ) 2k ( xy + yz + zx ) + 9 xyz
2
P=
xy + yz + zx
9 xyz
k
+
2k .
xy + yz + zx xy + yz + zx
Theo bt ng thc Schur ta c:
( x + y + z )3 + 9 xyz 4 ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx )
1 + 9 xyz 4 ( xy + yz + zx )
Suy ra P
TH1: Nu
9 xyz
1
4
zy + yz + zx
xy + yz + zx
k
1
k 1
+4
=
2k
+ 4 2k .
xy + yz + zx
xy + yz + zx
xy + yz + zx
2
x + y + z)
(
k > 1 k 1 > 0; xy + yz + zx
=
1
.
3
TH2: Nu 0 < k 1 khi s dng: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +
688
1
P 3 ( k 1) + 4 2k = k + 1 .
3
9 xyz
2 ( xy + yz + zx ) .
x+ y+z
Ta c:
x + y 2 + z 2 + 9 xyz 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) k x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 9kxyz 2k ( xy + yz + zx ) .
2
Mt khc: k 1 k x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 9 xyz k x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 9kxyz .

Do P
x= y=
k x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 9kxyz
xy + yz + zx
2k . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1
2

3.
Chng minh rng ( 2 ab )( 2 bc )( 2 ca ) 1 .
Li gii
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
( 2 ab )( 2 bc )( 2 ca ) 1 0
7 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 2abc ( a + b + c ) a 2b 2 c 2 0
2
2
( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c abc ) 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 7 0
t t = a + b + c,
3 t 3 ab + bc + ca =
( a + b + c )2 a 2 b 2 c 2
2
t2 3
.
2
( a + b + c )3 + 9abc 4 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
9abc 2t t 2 3 t 3 = t 3 6t abc
t 3 6t
9
a 2 + b2 + c2
Ch abc
1
=
a + b + c abc 3 3 abc abc 3abc abc = 2abc 0

a + b + c abc t
t 3 6t 15t t 3
=
9
9
2
15t t 3
Vy ta chng minh t
2 t2 3 + 7 0
9
81.13 81t 2 t 2 t 2 15
)(
9 t 2 9 + 9 t 2 12 t 2 0
689
Lun ng do
3 t 3 . Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi
v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc = 1 .
Chng minh rng
b + c 3 c + a 3 a + b 5( a + b + c) + 9
.
+
+
2a
2b
2c
8
Li gii
t a =x3 , b =y 3 , c =z 3 xyz =1 .
Bt ng thc cho tr thnh:
yz 3
3
3
3
y3 + z3
z 3 + x3
x3 + y 3 5 x + y + z + 9
3
3
.
+ zx
+ xy
2
2
2
8
y3 + z3
=
yz 3
2
y+z
. yz. yz. yz. y 2 yz + z 2
2
3
y + z 3 yz + y 2 yz + z 2
y+z
.
=
2
4
2
Tng t ta c zx 3
3
3
z 3 + x3 z + x
3 x + y x+ y .
;
xy
2
2
2
2

y3 + z3
z 3 + x3
x3 + y 3 ( x + y ) + ( y + z ) + ( z + x )
.
+ zx 3
+ xy 3
2
2
2
8
3
yz 3
( x + y )3 + ( y + z )3 + ( z + x )3 5 ( x3 + y3 + z 3 ) + 9
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3 xy ( x + y ) + yz ( y + z ) + zx ( z + x )
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3 xyz xy ( x + y ) + yz ( y + z ) + zx ( z + x )
Bt ng thc cui l bt ng thc Schur bc 3 nn ta c pcm.

690
C. BI TP RN LUYN
5
2 a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 12abc .
3
Bi 2. Tm hng s dng k ln nht tho mn bt ng thc vi mi a,b,c l cc
s khng m c tng bng 3.
) (
a3 + b3 + c3 + kabc 3 + k .
Bi 3. Chng minh vi a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1, ta c
a+b b+c c+a
1 1 1
+
+
+ 6 2 a + b + c + + + .
c
a
b
a b c

a 2 + bc
3
abc b + c
2
+3
b 2 + ca
abc c + a
2
+3
c 2 + ab
abc a + b
2
9
.
a+b+c

1
1
1
3
+
+
.
9 ab 9 bc 9 ca 8
3.
Chng minh rng 5 ( a + b + c ) +
3
18 .
abc

3.
Chng minh rng 21 + 18abc 13 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
3.
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
1.
5 2ab 5 2bc 5 2ca
D. HNG DN GII P S
5
(a + b + c)
) (
)
3
10
( a + b + c ) + 2abc 2ab ( a + b ) + 2bc ( b + c ) + 2ca ( c + a )
3
2 a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c ) + 12abc
3
Bt ng thc trn l tng ca hai bt ng thc
691
(
2(a
)
+ c ) + 6abc 2ab ( a + b ) + 2bc ( b + c ) + 2ca ( c + a )
4 3
a + b3 + c3 4abc
3
3
+ b3
1
.
3
3
27
15
,c = 0 k + 3
k .
2
4
4
15
Ta chng minh k = l gi tr cn tm.
4
Tht vy bt ng thc tr thnh
15
27
a3 + b3 + c3 + abc
4
4
Bi 2. Cho a = b =
(
3( a
4 a 3 + b3 + c3 + 15abc ( a + b + c )
3
+ b3 + c3 + 3abc 3 ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.

x
y
z
.
=
,b =
,c
y
z
x
Bi 3. Theo gi thit tn ti cc s thc dng x,y,z sao cho=

a
Bt ng thc tr thnh
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3 xyz xy ( x + y ) + yz ( y + z ) + zx ( z + x ) .
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.

abc b 2 + c 2
a + bc
2
a 2 + bc
abc b + c
2
b+c+
a b2 + c2
a + bc
3
2
ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
=
3 a 2 + bc
3 a 2 + bc
ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
Tng t cho 2 cn thc cn li
3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab + bc + ca
V ta ch cn chng minh
ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a )
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) .
Bt ng thc cui chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.

692
9
a+b+c
Bi 5. Quy ng v rt gn vi iu kin a + b + c =
3 bt ng thc cho tng
ng vi a 2b 2 c 2 19abc + 33 ( ab + bc + ca ) 81 0 .
t p = a + b + c = 3; q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc .
Ta cn chng minh r 2 19r + 33q 81 0 .
Theo bt ng thc Schur bc ba ta c
p 4 p q2
r max 0;
9
12 q
) =
.
max 0;
2
+ Nu q 2 3 33q + r 2 > 33q > 100 19r + 81 bt ng thc ng.

+ Nu q 2 3 r
12 q 2
q 3( 4 r ) .
3
Vy ta ch cn chng minh r 2 19r + 33 3 ( 4 r ) 81 0

33 3 ( 4 r ) 81 + 19r r 2
332.3 ( 4 r ) 81 + 19r r 2
(1 r ) r 3 37 r 2 + 162r + 6507 0
3
a+b+c
1.
Bt ng thc cui ng v r
=
3
Bi 7. t t = a + b + c,
3 t 3 ab + bc + ca =
t2 3
.
2
Theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3 ta c
( a + b + c )3 + 9abc 4 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 9abc 2t ( t 2 3) t 3 =
+ Nu t 6 ab + bc + ca
+ Nu
t 3 6t .
3
13.3
21 + 18abc 13 ( ab + bc + ca ) 21
>0.
2
2
6 t 3 21 + 18abc 13 ( ab + bc + ca )
21 + 2 t 6t
3
13 t 2 3
2
2
4t 3 13t 2 24t + 81 ( t 3) 4t t + 27
=
=
0, t 3
2
2
693
CH 3: K THUT DN BIN
A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP
Mt bt ng thc i xng 3 bin a,b,c ta k hiu l P ( a, b, c ) ta phi chng
minh P ( a, b, c ) 0 .
Dn bin chnh l mt cch tch bt ng thc cn chng minh thnh hai bt
ng thc n gin hn tc l nh gi P (a, b, c) qua mt biu thc trung gian
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
b + c b + c
chng hn P a, bc , bc , P a,
,
,
P
a
,
,
2
2
2
2
,... sau
nh gi biu thc trung gian.

Nh vy tm tt theo 2 bc nh sau :
Bc 1 : Chng minh P ( a, b, c ) PTG v cn sp th t cc bin bt ng thc ng.
Bc 2 : Chng minh PTG 0 .
Thng thng thc hin bc 2 trc kim tra tnh ng ca phng php
dn bin, sau thc hin bc 1, ch sp th t cc bin chng hn
a = min {a, b, c} hoc a = max {a, b, c} .
Di y ti trnh by mt s phng php dn bin c th ph thuc vo iu
kin bi ton.
1. Nu iu kin bi ton cho tng 3 s a + b + c =
k
b+c b+c
Ta tm cch nh gi P ( a, b, c ) P a,
,
0
2
2
b+c b+c
k a k a
,
,
P
=
a,
P a,
0
2
2
2
2
Khi ta cn sp th t a = min {a, b, c} hoc a = max {a, b, c} .

V d 1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a + b + c = 1.
1 1 1
+ + + 48(ab + bc + ca ) 25 .
a b c
Li gii
1 1 1
Ta cn chng minh: P (a, b, c) = + + + 48(ab + bc + ca ) 25 0 (1) .
a b c
Chng minh rng
Khng mt tnh tng qut, c th gi s a = max {a, b, c} .

chng minh (1), ta s ln lt chng minh
b+c b+c
i) P (a, b, c) P (a,
,
) vi a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1, a = max {a, b, c} .
2
2
694
ii) P ( a, t , t ) 0 vi a + 2t =
1.
chng minh i), ta xt
P ( a , b, c ) P ( a ,
4
b+c b+c 1 1
b+c
+ 48 bc
,
)= +

2
2
b c b+c
2
1
(b c) 2
=
12
bc(b + c)
(b + c ) 2 .
1
2
V a max {a, b, c} a , b + c bc ( b + c )
=
3
3
4
27
1
27
Suy ra
12
12 > 0 .
bc(b + c)
2
3
Vy i) c chng minh.
chng minh ii), ta c
1 2
+ + 48(2at + t 2 ) 25
a t
1
2
=
+ + 48(2(1 2t )t + t 2 ) 25
1 2t t
P ( a, t , t ) =
2(4t 1) 2 (3t 1) 2
0
(1 2t )t
1
1
hoc t = tng ng vi
3
4
1
1
1
hoc a= b= c=
.
a=
, b= c=
2
4
3
Nhn xt.
1) Khi thc hnh phng php dn bin, nn bt u t bt ng thc ii) trc vi
cc l do sau:
+ Tm c cc im nghi vn xy ra du bng. Bit c im xy ra du bng,
chng ta c th tm c cc cch tip cn thch hp.
+ Nu khng chng minh c ii) th vic dn bin l v ch. V vy phi lm
bc ny trc.
b+c b+c
2) Bt ng thc P (a, b, c) P (a,
,
) ni chung khng ng vi mi a, b, c.
2
2
S dng tnh i xng ca bt ng thc, ta c th sp xp th t a, b, c bt
ng thc ny ng.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi t =
695
3) Vic chn gi tr dn bin n ph thuc vo biu thc ca P v iu kin

rng buc. Trong trng hp bi ton trn, do c iu kin a + b + c = 1 nn ta
bt buc phi dn bin n cc bin m iu kin ny khng thay i.
4) Kho lo nh gi iu kin ca bin ta hon ton dn c bin v chng minh
bt ng thc trong trng hp hai bin bng nhau(xem v d 2).
V d 2. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc + 5 3 ( a + b + c ) .
Li gii
Ta cn chng minh P (a, b, c) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + abc + 5 3 ( a + b + c ) 0 .
Gi s c l s nh nht trong ba s a, b, c. Xt hiu
P (a, b, c) P ( ab , ab , c) = a b
) (
2
a+ b
a + b a + b (a b) (2 c)
,
,c =
P ( a , b, c ) P
2
4
2
+ Nu c 1 a + b 2 P (a, b, c) P ( ab , ab , c) .
a+b a+b
+ Nu c < 1 P(a, b, c) P
,
,c .
2
2
Do vy ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc trong trng hp hai s bng nhau.
P ( ab , ab , c)= t 2 ( c + 2 ) 6t + c 2 3c + 5, t=
ab .
Ta c 't =9 ( c + 2 ) c 2 3c + 5 = ( c 1) ( c + 1) 0 .
2
iu chng t bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch

khi a= b= c= 1 .
Nhn xt. Ngoi ra ta c th chng minh n gin bng Nguyn l Dirichlet.
Trong ba s (a 1),(b 1),(c 1) lun c hai s cng du gi s l
( a 1)( b 1) 0 ab a + b 1 abc ac + bc c .
Vy ta ch cn chng minh a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 5 + ac + bc c 3 ( a + b + c ) .
Ta c VT
1
( a + b )2 2ab + ( c 3)( a + b ) + c 2 4c + 5 0 .
2
Ch a +b =
( c 1) 0 ta c pcm.
( c 3) 2 c 2 4c + 5 =
2
2. Nu iu kin bi ton cho tch ba s bng 1
Ta tm cch nh gi P ( a, b, c ) P a, bc , bc 0
696
P a,=
bc , bc
P 2 , x, x 0 vi x = bc .
x

b
Ch . Mt s trng hp dn bin v f (ta, b / t , c) vi t ;1 .
a
V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1.
1 1 1
6
+ + +
5.
a b c a+b+c
Li gii
1 1 1
6
Ta cn chng minh: P (a, b, c) = + + +
5 0 (1) .
a b c a+b+c
Chng minh rng

gi s a max {a, b, c} a bc .
chng minh bt ng thc (1) ta thc hin chng minh 2 bt ng thc sau:
i) P ( a, b, c ) P a, bc , bc vi abc
= 1,=
a max {a, b, c} .
1
ii) P 2 , x, x 0 vi x = bc .
x
Chng minh bt ng thc i)

Ta c:
P (a, b, c) P (a, bc , bc ) =
=
b c
bc
(
(
6 2 bc b c
1 1
2
+
+
b c
bc ( a + b + c ) a + 2 bc
Do a bc , b + c 2 bc
1 1 1
6
2
6
1
+ + +
+
+
a b c a+b+c a
bc a + 2 bc
b c
(a + b + c)(a + 2
bc
( a + b + c ) a + 2 bc 6bc
bc ( a + b + c ) a + 2 bc
b c
( a + b + c ) a + 2 bc 6bc 3 bc a + 2 bc 6bc = 3a bc > 0

1
Do P (a, b, c) P (a, bc , bc ) =
f 2 , x, x vi x = bc .
x
697
Chng minh bt ng thc ii)

Ta ch cn chng minh x 2 +
2
x
2x +
1
x2
5 0 .
( x 1) 2 x 4 + 4 x3 4 x 2 x + 2 0 (lun ng).
2

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x =1 a =b =c =1 .
3. Nu iu kin bi ton cho tng bnh phng ca 3 s a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
k
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
0
Ta tm cch nh gi P ( a, b, c ) P a,
,
2
2
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
k a2 k a2
P a,
,
,
P =
a,
2
2
2
2

V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
3.
Chng minh rng a + b + c a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 .
Li gii
a b c a 1, b 2 + c 2 2 b + c b 2 + c 2 =2 .
Ta cn chng minh:
f ( a , b, c ) = a + b + c a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 = a + b + c a 2 b 2 + c 2 b 2 c 2 0 .
Xt
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
f ( a , b, c ) f a ,
,
2
2
b2 + c2
b2 + c2
2
2
=b+c2
b c +
2
(b
c2
4
( b + c )2 2 ( b 2 + c 2 )
b + c + 2 b2 + c2
( b + c )2
1
=
( b c )
4
b + c + 2 b2 + c2
698
( b + c )2
4
( b + c )3 + ( b + c )2
b + c + 2 b2 + c2
2 b2 + c2 4
=
4 b + c + 2 b 2 + c 2
2 2 + 2 2.2 4
4 b + c + 2 b 2 + c 2
>0
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
,
f a,
2
2
3 a2 3 a2
f a,
,
2
2
) 14 (3 a )
2 2
a + 2 3 a2 a2 3 a2 +
3
3
2
( a 1) ( a + 1)
4
3 a + 2 3 a2
0 (lun ng).
3
3
3
3 3 2
2
( a + 1) =
a + 2a 0, a [ 0;1] .
( a + 1)2
4
4
4 4
3 a + 2 3 a2

4. Dn bin bng hm s
Di y ti trnh by k thut dn bin bng hm s dng n gin nht khi
iu kin bi ton cho tng cc s khng i (a + b + c =
k ) du bng t ti
mt bin bng 0 hoc 2 s bng nhau.
Khi sp th t li bin s gi s a b c lc du bng t ti
2
b+c
c =0 bc =0 hoc b =c bc =
.
2
t= b + c
t2
nn ta t
.
,0 s
4
s = bc
a bt ng thc cn chng minh v dng hm s f(s) v ch ra rng f(s)
t2
nghch bin hoc ng bin trn 0; .
4
699
+ Nu du bng t ti mt s bng 0 ta cn ch ra rng f(s) nghch bin tc

f ( s ) f (0) , lc a v chng minh bt ng thc vi 2 bin a v t vi
a+t =
k . Vy bi ton a v chng minh bt ng thc mt bin s.
t2
tc f(s) l hm ng bin.
4
+ Nu du bng t ti 2 s bng nhau khi b = c s =
(a
)(
)(
+ b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a 2
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c .
1
.
32
2
2
P = ( b + c ) 2bc . a 4 + a 2 ( b + c ) 2bc + b 2 c 2 .
t2
t b + c = t , bc = s, s 0; ta c
4
P = f ( s) = t 2 2s a 4 + a 2 t 2 2s + s 2 .
t2
Xt hm s f ( s ) = t 2 2 s a 4 + a 2 t 2 2 s + s 2 vi s 0; ta c
)(
f '( s ) =
2 a 4 + a 2 t 2 2 s + s 2 + 2 t 2 2 s s a 2 .
Ch s
t2 1 2
1
= a 2 s a 2 0 f '( s ) 0 .
4 4 3
9
t2
Do f(s) l hm nghch bin trn on 0; .
4
Suy ra P = f ( s ) f (0) = t 2 a 4 + a 2t 2 = a 2t 2 a 2 + t 2
1
2
2
= t 2 (1 t ) t 2 + (1 t )
32
2
2
2
Ch kho st hm mt bin g (t )= t 2 (1 t ) t 2 + (1 t ) trn on 0; ta
3
c kt qu trn.
1
2
700
2
c
c
Cch 2: Gi
=
s c min {a, b, c} b + c b + ; a 2 + c 2 a + v
2
2
c
c
a 2 + b2 a + + b + .
2
2
c
c
t x = a + , y = b + x + y = 1; P x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2 .
2
2
Khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 2 s dng ta c
Px y
2 2
xy
1 x+ y
x +
y
.2 xy x 2 + y 2
=
2
2 2
2
2 xy + x 2 + y 2
1
.
=
2
32
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 1. Chng minh
(a
)(
)(
1
.
256
3
+ b3 b3 + c 3 c 3 + a 3
bc ca ab 9
21
+ +
+ abc .
a
b
c 4
4
Li gii
Gi P l biu thc v tri v gi s a = max {a, b, c} ta c
2
b2 + c2 9
bc
s a t 2s 9
P =+ a
+ abc =+
+ as .
bc 4
a
a
s
4
2
s a t 2s 9
Xt hm s f ( s ) =
+
+ as trn na khong
a
s
4
t2
0; ta c
4
t2
2
2
2
9a 2 + 4 4a 2 t
s
a
a
t
9
+
4
4
1 at
9
f '( s ) = 2 + a =
16
a s
4
4as 2
4as 2
(9a + 4) t 64a
=
t.
2
64as 2
t.
2 9a 2 + 4 64a 2
64as 2
8 46a 2
=
t.
<0
64as 2
t2
Vy f(s) l hm nghch bin trn 0; suy ra
4
2
2
t2 t2
9a ( 3 a )
9at 2 ( 3 a )
.
+ 2a +
=
+ 2a +
P = f (s) f =
4 4a
16
4a
16

701
Ch .
2
9a ( 3 a )
( 3 a ) 2 + 2a =
+
9 ( a 1) ( a 2 )
4a
16
16a
21 21
.
4
4
1 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( a; b; c ) = (1;1;1) ; 2; ; hoc cc hon v.
2 2

3.
Chng minh rng a + b + c +
7 1 1 1 81
.
+ +
20 a b c 20
Li gii
t
.
2
t t =
b2 + c2 ; s =
bc, s
7 1
b 2 + c 2 + 2bc
+
20 a
bc
7 1
t + 2s
=a + t + 2 s + +
20 a
s
P =a + b 2 + c 2 + 2bc +
Xt hm s f ( s ) =a + t + 2 s +
7 1
t + 2s
+
ta c
20 a
s
7 (t + s )
20 s 2 7 ( t + s )
1
f '( s ) =
=2
<0
t + 2 s 20 s 2 t + 2 s
20 s t + 2 s
t
20 s 2 7 ( t + 2 s ) 20 s 2 7.4=
s 4 s ( 5s 7 ) < 0, s 1
2
V vy f(s) l hm nghch bin do
7 1 2 2
t
2t + +
P=
f ( s ) f =+
a
20 a
t
2
7 1
2 2 81
= 3 t + 2t +
+
20 3 t
t 20
(a
)(
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c .
702
+ b3 + c3 a3b3 + b3c3 + c3 a3 36 ( ab + bc + ca ) .
Vit li bt ng thc cho di dng
3
3
P = a3 + ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + c ) . a3 ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + c ) + b3c3 36a ( b + c ) 36bc 0
t2
t b + c = t , bc = s, s 0; ta c
4
P=
(a
)(
+ t 3 3ts a3t 3 3a3ts + s 3 36at 36 s .
Xt hm s f ( s ) =
t2
a3 + t 3 3ts a3t 3 3a3ts + s3 36at 36s vi s 0; ta c
4
)(
) (
)(
f '( s ) =
3t a3t 3 3a3ts + s 3 + a3 + t 3 3ts 3s 2 3a 3t 36 0 .
V s 2 a3t 0 vi t 2, a 1, s 1 .
t2
Do f(s) l hm nghch bin trn 0; suy ra
4
3
f( s ) f(0) = a3 + t 3 a3t 3 36at = ( a + t ) 3at ( a + t ) a3t 3 36at
= 27 9t ( 3 t ) t 3 ( 3 t ) 36t ( 3 t )
3
Vy ta ch cn chng minh 27 9t ( 3 t ) t 2 ( 3 t ) 36 0, t [ 0;2] .

2
9
t x = t ( 3 t ) , ta chng minh
4
( 27 9 x ) x 2 36 x3 3x 2 + 4 0 ( x 2 )2 ( x + 1) 0 (lun ng).
a 2,=
b 1,=
c 0 hoc cc hon v.
V d 5. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh
x4 ( y + z ) + y 4 ( z + x ) + z 4 ( x + y )
1
( x + y + z )5 .
12
Li gii
Bt ng thc c dng thun nht bc 5 ta chun ho x + y + z =
1.
Ta phi chng minh
x4 ( y + z ) + y 4 ( z + x ) + z 4 ( x + y )
1
.
12
Gi P l biu thc v tri v=

gi s x max { x, y, z} x
1
ta c
3
703
) (
P= x 4 ( y + z ) + yz y 3 + z 3 + x y 4 + z 4
3
4
2
= x 4 ( y + z ) + yz ( y + z ) 3 yz ( y + z ) + x ( y + z ) + 2 y 2 z 2 4 ( y + z ) yz
= tx 4 + xt 4 + ( 2 x 3t ) s 2 + t 2 ( t 4 x ) s
t2
t= y + z
Vi
, s 0; .
4
s = yz
t2
Xt hm s f ( s ) = tx 4 + xt 4 + ( 2 x 3t ) s 2 + t 2 ( t 4 x ) s trn on 0; ta c
4
f '( s ) =
2 ( 2 x 3t ) s + t 2 ( t 4 x ) 2 ( 2 x 3t ) .
t2 2
t3
+ t (t 4x ) =
3 xt 2 0 .
4
2
t2
4
V vy P = f ( s ) f (0) = tx 4 + xt 4 = xt x3 + t 3 = x (1 x ) x3 + (1 x )
) 121 .

3+ 6 3 6 3 6 3+ 6
;
;
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( x; y; z ) = 0;
; 0;
6
6
6
6
v cc hon v ca mi b s tng ng.

V d 6. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh
(8 x
)(
)(
+ yz 8 y 2 + zx 8 z 2 + xy ( x + y + z ) .
6
Li gii
Bt ng thc c dng thun nht bc 6 ta hun ho x + y + z =
1.
)(
)(
Ta phi chng minh 8 x 2 + yz 8 y 2 + zx 8 z 2 + xy 1 .

1
gi s x max { x, y, z} x .
3
Gi P l biu thc v tri ca bt ng thc ta c
P=
704
(8 x
= (8 x
= (8 x
2
2
2
)
(
)
+ yz ){64 y z + 8 x ( y + z ) 3 yz ( y + z ) + x
+ s )( 64 s + 8 xt 24 xts + x s )
+ yz 64 y 2 z 2 + 8 x y 3 + z 3 + x 2 yz
2 2
yz
t2
t= y + z
Vi
, s 0; .
4
s = yz
t2
Xt hm s f ( s ) = 8 x 2 + s 64 s 2 + 8 xt 3 24 xts + x 2 s trn on 0; .
4
)(
)(
f '( s )= 64 s 2 + 8 xt 3 24 xts + x 2 s + 8 x 2 + s 128s + x 2 24 xt
f ''( s )= 128s 24 xt + x 2 + 128s + x 2 24 xt + 128 8 x 2 + s
171
f '''( s ) = 384 f ''( s ) f ''(0) = 1026 x 2 48 xt = 48 x

xt > 0
8
t2
t2
Do f(s) l hm li trn on 0; do f(s) t max ti 0 hoc
.
4
4
3
x + 1 x 2
Ta c f (0) = 64 x t = 64 x (1 x ) 64
= 1 ; v
2

3 3
t2
f =
4

2 t 2 4
x 2t 2
3
+
+
+
8
x
4
t
2
xt
4
4
x 2 (1 x )
(1 x )2
4 (1 x )4 + 2 x (1 x )3 +
1
= 8x2 +
4
4
Vy ta c max P bng 1. Bt ng thc c chng minh.

1 1 1 1 1
Du bng t ti ( x; y; z ) = ; ; ; 0; ; hoc cc hon v ca mi b s
3 3 3 2 2
tng ng.
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx > 0 .
Chng minh rng
1
8 x 2 + yz
1
8 y 2 + zx
1
8 z 2 + xy
3
.
x+ y+z
Ch . Bi ton ny l h qu ca bt ng thc trn.

Nh vy qua vic dn bin bng hm s n gin qua tng v tch nh trn
cc bi ton c x l kh n gin. Bn c th so snh li gii cc bi ton trn
vi cc cch dn bin cng nh phng khc thy c hiu qu u vit ca
phng php ny.
705
B. BI TP CHN LC
)(
)(
Bi 1. Cho tam gic ABC chng minh rng 1 + cos 2 A 1 + cos 2 B 1 + cos 2 C
Li gii
gi s C min { A, B, C} 0 < C
)(
A+ B
Ta chng minh 1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos 2

.
2
Tht vy bt ng thc cho tng ng vi

sin 2
A B
6cos C cos ( A B ) 1 0 .
2
1
Bt ng thc ng bi v 6cos C cos ( A B ) 1 6. 2 = 1 > 0 .
2
T suy ra
)(
)(
A+ B
2
1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C 1 + cos 2
1 + cos C .
2
2
125
2 A+ B
2
1 + cos
1 + cos C
2
64
125
C
1 + sin 2 1 + cos 2 C
2
64
125
1 cos C
2
1 +
1 + cos C
2
64
( 2cos C 1) 4cos 2 C 20cos C + 19 0

2
2
( 2cos C 1) 4cos 2 C 1 + 20 (1 cos C ) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do 4cos 2 C 1 0;1 cos C > 0 .

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi A= B= C= 600 .
1.
Chng minh rng xy + yz + zx 12 x3 + y 3 + z 3
706
)( x
y + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 .
2 2
125
.
64
Li gii
1
gi s x max { x, y, z} x .
3
Ta cn chng minh
xy + yz + zx 12 x3 + y 3 + z 3
)( x
y + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 0 .
2 2

3
2
P = x ( y + z ) + yz 12 x3 + ( y + z ) 3 yz ( y + z ) . x 2 ( y + z ) 2 x 2 yz + y 2 z 2
)(
= xt + s 12 x3 + t 3 3ts x 2t 2 2 x 2 s + s 2
t2
t= y + z
Vi
, s 0; .
4
s = yz
)(
Xt hm s f ( s ) = xt + s 12 x3 + t 3 3ts x 2t 2 2 x 2 s + s 2 lin tc trn on

t2
0; ta c
4
)(
f '( s ) =1 + 36t x 2t 2 2 x 2 s + s 2 + 24 x3 + t 3 3ts x 2 s 0 do x 2 s 0 .

t2
Do f(s) l hm ng bin trn on 0; .
4
V vy
3
2
f ( s ) f (0) = xt 12 x3 + t 3 x 2t 2 = x (1 x ) 12 x3 + (1 x ) x 2 (1 x )
=x (1 x ) 1 12 x (1 x ) (1 3x (1 x ) )
2
1
= x (1 x ) 6 x (1 x ) 1 0, x ;1
3
x (1 x ) =
0
1 x= 1, y= z= 0
6 x (1 x ) =
3+ 3
3 3
0
yz
=
,y
,z 0.
=
=
=
x
6
6
x + y + z =
1
3+ 3
3 3
, y 0,=
=
=
z
x 1
x
6
6
3
707
Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh
9
x3 + y 3 + z 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) .
( x + y + z )5
4 6 9
x
y
z
9
+
+
.
1 yz 1 zx 1 xy 8
Li gii
Bt ng thc v tri l hin nhin theo C S tht vy
( x + y + z)
x
y
z
1
+
+
=
1.
1 yz 1 zx 1 xy x (1 yz ) + y (1 zx ) + z (1 xy ) 1 3xyz
2
Ta chng minh bt ng v phi.

Gi P l biu thc v tri v gi s x = max { x, y, z} ta c
y + z x ( y + z ) 2 yz
x
=
P
+
1 yz
x 2 yz x ( y + z ) + 1
t x t 2 2s
x
=
+ 2
1 s
x s xt + 1
t2
t= y + z
vi
, s 0; .
4
s = yz
t x t 2 2s
x
Xt hm s f=
lin tc trn
( s)
+ 2
1 s
x s xt + 1
t2
0; ta c
4
(
(
x x 2t 3 xt + 2
x
x3t 3 x 2t + 2 x
x
=2 +
>0
f '( s ) =2 +
2
2
(1 s )
(1 s )
x 2 s xt + 1
x 2 s xt + 1
do x 2t 3 xt + 2 > 2 3 xt 2
3
3 5
( x + t )2 = 2 = > 0 .
4
4 4
t2
Vy f(s) l hm ng bin trn 0; .
4
708
xt 2
2
t2
x
Do f ( s ) f = 2 + 2 2
4
x t
1 t
xt + 1
4
4
4x
4 (1 x )
= 2.
4 (1 x ) 2 x (1 x )
x 2 (1 x ) 4 x (1 x ) + 4
2
3 x3 5 x 2 + 3 x + 3
x 4 3 x3 + x 2 x 6
Ta chng minh 2.
3 x3 5 x 2 + 3 x + 3
x 3x + x x 6
Bt ng thc lun ng.
4
9
2
( 3 x 1) x 2 + 3 x 6 0 .
8
1
.
3

Bi tp tng t
Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1.
9
1
1
1
27
.
+
+
4 1 + xy 1 + yz 1 + zx 4 ( x + y + z )2
Chng minh rng
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1 . Chng minh rng
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) 4 ( a + b + c 1) .
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s a b c
a 1 v ta cn chng minh
( a + b )( a + c )( b + c ) 4 ( a + b + c 1) 0
f (a, b, c) = a 2 + a ( b + c ) + bc ( b + c ) 4 ( a + b + c 1) 0 .
Xt
f (a, b, c) f (a, bc , bc )
) (
2
= a 2 b + c 2 bc + a ( b + c ) 4bc + bc b + c 2 bc 4 b + c 2 bc
b c
a 2 + a b + c + 2 bc + bc 4 0
a 2 + a b + c + 2 bc + bc 4 = a 2 + 2 a + a ( b + c ) + bc 4
a 2 + 2 a + 2a bc + bc 4 = a 2 + 4 a + bc 4 1 + bc > 0
709
Do a 1 .
1
V vy ta ch cn chng minh f (a, bc , bc ) 0 f 2 , x, x 0 vi x = bc

x
1
1
1
2 x 2 + x 2 + x 4 2 x + 2 1 0
x
x
x
)
+ 1) 0
x3 + 1 2 x + 2 x 4 x3 x 6 4 x 4 + 4 x3 2 x + 1 0
( x 1)
(x
+ 2 x3 x 2
2
2
( x 1) x 2 1 + 2 x3 + x 2 0 (lun ng).
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x =1 a =b =c =1 .

Cch 2: Ta c:
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) abc = ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) 1 .
Mt khc:
( ab + bc + ca )2 3abc ( a + b + c )= 3 ( a + b + c ) ab + bc + ca
3( a + b + c ) .
Vy bi ton c chng minh nu bt ng thc sau ng:
( a + b + c ) 3 ( a + b + c ) 1 4 ( a + b + c 1) .
Tht vy t t =
a + b + c , t 3 . Xt hm s f (t ) =
Ta c f=
'(t ) 3 3t 2 8t > 0, t 3 nn
3t 3 4t 2 + 3 vi t 3 .
f (t ) ng bin trn 3; + hay
f (t ) f ( 3) =
0.
Do ( a + b + c ) 3 ( a + b + c ) 1 4 ( a + b + c 1) .
3
1 1 1
a 2 + b2 + c2 + 6 a + b + c + + + .
2
a b c
Li gii
3
1 1 1
t P ( a, b, c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 6 a + b + c + + + .
2
a b c
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a= min {a, b, c} x=
710
bc 1
Ta chng minh P ( a, b, c ) P a, bc , bc
Tht vy
P ( a, b, c ) P a, bc , bc =
1
2
1
2
1
3
1 1
2
b + c 2 bc + +
b c
2
bc
2
2
3
b c 2 b + c 3
bc
2
3
b c 8bc 3
bc
( b c )2
) (
b c
( 8 3 3) 0
Mt khc
6
5
4
3
2
1
x 6 x + 12 x 6 x 3 x + 2
P a,=
bc , bc P=
,
x
,
x
2
2 x4
x
2
( x 1)2 x 2 2 x 1 + x 2 + 1
0
4
2x
)(
)(
1 a 2 a + 1 b2 b + 1 c2 c + 1 7 .
Li gii
gi s a max {a, b, c} a 1, b + c 2 .
t2
t= b + c
t
, s 0; ta c
4
s = bc
P=
=
=
(a
(a
(a
2
2
a + 1 b 2 c 2 bc ( b + c ) + b 2 + c 2 + bc ( b + c ) + 1
)
a + 1) s
2
a + 1 b 2 c 2 + ( b + c ) ( b + c ) bc (1 + b + c ) + 1
+ t 2 t s ( t + 1) + 1
(a
Xt hm s f ( s=
)
f '( s=
)
(a
a + 1 s 2 + t 2 t s ( t + 1) + 1 ta c
a + 1 ( 2 s t 1) < 0
v 2s t 1
t2
t 2 2t 2 t ( t 2 ) 2
t 1 =
<0.
2
2
2
711
t2
t2
Do f(s) l hm nghch bin trn on 0; . V vy f P f (0) .
4
4

Ta c
(a
f (0)=
)(
) (a
a +1 t2 t +1 =
2
a + 1 ( 3 a ) ( 3 a ) + 1 7 .
3
7
V bt ng thc tng ng vi: a ( a 3) a + 0 .
2
4
ng vi mi a [ 0;3] .
t2
Tng t: f =
4

t4
t2
a + 1 + t 2 t ( t + 1) + 1
4
16
t4
t2
2
= ( 3 t ) ( 3 t ) + 1 + t 2 t ( t + 1) + 1 1
16
4
bi v bt ng thc tng ng vi
(a
( t 2 )2 ( t 4 5t 3 + 15t 2 24t + 24 ) 0 (lun ng).

3.
)(
)(
Chng minh rng a 2 + a + 1 b 2 + b + 1 c 2 + c + 1 27 .

Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = min {a, b, c} a 1, b + c = 3 a 2 .
2
b + c 2 b + c
Ta chng minh b + b + 1 c + c + 1
+ 1 .
+
2
2
)(
1
( b c )2 b2 + c 2 + 6bc + 4b + 4c 4 0 .
16
Bt ng thc lun ng v b 2 + c 2 + 6bc + 4b + 4c 4 4 ( b + c ) 4 > 0 .

2
b + c 2 b + c
Vy ta ch cn chng minh a + a + 1
+ 1 27 .
+
2
2
3 a 2 3 a
a + a + 1
+ 1 27 .
+
2
2
712
)(
a 2 + a + 1 a 2 8a + 19
432 .
( a 1) a 4 13a3 + 60a 2 85a 71 0 .

2
Lun ng v
a 4 13a3 + 60a 2 85a 71 = a 4 13a3 85a 11 + 60 a 2 1 < 0, a [ 0;1] .

Nhn xt. Li gii trn xut pht t cch dn bin
(a
P (a, b, c)=
)(
)(
+ a + 1 b2 + b + 1 c2 + c + 1 .
b+c b+c
P ( a , b, c ) P a ,
,
(ng) ta ch cn gi s a = min {a, b, c} .
2
2
Bi 8. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

6 v a, b, c 1 .
)(
)(
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =a 2 + 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 + 2 .

Li gii
c = min {a, b, c} c
a+b+c
= 2; a + b = 6 c 4 .
3
2
a + b 2
Ta chng minh a + 2 b + 2
+ 2 .
2
Tht vy bt ng thc tng ng vi :
)(
16 a 2b 2 + 2a 2 + 2b 2 + 4 ( a + b ) + 16 ( a + b ) + 64
4
( a + b ) 16a 2b 2 16 ( a b )
4
2
2
2
( a + b ) 4ab . ( a + b ) + 4ab 16 ( a b )
2
2
( a b ) ( a + b ) + 4ab 16 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do ( a + b ) 16 .

2
a + b 2
2
Do P c + 2 .
+ 2 = c + 2
2
6 c 2
.
+ 2
2
6 c 2
Xt hm s f (c) =
c + 2 .
+ 2 trn on [ 0;2] ta c
2
713
3 5
c 20c 4 + 156c3 552c 2 + 800c 352
8
3
= ( c 2 ) c 2 12c + 44 c 2 6c + 4 0, c [ 0;2]
8
f '(c) =
)(
Do f(c) l hm ng bin trn on [ 0;2] .

Suy ra P f (c) f (2) =
Nhn xt. Ch ng thc
( 2 + a )( 2 + b )
2
2
a + b 2
a b)
(
a 2 + 6ab + b 2 16 .
2 +
=
2
16
)(
)(
Vi nhng bi ton c tch i xng k + a 2 k + b 2 k + c 2 vi k > 0 ta nh
gi gia k + a
)( k + b )
2
a + b 2
vi k +
.
2
2
a + b 2
( a b )2 a 2 + b2 + 6ab 8k .
Ta c : k + a k + b k +
=
16
2
1.
)(
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P= ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + ca c 2 + a 2 .

Li gii
t2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c t b + c = t , bc = s, s 0; .
4
Khi a = 1 t
b+c t
2
= t v
2
2
3
P= a3 ( b + c ) + a b3 + c3 + bc b 2 + c 2
3
2
= a3 ( b + c ) + a ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + c ) + bc ( b + c ) 2bc
) (
=a3t + a t 3 3st + s t 2 2 s
) (
Xt hm s f ( s ) =a3t + a t 3 3st + s t 2 2 s ta c
f '( s ) = t 2 4 s 3at = t ( t 3a ) 4 s 0 .
714
t2
4
Suy ra f ( s ) f (0) = a3t + at 3 = (1 t ) t + (1 t ) t 3 .

3
3
2
Xt hm s g (t ) = (1 t ) t + (1 t ) t 2 vi t 0; ta c
3
f '(t ) = (1 2t ) ; f '(t ) = 0 t =
3
1
.
2

t=
1
nn f(t) t cc i ti
2
1
1 1
hay P f (t ) f =
.
2
2 8
1
2
Nhn xt. Vi a,b,c khng m v a + b + c =
k vi chng minh tng t ta c c
k4
.
8
1.
ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + ca c 2 + a 2
P=
b + c +1 c + a +1
Li gii
Vi a,b,c khng m ta lun c
a
P=
=
b,
c
a + b3 + 1
3
c.
b + c +1
c + a +1
a + b3 + 1
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c P a + b + c =
1.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi mt s bng 1 v hai s bng 0.
3
a,
( a + b + c )2
) (
) (
b3 + c 3 + 1 c 3 + a 3 + 1 a 3 + b3 + 1 a b3 + c 3 + 1 + b c 3 + a 3 + 1 + c a 3 + b3 + 1
) (
) (
a b + c + b c + a 3 + c a 3 + b3 + 1
3
715
Vy tm gi tr nh nht ca P ta tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
) (
) (
M = a b3 + c 3 + b c 3 + a 3 + c a 3 + b3 .
t2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c t b + c = t , bc = s, s 0;
4
Khi a = 1 t
b+c t
2
= t v
2
2
3
M= a3 ( b + c ) + a b3 + c3 + bc b 2 + c 2
3
2
= a3 ( b + c ) + a ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + c ) + bc ( b + c ) 2bc
) (
=a3t + a t 3 3st + s t 2 2 s
) (
Xt hm s f ( s ) =a3t + a t 3 3st + s t 2 2 s ta c
f '( s ) = t 2 4 s 3at = t ( t 3a ) 4 s 0 .
t2
4
Suy ra f ( s ) f (0) = a3t + at 3 = (1 t ) t + (1 t ) t 3 .

3
3
2
Xt hm s g (t ) = (1 t ) t + (1 t ) t 2 vi t 0; ta c
3
f '(t ) = (1 2t ) ; f '(t ) = 0 t =
3
1
.
2

t=
1
nn f(t) t cc i ti
2
1
1 1
hay M f (t ) f =
.
2
2 8
1
2
1
1
Tm c GTLN ca M bng t ti a= b=
8
2
1
8
Suy ra P
.
=
1 9
1+
8
8
1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng t ti a= b=
9
2
716
Nhn xt. Vi a,b,c khng m v a + b + c =

k vi chng minh tng t ta c c
ab a 2 + b 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + ca c 2 + a 2
k4
.
8
Bi tp tng t
Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m c tng bng 1. Chng minh
a
1+ b + c
2
b
1+ c + a
2
c
1+ a + b
2
4
.
5
Bi 11. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =

1.
1
1
1
5
+
+
.
a+b b+c c+a 2
Li gii
Chng minh rng

t2
t= b + c
1 s
t
, s 0; ta c at + s =1 a =
t
s = bc
4

1
1
1
1
2a + b + c
+
+
=
+ 2
P=
b + c a + b a + c b + c a + ab + bc + ca
1 s
2
+t
2.
1 2a + t 1
1 t 2s + t + 2
t
=
+
=
+
=
+
2
t a 2 + 1 t 1 s 2
t
t 2 + ( s 1)
1
+
2
1 t 2 s + t + 2
trn on
Xt hm s f ( s )= +
2
t
t 2 + ( s 1)
f '( s ) =
2t ( s 1) t s
2t a s
=
2 2
2
t 2 + ( s 1)
t 2 + ( s 1)
2
) (
t2
0; ta c
4
t2
2t 3 s
4
0
2 2
t 2 + ( s 1)
) (
2
t2
Do f(s) l hm ng bin trn on 0;
4
2
1 t t +2
V vy f ( s ) f (0) =
+ 2
t
t +1
)
717
2
1 t t +2 5
2
+ 2
( t 1) 2t 2 t + 2 0 (lun ng).
t
2
t +1
a= b= 1, c= 0 hoc cc hon v.
Ta cn chng minh
Cch 2: Khng mt tnh tng qut=

gi s c max {a, b, c} c
a+b
.
2
1 ab
vo bt ng thc cn chng minh ta c
a+b
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
5
t P (a, b, c=
)
+
+
=
+
+
.
1
1
ab
ab
2
a+b b+c c+a 2 a+b a+
b+
a+b
a+b
Thay c =
Xt hiu P (a, b, c) P a + b,
,0
a
+
b
1

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+a+b+
a+b
a + b a + 1 ab b + 1 ab a + b + 1
a+b
a+b
a+b
1
a+b a+b
=
+
+
+
1
a
b
(
)
1 + a 2 1 + b2
1 + ( a + b )2
Ta chng minh
1
1+ a
a+b
1 + a2
1
1+ b
1+
+
1
+
a
b
(
)
1 + b2
1 + ( a + b )2
a+b
1
1 + (a + b)
ab ab ( a + b ) + 2ab 2 0
ab ( a + b ) 2 (1 ab ) (lun ng).
2
V 2 (1 ab =
) 2c ( a + b ) ( a + b ) ab ( a + b )
2
Vy ta cn chng minh
P ( a + b,
1
1
1
5
,0) 0
+a+b+
1
a+b
a+b 2
a+b+
a+b
718
a+b
1 + ( a + b)
1 + ( a + b)
a+b
5
.
2
2(a + b)
= 2.
a+b
a+b
1 5
Ta cn chng minh x + 2 x 2 5 x + 2 0 ( 2 x 1)( x 2 ) 0 (lun ng).
x 2
t x=
1 + (a + b)
1
a + b =
a= c= 1, b= 0
.
=
+ bc + ca 1
ab
b= c= 1, a= 0
2
0
ab ab ( a + b ) + 2ab 2 =
Bi ton c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= 1, c= 0 hoc

cc hon v.
Cch 3: t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc .
Bt ng thc c vit li di dng:
1 + p2 5
( p 2 )( 2 p 1) + 5r 0 .
pr 2
+ Nu p 2 bt ng thc hin nhin ng.

3 p 2 theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c
+ Nu
r
p 4q p 2
9
)=
4p p
.
3
4 p p3
0
9
5 p ( p + 2 ) 9 ( 2 p 1)
(2 p)
0
9
Ta ch cn chng minh ( p 2 )( 2 p 1) + 5.
( 2 p ) 5 p2 8 p + 9 0
Bt ng thc lun ng ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 12. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca =
1.
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+
2.
a+b b+c c+a a+b+c
Li gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = min {a, b, c} .

+ Nu b + c > 2
1
1
> , khi theo bi ton trn ta c
a+b+c
2
719
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
+
+

+
+
> 2.
a+b b+c c+a 2
a+b b+c c+a a+b+c
t2
t= b + c
Ta xt vi b + c 2, khi t
, s 0; ,0 < t 2
s = bc
4
1 s
.
t
Gi biu thc v tri l P ta c
1
1
1
1
1
2a + b + c
1
P=
+
+
=
+
2
b+c a+b a+c a+b+c b+c
a
+
b+c
a +1
1 s
2.
+t
1 2a + t
1
1
1
t
=
+ 2
=
+
2
1 s
t a +1 a + t t 1 s
+t
+1
t
t
Ta c at + s =1 a =
1
t 2 + 2 2s
t
=
+ t.
2
t
s + t 2 + 1
t 2 + ( s 1)
1
t 2 + 2 2s
t
Xt hm s f ( s ) =
trn on
+ t.
2
2
t
s + t 2 + 1
t + ( s 1)
2
2t ( s 1) t 2 s
t
f '( s ) =
=
2
2
2
2
2
s + t + 1
t + ( s 1)
) (
) (t
2t 3 a 2 s
2
+ ( s 1)
t2
0; ta c
4
) ( s + t + 1)
2 2
Bi v a 2 s 0 .
t2
Do f(s) l hm nghch bin trn on 0; . V vy f ( s )
4
t2
Ta ch cn chng minh f 2 .
4

t2
+2
t
t
1
2
Ta c: f 2 0 + t.
2
20
2
4
t
2
3
t

t
+1
t 2 + 1
4
4
( 2 t ) 6t 4 11t 3 + 10t 2 12t + 8 0 t 2 (lun ng).

720
t2
f .
4

0.

hoc cc hon v.
Cch 2: t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc .
Bt ng thc c vit li di dng:
1 + p2 1
2 p 2 ( p 2 ) + r (1 + 2 p ) 0 .
pr p
+ Nu p 2 bt ng thc hin nhin ng.

+ Nu
3 p 2 theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3 ta c r
p 4q p 2
9
)=
4p p
.
3
Ta ch cn chng minh
4 p p3
(1 + 2 p ) 0 p ( 2 p )( p 1)2 0 .
9
Bt ng thc lun ng ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 13. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca 3 .
p2 ( 2 p ) +
Chng minh rg vi mi s thc k
(a
)(
1
ta c
3
)(
+ k b 2 + k c 2 + k ( k + 1) .
3
Li gii
Ch ng thc
(a
)(
)(
) ( k ( a + b + c ) abc )
+ k b 2 + k c 2 + k=
+ k ( ab + bc + ca k ) .
2
1
Trc tin ta chng minh k = bt ng thc ng, tht vy
3
2
1
1
1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 1
a + b + c + ab + bc + ca 3 = + 1 .
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
Vi k ' k
(a
)(
1
ta c
3
)(
+ k ' b2 + k ' c 2 + k ' = a 2 + k + ( k ' k ) b2 + k + ( k ' k ) c 2 + k + ( k ' k )
)(
)(
3
3
3 a 2 + k b2 + k c 2 + k + k ' k (1 + k + k ' k ) = ( k '+ 1)
Bi 14. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx =

1.
Chng minh rng
1
+
x+ y
1
+
y+z
1
1
.
2+
z+x
2
721
Li gii
t2
t= y + z
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} t
, s 0; .
4
s = yz
1 s
.
t
Ta c xt + s =1 x =
x+ y + x+z
2 x + y + z + 2 x2 + 1
1
1
P=
+
=
+
y+z
y+z
x 2 + xy + xz + yz
x2 + 1
1 s
2.
+t
1
2
1
2t
t 2 + 2 2s
t
.
.
t
=
+
+
=
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
t
1
t
s
+
(
)
1 s
1
t
s
+
1
s
(
)
+1
+1
t
t
Xt hm
s f ( s ) t.
=
f '( s ) =
2t.
t 2 + 2 2s
t 2 + (1 s )
(1 s )2 t 2 s
t 2 + (1 s )
2 2
2t
t 2 + (1 s )
2t (1 s )
t2
trn on 0; ta c
4
2t 3 x 2 s
=
3
2
2
t2 + 1 s 2
( ) t + (1 s )
2t (1 s )
t2 + 1 s 2
( )
t2
Do f(s) l hm ng bin trn on 0; .
4
2
t
V vy f ( s ) f (0) =t. 2
+
= t + 2
.
t +1
t + 1
t2 +1
t2 + 2
2t
1
t
1
.
+ t+ 2
2+
t
2
t +1
Bi 15. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin ab + bc + ca > 0.
1
1
1
4
.
Chng minh
+
+
4a 2 + bc
4b 2 + ca
4c 2 + ab a + b + c
Do P
Li gii
Gi s a = max {a, b, c} , chng minh
1
4a 2 + bc
722
1
4b 2 + ca
a+b
.
,t =
2
4t 2 + tc
2
Tht vy theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c

1
4a + bc
2
4b + ca
2
) (
( 4a
2
2
)(
)(
+ bc 4b 2 + ca
2
1
V 4t 2 + tc 4a 2 + bc 4b 2 + ca =
( a b )2 c 2 + a 2 + b2 + 6ab 3c ( a + b ) 0 .
4
Theo AM GM ta c
1
4c + ab
2
1
4c + t 2
2
2
1
4
4
+
=
2
2
2
2
+
+
+c
a
b
c
t
4t + tc
4c + t
2
1
1
1
4
2
2
2
2
t 2t + c t
4t + tc t 4c + t
t
4c
2
2t + c
4t 2 + tc 2t + 4t 2 + tc
4c 2 + t 2 t + 4c 2 + t 2
2
1
4c
0
t ( 2t + c )
4t 2 + tc 2t + 4t 2 + tc
t 4c 2 + t 2 t + 4c 2 + t 2
Bt ng thc trn l tng ca hai bt ng thc sau

1
1
0 (1)
2
2
3t ( 2t + c )
4t + tc 2t + 4t + tc
5
4c
0 (2)
3t ( 2t + c ) t 4c 2 + t 2 t + 4c 2 + t 2

a b=
, c 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 16. (Vit Nam TST 2006) Cho x,y,z l cc s thc thuc on [1;2]. Chng
1 1 1
x
y
z
minh ( x + y + z ) + + 6
+
+
.
x y z
y+z z+x x+ y
Li gii
Ta cn chng minh
1 1 1 x
y
z
f ( x, y , z ) = ( x + y + z ) + + 6
+
+
0.
x y z y+z z+x x+ y
723
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} .

Xt hiu:
2
6( x + y + z )( y z ) 2
y + z y + z ( x + y + z )( y z )
f ( x, y , z ) f x,
,
=
2
2
yz ( y + z )
( x + y )( x + z )(2 x + y + z )
( x + y + z )( y z ) 2 [( x + y )( z + x)(2 x + y + z ) 6 yz ( y + z )]
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x)(2 x + y + z )
v x l s ln nht trong ba s nn ( x + y )( z + x)(2 x + y + z ) > 6 yz ( y + z ) .

y+z
1
2
V vy ta ch cn chng minh f ( x, t , t ) 0 .
nn f ( x, y, z ) f ( x, t , t ) vi
=
t
Tht vy, bt ng thc tng ng vi:

2t
(t x) 2 (2t x)
1 2 x
( x + 2t ) + 6 +
0, .
tx(t + x)
x t 2t t + x
Bt ng thc cui ng do 2t 2 x .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z; x= 2, y= z= 1 .
Bi ton c chng minh.
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh mt tam gic tho mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =
3.
Chng minh rng a + b + c 2 + abc .
3.
Chng minh rng ( 2 ab )( 2 bc )( 2 ca ) 1 .
1 1 1
13
25
.
+ + +
a b c a + b + c +1 4
Bi 4. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a, b, c 1 v a + b + c =
6.
)(
)(

1 + a 2 1 + b2 1 + c2 .
3
Bi 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c = .
2
)(
)(

1 + a 2 1 + b2 1 + c2 .
1.
)(
)(

a 3 + b3 b3 + c 3 c 3 + a 3 .
724

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + x + y + z 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) .

1
1 1 1
a 2 + b2 + c2 a + b + c + + + .
2
a b c
x
1
y
z 21
54 x3 + y 3 + z 3 + + .
xyz
yz zx xy 2
(a
)(
)(
1
.
256
3
+ b3 b3 + c 3 c 3 + a 3
3.
a a +1 b b +1 c c +1
2
4
.
5
1+ b + c
1+ c + a
1+ a + b
3.
2
)(
)(
Chng minh rng 3 x 2 + 5 3 y 2 + 5 3 y 2 + 5 512 .

9
x3 + y 3 + z 3 ( xy + yz + zx ) .
( x + y + z )5
4 6 9

1.
Chng minh rng
9
1
1
1
27
.
+
+
4 1 + xy 1 + yz 1 + zx 4 ( x + y + z )2

Chng minh rng
1
a 2 + bc
1
b 2 + ca
1
c 2 + ab
6
.
a+b+c
D. HNG DN GII P S
P ( a, b, c ) = a + b + c abc 2 0 .
Khng mt tnh tng qut ga s a = max {a, b, c} ta c

725
3= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 2 +
1
3
( b + c )2 > a 2 1 a < 2 .
2
2
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
Ta chng minh P ( a, b, c ) P a,
,
2
2
Tht vy
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
P ( a , b, c ) P a ,
,
2
2
a (b c )
( b c )2
b + c + 2 b2 + c2
( b c )2 a
b + c + 2 b2 + c2
2
b c)
(
2
2
a + 2 3 a2
( b c )2 a 2 + a
2
Mt khc
b2 + c2
= b + c 2 b2 + c2 + a
bc
2
2 3 a 2 2 0, a 1; 2
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
,
P a,
2
2
a 3 a2
2
=+
2
2 3a
a
3 a2
= 1
Ch 1
3 a 2
a
+ a 2
3 a2
0
2
3 a2
2
+ a 2 0 a2 3 a2 2 ( 2 a )
2
( a 1) 8 a3 a 2 0
Lun ng. Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c= 1 .
726
Cch 2: Gi
s a max {a, b, c} a 1 v v a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic
=
nn a b + c 2 .
Khi
P = a + b + c 2 abc = a + b 2 + c 2 + 2bc 2 abc = a + t + 2 s 2 as .
t
Vi t =
b2 + c2 , s =
bc, s 0; .
2
t
Xt hm s f ( s ) = a + t + 2 s 2 as vi s 0; ta c
2
1
1
<0.
f '( s ) = a; f ''( s ) =
t + 2s
( t + 2s )3
V vy f '( s ) f '(0)=
1
t
a=
3 a2
a < 0, a [1;2] .
t
V vy f(s) nghch bin trn on 0; suy ra
2
at
t
f ( s ) f = a + 2t 2
2
2
) 2
a 3 a2
= a + 2 3 a
3 a2
= 1
3 a 2
a
+ a 2 0

gi s a min {a, b, c} a 1 ta c
P ( a, b, c ) =( 2 ab )( 2 ac ) =4 2a ( b + c ) + a 2bc .
b2 + c2 b2 + c2
Ta chng minh P ( a, b, c ) P a,
,
2
2
2a ( b + c ) + a 2bc 2a 2 b 2 + c 2 + a 2 .
b2 + c2
2
a
2
2 2 b 2 + c 2 ( b + c ) ( b c )
727
4 (b c )
2 b2 + c2 + b + c
a (b c )
4 a ( b + c ) + a 2 b2 + c2
Ta c
4 a ( b + c ) a 2 b 2 + c 2 4 2a 2 b 2 + c 2
=
4 2a 2 3 a
)
)(
(
)
)
3 a2
2 a
2.
4 1 a2 2 a2
=
0
2 + a 2 3 a2
b2 + c2
b2 + c2
2
2
a
2
2
Ta c 2 a 2 + 1 ( a + 1) =
1 a2 + 1
( a 1)2 0 a 2 + 1
( a + 1)2
2
3 a2
1
2
a
+
a
( )
3 a2
4 ( a + 1) 2 a
3 a2
a 2 ( a + 1)
a a 4 + 2a 3 2a 2 6a + 5
0
0
2
3
a
2 + ( a + 1)
2
a ( a 1) a 2 + 4a + 5 0
2
Lun ng. Bt ng thc c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a= b= c= 1 .
Bi 3. Bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng
P ( a , b, c ) =
1 1 1
13
25
+ + +
0.
a b c a + b + c +1 4
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a= max {a, b, c} a 1, x=

Ta chng minh
P ( a, b, c ) P a, bc , bc .
728
bc 1 .
Tht vy
P ( a, b, c ) P a, bc , bc =
=
1 1
2
13
13
+
+
b c
bc a + b + c + 1 a + 2 bc + 1
b c
bc
13
b c
( a + b + c + 1) ( a + 2
bc + 1
1
13
b
c
=
bc ( a + b + c + 1) a + 2 bc + 1
13
b c 1
0
( 3 + 1)( 3 + 1)
2
13
25
1
Mt khc P a, bc , bc = P 2 , x, x = x 2 + +
x 2x + 1 + 1
4
x
2
x
( x 1)2 (8 x 4 + 20 x3 18 x 2 9 x + 8)
0, x ( 0;1] .
4 x ( x + 1) ( 2 x 2 x + 1)
T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .

Bi 4.
)(
Ta c 1 + a 2 1 + b 2
a + b 2
1
2
1 +
( a b ) a 2 + 6ab + b 2 8 0 vi
=
16
2
mi a, b 1 .
Do 1 + a
)(1 + b )
2
a + b 2
1 +
.
2
2
a + b 2
6 c 2
2
2
Suy ra P 1 +
1 + c = 1 +
1 + c 125 .
2
2
Bi 5. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
1
3
c 2 , a + b = 2 c 1
=
c max {a, b, c}
2
1
ab ( a + b ) =
4
4
729
Khi 1 + a
)(1 + b )
2
a + b 2
1 +
.
2
2
a + b 2
( a b )2 a 2 + 6ab + b2 8 0 .
Tht vy 1 + a 1 + b 1 +
=
16
2
)(
Khi P 1 + c
a + b 2
1 + c2
1 +
=
2
)(
)(
Cch 2 : Ta c 1 + a 2 1 + b 2 1 + c 2
3 c 2 125
.
1 +
64
4 2
1
.
2
= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + a 2b 2 c 2 + 1
=
( a + b + c )2 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) + ( ab + bc + ca )2 2abc ( a + b + c ) + a 2b2c 2 + 1
13
2
2 ( ab + bc + ca ) + ( ab + bc + ca ) + a 2b 2 c 2 3abc
4
( ab + bc + ca 1)2 + abc
3 1 11 125
+ =
2 4 8
64
3
1
3
2
a+b+c 1
c)
; abc
=
.
Do ab + bc + ca ( a + b + =
3
4
3
1
.
2
t2
Bi 6. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c t t =
b + c, s =
bc, s 0; ta
4
c a = 1 t .
Khi P = a 6 + a3 b3 + c3 + b3c3 b3 + c3
.
3
3
= a 6 + a3 ( b + c ) 3a3bc ( b + c ) + b3c3 . ( b + c ) 3bc ( b + c )
)(
)
Xt hm s f ( s ) =( a + a t 3a ts + s )( t 3ts ) ta c
f '( s ) = ( 3s 3a t )( t 3ts ) 3t ( a + a t 3a ts + s ) .
= a 6 + a3t 3 3a3ts + s 3 t 3 3ts
6
730
3 3
3 3
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c a 6 + a3t 3 3a3ts + s 3 0 .

Theo iu kin suy ra
t4
3s 2 3a3t t 3 3ts = 3t s 2 a3t t 2 3s 3t s 2 t 2 3s 0 .
)(
) (
)(
3
3
Do f '( s ) 0 P= f ( s ) f (0)= t 3 a 6 + a3t 3 = t 3 (1 t ) t 3 + (1 t ) .
3
3
2
Xt hm s g (t )= t 3 (1 t ) t 3 + (1 t ) vi t 0; ta c
t = 0
2
g '(t ) =
3t ( t 1) ( 2t 1) ; f '(t ) =
0 1 (do t 0; ).
t =
3
2
2
1
nn g(t) t cc i ti
2
1
1
1
1
t = hay P g (t ) g =. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b=
,
2
2
2 256
c = 0 hoc cc hon v.
Ta c g(t) i du t dng sang m khi i qua t =
1
1
t ti a= b=
256
2
Nhn xt. Vi a,b,c khng m tha mn a + b + c =
k . Chng minh tng t ta c
(a
)(
)(
+ b3 b3 + c 3 c 3 + a 3
k9
.
256
P ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + x + y + z 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) 0 .

gi s x min { x, y, z} x 1, yz 1 .
) (
Xt hiu P ( x, y, z ) P x, yz , yz=
y z
) ( y + z 2x + 1 + 2
2
yz 0 .
Ta ch cn chng minh P x, =
yz , yz
P 2 , t , t 0 vi t = yz .
t
( t 1) 2t 3 + 4t 2 + 2t + 1
4
+ + 2t 0
0.
t
t4 t2
t4
2
731

1
1 1 1
P ( a , b, c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a + b + c + + + 0 .
2
a b c
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s =

a min {a, b, c} =
t
bc 1 .
Ta chng minh P (a, b, c) P (a, t , t ) .
1
1
Tht vy P (a, b, c) P(a, t , t ) = ( b c ) 2 ( b + c ) 2 1 + .
2 bc
( b c ) 2 . 4 (1 + 1) 0
2
1
(t 1) 2 (3t 4 + 4t 3 + 5t 2 + 4t + 2)
Mt khc =
P (a, t , t ) P=
( 2 , t, t)
0.
t
2t 4
P ( x, y , z ) =
x
1
y
z 21
54 x3 + y 3 + z 3 + + 0 .
xyz
yz zx xy 2
Ch
=
P ( x, y , z )
( x + y + z )2 x 2 y 2 z 2 54
xyz
(x
+ y3 + z3
21
4
1 1 1
21
= 2 + + 27 x3 + y 3 + z 3
x y z
2
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} ta chng minh

y+z y+z
P ( x, y , z ) P x,
,
.
2
2
( y z )2 ( 4 81yz ( y + z )2 )
0
2 yz ( y + z )
y+z y+z
Xt hiu P ( x, y, z ) P x,
,=
2
2
y+z y+z
y+z+
+
y+z y+z
2
2
2
Bi v =
yz ( y + z ) 4 y.z.
.
4
2
2
4
732
( y + z )4 1 2 4 =
4

4 3
4
81
Ta cn chng minh
y+z y+z
1 x 1 x
P(=
x,
,
) P ( x,
,
)0
2
2
2
2
1
(1 x )3 21 0
4
2 +
27 x3 +

x 1 x
4 2
( 3x 2 )2 ( 9 x3 + 12 x 2 6 x + 1)
0
2 x (1 x )
Bt ng thc cui lun ng. Bt ng thc c chng minh.

2
1
hoc cc hon v.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x=
, y= z=
3
6
Bi 12. Gi P l biu thc v tri v s dng bt ng thc C S ta c
P
=
( a + b + c )2
) (
) (
a 1 + b2 + c2 + b 1 + c2 + a 2 + c 1 + a 2 + b2
1 + a ( b + c ) + a b 2 + c 2 + bc ( b + c )
2
Ta tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc vi gi thit a = max {a, b, c} .
Q = a 2 ( b + c ) + a b 2 + c 2 + bc ( b + c ) = a 2t + a t 2 2 s + ts .
t2
Xt hm s f ( s ) = a 2t + a t 2 2 s + ts trn on 0; ta c
4
1
a+t
f '( s ) =t 2a 0 f ( s ) f (0) = a 2t + at 2 = at
= .
4
2
Do P
1
5
.
1+ Q 4
1
2
Bi 13. =
Gi s x max { x, y, z} y + z 2, x 1 ta c
x + y 2
3
+
=
3 y + 5 3 z + 5 3
5
( x y )2 40 3 x 2 + y 2 + 6 xy 0 .
2
16
2
)(
733
2
x + y 2
Vy ta chng minh 3 x + 5 3
5
+
512
3 x 2
3 x + 5 3
+ 5 512 0
2
( x 1) 3 x 4 30 x3 + 144 x 2 306 x + 317 0

2
Bt ng thc lun ng.

Bi ton c chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z= 1 .
)(
)(
Bi 16. HD: a v chng minh 64 a 2 + bc b 2 + ca c 2 + ab ( a + b + c ) .
734

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SOAN THEO CAU TRUC MI AP DUNG K THI THPT QUOC GIA

(PHIEN BAN MI NHAT)

NHA XUAT BAN AI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

a > b a 2 n +1 > b 2 n +1; 2 n +1 a > 2 n +1 b , n .

4. Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz

a 2 + b 2 2ab. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

Vi 2 s thc x,y ta lun c x y x y . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

Bt ng thc v di cnh ca mt tam gic

Do BT cn chng minh tng ng vi

Bt ng thc cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh.

Chng minh rng

b) Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng nh hn 1 chng minh

c) Cho x, y, z [ 0;1] . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

BT cui ny ng do xy 1. Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.

c) S dng kt qu bi ton trn ta c :

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta suy ra

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z

Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =

V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc bt k chng minh

a 2 2ab + b 2 + b 2 2bc + c 2 + c 2 2ca + a 2 0 .

Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c .

b) Thc hin tng t cu a) a v bt ng thc lun ng

Ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a= b= c= 1 .

Bt ng thc c chng minh.

b) Ch iu kin ta rt gn v tri v a v chng minh

Bt ng thc cui ng v ta c pcm.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x + z + y =0 x = , y =0, z =

V d 3. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh:

b) Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:

Nhn theo v hai bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy

t y =2a + x, z =2b + x bt ng thc tr thnh

V d 5. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin 0 < a b c 1 .

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P=

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c= 1, a= b=

3) K thut thm bt hng s

Bt ng thc cui ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z hoc

Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi z = 0 .

b12 + c12 b12 = b1 .

Ri cng li theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c pcm.

Bt ng thc cui ng ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi hoc x

Tng qut. Tng t ta c cc bt ng thc cng dng sau

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 hoc y = 0 .

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0 hoc y = 0 .

S dng nh gi c bn: A > B > 0

Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

Vy gi s a = max {a, b, c}. Khi ta mnh dn nh gi 1 + b 2 1;1 + c 2 1 .

Bt ng thc cui lun ng nn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

V d 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x, y 1; x + y + z =3 .

6) K thut nh gi bt ng thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i

Bt ng thc cui lun ng (pcm).

V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc i mt khng ng thi bng 0. Chng minh

Bt ng thc c chng minh.

Bt ng thc cui lun ng v ta c pcm.

Bt ng thc cui lun ng ta c pcm.

min { x, y} x, y max { x, y} v max { x, y} =

V d 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

Khi bt ng thc tr thnh:

Bt ng thc cui lun ng, t ta c pcm.

8) K thut s dng php th

V d 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc thuc khong ( 0;1) . Chng minh rng

Nu c ab 0 khi ta chng minh