SF017

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

3.0 Force

is defined as something capable of changing state of

motion or size or dimension of a body .
There are four types of fundamental forces in nature:
Gravitational forces (refer to figures 3.1 and 3.2)

The forces involve attraction between massive

body.
is a long-range forces.
the weakest forces in nature.

CHAPTER 3:
Force, Momentum and Impulse
(5 Hours)

Figure 3.1

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Figure 3.2

PHYSICS

Electromagnetic forces (refer to figures 3.3)

The attractive and repulsive forces between electric
charges.
is a long-range forces.
Strong nuclear forces (refer to figures 3.4)
The attractive forces bonding neutron and proton in
atomic nucleus.
is a short-range forces and the strongest forces in
nature.

CHAPTER 3

Weak nuclear forces (refer to figures 3.5)

cause the unstable condition for atomic nucleus and is
responsible for the radioactive decay.
is a short-range forces and 12 times weak compare with
electromagnetic forces.

Figure 3.5

is a vector quantity.
The dimension of the force is given by

F MLT 2

F ma

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

3.1 Newtons laws of motion

3.1 Newtons laws of motion (2 hours)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Newtons First Law and the concept of mass and

inertia.

Definition of inertia and mass.

Explain and use Newtons Second Law

or newton (N)

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:

The S.I. unit of force, F is kg m

s-2

d
mv v dm m dv
dt
dt
dt

3.1.1 Newtons first law of motion

states an object at rest will remain at rest, or continues to

move with uniform velocity in a straight line unless it is
acted upon by a external forces
OR

Fnett

F 0

The first law gives the idea of inertia.

Inertia
is defined as the tendency of an object to resist any change
in its state of rest or motion.
is a scalar quantity.

Explain Newtons Third Law.

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

Figures 3.6a and 3.6b show the examples of real experience of

inertia.

CHAPTER 3

Mass, m
is defined as a measure of a bodys inertia.
is a scalar quantity.
The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
The value of mass is independent of location.
If the mass of a body increases then its inertia will increase.

mass inertia

Weight, W

Figure 3.6a

is defined as the force exerted on a body under gravitational

field.
It is a vector quantity.
It is dependant on where it is measured, because the value
of g varies at different localities on the earths surface.

Figure 3.6b
7

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

It always directed toward the centre of the earth or in the

same direction of acceleration due to gravity, g.
The S.I. unit is kg m s-2 or newton (N).
Equation:

From the Newtons

law of motion, it also can be written as

dp
and p mv
F
dt

dm
d mv
dv
F
v
m

dt
dt
dt

W mg
3.1.2

CHAPTER 3

Newtons second law of motion

states the rate of change of linear momentum of a moving

body is proportional to the resultant force and is in the
same direction as the force acting on it
OR

Case 1:
Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity but with
changing mass. For example : Rocket

its can be represented by

dp
F dt

where

PHYSICS

and

dv
0
dt

dm
dt

F v

dp : change in linear momentum

9

CHAPTER 3

10

PHYSICS

Case 2:
Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity and constant
mass.

CHAPTER 3

Case 3:
Object with constant mass but changing velocity.

dm
dv
dv
dm
F v
m
0
where
0 and
dt
dt
dt
dt

Newtons 1st law of motion

F 0
dp
Thus F
0
dt

dm

F v dt

dm
dv
F v
m
dt
dt

F : resultant force
dt : time interval

2nd

dv
F m
dt

F ma

p constant

11

dv
dm
and
0
dt
dt

dv
and a
dt

where F : resultant force

m : mass of an object
a : acceleration

The direction of the resultant force always in the same

direction of the motion or acceleration.

12

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

Newtons 2nd law of motion restates that The acceleration of

an object is directly proportional to the nett force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass.

OR
F

CHAPTER 3

3.1.3 Newtons third law of motion

states every action force has a reaction force that is equal

in magnitude but opposite in direction.
For example :
When the student push on the wall it will push back with the
same force. (refer to figure 3.7)

One newton(1 N) is defined as the amount of net force that

gives an acceleration of one metre per second squared to a
body with a mass of one kilogramme.
OR 1
Notes:

N = 1 kg m

B (wall)
A (hand)

s-2

Figure 3.7

F is a nett force or effective force or resultant force.

Where

The force which causes the motion of an object.

If the forces act on an object and the object moving at
uniform acceleration (not at rest or not in the

equilibrium) hence

Fnett

PHYSICS

F ma

FAB is a force by the hand on the wall (action)

FBA is a force by the wall on the hand (reaction)

13

CHAPTER 3

14

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

3.1.4 Applications of Newtons 2nd law of motion

When a book is placed on the table. (refer to figure 3.8)

Force by the table on the book (reaction)

From the Newtons second law of motion, we arrived at equation

F F

nett

Figure 3.8

Force by the book on the table (action)

If a car is accelerating forward, it is because its tyres are

pushing backward on the road and the road is pushing
forward on the tyres.
A rocket moves forward as a result of the push exerted on it
by the exhaust gases which the rocket has pushed out.

In all cases when two bodies interact, the action and reaction
forces act on different bodies.

15

CHAPTER 3

Three wooden blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are

being dragged by a horizontal force, F in figure 3.9.

m1

T1

m2

T2

Along y-axis: F

Figure 3.9

ma y

16

CHAPTER 3

Solution :
a. For the block, m1 = 3 kg

m3

PHYSICS

Example 1 :

ma

There are five steps in applying the equation above to solve

problems in mechanics:
Identify the object whose motion is considered.
Determine the forces exerted on the object.
Draw a free body diagram for each object.
is defined as a diagram showing the chosen body by
itself, with vectors drawn to show the magnitude and
directions of all the forces applied to the body by the
other bodies that interact with it.
Choose a system of coordinates so that calculations may be
simplified.
Apply the equation above,
Fx ma
Along x-axis:

PHYSICS

FAB FBA

FAB

FBA

m1

F T m a

x
1
1

T1
Fx 1000 T1 3a
T1 3a 1000

(1)

For the block, m2 = 15 kg

Suppose that F = 1000 N, m1 = 3 kg, m2 = 15 kg and m3 = 30 kg.

Determine
a. the acceleration of blocks system.
b. the tension of the rope, T1 and T2.
Neglect the friction between the floor and the wooden blocks.

T1

m2

F
F

T1 T2 m2 a

T1 T2 15a

T1 T2 15a

(2)

For the block, m3 = 30 kg

T2
17

T2

m3

T2 m3 a

T2 30 a

(3)
18

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

T1 45a 0
1000
a
48
a 20.8 m s 2

Eq. (1)(4) :

Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 15 kg are connected

by a light string which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in
figure 3.10. Calculate
a. the acceleration of the object of mass 10 kg.
b. the tension in the each string.

(4)

b. By substituting the value of acceleration into equations (4) and

(3), therefore

T1 936 N
T2 624 N

(Given g = 9.81 m s2)

Solution :
a. For the object m1= 10 kg,

T1

CHAPTER 3

F
F

T 10 g 10a

W1 m1 g

(2)

Solution :

mB a
F m A mB a
x

PHYSICS

22

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.1 :

FBA

F FBA m A a
200 FBA 105.0
FBA 150 N

From the Newtons 3rd law, thus

OR
For the object B,

a 5.0 m s 2

21

CHAPTER 3
a

FAB

200 10 30 a

T1 T2 T 118 N

Solution :
b. For the object
A,

m A 10 kg; mB 30 kg; F 200 N

F m

T 118N

PHYSICS

Figure 3.11

a. Let the acceleration of the blocks is a. Therefore

T 109.81 101.96

20

CHAPTER 3

Simulation 3.2

b. Substitute the value of acceleration into equation (1) thus

(1)

Two blocks, A of mass 10 kg and B of mass 30 kg, are side by side

and in contact with each another. They are pushed along a smooth
floor under the action of a constant force F of magnitude 200 N
applied to A as shown in figure 3.11. Determine
a. the acceleration of the blocks,
B
A
F
b. the force exerted by A on B.

W2 m2 g

Therefore

Figure 3.10

T1 T2 T

Example 3 :

m2 g T2 m2 a

15 g T 15a
y
T 15 g 15a
5 g 59.81
Eq. (1) + (2) : a

25
25
a 1.96 m s 2

m1
m2

PHYSICS

Solution :
a. For the object m2= 15 kg,

T2

Simulation 3.1

Fy T1 m1 g m1 a

where

19

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Example 2 :

Solution :
a. By substituting eq. (3) into eq. (2) thus

1. A block is dragged by forces, F1 and F2 of the magnitude

20 N and 30 N respectively as shown in figure 3.12. The
frictional force f exerted on the block is 5 N. If the weight of
the block is 200 N and it is move horizontally, determine the
acceleration of the block.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)

FAB FBA 150 N

F1

a
50

20

F2

Figure 3.12

FAB m B a

ANS. : 1.77 m s2

FAB 305.0
FAB 150 N
23

24

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CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:

Exercise 3.1 :
2. One 3.5 kg paint bucket is hanging by a massless cord from
another 3.5 kg paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord
as shown in figure 3.13. If the two buckets are pulled upward
with an acceleration of 1.60 m s2 by the upper cord, calculate
the tension in each cord.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
ANS. : 39.9 N; 79.8 N

Figure 3.13

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PHYSICS

3.2 Conservation of linear momentum and impulse

(2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

State the principle of conservation of linear momentum.

Explain and apply the principle of conservation of

momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions

Define and use the coefficient of restitution, e

v2 v1
u 2 u1

to determine the types of collisions.

Define impulse J = Ft and use F-t graph to determine
impulse

25

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 3
3.2 Conservation of linear momentum
and impulse

3.2.1 Linear momentum,

26

PHYSICS

3.2.2 Principle of conservation of linear momentum

is defined as the product between mass and velocity.

is a vector quantity.
Equation :

p mv

The S.I. unit of linear momentum is kg m s-1.

The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction
of the velocity.
It can be resolve into vertical (y) component and horizontal (x)
component.

py

states In an isolated (closed) system, the total momentum

of that system is constant.
OR
When the net external force on a system is zero, the total
momentum of that system is constant.
In a Closed system,

F 0
From the Newtons second law, thus

dp
0
F
dt
dp 0

p x p cos mv cos
p y p sin mv sin

px

PHYSICS
Therefore

CHAPTER 3

27

CHAPTER 3

p constant

p
p

28

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Linear momentum in one dimension collision

then

Example 4 :

constant

constant

u A 6 m s 1

u B 3 m s 1

B
Figure 3.14

According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum,

we obtain
The total of initial momentum = the total of final momentum
OR

Figure 3.14 shows an object A of mass 200 g collides head-on with

object B of mass 100 g. After the collision, B moves at a speed
of 2 m s-1 to the left. Determine the velocity of A after Collision.
1
Solution : m A 0.200 kg; mB 0.100 kg; u A 6 m s

u B 3 m s 1 ; vB 2 m s 1

pi p f

p p
i

29

m Au A m B u B m A v A mB v B
0.200 6 0.100 3 0.200 v A 0.100 2
v A 3.5 m s 1 to the left
30

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

Linear momentum in two dimension collision

Example 5 :
m1

u1

CHAPTER 3

Solution :

m2

m1 0.250 kg; m2 0.900 kg; u1 20 m s 1 ;

u 2 0; v1 4 m s 1 ; 1 50

From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,

p p

50

The x-component of linear momentum,

m1
Before collision

p p

v1

ix

fx

m1u1 x m2 u 2 x m1v1 x m2 v2 x

After collision

Figure 3.15

A tennis ball of mass m1 moving with initial velocity u1 collides with

a soccer ball of mass m2 initially at rest. After the collision, the
tennis ball is deflected 50 from its initial direction with a velocity v1
as shown in figure 3.15. Suppose that m1 = 250 g, m2 = 900 g,
u1 = 20 m s1 and v1 = 4 m s1. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of soccer ball after the collision.
Simulation 3.3

0.25020 0 0.250v1 cos 1 0.900v2 x

5 0.2504 cos 50 0.900v2 x
v2 x 4.84 m s 1

31

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

piy
p fy
0 m1v1 y m2 v2 y
0 0.250 4 sin 50 0.900v2 y
v2 y 0.851 m s 1

Magnitude of the soccer ball,

v2 x 2 v2 y 2
4.842 0.8512

v2

v2

4.91 m s 1

Direction of the soccer ball,

v2 y
0.851
tan 1
2 tan 1

v
4.84
2x

2 9.97 from positive x-axis anticlockwise

33

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

3.
1.20 kg

1.80 kg
Before

0.630 m s-1

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.2.1 :

Solution :
The y-component of linear momentum,

32

1.40 m s-1

1. An object P of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity 4 m s1 collides

elastically with another object Q of mass 2 kg moving with a
velocity 3 m s1 towards it.
a. Determine the total momentum before collision.
b. If P immediately stop after the collision, calculate the final
velocity of Q.
c. If the two objects stick together after the collision, calculate
the final velocity of both objects.
ANS. : 10 kg m s1; 5 m s1 to the right; 1.7 m s1 to the right
2. A marksman holds a rifle of mass mr = 3.00 kg loosely in his
hands, so as to let it recoil freely when fired. He fires a
bullet of mass mb = 5.00 g horizontally with a velocity 300 m s-1.
Determine
a. the recoil velocity of the rifle,
b. the final momentum of the system.
34
ANS. : 0.5 m s1; U think.

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.2.1 :
4. A ball moving with a speed of 17 m s1 strikes an identical ball
that is initially at rest. After the collision, the incoming ball has
been deviated by 45 from its original direction, and the struck
ball moves off at 30 from the original direction as shown in
figure 3.17. Calculate the speed of each ball after the collision.

After
Figure 3.16

In figures 3.16 show a 3.50 g bullet is fired horizontally at two

blocks at rest on a frictionless tabletop. The bullet passes
through the first block, with mass 1.20 kg, and embeds
itself in the second block, with mass 1.80 kg. Speeds of
0.630 m s1 and 1.40 m s-1, respectively, are thereby given
to the blocks. Neglecting the mass removed from the first
block by the bullet, determine
a. the speed of the bullet immediately after it emerges from
the first block and
b. the initial speed of the bullet.
35
ANS. : 721 m s1; 937.4 m s1

Figure 3.17

ANS. : 8.80 m

s 1;

12.4 m s1

36

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

3.2.3 Collision

is defined as an isolated event in which two or more bodies

(the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong forces on each
other for a relatively short time.
From the Newtons Law of impact, the coefficient of restitution
is defined as the ratio of the relative velocity after collision
to the relative velocity before collision.
OR

CHAPTER 3

The coefficient of restitution, e is used to measure the

elasticity of the colliding bodies where its value always
positive (0 e 1).

The coefficient of restitution, e is dimensionless (no unit).

Table 3.1 shows the type of collision based on the value of e.

Coefficient of
restitution, e

Type of collision

Elastic

<1

Inelastic

v v
e 2 1
u 2 u1
Where

e : coefficient of restitution

Completely inelastic

v2 v1 : relative velocity after collision

u 2 u1 : relative velocity before collision

Table 3.1
37

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

Elastic collision
is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy (as well as
total momentum) of the system is the same before and after
the collision.
Figure 3.18 shows the head-on collision of two billiard balls.
1

Before collision

m1u1 m2 u 2

38

CHAPTER 3

The properties of elastic collision are

a. The coefficient of restitution, e = 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.

p p
i

c. The total kinetic energy is conserved.

K K
i

At collision

Simulation 3.4

OR

After collision

m1v1

1
1
1
1
m1u12 m2 u 22 m1v12 m2 v22
2
2
2
2

m2 v2

Figure 3.18
39

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

Inelastic (non-elastic) collision

is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy of the
system is not the same before and after the collision (even
though the total momentum of the system is conserved).
Figure 3.19 shows the model of a completely inelastic
collision of two billiard balls.
u 0
Before collision

m1u1

40

CHAPTER 3

Caution:
Not all the inelastic collision is stick together.
In fact, inelastic collisions include many situations in which
the bodies do not stick.
The properties of inelastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, 0 e < 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.

At collision

After collision
(stick together)

Simulation 3.5

Figure 3.19

p p

m2

E E
i

41

c. The total kinetic energy is not conserved because some of

the energy is converted to internal energy and some of it is
transferred away by means of sound or heat. But the total
energy is conserved.

OR

K K
i

losses energy
42

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Example 6 :

Solution :

Two titanium spheres approach each other head-on with the same
speed and collide elastically. After the collision, one of the spheres,
whose mass is 500 g, remains at rest. Calculate the mass of the
other sphere.
Solution : m1 0.500 kg; u1 u 2 u ; v1 0

Since the collision is elastic then e = 1, thus

Before collision

v v
e 2 1
u 2 u1

v 0
1 2

u u
v2 2u

v1 0 v2 ?
2

After collision

m2 ?

pi p f
m1u1 m2 u 2 m1v1 m2 v2
m1u m2 u m2 v2

1
1
m2 m1 0.500
3
3
m2 0.167 kg

By using the principle of conservation of linear momentum, thus

PHYSICS

(1)

43

CHAPTER 3

A ball is dropped from a height of 2.00 m above a tile floor and

rebounds to a height of 1.30 m.
a. Determine the balls speed just before and after strike the floor.
b. State the type of the collision between ball and floor. Give
reason. (Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Solution : h0 2.00 m; h1 1.30 m
a. i. Before collision,
1 u0
s h 2.00 m
y

v0

2.00 m

v1 ' 1.30 m
1

v1

44

PHYSICS

Example 7 :

Thus

(2)

By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), therefore

v12

u 2 gs y

v12

0 29.81 2.00

CHAPTER 3

Solution :
a. ii. After collision,

s y h1 1.30 m
Thus

v 2 v1 ' 2 gs y
2
0 v1 ' 29.81 1.30

v1 ' 5.05 m s 1
b. The initial and final velocities of the floor are zero.
By using equation of Newtons law of restitution,

v v '
0 5.05

e 2 1
0 6.26
u 2 v1
e 0.807

v1 6.26 m s 1

Therefore the collision between ball and floor is inelastic.

Floor (2)
45

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

46

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

3.2.4 Impulse, J

Let a single constant force, F acts on an object in a short time

interval (collision), thus theNewtons 2nd law can be written as

The S.I. unit of impulse is N s or kg m s1.

If the force acts on the object is not constant then

t2

J Fdt Fav dt

dp
F F dt constant

where

J Fdt dp p2 p1
where

p 2 : final momentum

p 1 : initial momentum

Since impulse and momentum are both vector quantities, then it

is often easiest to use them in component form :

consider 2-D
collision only

F : impulsive force

is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t

OR the change of momentum.
is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the
constant force on the object.

1
Fav : average impulsive force

J x Fav x dt p2 x p1 x mv x u x

J y Fav y dt p 2 y p1 y m v y u y

J z Fav z dt p2 z p1 z mv z u z
47

48

SF017

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against

time, t graph is given by the figure 3.20.

Figure 3.20

t2

0 t1

CHAPTER 3

Example 8 :
A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of
100 m s1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s1 in the
opposite direction.
a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the
wall,
b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the
magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball.
Solution : m1 0.20 kg

Shaded area under the Ft graph = impulse

Picture 3.1

u1 100 m s 1
1

Picture 3.3

Wall (2)
1

Picture 3.2

v1 70 m s 1

v2 u 2 0

49

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

50

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Example 9 :

Solution :
a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant,

F kN

J dp p2 p1

18

J m1 v1 u1
J 0.20 70 100
J 34 N s

0 0.2

Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s.

b. Given the contact time, dt

1.8

t ms

Figure 3.21

10 103 s

J Fav dt
34 Fav 10 10 3
Fav 3400 N

1.0

An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g

struck by a racket is shown in figure 3.21. Determine
a. the impulse delivered to the ball,
b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is
being served so it is nearly at rest initially.

51

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

Solution : m 60.0 10 3 kg
a. From the force-time graph,

1. A steel ball with mass 40.0 g is dropped from a height of

2.00 m onto a horizontal steel slab. The ball rebounds to a
height of 1.60 m.
a. Calculate the impulse delivered to the ball during impact.
b. If the ball is in contact with the slab for 2.00 ms, determine
the average force on the ball during impact.
ANS. : 0.47 N s; 237. 1 N
2. A golf ball (m = 46.0 g) is struck with a force that makes an
angle of 45 with the horizontal. The ball lands 200 m away
on a flat fairway. If the golf club and ball are in contact for
7.00 ms, calculate the average force of impact. (neglect the
air resistance.)
ANS. : 293 N

b. Given the balls initial speed, u

0
J dp mv u

14.4 60.0 10 3 v 0
v 240 m s

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.2.2 :

J area under the F t graph

1
J 1.8 0.2 10 3 18 103
2
J 14.4 N s

52

53

54

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CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:

Exercise 3.2.2 :
3.

Figure 3.22

A tennis ball of mass, m = 0.060 kg and a speed,

v = 28 m s1 strikes a wall at a 45 angle and rebounds with
the same speed at 45 as shown in figure 3.22. Calculate the
impulse given by the wall.
ANS. : 2.4 N s to the left or 2.4 N s

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

PHYSICS

3.3 Reaction and frictional forces (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Use Newtons Third Law to explain the concept of normal

reaction force.

State and use equation for frictional force and

distinguish between static friction,

fs s N
and kinetic (dynamic) friction,

fk k N

55

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

56

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Case 2 : Inclined plane

An object lies at rest on a rough inclined plane as shown in
figure 3.24.
Component of the weight :
y

3.3 Reaction and frictional forces

3.3.1 Reaction (normal) force, N or R

is defined as a reaction force that exerted by the surface to

an object interact with it and the direction always
perpendicular to the surface.
Case 1: Horizontal surface
An object lies at rest on a flat horizontal surface as shown in
figure 3.23.
Action: weight of an object is exerted on

the horizontal surface

Reaction: surface is exerted a force, N on
the object .

Wx
Wy

Figure 3.24

Action: y-component of the objects

weight is exerted on the inclined
surface.
Reaction: surface is exerted a force, N on
the object.

W mg

N mg 0

Therefore

Figure 3.23

Wx mg sin
W y mg cos

N Wy 0

Therefore

N mg cos

N mg

W mg

57

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

58

PHYSICS

Case 3 : Motion of a lift

Consider a person standing inside a lift as shown in figures
3.25a, 3.25b and 3.25c.
a. Lift moving upward at a uniform velocity

CHAPTER 3

b. Lift moving upwards at a constant acceleration, a

Since the lift moving at a

uniform velocity, thus

By applying the newtons 2nd law

of motion, thus

ma y

N mg ma

ay 0

Therefore

0
N mg 0

N ma g

Figure 3.25a

W mg

Figure 3.25b

W mg

N mg
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CHAPTER 3

3.3.2 Frictional force, f

c. Lift moving downwards at a constant acceleration, a

By applying the newtons 2nd law

of motion, thus

ma y

f N

mg N ma

where

f N

N m g a

Figure 3.25c

is defined as a force that resists the motion of one surface

relative to another with which it is in contact.
is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces..
is directly proportional to the reaction force.
OR

W mg

f : frictional force

: coefficient of friction
N : reaction force

Coefficient of friction,
is defined as the ratio between frictional force to reaction
force.
f
OR

Caution : N is also known as apparent weight and W is true

weight.

is dimensionless and depends on the nature of the surfaces.

61

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3

Case 1 : Horizontal surface

Static, fs (frictional force act on the object before its move)

Kinetic, fk (frictional force act on the object when its move)

Rolling, fr (frictional force act on the object when its rolling)

Consider a box of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface

by a horizontal force, F as shown in figures 3.26.

Can be ignored

f k k N

thus

fr fk fs

where

f r r N

PHYSICS

There are three types of frictional force :

fs s N

62

Figure 3.26

r k s

Caution:
The direction of the frictional force exerted by a surface
on an object is always in the opposite direction of the
motion.
The frictional and the reaction forces are always
perpendicular.
Simulation 3.6

x-component :

mg

y-component :

Fnett ma
F f ma

y 0
N mg

63

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICS

Case 2 : Inclined plane

64

CHAPTER 3

Example 10 :

Consider a box of mass m is pulled along an inclined plane by a

y
force, F as shown in figures 3.27.

x F

Wx

Figure 3.27

x-component
(parallel to the inclined
Fx ma
plane) :

Figure 3.28

Wy

F Wx f ma
F ma mg sin f

30

Simulation 3.7

W mg

y-component
(perpendicular to the inclined
plane:
F 0

N Wy 0
N mg cos

65

A box of mass 20 kg is on a rough horizontal plane. The box is

pulled by a force, F which is applied at an angle of 30 above
horizontal as shown in figure 3.28. If the coefficient of static friction
between the box and the plane is 0.3 and the box moves at a
constant speed, calculate
a. the normal reaction force,
b. the applied force F,
c. the static friction force.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)

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Solution :

PHYSICS

m 20 kg; s 0.3
constant speed

0
N F sin 30 mg 0
N F sin 30 209.81
N F sin 30 196

F sin 30

30
F cos 30

fs

CHAPTER 3

Solution :
y-component :

(2)

By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2), hence

0.3N
N
sin 30 196

cos 30
N 167 N

mg
a. Since the box moves at constant speed thus
x-component :
Fx 0

a0

b. Therefore the applied force is given by

F cos 30 f s 0
F cos 30 s N 0
0.3N
F
cos 30

PHYSICS

F
c. The static friction force is
(1)
67

CHAPTER 3

f s s N
f s 0.3167 50.1 N

PHYSICS

Example 11 :

0.3167
57.9 N
cos 30

CHAPTER 3

Solution :

m 200 kg; F 2000 N; k 0.4

20

a
F sin 20

mg sin 30

fk

30
Figure 3.29

A block of mass 200 kg is pulled along an inclined plane of 30 by

a force, F = 2 kN as shown in figure 3.29. The coefficient of kinetic
friction of the plane is 0.4. Determine
a. the normal force,
b. the nett force,
c. the acceleration of the block,
d. the time taken for the block to travel 30 m from rest.
69
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

68

30

F
20 F cos 20

mg cos 30
30

mg
a. y-component :
Fy 0
N F sin 20 mg cos 30 0
N 2000 sin 20 2009.81cos 30 0

N 1015 N
70

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.3 :

Solution :
b. The nett force is directed along the inclined plane surface.
x-component : Fnett
Fx

1.

Fnett F cos 20 mg sin 30 f k

Fnett F cos 20 mg sin 30 k N
Fnett 2000 cos 20 2009.81sin 30 0.4 1015
Fnett 492 N
c.
Fnett ma
a 2.46 m s 2
492 200a
d. Given

s 30 m; u 0

1
s ut at 2
2

1
2.46t 2
2
t 4.94 s

30 0

71

Figure 3.30

A 5.00 kg object placed on a frictionless, horizontal table is

connected to a string that passes over a pulley and then is
fastened to a hanging 9.00 kg object as in figure 3.30.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of both objects,
b. Calculate the acceleration of the two objects and the
tension in the string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
ANS. : 6.30 m s2; 31.5 N

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CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.3 :

Exercise 3.3 :

2. Two object are connected by a light

string that passes over a frictionless
pulley as in figure 3.31.
The coefficient of kinetic friction of
the plane is 0.3 and m1 = 2.00 kg,
m2 = 6.00 kg and = 55.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of
both objects.
b. Determine
i. the accelerations of the objects,
ii. the tension in the string
iii. the speed of each object 2.00 s
after being released from rest.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
ANS. : 2.31 m s2; 24.2 N; 4.62 m s1

3. A 5.00 g bullet is fired horizontally into a 1.20 kg wooden

block resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between block and surface is 0.20. The bullet
remains embedded in the block, which is observed to slide
0.230 m along the surface before stopping. Calculate the
initial speed of the bullet.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Tips : Use

Newtons second law of motion involving

acceleration.

Principle of conservation of linear momentum.

Equation of motion for linear motion.

ANS. : 229 m s1
Figure 3.31

73

PHYSICS

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74

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.3 :
4. The block shown in figure 3.32,
has mass, m =7.0 kg and lies on
a smooth frictionless plane tilted
at an angle, = 22.0 to the
horizontal.
a. Determine the acceleration of
the block as it slides down the
plane.
b. If the block starts from rest
12.0 m up the plane from its
base, calculate the blocks
speed when it reaches the
bottom of the incline plane.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
ANS. : 3.68 m s2; 9.40 m s1

THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 4 :
Work, Energy and Power
Figure 3.32

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