Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PREPARED BY
MD. MIJANUR RAHMAN, SR. LECTURAR, EEE
&
MD. ANISUZZAMAN, SR. EXECUTIVE TECHNICAL, EEE
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
List of Experiments:
Sl.
No.
01
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
Page no
3
6
9
12
15
19
22
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory
Experiment No: 01
Name of the Experiment: Study of a single-phase transformer and
determination of turn ratio.
N 1 E1 I 2
N 2 E 2 I1
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APPARATUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Power Supply
Two ac voltmeters (0-300V, 0-300V)
Two ac ammeters (240V,1.25A & 1.25A)
One single phase transformer (240V/240V, I1F = 0.8A & I2F = 0.46A)
One resistive load
Wires & chords
Experimental Setup:
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PROCEDURE:
a) Voltage Ratio:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
V1
V2
b) Current Ration:
7.
8.
9.
I2
I1
REPORT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory
Experiment No: 02
Name of the Experiment: To determine the voltage regulation with resistive,
inductive and capacitive loading of a transformer.
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads..
2. To study transformer regulation with inductive and capacitive loading.
DISCUSSION:
The load on a large power transformer in a sub-station will vary from a very small value
in the early hours of the morning to a very high value during the heavy peaks of
maximum industrial and commercial activity. The transformer secondary voltage will
vary somewhat with the load and, because motors and incandescent lamps and heating
devices are all quite sensitive to voltage changes, transformer regulation is of
considerable importance. The secondary voltage is also dependent upon whether the
power factor of the load is leading, lagging or unity. Therefore, it should be known how
the transformer will behave when it is located with a capacitive, an inductive or a
resistive load.
If a transformer were perfect (ideal) its windings would have no resistance. Furthermore,
it would require no reactive power (VAR) to set up the magnetic field within it. Such a
transformer would have perfect regulation under all load conditions and the secondary
voltage would remain absolutely constant. But, practical transformers have the winding
resistance and they do require reactive power to produce their magnetic fields. The
primary and secondary windings possess, therefore, an overall resistance R and an overall
reactance X. The equivalent circuit of a power transformer having a turn ratio of 1 to 1,
can be approximated by the circuit shown in figure 2. The actual transformer terminals
are 1, 2 on the primary side and 3, 5 on the secondary.
In between these terminals we have shown the transformer as being composed of a
perfect (ideal) transformer in series with an impendence consisting of R and X, which
represents its imperfections. It is clear that if the primary voltage is held constant, then
the secondary voltage will vary with loading because of R and X.
An interesting feature arises with a capacitive load, because partial resonance is set up
between the capacitance and the reactance X so that the secondary voltage E2 may
actually tend to rise as the capacitive load value increases.
Page 6 of 27
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APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply Unit
2. Single phase transformer (1 No.)
3. AC Voltmeter (2 Nos.)
4. AC Ammeter (2 Nos.)
5. Resistive load 1 unit.
6. Inductive load 1 unit.
7. Capacitive load 1 unit
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Circuit Shown in FIGURE - 2.
2. Turn on the power supply.
3. Gradually increase the voltage up to rated voltage.
4. Provide load on the transformer until rated primary current flows through the
ammeter.
5. Measure and record Primary voltage (V1), Primary current (I1), Secondary voltage
(V2) and secondary current (I2).
6. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
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VNL - VFL
Voltage Regulation =----------------------VFL
Calculate voltage regulation for (1) Resistive loading (2) Inductive loading (3)
Capacitive Loading individually.
REPORT:
1. Calculate the voltage regulation for each load i. e. Resistive, Inductive and
Capacitive load
2. Is the voltage regulation is negative for capacitive loading? If your answer is yes,
explain why?
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Experiment No: 03
Name of the Experiment: Open circuit test of a transformer.
Objective:
The open circuit test, or "no-load test", is one of the methods used in electrical
engineering to determine the no-load impedance in the excitation branch of a transformer.
Method:
The secondary of the transformer is left open-circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the
primary. An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. A voltmeter is
optional since the applied voltage is same as the voltmeter reading. Rated voltage is
applied at primary.
If the applied voltage is normal voltage than normal flux will be set up. As the Iron loss is
a function of applied voltage, normal iron loss will occur. Hence the iron loss is a
maximum at rated voltage. This maximum iron loss is measured using the wattmeter.
Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is very small compared to
that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped across the excitation
branch. Thus the wattmeter measures only the iron loss. This test only measures the
combined iron losses consisting of the hysteresis loss and the eddy current loss. Although
the hysteresis loss is less than the eddy current loss, it is not negligible. The two losses
can be separated by driving the transformer from a variable frequency source since the
hysteresis loss has varied linearly with supply frequency and the eddy current loss varies
with the square.
Since the secondary of the transformer is open, the primary draws only no-load current,
which will have some copper loss. This no-load current is very small and because the
copper loss in the primary is proportional to the square of this current, it is negligible.
There is no copper loss in the secondary because there is no secondary current.
Current, voltage and power are measured
the admittance and power factor angle.
at
the primary
winding to
ascertain
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Circuit diagram:
Data Table:
Sl. Voltage
No.
(V)
Current
(A)
Current
(A)
Current
(A)
Watt (W)
01
02
03
Calculations:
The current
If
is very small.
Thus,
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Impedance
By using the above equations,
and
Thus,
Or
Admittance
The admittance is the inverse of impedance. Therefore,
The conductance
Or
Here,
Is the watttmeter reading
Is the applied rated voltage
Is the no-load current
Is the magnetizing component of no-load current
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Report:
Q1. Why open circuit test is done?
Q2. Which types of data are obtained in this test?
Q3. Why instruments are connected at low side in an open circuit test?
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory
Experiment No: 04
Name of the Experiment: Short Circuit test of a Transformer.
Objective:
The purpose of a short circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of the
equivalent circuit of a Real transformer.
Method:
The test is conducted on the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low
voltage (LV) side or the secondary is short circuited. The supply voltage required to
circulate rated current through the transformer is usually very small and is of the order of
a few percent of the nominal voltage and this voltage is applied across primary. The core
losses are very small because applied voltage is only a few percentage of the nominal
voltage and hence can be neglected. Thus the wattmeter reading measures only the full
load copper loss.
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Procedure:
For carrying short circuit test on the power transformer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculations:
Here,
Is the Full load copper loss
Is the applied voltage
Is the rated current
Is the resistance as viewed from the primary
Is the total impedance as viewed from the primary
Is the reactance as viewed from the primary
Data Table:
Sl. No
1
2
3
4
Current (A), I
Voltage (v), V
Power (w), P
Zsh (Ohm)
Report:
Q1. Why the short circuit test is done?
Q2. Which types of data are obtained in this test?
Q3. Why low side is kept short in the short circuit test?
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory
Experiment No: 05
Experiment Name: Studying Different Combination of 3 Phase
Transformer and Observing their relative Advantage, Disadvantage
and Applications.
Objectives:
Description
3 Phase Transformer
AC Ammeter
AC Voltmeter
Connection Leads
Quantity
1
3
1
As per need
Star-Star Connection
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Application:
1
2
This Type of Transformer is rarely used due to problems with unbalanced loads.
It is economical for small high voltage transformers as the number of turns per
phase and the amount of insulation required is less.
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Star-Delta Connection
Application
This type of connection is commonly employed at the substation end of the transmission
line. The main use with this connection is to step down the voltage.
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Delta-Delta Connection
Advantages of Delta-Delta
1. In order to get the secondary voltage as sinusoidal, the magnetizing current of the
transformer must contain a third harmonic component. The delta connection
provides a closed path for circulation of a third harmonic component of the
current. The flux remains sinusoidal which results in sinusoidal voltages.
2. If there is a bank of single phase transformers connected in delta-delta fashion and
if one of the transformers is disabled, then the supply can be continued with
remaining two transformers of course with reduced efficiency.
3. Due to delta connection, phase voltage is same as line voltage, hence winding
have more number of turns. But phase current is (1/3) times the line current.
Hence the cross-section of the windings is very less. This makes the connection
economical for low voltage transformers.
Disadvantages of Delta-Delta
1. Due to the absence of neutral point it is not suitable for three phase four wire
system.
2. More insulation is required and the voltage appearing between windings and core
will be equal to full line voltage in case of earth fault on one phase.
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Application
1. Suitable for large, low voltage transformers.
2. It is generally used in systems where it need to be carry large currents at low
voltages and especially when continuity of service is to be maintained even
though one of the phases develops a fault.
Delta-Star Connection
Advantages of Delta-Star
1. The magnetizing current must contain odd harmonics for the induced voltages to
be sinusoidal and the third harmonic is the dominant harmonic component. In the
-Y connection, the third harmonic currents, being equal in amplitude and in
phase with each other, are able to circulate around the path formed by then
connected winding. The same thing is true for the other zero-sequence harmonics.
2. On the primary side due to delta connection winding cross-section required is
less.
3. On the secondary side, neutral is available, due to which it can be used for 3phase, 4 wire supply system.
4. Protective relaying is much easier on a delta-wye transformer because ground
faults on the secondary side are isolated from the primary, making coordination
much easier.
Page 19 of 27
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Disadvantages of Delta-Star
1. One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary voltage is
shifted by 300 with respect to the primary voltage. This can cause problems when
paralleling 3-phase transformers since transformers secondary voltages must be
in-phase to be paralleled. Therefore, we must pay attention to these shifts.
Application
1. The -Y transformer connection is used universally for connecting generators to
transmission systems because of generators are usually equipped with sensitive
ground fault relay protection. The -Y transformer is a source of ground currents
for loads and faults in the transmission system, yet the generator ground fault
protection is completely isolated from ground currents on the primary side of the
transformer.
2. Commonly used in commercial, industrial, and high-density residential locations
to supply three-phase distribution systems.
3. Commonly used in a step-up transformer.
REPORT:
1. Discuss the advantage(s) and disadvantage(s) of all type of connection.
2. Find application of all type of connection.
Page 20 of 27
anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory
Experiment No: 06
Name of the Experiment: Characteristics of a self excited DC Shunt Generator.
OBJECTIVE:
1. To draw the OCC curve of a self excited DC Shunt Generator.
2. To determine the leading characteristics of a self excited DC Shunt motor.
DISCUSSION:
The separately-excited generator has many applications. However, it does have the
disadvantage that a separate direct current power source is needed to excite the shunt
field. This is costly and sometimes inconvenient; and the self-excited DC generator is
often more suitable.
In a self-excited generator, the field winding is connected to the generator output. It may
be connected across the output, in series with the output, or a combination of the two.
The way in which the field is connected (shunt, series or compound) determines many of
the generators characteristics.
All of the above generators can have identical construction. Self-excitation is possible
because of the residual magnetism in the stator pole pieces. As the armature rotates a
small voltage in induced across its windings. When the field winding is connected in
parallel (shunt) with the armature a small field current is flowing in the proper direction,
the residual magnetism will be reinforced which further increases the armature voltage
and thus, a rapid voltage build-up occurs.
If the field current flows in the wrong direction, the residual magnetism will be reduced
and voltage build-up cannot occur. In this case, interchanging the shunt field leads will
correct the situation. It is the purpose of this Experiment to show these major points.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply Unit
2. DC motor/ Generator (1 Nos.)
3. Squirrel cage induction motor (1 Nos.)
4. DC Voltmeter 0-300V (1 Nos.)
5. DC Ammeter 0-5A, (2 Nos.)
6. Coupling Belt.
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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Circuit Shown in Fig 1.
Couple the squirrel cage induction motor with DC motor/Generator.
2. Keep the field rheostat control knob at its maximum position for maximum
resistance.
3. Turn on the power supply.
4. Record the DC voltmeter, data.
5. Gradually rotted the field rheostat control knob that the value of resistance
decrees.
6. Measure and record 8 sets of data from varying field rheostat control knob (field
current Vs terminal voltage).
Note: - If the voltage does not build, interchange the field leads.
Table: 1
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
If
V0
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anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
7. Carefully adjust the field rheostat that the DC voltmeter shows the generator rated
voltage.
8. Change the load resistance by varying resistive load control knob.
9. Gradually provide electrical load on the Generator by varying the resistive load
control knob up to generator rated current.
Table: 2
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Load (R)
IL
Page 23 of 27
anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory
Experiment No: 07
Name of the Experiment: Speed control of a DC shunt motor and observation of
the existence of back EMF.
DISCUSSION:
Speed of a DC motor may be given by the following equation
N= K (V-IaRa)/ r.p.m (1)
Where
V= applied terminal voltage
Ia= armature current
Ra= armature resistance
= field flux
K= a constant which depends on the winding and the construction of the
Motor
Therefore speed of a DC shunt motor can be varied by the following methods:
1) Flux Control method:
Equation 01 describes an inverse relationship between speed and flux. So by decreasing
the field flux of a DC shunt motor, by inserting resistance in the field circuit, speed can
be increased above the base speed.
2) Voltage Control Method:
By applying a variable DC voltage across the motor terminals, speed can be varied
below or above the base speed
3) Armature Current Control method:
In this method armature current Ia is varied by applying variable DC voltage across the
armature. The relationship of armature current and speed would be proportional.
In this experiment all of these methods of speed control will be accomplished. In excess,
the existence of back EMF will also be observed through a simple test.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply Unit
2. DC Ammeter
3. DC Motor
4. Tachometer
Page 24 of 27
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PROCEDURE:
Flux Control Method:
1) Connect the Circuit Shown in Fig-1.
2) Keep the field Rheostat control knob at it is the minimum position for minimum
resistance.
3) Turn on the power supply.
4) Gradually increase the voltage up to motor rated voltage.
5) Measure and record the motor speed and field current (If).
6) Take 5 sets of data (speed Vs field current) by varying the field rheostat.
Page 25 of 27
anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
If
Motor speed
Voltage
Motor speed
Armature current Ia
Motor speed
13) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
REPORTS:
1. Plot N Vs If, Ia and V curves on the same graph paper.
2. Comment on the merits and demerits of various methods of speed control of a DC
shunt motor,
3. How do you get a proof of the existence of back EMF in step 2 of the procedure?
Page 26 of 27
anisuzzaman@easternuni.edu.bd
Page 27 of 27
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