CH 25 End Marks and Commas (continued) Introductory Elements and

Interrupters
Introductory Elements

1. Use a comma after certain _____________________________________

elements.
Use a comma after words such as well, yes, no, and why when they
begin a sentence. ______________________________________such as
wow, yikes, hey, if not followed by an exclamation point, are also
set off by commas.
Examples:
-

_________, I havent taken the exam yet.

____________, Ill go with you.
___________, look at that car!

2. Use a comma after an introductory _______________________ phrase.

Examples:
-

___________________________________________, the referee blew her

whistle and signaled.

Exhausted after a three-mile swim, Diana emerged from the
water.

3. Use a _______________________ after _____________ or _________________

introductory _____________________________________ phrases.
Examples:
-

_________ the light _________ the harvest moon __________

September, we went on an old-fashioned hayride.

NOTE:

A single introductory prepositional phrase does not require a comma unless

the sentence could be misread or awkward to read without one.

Examples:

In the book the writer develops a

secret plot.
In the book, review pages 236-290.
In the book review, the critic praised
the authors clever plot.
4. Use a comma after an introductory ________________________ clause.
An introductory adverb clause may appear in the beginning of a
sentence or before any independent clause in the sentence.
Examples:
-

When youve gone to this school as long as we have, youll know

your way around, too.

The first game of the season is Friday;
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________, well celebrate at Darcys
Deli.

Interrupters
Use commas to set off elements that ________________________________________ a
sentence.
1. Appositives and appositive phrases are usually set off by commas.
An _________________ is a noun or pronoun that follows another noun or
pronoun to identify and explain it.
Examples:
-

Nancy Landon Kassebaum, a senator from Kansas, was the principal

speaker.
Do you know him, the boy wearing the blue shirt?

When you set off an appositive, be sure to include

_________________________________.

Examples:
-

I read At Home in India, a book by Cynthia Knowles.

Neil Armstrong, the first person to walk on the moon, took his historic step
in July 20, 1969.

Sometimes an appositive is used to specify a particular person, place,

thing, or idea. Such an appositive is called a
________________________________________________.

Examples:
-

My brother James helped me.

Have you ever seen the movie Home Alone?

2. Words used in ________________________________________ are set off by

_______________________________.
Examples:
-

David, please close the door.

Did you call me, Mother?
Yes, Mr. Ramos, I turned in my paper. -

3. __________________________________________________________ are set off by

commas.
Commonly used Parenthetical Expressions:
After all
At any rate
Consequently
For example
For instance
Of course
Examples:

However
I believe
In fact
That is
Meanwhile
Moreover

Nevertheless
Generally speaking
On the contrary
On the other hand
In the first place
therefore

You are, nevertheless, planning to arrive on time?

Gwendolyn Brooks, in fact, is my favorite poet.

Some expressions may be used __________________ parenthetically and not

parenthetically.

Examples:
-

Long-distance calls are a bargain, at any rate.

Long-distance calls are a bargain at any rate.