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Marta L. (Satu-Mare, Romnia)
DEPOZITUL DE BRONZURI DE LA GIOROCUTA
(JUD. SATU-MARE)
Depozitul de bronzuri de la Giorocuta (com. Supuru de Jos) a fost ngropat
n apropiere de marginea drumului de pmnt (drum secundar) Giorocuta
- Corund, ntr-o zon aat la o distan de cca. 700 m E - NE de marginea
satului Giorocuta. A fost descoperit cu ajutorul detectorului de metale n data
de 14 Octombrie 2005. Gsirea lui se datoreaz cercetrii locului n care cu trei
ani nainte, dl. V.Chifor a descoperit la suprafa un topor-celt. Investigarea cu
detectorul de metale a lotului de teren n care a fost descoperit celtul (proprietatea
lui I.Bocoschi), a dus la descoperirea pe acelai loc a nc 5 piese.
Locul de descoperire a depozitului de la Giorocuta, numit Tog, se prezint
sub forma unui platou larg (150 - 200 m), uor nclinat, ce se ntinde de la
est la vest, de-a lungul terasei prului Maja. Pe direcie nord-sud, platoul face
legtura ntre terasa prului, nalt de aprox. 30, i panta dealului Sectura
(Pl.1). Depozitul a fost ngropat la doar 35 m de buza terasei prului Maja,
deasupra zonei, ce poart numele de Huta. Platoul pe care a fost descoperit
depozitul este puin accidentat, ind secionat doar de o viroag, aat la distan
de cca. 100 m sud-est de o alt viroag care conduce spre vale un mic ricel de
ap ce izvorte de la poalele dealului Sectur.
Patru dintre piesele de bronz au fost descoperite practic de-a lungul liniei ce
constituie rzorul loturilor d-lor I.Bocoschi i I.Supuran, marcat printr-o breazd
foarte adnc, realizat cu scopul drenrii apelor pluviale (este mai adnc cu
cca. 0,3 m fa de terenul din jur).
Dintre aestea, dou-toporul cu aripioare i secera cu buton - erau grupate,
la doar 0,15 m unul de altul, locul n care au fost gsite andu-se la 20 m sud
de marginea drumului. Celelalte piese au fost gsite rspndite la distane de
civa metri, ind dislocate de utilajele agricole. Toporul cu aripioare i secera
cu buton preau s e n poziia lor original - in situ (Pl.1). Ele au fost gsite, la
acelai nivel, la adncimea de 0,35 m, sub stratul vegetal ntr-un strat negricios,
imediat deasupra stratului de steril de culoare brun glbuie.
n caseta deschis n zona pieselor, n jurul acestora a fost observat o pat
mai nchis la culoare, cu diametrul de 0,3 m. Aceasta prea a gura unei gropi,
eventual aceea spat pentru depunerea n pmnt a pieselor. Groapa a fost
secionat, ns conturile sale nu s-au distins clar. Toporul cu aripioare a fost
gsit n poziie culcat iar secera de lng el era n poziie vertical, pe cant, cu
tiul n jos.
Terenul din jurul zonei centrale a depozitului a fost cercetat prin deschiderea
unei casete mai nguste n momentul descoperiri, i a uneia mai extinse n vara
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anului 2006. Nu au fost observate elemente suplimentare referitoare la depunere,
s-a putut constata ns c fragmentele ceramice descoperite n zona depunerii
nu sunt legate de acestea, ind atribuite grupului cultural Hajdbagos-Cehlu.
Distana apropiat la care au fost gsite obiectele de bronz, surprinderea a dou
dintre ele alturate n poziie in situ i ansamblul coerent pe care l formeaz
cele ase piese permit aprecierea descoperiri ca depunere voluntar a unor piese
de bronz.
Descriere pieselor:
1. Celt. Cu bordura gurii de nmnuare dreapt i ngroat, seciunea
oval. Urechiua este rupt, iar feele nguste sunt perforate. Lama se lete
uor spre tiul uor arcuit, cu urme de folosire. Zona de mbinare dintre cele
dou tipare este evident, ca urmare a unei suprapuneri imperfecte la turnare.
Ornamentul format din nervuri este identic pe ambele fee, cu diferina c
nervurile orizontale sunt n numr de trei pe una din fee i dou pe cealalt. De
pe liniile orizontale de jos, pe ecare din fee, atrn cte o nervur unghiular
i cte o nervur n Y, ancate cu nervuri unghiulare. Lungime: 10,8 cm;
greutate: 264,5 gr. (nr. inv. 48144; Pl.2, 1).
2. Topor cu aripioare. Are aripioarele plasate n partea superioar, sub care,
pe ambele fee, exist un prag ce marcheaz nceputurile lamei. Lama se lete
puternic spre tiul arcuit. Patina verde deschis, bine pstrat pe ntreaga
suprafaa. Lungime: 13,1 cm; greutate: 259 gr. (nr. inv. 48145; Pl.2, 2).
3. Dalt-celt. Cu bordura gurii de nmnuare dreapt i ngroat.
Deteriorrile de la ti sunt recente. Patina verde deschis, bine pstrat pe
ntreaga suprafaa. Lungime: 7,6 cm; greutate: 40 gr. (nr. inv. 48146; Pl.2, 3).
4. Brar de form rotund, cu seciunea oval i capetele suprapuse,
subiate. Seciunea este oval, patina verde deschis, este bine pstrat pe
ntreaga suprafa. Diametrul brrii 5,9 cm; diametru srmei 0,6 cm; greutate:
42 gr. (nr. inv. 48149; Pl.2, 4).
5. Secer cu limb la mner, ce are rupt captul mnerului i vrful lamei.
Este decorat cu dou nervuri, ce decoreaz mnerul i ntreaga suprafa
pstrat a lamei. Pe cant mai pstreaz ciotul de turnare. Patina verde deschis,
bine pstrat pe ntreaga suprafa. Lungime pstrat: 9,5 cm; greutate: 32,3 gr.
(nr. inv. 48147; Pl.2, 5).
6. Secer cu buton miniatural. Cu lama ngust, prevzut cu o nervur
paralel cu muchia ngroat a lamei. Patina verde deschis, bine pstrat pe
ntreaga suprafaa. Lungime: 9,8 cm; greutate: 15,7 gr. (nr. inv. 48148; Pl.2, 6).
Datarea i ncadrarea depozitului de la Giorocuta este asigurat de securi.
Toporul cu aripioare n partea superioar este un tip ce se ntlnete relativ rar
depozitele fazei HaA i B1 din Romnia, n comparaie cu topoarele a cror
aripioare sunt plasate n zona de mijloc a piesei (Vulpe, 1975, p.75). Referitor
la exemplarele descoperite pe teritoriul Romniei, acestea sunt prezente n
5

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depozitele de tip Moigrad-Tuteu, tip de depozite aat n legtur cu perioada
Mller-Karpe HaB1 (Vulpe, 1975, s.78).
ncadrarea celturilor cu decor n form de Y o discutm mai larg, att
datorit importanei sale pentru ncadrarea tipologic a depozitului, ct i
datorit modicrilor pe care le-au avut opiunile de datare a acestui tip de pies.
n Transilvania celturile cu decor n Y au fost iniial ncadrate n dou serii de
depozite succesive (Turia-Jupalnic i Moigrad-Tuteu), considerate, n general,
a avea o compoziie foarte asemntoare.
Unor serii / tipuri de depozite corespunztoare cronologic celor dou tipuri
de depozite ardelene le-au fost arondate i celturile cu decor n Y din Ungaria
(Mozsolics, 1985, s.82), Slovacia (Novotn, 1970, s.85), Ucraina Transcarpatica
(Kobal, 2000, s.23). ns, pe parcursul timpului, mai muli cercettori au
exprimat puncte de vedere i analize ce susin ncadrarea celturilor cu decor n
form de Y ntr-un singur tip de depozit, respectiv arondarea acestora unei
singure etape cronologice.
Pe de o parte, s-a exprimat ndoiala referitor la capacitatea puinelor depozite
ale seriei Turia-Jupalnic de a exprima o perioad cronologic distinct (HaA2),
n condiiile n care ele au o compoziie apropiat de depozitelor de tip MoigradTuteu, de pe parcursul etapei HaB1 (Vulpe, 1981, s.429; Chicideanu, 1983,
s.14; Kacs, 1996, s.251). n acelai timp i analiza depozitelor din Ungaria
a artat c tipurile Gyermely i Hajdbszrmny aparin, n fapt, aceluiai
interval cronologic. Ca urmare o ncadrare n tipul de depozite Moigrad-Tuteu a
depozitului de la Giorocuta este sugerat de ambele securi ce-i aparin (Hansen,
1994, s.397).
Elemente de detaliu n ce privete poziia celtului de la Giorocuta n cazul
tipului, pot stabilite pornind de la analiza amnunit a motivelor decorative
de pe celturi, realizate de B.Wanzek, respectiv de N.Boroffka i Fl.Ridiche.
Potrivit primului autor celtul de Giorocuta se ncadreaz tipului 2.b.6.a
(Wanzek, 1989, s.106). n conformitate cu cea de a doua tipologie, dat ind
prezena nervurilor orizontale de deasupra ornamentului n Y, cte dou pe
una din fee i cte trei pe cealalt, securea din depozitul de la Giorocuta se
prezint ca un exemplar hibrid, aat ntre varianta 2.b.6.a.3.-1/2 i varianta
2.b.6.a.3.-1/3 (Boroffka-Ridiche, 2005, s.148). Deoarece nu sunt cunoscute
analogii hibride, piesa de la Giorocuta ar putea reprezenta e o variant rar, e
mai degrab, o pies cu un decor realizat ntmpltor. Ultima posibilitate trebuie
avut n vedere dat ind c n bazinul Tisei Superioare securile cu decorul n Y
unghiular sunt frecvente, att sub forma variantei cu trei nervuri ct i a aceleia
cu dou nervuri (Boroffka-Ridiche, 2005, s.151).
Pentru ncadrarea / datarea depozitului de la Giorocuta, dalta, secerile i
brara au o relevan redus, ecare dintre aceste tipuri de piese sunt prezente
n depozitele contemporane seriei Moigrad-Tuteu. Dalta-celt este un tip de
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unealt ce apare nc din epoca tipurie a bronzului, dar care este prezent destul
de des pe parcursul periodei cmpurilor de urne. Pentru exemplarele gracile,
cum este cazul aceluia de fa, se consider o utilizare la operaiuni mai simple:
ndeprtarea ururilor de turnare, secionarea brrilor etc (Hnsel, 2005,
p.293).
Secera cu buton este un tip de pies prezent n Bazinul Superior al Tisei nc
din epoca mijlocie a bronzului, ns continu s e utilizat i n epoca trzie a
bronzului. n Ucraina subcarpatic apar n numr mare spre sfritul etapei BzD,
vrful apariiei lor nregistrndu-se n etapa HaA1 dar n numr mic continu s
apar i n seria de depozite Suskovo (HaA2) (Kobal, 2000, s.45).
n schema tipologic stabilit de M.Petrescu-Dmbovia pentru brrile din
Romnia, piesa de la Giorocuta poate ncadrat n tipul brrilor / verigilor de
picior rotunde, cu seciune oval i capete suprapuse (majoritatea exemplarelor
au capetele ascuite). Acest tip de brar are o datare larg din Bronz Mijlociu
pn n Hallstatt (Petrescu-Dmbovia, 1998, s.108-110). Mijlociu, ns prin
cele 6 exemplare din depozitul de la Sg este stabilit legtura cu depozitele
tipului Moigrad-Tuteu i cu zona de nord-vest a Romniei.
Pentru depozitul de la Giorocuta, mai ales poziia secerii (cu tiul n jos)
ne apare ca ind una special, rezultat al aranjrii sale n momentul depunerii.
Alturi de aceasta, elementele ce sugereaz existena unei gropi de depunere
poate indiciu care sugereaz i el posibilitatea ca secera i toporul de lng ea
s reprezinte miezul depozitului. Probabil acestea au fost piesele depuse cel mai
adnc n sol, fapt pentru care nu au mai fost dislocate de utilajul agricol. Modul
n care au fost mprtiate celelalte piese ntrete aceast situaie: locul n care a
fost gsit piesele grupate ne apare ca ind unul central, n raport cu cele 3 piese
singulare descoperite n stratul arabil. Situaia devine i mai clar dac lum n
considerare c dou dintre piese au fost gsite la fel ca i miezul depozitului pe
linia anului de drenaj dintre proprieti, sugernd c cele patru piese au fost
smulse de plug atunci cnd a fost realizat anul (sau reamenajat).
Cu excepia secerii cu limb la mner, n cadrul depozitului de la Giorocuta,
observm depunerea, n principal, a unor piese ntregi, element caracteristic
depozitelor perioadei de tip Moigrad-Tuteu. Depozitul de la Giorocuta este de
mici dimensiuni; conine unelte (secerile, dalta i eventual toporul cu aripioare),
podoabe, reprezentate de brar i eventual arme (securea). Combinaia este
ntlnit n seriile de depozite atribuite fazelor HaA2-HaB1 e n depozite
de dimensiuni apropiate, e n depozite de dimensiuni mai mari, care conin
printre alte piese i pe acelea din depozitul de la Giorocuta. Acest depozit
mpreun cu cel de la Pir, sau cu alte depozite descoperite mai recent n zona
Maramureului au sporit simitor numrul depozitelor tipului Moigrad-Tuteu
din zona cuprins ntre Bazinul superior al Tisei i Transilvania. Prin aceste
noi depozite, continuarea depunerilor pentru intervalul HaB1 tinde s capete o
7

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amploare asemntoare cu aceea din regiunile nvecinate, chiar dac rmne la
o scar mult mai redus fa de aceea cunoscut n intervalul BzD i chiar HaA.

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9

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(Hansen, 1994, s.397).
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Key-words: treasure, Moigrad-Tuteu type, axe, decorated motives.

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11

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-, - HaA2 HaB1.
Marta L. (Satu-Mare, Romania)
Bronze Treasure from the Village of Giorocuta (Satu-Mare County)
(Summary)
The bronze treasure has been discovered during the archeological excavations
to take place near the village of Giorocuta in October 2005. It has been dated and
classied based on the analyses of decorated motives of axes. Limited territory,
where the ndings have been made, the close location of two objects in original
position, and the complex of six objects allow to dene them as the treasure of
Moigrad-Tuteu type which means of HaA2 - HaB1 phase.

Boroffka N., Ridiche F. Der Guformenfund von Plenia, Kreis Dolj,


Rumnien. Descoperiri de tipare pentru turnarea bronzului de la Plenia, judeul
Dolj // Bronzefunde aus Rumnien / Descpoperiri de bronzuri n Romnia II /
ed. T.Soroceanu. - Bistria - Cluj-Napoca, 2005. - S.133-208.
Hnsel A. Un depozit din zona Sucevei // Bronzefunde aus Rumnien II.
(Descoperiri de bronzuri din Romnia) / ed. T.Soroceanu. - Bistria - ClujNapoca, 2005. - S.285-300.
Hansen S. Studien zu den Metalldeponierungen whrend der lteren
Urnenfelderzeit zwischen Rhnetal und Karpatenbecken // UPA. - Bonn, 1994.
- 21.
Kobal J. Bronzezeitliche Depotfunde aus Transkarpatien (Ukraine) // PBF.
- Stuttgart, 2000. - XX. - 4.
Mozsolics A. Bronzefunde aus Ungarn. Depotfundhorizonte von Aranyos,
Kurd und Gyemely. - Budapest, 1985.
Novotn M. Die xte und Beile in der Slowakei // PBF. - Mnchen, 1970.
- IX. - 3.
Petrescu-Dmbovia . Die Arm- und Beinsmuck in Rumnien // PBF. Stuttgart, 1998. - X. - 4.
Vulpe A. Die xte und Beile in Rumnien II // PBF. - Mnchen, 1975. IX. - 5.
Vulpe A. Recenzie la Mircea Petrescu-Dmbovia. Die Sicheln in
Rumnien mit Corpus der jung- und sptbronzezeitlichen Horte Rumniens //
PBF. - Mnchen, 1981. - XVIII. - 1. - S.427-430.
Wanzek B. Die Gumodel fr Tllenbeile im sdstlichen Europa // UPA. Bonn, 1989. - 2.
12

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Zanoci A., B M. (Chiinu, Moldova)
SPREADING OF SITES OF XIIth/XIth - IIIrd CENTURIES B.C. IN THE
MIDDLE DNIESTER BASIN
Geographic area. Investigated area is a strip width of about 15 - 18 km
located on the right and, partially, on the left bank of the Dniester between the
localities of Vertiujeni (47 59' 36" North, 28 32' 24" East) and ipova (47
36' 18" North, 28 58' 46" East). By the territorial-administrative division, the
investigated area includes parts of the districts of Floreti, oldneti, Rezina,
Camenca, and Rbnia of the Republic of Moldova.
Territory of the right bank of Dniester is a part of the Dniester Plateau, with
absolute altitudes of 250 - 347 m above sea level, segmented by a network of
waters and valleys. The space on the left bank is the southwestern outskirts
of Podolian Plateau, with absolute altitudes of 220 - 275 m (, 1982,
c.12,14). The Dniester valleys in this area are characterized by highly eroded
cliffs developed in compact sedimentary rocks (limestone, marl, sand stone, and
shale). As a result they have taken the form of canyons with steep slopes (20
- 30), and sometimes very steep ones (40 - 70) (, 1982, c.33,46). The
area is crossed by a network of small rivers, tributaries of the Dniester, such as
Ciorna, Coglnic, Dobrua, Bagornianca, Saharneanca, etc. (map.1-2).
The hills and slopes of the valleys are covered with loamy, ashes, and black
soils, which have developed a ora specic for forest-steppe area, characterized
by the presence of oak, lime, maple, beech, etc. (Mihilescu, Sochirc,
Constantino, 2006, p.112-130).
The geographical location of the Middle Dniester Region has led to a
temperate continental climate (, 1982, c.14).
Thus, physical and geographical conditions favorable for the living of people
have contributed largely to the settling of population in this territory from the
ancient times.
Chronological area. The lower limit (XIIth/XIth centuries B.C.) is determined
by the date of appearance in the Middle Dniester region of monuments specic
for the Hallstatt period, and the upper limit (IIIrd century B.C.) - by the
abandonment or destruction of Thraco-Getae sites.
During this period in the mentioned area there have been a number of
cultures and cultural groups, attributed in particular to sedentary populations
of Thracian origin - Tmoani-Holercani-Hansca (Hnsel, 1976, p.122; Lszl,
1986, p.65-91; Leviki, 1994, p.219-256; Nicic, 2008), Cozia-Saharna (Hnsel,
1976, p.134; Lszl, 1989, s.111-129; , 2000, c.241-488; Niculi,
Zanoci, Arnut, 2008, p.14-24,51-68,71-87), Basarabi-oldneti (,
1958, c.64-76; , 1979; , , 1995, c.32-37; Kauba,
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2007, p.369-380; Kauba, 2008, p.37-50) and Thraco-Getae origin.
Stage of research. As a result of the surface prospecting, archaeological
surveys and investigations in the area under review there are known about 114
monuments (Table 1). The degree of investigation of these sites is different
(Diagram 1). Some of them, such as the settlements of Glinjeni La an, Saharna
Mare, Saharna Mic, Saharna Dealul Mnstirii, Saharna iglu, Saharna
La Revichin, etc. and the necropolises of Saharna Gura Hulboacei, Saharna
iglu, oldneti II etc., were investigated by archaeological excavations.
However, most of them are still known only by surface investigations or through
surveys.
In the majority of archaeologically investigated monuments, as well as in
some sites explored through surveys and prospecting, there were identied
several dwelling layers dated the XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries B.C. (Diagram 2,
Table 1). Currently, only in two sites - Saharna Mare (, 2000a, .147148; Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, 2008, p.69-150; Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, B,
2010, p.360-371) and Solonceni Hlinaia (, 2000, c.416-429; ,
2000a, c.148-152; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.33-41; , ,
, 2001-2002, .142-150) - there was determined the full cultural and
chronological spectrum, beginning with the facies of Tmoani-HolercaniHansca and ending with the IIIrd century B.C. Among the sites with many
dwelling layers the majority are double-layer ones - 29 (Diagram 2, Table 1). In
most cases they contain the Cozia-Saharna dwelling layer and the Thraco-Getae
one. However, the most numerous (78) remain monuments, as a rule unexplored
archaeologically, in which there has been identied only one dwelling level (in
case of more extensive research, it also could be identied several dwelling
levels).
Cultural and chronological distribution and geography of the sites.
Vestiges of the Tmoani-Holercani-Hansca type, dated in this region from
the late XIIth - XIth century B.C. (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, 2008, s.167-169),
have been identied only in four open settlements (Table 1, Map 1): Solonceni
Hlinaia (, 2000, c.417-419), Saharna Mic (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut,
2008, p.14-24), Saharna iglu (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, 2008, p.165),
and, probably, Saharna Mare. In terms of topography, the sites from Saharna
are located in close proximity to each other, thus forming a clusters of three
settlements.
The Cozia-Saharna culture, framed in the Xth - IXth/VIIIth centuries B.C.
(, 2000, c.340-352; Kauba, Zanoci, 2010, p.49), is represented in the
Middle Dniester area by 52 monuments (one fortication, 42 open settlements,
and nine necropolises) (Table 1, Map 1, Diagram 3). Considering that in the
whole area of Cozia-Saharna culture (forest-steppe between the Siret and
Dniester) there are known about 124 monuments (, 2000, c.365-367),
16

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the discoveries in the Middle Dniester region is the largest concentration of
sites of this culture. Mapping of the monuments of Cozia-Saharna type (Map
1) showed that the majority of them formed two clusters, each consisting of
about 20 - 22 monuments. One of them is located in the Ciorna River basin, from
the locality of Parcani to the place of the rivers owing into the Dniester. In this
region, an area of about 100 km2, there were identied 17 open settlements
(Parcani I, Mihuleni I, Glinjeni La an, Alcedar La Cordon, Mateui La
Bane, Popui II, Ciorna I etc.) and ve necropolises (Mihuleni, Alcedar,
Mateui Curtaia, areuca, Ciorna). The second cluster is located on the right
bank of the Dniester and limited to the village of Stohnaia (a suburb of Rezina)
in the north, to Saharna Nou in the south, to Cinieui in the west, and to the
Dniester River in the east. Here, in the area of about 60 km2, one fortication
(Saharna Mare), 17 open settlements (Stohnaia I, Saharna iglu, Saharna La
Revichin, Saharna I, Saharna Dealul Mnstirii, Saharna Gura Hulboacei
etc.), and two necropolises (Saharna Gura Hulboacei, Saharna iglu) were
found. The rest of the monuments are concentrated in smaller groups (Socol
Craina, Curatura II, Poiana) or located separately.
Thus, investigating the way of location of the monuments of the CoziaSaharna culture in the Middle Dniester basin, we can assume the presence of
some regional formations, each of them corresponding to the above-mentioned
clusters.
In the investigated area there are found 12 monuments (10 settlements and
two necropolises) of the Basarabi-oldneti culture (the VIIIth - early VIIth
centuries B.C.). Among them there is a group consisting of four settlements
(Olicani, oldneti I, oldneti III, oldneti IV) (note that these sites do not
overlap the settlements of the previous Cozia-Saharna culture) and a necropolis
(oldneti II), which are located compactly in the Ciorna River basin, an area
of about 10 km2. The second group composed of four settlements (Alcedar
III, Glinjeni La an, Mateui La Bane, Solonceni Hlinaia) (these
settlements contain also a dwelling layer of Cozia Saharna) and a necropolis
(Mateui Curtaia) is more scattered and occupies the space between the lower
ow of the Ciorna and the Dniester. Two other sites (Saharna I i Saharna Mare)
are located on the high bank of the Dniester at the distance of about 2 km from
each other.
Thus, we can see that the Basarbi-oldneti culture also has a specic
concentration of settlements and necropolises in the so-called clusters.
The VIIth/VIth - IIIrd centuries B.C. For monuments from the Middle Dniester
region (some researches have a separate vision regarding the chronology of
Getae (Thraco-Getae) monuments in the Middle Dniester region, so they are
dated from the late VIth - second half of the IVth century B.C. (, 2010,
.15-127)) some researches highlight two periods of this time: I - the second
17

. 40
half of VIIth century - rst half of Vth century B.C., called the late Hallstatt (note
that in the area under review, and also in other regions, there are not known
sites, which limit their existence only at this period. All they continue (there are
overlapping ?) their existence in the next centuries), and II - the Getae period
(the IVth - IIIrd centuries B.C.) (, , , 2001-2002, .205215). Others (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, 2008) speak of an integral Thraco-Getae
period having some internal development stages, which vary from one site to
another.
Among the sites, especially Thraco-Getae ones, were it was undertaken
extensive archaeological research, there were outlined eight ones (3 fortications
and 5 open settlements) (Table 1, Figure 3), which functioned from the VIIth
or VIth century B.C. to the IIIrd century B.C. It can be identied certain stages
of development of the sites in this period of time. They were evidenced, in
particular, at the fortications - Saharna Mare and Saharna Mic (Niculi,
Zanoci, Arnut, B, 2010, p.360-374) - through diverse surfaces of the premises
and different types of defensive buildings.
Most monuments in the Middle Dniester basin are dated from the Vth/IVth rd
III centuries B.C. For this period there are known 28 fortications and 58 open
settlements (Map 2). Currently this seems to be the largest concentration of sites
not only in the Dniester basin, but also throughout the whole area inhabited by
the Thraco-Getae communities.
In this clusters our attention is drawn to the way of location of the
fortications. They are arranged in three lines of defense. The rst one,
composed of four fortied facilities (Racov, Caterinovca, Stroieti and
Ofatini), is located in the left bank of the river close to the water. The second
is on the right bank, also near the water, and consists of ten fortications,
those of Vertiujeni, Japca, Curatura, Rezina, Saharna La Revichin, Saharna
Mic, Saharna Mare, Saharna La an, Saharna Hulboaca and Buciuca.
After mapping it was observed that the fortications which constitute this line
of defense were placed on high places over the long, narrow lowlands which
connected the riverbed with the lands to the west of it. The third line of defense,
consisting of 14 fortications (Cunicea, Alcedar, Glinjeni La an, ahnui,
Mateui etc.), was at a distance of several kilometers from Dniester. Most
fortresses are arranged in the basins of Ciorna River or other little rivers, the
right tributaries of Dniester.
Open settlements are located around the fortications, being at a distance
of 0,1 to 1,5 km from the fortied centers. Also, we can observe a preference
for arrangement of civil settlements near water sources: the rivers of Dniester,
Ciorna, Coglnic etc.
Among the clusters of the Middle Dniester region there are observed some
smaller nests consisting of 1 - 3 fortications (e.g. Saharna Mare, Saharna
18

. 40
Mic, Saharna La an) and several civil settlements.
As a result of archaeological investigations conducted in a series of
fortications, it was determined that they were permanently inhabited, as
witnessed by the presence of remains of dwellings, ancillary buildings, sewage
pits and fairly rich and diverse archaeological inventory. At the same time,
the fortresses could serve as a refuge for communities living in nearby civil
settlements. For example, this is attested to Saharna La an, where there was
a permanently inhabited small citadel (175 60 m) with a larger adjoining
accommodation (307 254 m), practically devoid of traces of habitation. But in
its vicinity there were revealed three open settlements, which population could,
if necessary, take refuge in the large accommodation from Saharna La an
(Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, 2008, s.151-162).
Thus, it can be assumed that the small nests could be living space of a
tribal community. And the clusters of sites, which spreads over an area of
about 600 km, can be attributed to a major political formation in the Middle
Dniester region.
Conclusions. Mapping of the monuments of the XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries
B.C. in the Middle Dniester basin and comparing the situation with other regions
populated by communities of this period, especially those of Cozia-Saharna type
and Thraco-Getae ones, allow us to talk about a space with the largest number
and highest density of sites.
Although the number of monuments varies from period to period, we nd a
permanent occupation of this territory. Demographic explosions are attested
in the Xth - IXth/VIIIth and Vth/IVth - IIIrd centuries B.C., when most monuments
are dated from. A smaller number of sites is characteristic for the cultures of
Tmoani-Holercani-Hansca, Basarabi-oldneti and for the VIIth/VIth - Vth
centuries B.C. This reducing in number of sites is not typical only for the
Middle Dniester basin; a similar situation can be traced throughout the eastern
Carpathian area (Nicic, 2008, p.31-42; , , 1990, c.111-120;
, 2000a, .1; Kauba, 2008, g.1; Arnut, 2003, p.183-282). These
decreases in the number of sites can be caused by some disasters that occurred
during these periods or by the insufcient investigation of archaeological
monuments (88% of sites are still known only by surface research).
It was also noted that, regardless of time, there were no scattered monuments;
they form groups consisting of several sites. As a rule, these clusters consist
of fortications, open settlements, and necropolises. The number of sites in the
clusters varies from one period to another; the richest ones are specic for
the Cozia-Saharna culture and for Thraco-Getae (the Vth/IVth - IIIrd centuries
B.C.). Perhaps these clusters are vital area of some political-territorial
formations of the Middle Dniester region.

19

. 40
: , XII/XI - III . ..,
, , , .
: , XII/XI - III . ..,
, , , .
Key-words: Middle Dniester basin, XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries B.C.,
monuments, fortication, open settlement, necropolis.

., . (., )
XII/XI - III . ..

()
15 - 18 ,
(47
59' 36" , 28 32' 24" ) (47 36' 18" , 28 58' 46"
).
114 , XII/XI - III . .. (
1). (78) (29).
,
. , --
; - - 52
( , 42 9 ); - 10 ; VII/VI - V . .. -
; V/IV - III . .. - 28 58 .
( 1 2) ,
, .
-
- (V/IV - III . ..). ,
- .

., . (., )
XII/XI - III . ..

()
15 - 18 ,

(47 59' 36" , 28 32' 24" )
(47 36' 18" , 28 58' 46" ).
20

. 40
114 ,
XII/XI - III . .. ( 1).
(78) (29).
,
. , --
; - - 52
( , 42 9 ); - 10 ; VII/VI - V . .. -
; V/IV - III . .. - 28 58 .
( 1 2)
, , ,
.
- - (V/IV - III . ..).
, - .

Zanoci A., B M. (Chiinu, Moldova)


Spreading of Sites of XIIth/XIth - IIIrd Centuries B.C. in the Middle
Dniester Basin
(Summary)
Investigated area is a strip width of about 15 - 18 km located on the right
and, partially, on the left bank of the Dniester between the localities of Vertiujeni
(47 59' 36" North, 28 32' 24" East) and ipova (47 36' 18" North, 28 58'
46" East). As a result of the surface prospecting, archaeological surveys and
investigations in the area under review there are known about 114 monuments
of XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries B.C. (Table 1).
Among the sites with many dwelling layers the majority are double-layer
ones - 29 (Diagram 2, Table 1). In most cases they contain the Cozia-Saharna
dwelling layer and the Thraco-Getae one. However, the most numerous (78)
remain monuments, as a rule unexplored archaeologically, in which there has
been identied only one dwelling level (in case of more extensive research, it
also could be identied several dwelling levels).
Mapping of the monuments of the XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries B.C. in the
Middle Dniester basin and comparing the situation with other regions populated
by communities of this period, especially those of Cozia-Saharna type and
Thraco-Getae ones, allow us to talk about a space with the largest number and
highest density of sites.
Although the number of monuments varies from period to period, we nd a
permanent occupation of this territory. Demographic explosions are attested
21

. 40
in the Xth - IXth/VIIIth and Vth/IVth - IIIrd centuries B.C., when most monuments
are dated from. A smaller number of sites is characteristic for the cultures of
Tmoani-Holercani-Hansca, Basarabi-oldneti and for the VIIth/VIth - Vth
centuries B.C. This reducing in number of sites is not typical only for the
Middle Dniester basin; a similar situation can be traced throughout the eastern
Carpathian area. These decreases in the number of sites can be caused by some
disasters that occurred during these periods or by the insufcient investigation
of archaeological monuments (88% of sites are still known only by surface
research).
Regardless of time, there were no scattered monuments; they form groups
consisting of several sites. As a rule, these clusters consist of fortications,
open settlements, and necropolises. The number of sites in the clusters varies
from one period to another; the richest ones are specic for the Cozia-Saharna
culture and for Thraco-Getae (the Vth/IVth - IIIrd centuries B.C.). Perhaps these
clusters are vital area of some political-territorial formations of the Middle
Dniester region.

List of illustrations
Table 1. Sites of XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries B.C. in the Middle Dniester basin.
Diagram 1. The grade of research of the sites of XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries
B.C. in the Middle Dniester basin.
Diagram 2. Distribution of the sites according to the number of layers of
living.
Diagram 3. Distribution of the sites according to the period and type.
Map 1. Spreading of monuments of XIIth/XIth - VIIIth/VIIth centuries B.C. in
the Middle Dniester basin.
Map 2. Spreading of Thraco-Getae sites (VIIth/VIth - IIIrd centuries B.C.) in
the Middle Dniester basin.

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basin // First Arheoinvest Congress. Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology
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V/IV-III B.C.

VII/VI-V B.C.

Cozia-Saharna

Basarabi-oldneti

Name of the site

Cultural and
chronological
belonging
Holercani-Hansca

Nr.

Grade of research

Table 1. Sites of XIIth/XIth - IIIrd centuries B.C. in the Middle Dniester basin*

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, , 1965, .75-79;
, , ,
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Alcedar, district
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Alcedar, district
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Alcedar III, district


oldneti

, , ,
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.442-476

Alcedar La
Cordon, district
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5
6
7

Buciuca, district
Rezina
Bueuca I, district
Rezina
Bueuca II, district
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Caterinovca, district
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p.111-135; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
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Zanoci, B, 2011, Map.1

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.129

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.129

, , 1969, c.37;
, , ,
1974, .41; Hncu, 1993, p.17; Zanoci,
1998, p.124; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
2000, p.119; Arnut, 2003, p.197

28

. 40
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

26

27
28
29

Ciorna, district
Rezina
Ciorna I, district
Rezina
Cinieui I, district
Rezina
Cinieui II, district
Rezina
Climuii de Jos,
district oldneti
Coglniceni, district
Rezina
Coglniceni I,
district Rezina
Coglniceni II,
district Rezina
Coglniceni III,
district Rezina
Coglniceni IV,
district Rezina
Coglniceni V,
district Rezina
Coglniceni VI,
district Rezina
Coglniceni VII,
district Rezina
Coglniceni VIII,
district Rezina
Coglniceni IX,
district Rezina
Coglniceni X,
district Rezina
Cunicea, district
Floreti

Curtura, district
oldneti

Curatura II, district


oldneti
Curatura IIIa, district
oldneti
Curatura IIIb, district
oldneti

, 1955, c.141; ,
, , 1974, .16;
, 2000, .366
, 1957, c.254; , 2000,
.366
, , ,
1974, .18; , 2000, .366
, , ,
1974, .18; , 2000, .366
Levinschi, Borziac, 1990, p.50-54;
, 2000, .400-402
Hncu, 1993, p.94, 95; Zanoci, 1998,
p.126; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.128; Arnut, 2003, p.201

A
A

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.128

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.128

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.128

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.128

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.128

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.128

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.129

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.129

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.129

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.129

Hncu, 1993, p.19, 20; Zanoci, 1998,


p.129; Arnut, 2003, p.209
, , 1969, c.27;
, , ,
1974, .41, 42; Hncu, 1993, p.126,

127; Zanoci, 1998, p.129, 130; Kauba,


Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.121; Arnut,
2003, p.209
, 1957, c.302; , 2000,
.366

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.121

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.121

29

. 40
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

Curatura IIIc, district


oldneti
Cumirca, district
oldneti
Cumirca I, district
oldneti
Cumirca II, district
oldneti
Cumirca III, district
oldneti
Cumirca IV, district
oldneti
Dobrua, district
oldneti
Echimui, district
Rezina
Ghiduleni I, district
Rezina
Glinjeni, district
oldneti

A
A

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.121

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.120

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.120

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.120

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.120

Haheu, 2008, p.70

A
A

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.129

41

Glinjeni La
Lacuri, district
oldneti

42

Glinjeni La an,
district oldneti

44

45

46
47

Horodite La an,
district Rezina

Japca, district
Floreti
Lipceni IV, district
oldneti

, 1955, c.139; Kauba,


Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.122
, 1955, c.139; ,
, , 1974, .13;

, , 1995, c.3-37;
, 2000, .366
, , 1974, .85;
Hncu, 1993, p.127; Zanoci, 1998,

p.133, 134; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,


2000, p.122; Arnut, 2003, p.222, 223
, 1955, c.141; ,
, 1974, .59, 87-88;
, , 1991, c.150-151;
Goleva, 1995, p.183-189; ,

, 1995; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.21-33; ,
, , 2001-2002, .128142
, , ,
1974, .18; , 2000, .367

Glinjeni V, district
oldneti

Horodite, district
Rezina
Horodite II, district
Rezina

, 1957, c.302; , 2000,


.366

40

43

, 2000, .365

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.127


, 1949a, c.196; ,
, 1969, c.47; ,
, , 1974, .45;

Hncu, 1993, s.96, 97; Zanoci, 1998,


s.136; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
s.127; Arnut, 2003, p.225, 226
Hncu, 1993, p.22; Zanoci, 1998,

p.137; Arnut, 2003, p.229


, 1955, c.134; Kauba,

Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.124

A
A

30

. 40
48

Lipceni Rpa
Zanova, district
oldneti

49

Mateui, district
Rezina

50

Mateui, district
Rezina

51

Mateui Curtaia,
district Rezina

52

Mateui Curtaia I,
district Rezina

53

Mateui La Bane,
district Rezina

54

Mihuleni, district
oldneti

55

Mihuleni I, district
oldneti

56

Mihuleni II, district


oldneti

57

Mihuleni VII,
district oldneti

58

Odaia, district
oldneti

59

Ofatini, district
Rbnia

60

Olicani, district
oldneti

31

, 1955, c.134; Kauba,


Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.124
, 1965, c.220-224;
, , 1969, c.39;
, , ,
1974, .42; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
2000, p.69-75; , ,
, 2001-2002, .181-186
, , ,
1974, .15; , 2000, .366
, 1969, c.128-133;
, , ,
1974, .15
, 1969, c.128-133;
, , ,
1974, .15; , 2000, .366
, 1989, .59, 60; ,
2000, .429-442; , 2000a, 152154; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.64-69; , , ,
2001-2002, .175-181
, 1955, c.141; ,
, , 1974, .13;
, 2000, .366
, 1955, c.139, 140;
, , ,
1974, .13, 14; , 2000, .366;
Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.123.
, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974, .14;
, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.123.
, 1955, c.133; Kauba,
Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.123.
, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974, .14;
, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.121.
, 1954, c.59-68; ,
1955, c.64-67; , 1958, c.90;
, , ,
1974, .44, 45; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.41-48; ,
, , 2001-2002, .150157
, 1955, c.140; ,
, 1969, c.45; ,
, , 1974, .43;
Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.124

. 40

61

Olicani II, district


oldneti

62

Olicani III, district


oldneti

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.124

63

Parcani, district
oldneti

64

Parcani I, district
oldneti

65

Parcani II, district


oldneti

66
67

Pereni, district
Rezina
Poiana, district
oldneti

, 1955, c.141; ,
, 1969, c.45; ,
, , 1974, .42;

Hncu, 1993, s.130, 131; Zanoci, 1998,


s.144; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.123
, 1955, c.140; ,
2000, c.366; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
2000, p.123
, 1955, c.140; ,
2000, c.366; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
2000, p.123

A
C

, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974,

.15,16; , 2000a, c.141;


Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.124

Arnut, 2003, p.245

68

Poiana III, district


oldneti

69

Poiana IV, district


oldneti

70

Poiana V, district
oldneti

71

Poiana VI, district


oldneti

72

Poiana VII, district


oldneti

73

Poiana VIII, district


oldneti

74
75
76

Popui Hlinaia,
district Rezina
Popui I, district
Rezina
Popui II, district
Rezina

32

, 1990, c.107-111; ,
2000, c.402
, , 1974, .56,
57; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.120
, , 1974, .56,
57; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.120
, , 1974, .56,
57; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.120
, , 1974, .56,
57; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.120
, , 1974, .56,
57; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.120
, , 1974, .56,
57; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.120
, 1955, c.140; Kauba,
Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.124
, 1955, c.140; Kauba,
Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.125
, 1955, c.140; Kauba,
Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.124; ,
2000, c.366

. 40

77

78
79

Racov, district
Camenca

Racov VIIIa,
district Camenca
Racov Mln,
district Camenca

, 1952, .74-75; ,
, 1969, c.37; ,
, , 1974, .41;

Hncu, 1993, p.23, 24; Zanoci, 1998,


p.147; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.119

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.119

, 2006, c.328333
, 1949, 65-67; , 1949a,
c.193, 194; , ,
1969, c.45; , ,
, 1974, .43; Hncu,
1993, p.93; Zanoci, 1998, p.147, 148;
, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.125
, 1981, .392; ,
2000, .414-416; , 2000a,
c.148-152.
, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,

Leviki, 2000, p.127


, 1949, c.93-95; ,
1949a, c.200-202; ,
, , 1974, .17;
, 2000, .403-412; Arnut,
Bercu, Matveev, 2004, p.263-284;
Niculi, Nicic, 2007, p.225-248;
Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, 2008,
p.51-68; Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut,
Nicic, 2008, p.64-70; Niculi, Nicic,
Corobcean, 2009, p.193-225; Niculi,
Nicic, 2011, p.227-237
, 1955, c.117-119;
, 1955, c.58-63; ,
1958, c.84-87; , ,
, 1974, .17; ,
2000, .390-396

80

Rezina (Stohnaia I),


district Rezina

81

Saharna I, district
Rezina

82

Saharna Budei,
district Rezina

83

Saharna Dealul
Mnstirii, district
Rezina

84

Saharna Gura
Hulboacei, district
Rezina

85

Saharna Gura
Hulboacei, district
Rezina

, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,


Leviki, 2000, p.127

86

Saharna Hulboaca,
district Rezina

, 1949a, c.195; ,
, , 1974, .44;
, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, s.127

33

. 40

87

Saharna La
Revichin (Stohnaia
II), district Rezina

88

Saharna La
Revichin, district
Rezina

89

Saharna La an,
district Rezina

90

Saharna Mare,
district Rezina

91

Saharna Mic,
district Rezina

92

Saharna Mic I,
district Rezina

93

Saharna Rude,
district Rezina

34

, 1949a, c.194; ,
, , 1974,
.16, 17, 43; , 2000, .366;
Levinschi, cipachin, Negur, 2000,
p.87-100; Levinschi, 2001, p.87-100;
Levinschi, Covalenco, Abzov, 2002,
p.41-48; 2002, .258-260;
Levinschi, 2004, p.64-80
, 1949a, c.194; ; ,
2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
2000, p.126
, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.127; ,
, , 2004, c.92-99;
Zanoci, Moldovan, 2004, p.130-138;
Zanoci, B, 2008, p.253-266; Niculi,
Zanoci, Arnut, 2008, p.151-169
, 1949, c.93-96; ,
1949a, c.195; , 1958, c.90;
, , ,
1974, .44; Arnut, 2000, s.93-104;
, 2000, .403-412; ,
2000a, .147, 148; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.76-84; ,
, , 2001-2002, .187195; Niculi, Nicic, 2002, p.66-84;
Niculi, Zanoci, Matveev, Nicic, 2003,
p.241-252; Niculi, Arnut, Zanoci,
2004, p.193-195; Niculi, Zanoci,
2004, p.104-129; Niculi, Zanoci,
Arnut, 2007, p.27-62; Niculi,
Zanoci, Arnut, 2008, p.69-150;
Niculi, Zanoci, B, 2009, p.41-43;
Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, B, 2010,
p.360-371
, 1949a, c.195; ,
, , 1974, .44;
, 2000, .412-416; Kauba,
Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.84-87;
, , , 20012002, .196-199; Niculi, Arnut,
Zanoci, 2004, p.195, 196; Niculi,
Arnut, Zanoci, 2007, p.83-124;
Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut, Nicic, 2008,
p.60-64; Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut,
2008, p.13-50; Niculi, Zanoci,
Arnut, B, 2010, p.371-374
, 1955, c.117; , 2000,
.366; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.126
, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,
Leviki, 2000, p.127

. 40
, 1949a, c.200; ,
2000, .313, 314; Niculi, Nicic, 2008,
p.205-232
, 1955, c.119; ,
, , 1974, .17;
, , 1991, 197-209;
, 2000, .368-390

94

Saharna iglu,
district Rezina

95

Saharna iglu,
district Rezina

, 1949a, c.199; ,
2000, .366

, 1949a, c.199; ,
2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
2000, p.126

96

97

98

Saharna Valea de
mijloc, district
Rezina
Saharna Valea
Furnicar, district
Rezina
Saharna Valea
Grimidon, district
Rezina

99

Socol Craina,
district oldneti

100

Solonceni Hlinaia,
district Rezina

101
102
103

Solonceni La
Ursari, district
Rezina
Stroieti, district
Rbnia
estaci, district
oldneti

, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,


Leviki, 2000, p.126

, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974, .13;

, 2000, c.366; Kauba, Haheu,


Leviki, 2000, p.120
, 1954, c.59-65; ,
1955, c.67-69; , 2000, c.416429; , 2000a, c.148-152;

Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000, s.33-41;


, , , 20012002, .142-150
, 2000, c.366

Hncu, 1993, s.107-109; Zanoci, 1998,


p.154
, 1955, c.140; Kauba,

Haheu, Leviki, 2000, p.121


, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974, .13;

, 2000, .366; Kauba, Haheu,


Leviki, 2000, p.121
, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974, .13;
, 2000, .366
, 1955, c.140; ,
1956, c.39-47; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki,
2000, p.124; Kauba, 2008, p.39-40.
, 1955, c.140; ,
1956, c.39-47; , 1958,
c.64-68; , 1961, c.5-52;
, , ,
1974, .14; Kauba, 2008,p.41, 42
, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974, .14

104

ipca I, district
oldneti

105

ipca II, district


oldneti

106

oldneti I La
Periori, district
oldneti

107

oldneti II, district


oldneti

108

oldneti III,
district oldneti

35

. 40

109

oldneti IV
Piscreti, district
oldneti

110

Temeleui, district
Floreti

111

ahnui, district
Rezina

112

areuca, district
Rezina

113

areuca, district
Rezina

114

Vertiujeni, district
Floreti

, 1955, c.140; ,
, , 1974, .14,
15; Kauba, Haheu, Leviki, 2000,
p.124
Hncu, 1993, p.25, 26; Zanoci, 1998,
p.155, 156; Arnut, 2003, p.269
, 1954, c.69-75;
, , ,
1974, .16; Hncu, 1993, p.105, 106;
, 2000, .366
, 1957, .294; ,
, , 1974, .16;
Hncu, 1993, p.104, 105; ,
2000, .366
, 1955, 124; ,
, , 1974, .16;
, 2000, .366
Hncu, 1993, p.26, 28; Zanoci, 1998,
s.160; Arnut, 2003, p.725

* A - surface research; B - archaeological surveys; C - archaeological excavations;


- fortication; - open settlement; - necropolis.

36

. 40

37

. 40

38

. 40

39

. 40
.. (., )


, ,
.
.
.
- 25 . -
. - . (.1).
70- . . .
(Lehoczky, 1996, old.48-49), 80
.
. 1954 .
(, 1957, .437),
(1958, 1962 .) - (,
, 1965, .96).
25 ,
19 .
78,5 (, 1966, .399).
0,5 , - .
, - ,
6,2 , 1 (, 1966,
.397; .2). ,

.
.. (1966,
.402)
, - VII - VI .
.. -
,

(, 1966, .399, 404).


90- . .
(, 1991, .9-12).
, .
.
, .
40

. 40
0,35 - 0,45 , 0,45 - 0,65 .

,
.
().
,
1 1,8
(, 1991, .10).

2010 - 2011 .
.
, (, 700 350 )
- 25 . - , ,
, - .
, 2 .
, (.2).
20 .
- 0,55 - 0,65 , . - .
360 , 0,2 - 0,3
.
.
, ,
,
.
.
.
,
: ( ) ( ).
. .
, .
- -, .
, . : 11 - 36
. .
. , (.3, 1).
. , (.3, 2-5).
. .
.
(.3, 6).
. .
. ,
41

. 40
, .
(, , 1983,
.208). ,
, .
. .
. ,

(, 2001, .33) (.3, 7-9).
(, 1986, .122; Demeterov, 1986, s.99).
,
, .
.
.
(.3, 10-13). ,
,
(Paulik, 1968, obr.7; Demeterov, 1986, tab.II, 6; V, 8).
: (Pastor, 1958, obr.5, tab.II, 1; III, 5;
aplovi, Gaaj, Olexa, 1977, s.92, obr.39,3; Demetrov, 1986, Tab.II, 6; V, 8),
(, 1986, .41, 12), (, 2007, .1,
2), , , (Paulik, 1968, br.7, 1-2,4).
,
(X - VIII . ..) (,
2001, .311).
. .
( 9 29 ).
.
.
.
, (.3, 14-17).
.
I. ,
. .
.
. (.3, 18-19).
. (.3, 20).
. , ,
. , (.3, 21).
, ,
.
.
V. (.3, 22).
42

. 40
V.
.
, -
, (.3, 23).
V.
.
(.3, 24).
. .
.
. , : 12,8
. , (.3, 25).
. .
, 14,3 . .
(.3, 26). ,
, (, 1958,
.130; .LX, 5; Budinsk-Krika, 1976, tab.IX, 1; obr.13, 3; ,
2001, .99, 16,19). ,
(Porubsk, 1958, tab.II,
8,10; Veliaik 1991, abb.38, 1,3-4,6).
. . , 6,5 .
, , 1,2 . ,

(.3, 27).
,
, -. - 5
(.3, 28).
,

.
,
(,1973, .171; 1976, .31; , 2001, .309).
.

, X - VIII . .. (, 2001, .311).

-. , ,
, -

.

,
43

. 40
, , - . .. (,
1991, .12; , , 1963, .70-71; , 2004, .278280; , , 2010, .186, .2, 17).
, ,
X - VIII . ..,
,
.
: , , , .
: , , , .
Key words: Upper Tisza region, fortied settlements, Gallshtat, ceramics.

.. (., )

()

. .,
80
. -
.
2010 - 2011
.
(.) - . .
, X - VIII
. .., ,
.

.. (., )

()

. ., 80

. .
2010 - 2011

44

. 40
. (.) - . .
,
X - VIII . ..,
,
.

Moizhes V.V. (Uzhgorod, Ukraine)


The Results of Investigation of Ardanovo Hill-fort
(Summary)
The hill-forts which were opened in the end of the XIX century, but only 80
years after this got reliable classication and chronological identication are
preferable monuments of the Gallshtat epoch of the Upper Tisza. In its majority
puncts belong to hill-forts refuges with faint power of cultural layer.
Additional researches near Ardanovo (Boguslav) of Irshava district of
Zakarpatsjka region of Ukraine were led by expedition of Uzhgorod National
University in 2010 - 2011. The materials which were got conrmed that
Ardanovo hill-fort have existed in the period of X - VIII centuries BC and
after about two thousand years a new population which used Gallshtat fortied
buildings appeared here.

.. . - ,
2001. - 392 .
..
() // S. - 1957. - V. - 2. - S.435-455.
.. . , 1991. - 19 .: 38 .
. // . - ., 1986. - .115138.
.
// Carpatika-. - , 2007. .36. - .4-16.
.., .. . // .
. - , 2010. - .39. - .185190.
..
. - , 1958. - 144 c.
..
45

. 40
// Carpatica-. -
. - , 2004. - .31. - .273-293.
.., ..
// Acta archaeologica
Carpathica. - 1963. - V. - 1-2. - .61-76.
.., .. . ., 1983. - 201 .
.. // SA. - 1966. XIV.-2. - .397-409.
..
(- ) //
( ). - ,
1973. - .166-176.
.. - // . - 1976. - 17. - .18-34.
.., ..
// . - 1965. - .7. .89-115.
Budinsk-Krika V. Predkutanovick iarov pohrebisko vo Vojnatine //
SA. - 1976. - XXIV. - S.119-149.
aplovi D, Gaaj D, Olexa L. Archeologick prieskum medzibodroia a
Koickej kotliny v roku 1976 // AVANS. - 1977. - S.88-99.
Demetrov S. Poiatky gvskej kultry na vchodnom Slovensku // SA. 1986. - XXXIV. - 1. - S.97-131.
Lehoczky . Bereg vrmegye. - Budapest-Beregszsz, 1996. - 719 old.
Paulik J. K probltmatike vychodneho Slovenska v mladsej dobe bronzovej //
Zbornik slovenskho nrodnho mzea. - Historia. - 1968. - 8. - S.3-43.
Pstor J. Sidliskov vskum na Somotorskej hore r. 1955 // SA. - 1958. - VI.
- 2. - S.314-346.
Porubsk J. Luick popolnicov pole v Partiznskom// SA. - 1958. - VI. 1. - S.82-98.
Veliaik L. Beitrag des grberfeldes in Diviaky nad Nitricju zur chronologie
in der denkmler der lausitzer kultur in Slowakei // SA. - 1991. - XXXIX. - 1-2.
- S.141-214.

46

. 40

47

. 40

48

. 40
. (., ),
.. (., )


I . - .
(Mihalik, 1893), 1977
,
(, 2008, .188-197).
34 .
.

(115 ), 2011 32 .
.,
.

(27 ), XXXVIII
(.1, 084,086-0111H, .1, 5,7-8; 2, 5,7-8; 3, 1-8; 4, 1-8; 5, 1-8; 6, 1-8;
7, 1-8; 8, 1-8). 18 ,
, ,
:
0,7 .
85 (, , 2010, .90).
, (Preda,
1973, p.290-292), ,
(135 ) (Sianu, 1980, g.2).
,
, , , .

. .. ,
, 9 ., ,
. .., .
.
- . .. (Preda, 1973, p.293), .
- 120 - 100 . .. (Sianu, 1980, p.64).
, 2011 ,
5,04 7,04 (.1).
( ). (

49

. 40
, - ,
,
(Pink, 1974, 326-328 - mit Schnabelpferd))
, .
2011 .
(.1, 080,082-083,085H, .1, 1,34,6; 2, 1,3-4,6):
080H: (90 - 89 . ..) (Sydenham, 663;
Crawford, 665);
083H: (46 . ..) (Sydenham, 991; Crawford,
465/2a);
085H: (32 - 31 . ..) (Sydenham,
1215-1253; Crawford, 544);
082H: ? (32 - 31 .
..).

- 16
. 122 - 31 . ..
32 - 31 . .. (6 ).

(, ,
2007, .55).
70 - 30 . ..
.
60- . .. (Crawford, 1985, p.227-339; Torbgyi, 1993, s.122;
Mihilescu-Brliba, 1990, p.165-167).

, 200 - 100 . .. (.1, 081H, .1,
2; 2, 2).
,
. MEAM/BPIANN (BMC, 11).
.

(Glodariu, 1976, p.220-221; Mihilescu-Brliba, 1990, p.85,90,135136).
-,
(.). ,


. ,
. , ,
50

. 40
800 ,
(Mitrea, 1958, p.27-93).

. , (..),

- (- ,
, ) (Zirra, 1971, p.234; Woniak, 1974;
, 2010, .68). , ,
I . ..
., ,
.
(.)
. ,
,
.
2011
. (.1: 0112-0117H, . 9, 1-7; 10, 1-7).
5 4 , ,
. ,
24, ,
.
,
,
. ..
(, , 2010, .89-97).
, 2011
.
:
:
0113H: (NIKAN)PO / AN(PIKOY - / (Ceka,
1972, Nr.83);
0114H: ENOK() / XAIPNO - / (Ceka, 1972,
Nr.91);
0115H: NIKHN / AYTO(BOYOY) - / (Ceka, 1972,
Nr.88);
0116H: TIM(EN) / DAMOONTO() - / (Ceka, 1972,
Nr.115).
:
0112H: MENIKO / (AP)XIOY - / (Ceka, 1972,
Nr.318);
0117H: ENN / AA(IN) - / (Ceka, 1972,
51

. 40
Nr.353);
0118H: TPION / (ANIKOY) - / (Ceka, 1972,
Nr.414).
(.)

(Conovici, 1983-1985, p.69-88; Torbgyi, 1993, s.119-122; 2008,
p.221-228 ..).
: .
. 150 - 30 . ..,
- . .. (Ceka, 1969, p.277288). (Mielczarek,
1989, p.63-65; Petrnyi, 1996, p.140-41). .
-
.
,
(, , - (Sianu,
1980, p.109-119)). , ,
, ,
.
(Ceka, 1972, Nr. 83,88,91,115,318),
(.). .

.
. ..
, -
,
,
(Preda, Marinescu, 1983-1985, p.19-67).
,
75 - 65 . ..
60 .
.., (Torbgyi,
1993, s.122). -
,
- (Torbgyi, 1993,
s.121-122). ,
,
(Paulsen, 1933, 261-270,302-306,342,682-686; Kolnkov,
2010, s.18-19). .,
, .
-
52

. 40
. 75 .
.. 60 . .. (Torbgyi,
1993, s.122). ,
.
, 2011
99 (, , 2010, .89).
39 , 32
. .. ,
(27),
(4), (4)
(3), .

, ,
,
(, , 2007, .48-74; 2008, .2734; 2009, .134-143; 2010, .89-97).
,
138 ,
. , 2011
20
.
.
.
,
, . ..
.
: , , , ,
, , , , , .
: , , , ,
, , , , , .
Key-words: Dacians, hill-fort, sacrify center, grave, tetradrahm, drahm,
denary, Apollonia, Dirrahium, Mesembry.

53

. 40
. (., ), ..
(., )

()
2011
. . 39 .
32 . (-XXXVIII) ..
. ,
, (27 .),
- (4 .), -
(4 .) (3 .), -
.
,
138 .
,
.
,
, - .

. (., ), ..
(., )

()
2011
. .
39 . 32 . (-XXXVIII)
.. .
, ,
(27 .), - (4 .),
- (4 .) (3
.), - .
,
138 .

, .
,
, -
.
54

. 40
Kolnikov E. (Nitra, Slovakia), Kotygoroshko V.G.
(Uzhgorod, Ukraine)
New Data about Coin Collection of Mala Kopanja Complex
(Summary)
During archaeological recearchments of dacian monument near village Mala
Kopanja of Zakarpattja district of Ukraine in 2011 39 coins were found. Among
them 32 are on the territory of the Hill-fort (-XXXVIII) and 7 on the teritory
of Chellenitsa. By its content ndings stood out into 4 groups. The rst one,
the most representable, are dacian coins of type Medieshul Aurit (27 samples),
the second one - roman laterepublican denars (4 samples), the third - drahms
of illirian towns Apollonia (4 samples) and Dirrahium (3 samples), the fourth coin of westpontic city Mesembria.
In this way, all quantity of coins in object complex of monument has become
138 samples.
Dominate part of coins of Medieshul Aurit type allow to suppose, that their
production was made on Mala Kopanja. The other coins can appear as a result
of trade connections or in the process of movement of warriors from the South,
from Padea-Panagurska colony.
.1. . . (080 - 0111 ) .
(0112 - 0118 ).
.
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
091
092
093
094
095
096
097
098
099
0100

()

, ,

, ,
, ?,

, ,

, ,
, ,

, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

55

()

Ag

3,26

18

Cu, Pb
Ag

6,07
2,63

2123
16

Ag

3,26

1820

Ag
Ag

5,37
2,92

2023
1619

Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag

5,47
5,64
5,86
6,19
6,04
6,64
6,66
6,90
5,26
5,89
6,68
7,04
6,49
6,63
6,57

22
2125
2122
21
2122
1922
2123
2022
2223
2021
2122
2022
2024
21
22

. 40
0101
0102
0103
0104
0105
0106
0107
0108
0109
0110
0111
0112
0113
0114
0115
0116
0117
0118

, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag

5,91
6,00
5,04
5,49
5,28
6,13
5,87
5,72
5,05
6,33
1,49
2,52
2,05
2,17
1,96
2,12
2,44
2,59

2122
2223
2022
2123
2122
2122
2022
2122
2122
2123
19?
1618
17
1517
17
1618
17
18

., ..
// Carpatica - . - , 2007. - .36. - .48-74.
., ..
// Carpatica - . - , 2008. - .37. - .27-34.
., ..
// . - , 2009. - .38. .134-143.
., ..
// . - , 2010. - .39. - .8997.
.. . - , 2008.
..
// . - , 2010. - .39. - .89-97.
Ceka H. La datation des drachmes de Dyrrhachion et Apollonie et poque
de leur pntration massive vers les ctes de la Mer Noire // Actes du Ier Congrs
International des tudes Balkaniques et sud-est Europennes. - Soa, 1969. - II.
- P.277-288.
Ceka H. Questions de numismatique illyrienne. - Tirana, 1972. - 199 p.
Conovici N. Aspecte ale circulaiei drahmelor din Dyrrhachium i Apollonia
n Peninsula Balcanic i n Dacia // Buletinul Societii Numismatice Romne.
- Bucureti, 1983-1985. - LXXVII-LXXIX. - P.69-88.
Crawford M.H. Roman Republican Coinage I-II. - Cambridge, 1974.
Glodariu I. Dacian Trade with the Hellenistic and Roman World // BAR
Supplementary Series. - 1976. - 8. - 275 p.
Head B.V. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. The
56

. 40
Tauric Chersonese, Sarmatia, Dacia, Moesia, Thrace. - London, 1877.
Kolnkov E. Bjske mince v centre a v kontaktnch znach. Ku konfrontcii
numizmatickej a archeologickej chronolgie doby latnskej // Numismatick
sbornk 2009. - Praha, 2010. - 24. - S.5-26.
Mielczarek M. Ancient Greek Coins found in Central, Eastern and Northern
Europe. - Wrocaw, 1989.
Mihilescu-Brliba V. Dacia rsriteana n secolele VI-I . e.n. Economie i
moned. - Iai, 1990. - 180 p.
Mihlik J. skori emlkek Ugocsa vrmegyben // A. - 1893. - 2. - Old.410418.
Mitrea B. Monedele Oraerol Dyrhachium i Apollonia n Moldova (Tezaurul
de la Viioara, r. Tg. Ocna // Studii i cercetri de numismatic. - 1958. - VII. P.27-93.
Paulsen R. Die Mnzprgungen der Boier mit Bercksichtigung der
vorboischen Prgungen. - Leipzig-Wien, 1933. - 1-2. - 188 s.
Petrnyi G. Comments on the Chronology of the nal Minting Period of the
Apollonian-Dyrrhachian Drachms // Buletinul Societii Numismatice Romne
(1992-1993). - Bucureti, 1996. - 86-87 (140-141). - P.67-75.
Pink K. Die Mnzprgung der Ostkelten und ihrer Nachbarn. - Braunschweig,
1974. - 136 s.
Preda C. Monedele geto-dacilor. - Bucureti, 1973. - 564 p.
Preda C., Marinescu Gh. Contribuii la circulaia monetar din Dacia n sec.
I . e.n. Tezaurul de la ieu Odorhei, jud. Bistria Nsud // Buletinul Societii
Numismatice Romne. - Bucureti, 1983-1985. - LXXVII-LXXIX. - P.19-67.
Sianu A. Moneda antic n vestul i nord-vestul Romniei. - Oradea, 1980.
- 198 p.
Sydenham E.A. The Coinage of the Roman Republic. - London, 1982. - 343 p.
Torbgyi M. Umlauf der Mnzen von Apollonia und Dyrrhachium im
Karpatenbecken // Actes du XIe Congrs International de Numismatique,
Bruxelles, 8-13 septembre 1991. - Louvain-la-Neuve, 1993. - S.119-122.
Torbgyi M. Hoard Fragments of Illyrian Drachms in the Coin Cabinet of
the Hungarian National Museum // Miscellanea numismatica antiquitatis. In
honorem septagenarii magistri Virgilii Mihailescu-Brliba oblata. - Bucureti,
2008. - P.221-228.
Woniak Z. Wschodnie pogranicze kultury lateskiej. - Wrocaw-WarszawaKrakw-Gdask, 1974.
Zirra Vl. Beitrge zur Kenntnis des keltischen Latne in Rumnien // Dacia.
- 1971. - t.15. - S.171-238.

57

. 40

58

. 40

59

. 40

60

. 40

61

. 40

62

. 40

63

. 40

64

. 40

65

. 40

66

. 40

67

. 40
.. (., )



2010

. -
. - . (,
2010, .58; , , 2010, .192).

. .. (. ), 19 20,
- 2 .
19. 0,5 0,25 .

.
20. 0,2 0,15
.
(, 2010, .58).


(Bioarchaeology, 2006; , 1998),
.
.
(Adams, Crabtree, 2008).

(, 1998).
.
, .

(Robling, Stout, 2008).
.

,
, ,

. . (Walker,
Miller, Richman, 2008).
. . I. 19. (?) Adultus.
, .
: ,
68

. 40
, - 2, ...
. ,
, -
900 - 1000 .

. .. 1 20 - 23 ,
32 (, 1998).
. I. 20. Adultus/Maturus.
, .
: ,
( ). ,
, -
900 - 1000 .
. ,
,
.
. VIII - IX . ..
. 12 13.
.
12. 0,6
, 13 . 0,5
0,6 - (
0,1 ) .
1. (1,243 )
0,65 0,4 . 0,2
.
2. 0,6 1.
(0,422 ) 0,8 0,15 .
(, , 2010, .192).
13. 11 12.
0,4 , 10 .
(4,233 ). - , 0,4 - 0,5
, 1,3 0,9 .
.
( 6 ),
,
(, , 2010, .192).
. . 12, 1. Adultus.
, .
- 2. - 1.
69

. 40
. .
.
. - 0.
- 6,5 . .
, .
.
, .
. .
. , ,
.

( ?).
, ,
-, 700 - 800 .
,
,
- -, 600 .

, (3
- 4 ), ,
. ,
.

.
. 12, 2. Adultus/Maturus.
. . .
, .
. .
, .
, - .
(1,5 - 3 ). ,
.
.
, 750 - 800
. .

.
. 13, 1. (?) Adultus/Maturus.
, . 1. . .
.
70

. 40
. .
(?) ,
. ,
.
. ,
-, .
600 - 700 . .

.
: , ,
, .
: ,
, , .
Keywords: Anthropological diagnosis, cremated human bones, animal
bones, sex determination, age estimation.
.. (., )


()
2010
.
- . - . .

. ,
19 - 20
( 19 ),
900 - 1000 .

, 600 - 800 .
.

.. (., )


()
2010
71

. 40
.
- . - .
.

. ,
19 - 20
( 19 ),
900 - 1000 .

, 600 - 800 .
.

Lipatov C. (Odessa, Ukraine)


Anthropological Denition of the Cremation Burials of Mala Kopanya
Sacred Center and Chervenyovo Undertaker
(Summary)
Number of cremation burials has been discovered by the expedition of
Uzhgorod National University in the villages of Mala Kopanya, Vynogradovo
district, and Chervenyovo, Mukachevo district (Zakarpatska oblast of Ukraine),
in 2010.
The osteological material has been studied using the standard bioarcheological method. The analyses results prove that sexually mature individuals
have been buried in the burials 19 - 20 of Mala Kopanya sacred center (burial
19 has been dened as male) and they were cremated at the temperature of
600 - 800 Celsius degrees. The animals bones have been discovered beside the
human ones.

..
// .
/ ... - ., 1998. - .1. - .174181.

..

// .
/ ... - ., 1998. .1. - .202-219.
..
// . . - ,
72

. 40
2010. - .39. - .58-88.
.., ..
// . . - , 2010. .39. - .191-198.
Robling A.G., Stout S.D. Histomorphometry of Human Cortical Bone:
Applications to Age Estimation // Biological Anthropology of the Human
Skeleton / M.A.Katzenberg. - Hoboken, 2008. - P.149-182.
Adams B.J., Crabtree P.J. Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. A photographic
atlas for medical examiners, forensic anthropologists, and archaeologists. N.Y., 2008.
Bioarchaeology. The Contextual Analysis of Human Remains / J.E.Buikstra.
- Boston, 2006
Holck P. Cremated bones. A medical-anthropological study of an
archaeological material on cremation burials. - Oslo, 1997.
Walker P.L., Miller K.M.D., Richman R. Time, temperature and oxygen
availability. An experimental study of the effects of environmental conditions
on the color and organic content of cremated bone // The analysis of burned
human remains / C.W.Schmidt. - London, 2008. - P.129-136.

73

. 40
.. (., )
-


.
, () ,
. ,
, ,

- .
,
Pax Romana,
.


. - (27 p. .. - 96 .
..)
.

.
-
- .
,
- .
, ,
. ,
.
,
. -,
, -, ,

(Schmidt, 1997, s.73).
, (
, ), ( -
- ),
, .
:

27 . .. 96 . ..
74

. 40
, ,
,
, ,
- (Tac., Annales, 12, 29; Dio Cass.,
67, 5, 1).
.
68 - 69 pp. ..
,
. - .
..
. -
, . (),
(), () (Dio Cass., 68, 9, 1; Iord., Getica,
39).
38 , -dava
(Ptolemeus, I, 8, 3).
(Daicoviciu, 1977,
s.76-79). , 80- ,
. , ,
.
.

- .
-
.
. ,
.

.

. - . ..
.
.
.

.


(, 1994, .56,61,64,67; , 1996, .148-150).

75

. 40
. . ..
,
. , , ,
(Hachmann, Kossak, Khn, 1962, s.48-49).

.
,
. 10 - 11 14 - 16 pp.
,
. 80- pp. . .. ,
,
.
, . .
.. -
, .

- , ,
.
,
, -
.
.
.
20- pp. ..
(Tac., Ann., II, 62-63).
,
.
,
devide et impera.
,
20- pp. . .. - -,
- -
. ,
,
.
. ..
-.
, (benecia, stipendium)
(ofcia), .
76

. 40
(amicus populi Romani),

.

. ,
. .., II . ..
, ,
- . ,
,
-
.

y 101 - 106 pp. ..
, ,
.
, -
. 12
(. 100 - 150 . ).
(117 - 138 pp.)
(Dacia Superior et Inferior).
. XIII
Gemina. -
(Gerov, 1959, s.210).
.

. ,
,
. .
, , , ,
.
. 117 .
, ,
,
.
, , -
(SHA, Hadr., 6, 6-8).
,
,
(Dobo, 1968, s.46-48). 118 .
(CIL, III, 6818).
,
77

. 40
, ,
.
,
- . -
.

.
(, 1955, c.135).
limes Alutanus.
, ,
( 260 ).
(Vladescu, 1983, p.52).
,
. ,
,
.

. .
,
,
. ,

(SHA, , V, 5). XIII
, ,
. 138 - 140 pp.
. (158 - 159 pp.)
(CIL, III, 1061).
-
- - : Dacia
Porolissensis ; Dacia Apulensis
, XIII
; Dacia Malvensis -
(Stein, 1944, s.28).

. ,

. ,

. ,
.
-, , .
78

. 40
, , , ,
- .

. .
.
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
(). .
, ,
.
.

-
. . 142
.
(Oliva, 1959, s.203). II . ..

,

. , 136 - 137 pp.
, 138 - 140 pp.
. ,
.

,
(166 - 180 pp.). , ,
,
(., ., ., .) ,
,
, ,
,
(SHA, Marcus Antoninus, 24, 5).
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
,
79

. 40
.
, , , , .
,
(SHA, Marcus Antoninus, 14, 1).
,
(Ichikawa, 1988,
p.253). ,
(Schmidt, 1997,
s.141). 167 . ,
-, .

.
. , ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, - (Birley, 1987, p.151).
.
171 .
.
.
,
(Orosius, VII, 15, 6).
, .
, .
,
, ., . . ,
. .
. ,
. .
, 171 - 173 .
, ,
, ,
(, 1973, c.221). ,
172 .
,
.
, .
- (
), ,
80

. 40
.
(, )
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
, (Schmidt,
1997, s.145).

. ( ) ,
. - -
.
(Dio
Cass., 71, 8).

- - . 173 .
, .
,
(Dobo, 536).
.
(CdMA, XII; XIII)
, .
-,
(, 2001,
c.32-40). 173 .
.
,
.
,
(SHA, Marcus Antoninus, 21,10).
, ,
. ,
(Dio Cass., 71, 12, 3).
174 . . ,
,
(CdMA, LXXIX). .
.
81

. 40
, .
. ,
. ,
. -
.
.

, (. ) (
).
.
. , , .
180 .
.
. .
,
,
.
,
,
,
(Stahl, 1989, s.289,291,311).


.
.
182 .

. IV Flavia felix
.
(Dio Cass., 72, 3).
,
limes Alutanus.

- .
. ,
,
.
, , .
, ,
.
82

. 40

. ,
( )
(, 1992, .13-15).
-
, ,
.

.
.

(CdMA, LXXXIII), .
,
(CdMA, LXXXIX-XCII).
, , , .

, .
.
, ,
, .
. ,
,
20 (Dio Cass., 72, 20, 1-2).

.

. , 172 - 174 pp.,
,
. ,
( ) .

.
, ,
, .

, ,
.

(Excerpta Ustiniana de legationibus
gentium),
X . ..
83

. 40
, ,
,

(foedus iniquum).
(172 . 174 p.), (173
. 174 .) (175 .).
,

.
, .

, . ,
,

(Schmidt, 1997, s.164).

, , .

,
.
.
.
,
. ,

.
,
, (IDR, , 281;
CIL, III, 1031; 3327).

.
.
( ),
( ). ,

.
. 172 p.
. . ,
, , - ,
, (Todd, 1987, p.7084

. 40
75). 178 . , , , ,
.

.
179 . ,
.
.
,
(Dio Cass., 71, 20, 1).
.
,
.

. . .
,
. (Schmidt,
1997, s.184).
.
,
. 179 .

.
,
.
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
(Dio Cass., 71, 19, l).
17 180 .

.
(Tertullian, 25, 5).
85

. 40
.

status quo
.
. (
)

. ,
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.
.

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.
.

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, .
180 . , , ,
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180 p.
(Dio Cass., 72, 2, 1; Herodian, 1, 6, 8 f; SHA, Commodus Antoninus,
3, 5). ,
,
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.
( - 10 ., - 13 .),
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86

. 40
.
(, , ).

.
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II . ,

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.

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7,5 .
. 12
. (Stahl, 1989, s.306), .
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status quo.
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87

. 40
II . .

.

. ,

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,
,
.
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,
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: A, , ,
.
: , ,
, .
Key words: Antonines dynasty, east border, limeses policy, system of
peaceful agreements.

.. (., )
-

()
,

, A (96 - 192 .).
:
,
,
.


.

88

. 40
.
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()
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(96 - 192 .).
:
, ,

.

.



.

Bandrovsky A. (Lviv, Ukraine)


Danubian-Carpathian Policy of the Roman Empire in the Time of the
Rule of Antonines Dynasty
(Summary)
The article is devoted to the analysis of the various sources, which allow
to elucidate the original system of mutual relations of the Roman Empire with
tribes of the Carpathian region in the time of the rule of Antonines dynasty
(96 - 192 AD). Foreign policy of Rome in this epoch was characterized by the
next moments: multifunction limeses policy, powerful military companies,
differentiation of the tribes and an attempt to put them under the powerful
control by the system of peaceful agreements. The realization of this policy
had for an object subsequent advancement into the Carpathian mountains and
transformation of the mountain system to the stable border of Rome. But interior
crisis and social changes in the environment of the tribes led to the waiver of
this purpose and switching to the new stage of development on east borders of
Empire.

89

. 40

.. -
// -. . . - ,
2001. - .35. - .32-40.
..
// .
- , 1992. - .2. - .13-15.
..
I - III . /. . . . . - ., 1982.
- 14 .
..
// . - 1996. - 2. - .143-156.
.. I - III .. - ., 1973.
..
// Carpatica-. - , 1998. - .5. - .144145.
.. . - ., 1955.
..
.. // . ., 1994. - 2. - .51-69.
Birley A.R. Marcus Aurelius. A Biography. - London, 1987.
Daicoviciu . Dakien und Rom in der Prinzipatszei // Aufstieg und Niedergang
der Romischen Welt. - Berlin - New York, 1977. - S.76-79.
Dobo A. Die Verwaltung der romishen Provinz Pannonien von Augustusbis
Diocletianus. Die provinciale Verwaltung. - Budapest, 1968. - S.46-48.
Gerov . Zwei neugefundene Militaridiplome aus Nordbulgarien // Klio. Berlin, 1959. - 37.
Hachmann R., Kossak G., Khn H. Volker zwischen Germanen und Kelten. Neumunster, 1962. - S.48-49.
Ichikawa M. The Marcomannic Wars: A Reconsideration of Their Nature, Yge
., Doi M. Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity.- Leiden, 1988.
Oliva P. Pannonie a pocatky krize Rimskeho imperia. - Praha, 1959.
Schmidt .. Die rmishe Ausenpolitik des 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.:
Friedenssicherung oder Expansion? - Stuttgart, 1997.
Stein A. Die Reichsbeamten von Dazien. - Budapest, 1944.
Stahl M. Zwischen Abgrenzung und Integration: Die Vertrge der Kaiser Mark
Aurel und Commodus mit den Vlkern jenseits der Donau // Chiron. - Bonn,
1989. - 19. - S.289,291,311.
Todd . The Northern Barbarians 100 - AD 300. - London, 1987. - P.7075.
Vladescu . Armata romana m Dacia Inferior. - Bucuresti, 1983.
90

. 40
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I - IV ..
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, 2005, .66 -73).
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91

. 40
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.115-120,172-182,186-189). .
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92

. 40
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93

. 40
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(, 2002, .84-85),
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2002, .92).

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5.2), (IOSPE,
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Krapivina, 2007, .161-162).
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94

. 40
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.199-203). - ,
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95

. 40
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346). I -
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. 44, 74). II - III
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96

. 40


(, 2004, .205-208).

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s.112-113; , 1999, .106-118).
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97

. 40
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98

. 40
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XXXVI).
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1989; , 1990; 1994; , 1993; 1994; , ,
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. 40
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100

. 40
III,
(, 1982, .7374).

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III (, 1982, .73-74; , 1987, .8485), I (IOSPE, I2, .593; ,
1955, .61).
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. 40

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. 40
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(98 - 117 . ..) 106 111 . ..
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103

. 40
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(, 1991, .104-105).

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1954, .29; , 1990, .82-83). ,
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(Iord. Get. 90-93).
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1990, .84-89). 253 - 255 . ..

(, 2005, .138-139). 50 - 60- . III . ..
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104

. 40
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(, 1990, .97-99; , 2005, .146).
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105

. 40
,
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.

(222 - 235 . ..). -,
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94,107, IOSPE, I2, 97 + , 83.
, -
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.23-24), .
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.94; ., 1989, .154-155),
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. , 1985, .36; , 1986, .77; , 1987, .16; ,
, 1990).
(, 2001, .134; ., 1999, .339-340).

269 - 270 . ..,
,
( ., 1985, .37),
(, 1958, .235-237).
106

. 40

2 - 3 ( ... ..)
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IV . .., , ,
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(,
2006, .185-188). .. ,
- 230- . 269 - 270 . .. (2006,
188).
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(SHA, Claud., 6,2).

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1955, .154-155), 271 . .. ,
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.105). (284 - 305 . ..)
(306 - 337 . ..).
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, III . .. ,
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IV . .. (mm.
Marc., XXXI, 3, 1-5).
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- IV . ..,
(, 1987, .16; 1989,
.43).

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. 70 - 80-
107

. 40
III . ..,
(284 - 305 . ..) (, 1968, .178).
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108

. 40
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109

. 40
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.47-54), . ,

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( :
110

. 40
- ) (
) .
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., 1989, .219).
,


.
: , I - IV . .., , ,
, , -, , , .
: , I - IV . .., , ,
, , -, , , .
Key-words: Olbia, I - IV centuries AD, population, Roman Empire,
barbarians, Scythians, Tauro-Scythians, Sarmatians, Goths, Tchernyahov
culture.

111

. 40
.. (., )
I - IV . ..
()
I . ..
I . ..
.
.
.
I - II . .. .
. ,
.
, .

.
II . .. -.
,
. .

. : 230- .
269 - 270 . .. 70 - 80- . . ..
,
. .
- IV
. ..

.. (., )
I - IV . ..
()
I . ..
I . ..
.
.
.
I - II . .. .
. ,
.
112

. 40
,
.
.
II . ..
-. ,
. .

. : 230 . 269 - 270 . ..
70- - 80- . . ..
,
.
.
- IV . ..

Krapivina V.V. (Kiev, Ukraine)


Olbia Pontica and Barbarians in the I - IV Centuries AD
(Summary)
After the invasion of Getae in the middle of the Ist century BC life on the
place of Olbia renewed not earlier the end of the Ist century BC. There is xed a
considerable quantity of Iranian names among the citizens in onomastics of the
city. This phenomenon still has no well-dened solving. However the material
and the spiritual culture of Olbia preserved antique character.
In the Ist - IInd centuries AD Olba was in dense Sarmatian surrounding.
Sarmatian kings Pharzoios and Inismeus mint there their coins. Probably
that could be explained by some kind of protection on Olbia. However Olbia
preserved all features of autonomic city. There was no sarmatization here. It
cant be excluded that there was the treaty between the city, Roman Empire and
kings of Aorsia.
In the middle of the IInd century AD Olbian state was attacked by TauroScythians. Fortied settlements of Olbian chora perished, the siege of Olbia
was taken away with the help of Roman troops. Roman garrison was settled in
Olbia.
The blossom of the city and its chora was interrupted during Scythian or
Gothian wars. Olbia was twice destroyed by barbarians: in 232 - 238 years
and during campaign of 269 - 270 years. The restoration of the life on the place
of Olbia took place not earlier the end of 70-th - the beginning of 80-s years of
the IIIrd century AD. The last period in the history of Olbia was connected with
the population of Tchernyahov culture. Its settlements occupied the territory of
113

. 40
the previous chora of Olbia. However the city preserved antique traditions. The
life was nally stopped here on the boundary of the third-fourth quarter of the
IVth century AD.


.1. : 1. .
. .. 2.
( ..). 3. (
..).
.2. : 1. . 2. .
3. . 4.
I . ..
.3. : 1. 230- . .. 2.
. 3. IV . ..,
. 4.
IV . ..
.4. : 1. IV . .. . 2.
IV . .. . 3.
III - IV . .. 4. IV . ..

.. // .
- 1971. - 4. - .87-91.
.. -
. - ., 1989.
.. // . 1957. - XI. - .21-25.
.. VII - I . .. - ., 1952.
.. . - ., 1990.
.. (
). - ., 1991.
.. //
. . . - ., 1990.
- .27-32.
.. - I .
.. // . - 1994. - 2. - .151-171.
.. . - ., 1972.
114

. 40
.., ..
, I, II ( ). . - ., 1991.
.., .. (
) //
. ,
. VI . - , 2005. - .66-73.
..
( ) // . - .-.,
1955. - .23-147.
..
// . - 1986. - 1. - .77-84.
.. //
. .
- , 1985. - .16-18.
..
// V
. - ., 1985. - .21-22.
.., .., ..
// . - 1985. - 49. - .25-41.
. -
I . .. . . . .
. - ., 1987.
.. III - IV . //
. - ., 1989. - .34-35.
.., .. ,
. . - ., 1990.
.. //

. - , 1988. - .237.
.. .

. - ., 1975.
.. // . - 1930. - VI. .4. - .5-15.
..
.. // . - 1996. - 4. - .127-135.
.. III . .. //
. - , 1997. - .291-295.
.., .. -
// . - Suppl. - 3. - , 2007.
115

. 40
.. // . - 1968. - 1. .168-179.
..
(VI . .. - IV . ..) . . . .
. - ., 1969.
.. //
- . - ., 1982. - .66-82.
.. I . .. //
- . - ., 1982. .6-28.
.. . - ., 1988.
.. VI - I . ..
// . - 1956. - 50. - .119-153.
..
( : VI . .. - III . ..) //
. .
- , 1985. - .37-39.
. //
. - 1955. - 3. - .63-84.
.. . I - IV . .. - ., 1993.
.. c
// . - 1994. - 2. - .123-129.
.. II - III . .. -
//
. . - , 1997. - .2324.
.. III - IV . .. (
) // -:
(., 27-29 1999 .).
- . - I , I. , 1999. - . 96-99.
..
//
. . - , 2004. - .205-208.
.. III - IV . .. //
.
. VII . - , 2006. - .180-188.
.. // :
- . . . , 2008. - .96. - .83. - .76-78.
.. // XII
116

. 40
.
. . - , 2011. C.199-203.
.. . - ., 1955.
.., .., .., ..
. - ., 1989.
.., .., .., ..,
.., .. .
. - ., 1999.
..
. - ., 1887.
.. , ..
// NTIKA. ,
, ,
. - ., 1909.
.. 3 - 4 . //
// . .159. - ., 2006. - .183-188.
.. //
. . - ,
1985. - .47-49.

..

-
. - ., 1987.
.. . . - ,
2001.
.. // .
- 2007. - 4. - .47-54.
.. // .
- 1886. - 247. - .232-282.
(1917-1965). - ., 1968.
..
// . - 1994. - 3. - .85-92.
.. // .
- 1958. - 64. - .103-247.
.. :
//
. - ., 1984.
.. .. //
.
. - .,
1981. - .87.
117

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III . .. - ., 1954.
.. //
. - 1982. - 37. - .3-16.
.. //
.. - ., 1986.
- .4-25.
.. //
. . - ., 1989.
- .192-193.
.. - 1 .
.. // . - 1995. - 2. - . 24-37.
.. I . .. //
. . - , 1985. - .7273.
..
// :
. - , 1988. - 1. - .86-87.
.. - ? // . - 1992.
- 3. - .148-162.
..
// . - 1999. - 1. - .106-118.
.., .. -
I . .. - ., 1991.
.. . // . - ., 1971. - II. - .283299.
.. .
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.. . - .,
1959.
.. XII //
HYPERBOREUS. Studia Classica. - Petropoli, 2002. - Vol.8. - Fasc.1. - .7298.
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( ).
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( ) //
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- .245-258.
.. I - III . ..
// . - 1977. - 4. - .156-182.
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.. .
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.. . - ., 1994.
.. . , . - .,
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119

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120

. 40

121

. 40

122

. 40

123

. 40
.. (., )

, .
() ?
, XIX .
.
: -
, - ? (,
2001, .136), -,
(, 1998,
.2-3). ,
.
-
-
I - XIII .,
, -
,

() , .
,

.
,
VI IX . . ,
,
, , ,

(, 2008, .304-348).
, ,
133 VIII - IX .,
, -,
- - (, 2008, .304-348).
,
- - (, 2005, .372387; 2006, .186-200; 2008 .23-45)
,
(, 1983, .222; Timkovi, 1996,
s.53-90; , 1997, .27-32; Hornad, 2004, s.193-198; , 2005,
.49-71; , 2008, .238; , 2008, .5),
124

. 40
. - .
,
,
.-. (1749 .) Humillium Promemoria de ortu,
progressu et in Hungaria incolatu gentis Ruthenicae,
, ,
( ) .
, IV . , 867 .
,
(, 1924, .1-27; , 2003, .57),

,
, .
3 Historica ac iuridica notitia de
ucrainis in Hungaria et de existentia Eparchiae Mukaoviensis (
) 1767 .,
(1771 .) (Historica ac iuridica notitia,
1973, .20),
. . XVIII ., ,
, ( )
- ,
. ,
., (
) - . (1797 .) (,
2001, .136-137; , 2009, .73-74). , ., - XVIII .
, :
() ()
,
.. (, 1998, .3).
(-)
XIX . .. .,


1360 . (1799 - 1805
.), , -
867
XIII . (, 2001, .139).

. (1839 - 1843 .) (
125

. 40
).
, :
, (

), ( ),

, , ,
,
,
, (, 1999, .65).
.- :
-
, :
- (, 1999, .65).
, .
, ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
( ) .
,

, , ,
.
, , .
(1807 - 1853 .) XIX
. :
, , ,
(, 1851, .203).
. (1874 - 1877 .),
. (1922 - 1931 .), . (1957 .), . (1967, 1997 .),
. (1983, 2001 .), . (1996 .), . (2000 .), . (2003
.), . (2004 .).
- ,
1908 . (2002 .) (, 2002, .3).
-
,
II 350-
:
,
126

. 40

, ,

. ,
, ( , 1996, .5).
,



-
(.-. (1862 .), . (1899, 1909 .),
. (1930 .), . (1997 .), . (1998 - 2002 .)),

(. (1940 .), . (1971 .), . (1990 .)),
-
. , , ,
.
,
- .

, , ,

. ,

(, 2008, .304-349; , 2003, .22),
(, 1949, .28-38; ,
, 1997, .42-44), - (,
2010, .411). IX .,
, - -
(790 - 910 .),
4- (,
, , )
, (,
2008, .318; , 2008, .27), -, - I (852 - 889 .) (893 - 927
.), (681 - 1018
.) (, 2008, .349).
.
- ,
127

. 40
, ,
, ,

, -
. , ,
, I
, - -
.
-
, ,
-
,
, - . (2008,
.26-28). , ,

.
. (, ,
, 803 852 .)
-
(), ( ,
, ). -
, , , - (,
, 1991, .55).
.
,
XIII ., ,
. .
, - ., - .
(, 1979, .99).

, ,
Gesta
Hungarorum.
(honfoglals)
- ,
,
(, 1991, .275-302; , 1997, .15-20, , 1998, .16-21),
(. ).
, , , 903 . //
. , -
128

. 40
comes-o ,
,
(Gesta Hungarorum, 2005,
. 27-47).
,
,

. ,
60 - 80-
. IX ., 886 .
(, , 1991, .66).
,

,

, -
: -, -, -, , -, - . (, 2003, .22) ,
, - ., ,
IX . .., ,
(, 2008,
.26). , , .

()
(996/997
- 1060/61 .), 50 - 70- .
.
. 1980- . (, 1986, .397-410).
:
, I .
, ( 1030 .) ,
,

( ),
, ,
, . ,
, , 1026 .
., ,
,
,
129

. 40
, 1030 .
(, 1986, .402-404).

,
- ..
, , ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
,
. (, 1983, .103).
.
,
,
. ()
,
-
. ,
IX .

XVII .,
.
,
. ()
,
, , .. .,
. - 1980 .
() ,
,
.
-, .
. ,
1978 ., 1983 .
, , , .
II 31
1980 . Egregiae virtus,
,
130

. 40
, ,
( , 1996, .5-6).
, ,
,
,
, -
, (
, 1996, .6). II
.
-, -
() ., ,
,
, VII - VIII .
(Timk, 1971, old.382), .

.
, 1032 .,
,

. 890 ., ,
(, 2001, .143).

. , .
, . 875 .,
() (, 1983, .28).
,

, ,
,
-
(, 2001, .144).
-, ,
, ,
. ? !
- ,

(, 2001, .144). .
, , , , : , , , - (,
2001, .33-77). , ,
131

. 40
! .
.
,
,
,
XIV XV .,
. , ,
,
-

, ,
.
, ,

terra nullis, ,
,
, - ,
,
, .
: , ,
, ,

, ,
,
, .
, ,
. . -
( )
.
, ,
, ,
, -. ,
,
X - XI .,
. ,

X .:
XI . (, , 2003, .8,12).

X,
XI XII . , .
132

. 40


( ),
-
IX . ,
- - , ,
,
I - XII ., ,
(,
1930, .1-88).
,
(). 873 .
,
(Zitije Mefodija, 1967, s.154.). ,
-
, ,
XIII ., ,
- ( )
IX . (Ulin, 1995, s.245-246.). C, ,
, ,
(, ),
(, , 1991, c.97). , ,
, .


,
, ,
. ,
(
), ,
- .

. ,

, ,
,
,
(, , 1991, c.98-99).

, ,
- , XIII .,
133

. 40
( ,
) (Hodinka, 2000, old.28-33; , 1930, .1-88),
.
(.), ,
, :
.,

, -
, ,
. 90- . IX .
,
, (
) -
(, 1991, .106). ,

,
.
, ,

,
,
, , .
,
, .
: , -, ,
(), .
: , -, ,
(), .
Key-words: Upper Tisza Region, Hungarian Ruthenians, Christianity,
Constantinus (Cyril), Methodius.

.. (., )
,
. () ?
()

() ,
134

. 40
. VI . ,
,
, ,
-.
,
XVIII . , ,

,
,
, .

.. (., )
,
. () ?
()


() ,
. VI . ,
, ,
-
-.
,
XVIII . , ,

,
,
, .

Fenych V.I. (Uzhgorod, Ukraine)


Upper Tisza Region in between of Moravia and Bulgarian Kingdom.
Who has been baptized by Saints Constantinus (Cyril) and Methodius in
Zakarpattya?
(Summary)
The article is devoted to the issue of possible direct or indirect Christianization
of Upper Tisza region Slavic population by Byzantium missioners Constantinus
(Cyril) and Methodius as well as by their followers. This region, which was
135

. 40
located on the periphery of the Great Moravia and the First Bulgarian Kingdom,
has been rarely populated from VI - beginning of X AD. It was mainly represented
by rural population without populous centers - fortied settlements. Regardless
of the arguments of the church historiography of XVIII century, it has not been
interesting for evangelization by Byzantium missioners. Nevertheless the issue
of indirect inuence of the Great Moravia and Pannonia Christianization by
Constantinus and Methodius on rare but predominantly Slavic population of
Upper Tisza lands requires thorough and pondered investigation.


350- . - Citt del Vaticano, 1996.
. . - , 1851.
.
IX X . - , 1979.
. //
. - , 1924. - .1-27.
.. (
.). - , 1997.
. // ..
. - , 2001.
.. : . // . , 1998. - 2. - .2-4.
., . VIII
IX . // (
VI - XII .). - ., 1991.- .51-69.
.
// - 350 .
(, 1996 .). - , 1997. - .27-32.
.. . 1 000 000 -
.. - , 2008.
.., ..
// . : .
- , 2003. - . 9. - .3-12.
.. -
. // . - , 1949. - .28-38.
.. : . - . . , 1999.
. IX - X . //
136

. 40
( VI - XII .). - .,
1991. - .106-116.
. :
/ . . . - , 2008.
. . . - , 2008.
. //
. - , 1991. - .17. - .275-302.
. .
. - , 1983.
. . . - . - -,
2001.
.., ..
: . . . , 1997.
.. //
. / ., . , .
.. .. . - , 2009. - .73-74
[. .: .. . , 1914].
..
1391-1498 . 12 . - Praga, 1930.
.. //
. - 2003. - 1.
. . - , 2005. - .49-71.
.. //
. - , 2005. - .8. - .372-387.
.. // Carpatica-.
- . - , 2006. .34 - .186-200.
..
// - . ., 2007. - 2 (15). - .30-44.
.. (
) // .
. - , 2008. .2. - .23-45.
..
X . .. //
. ,
100-
137

. 40
(, 15-16 2010 .). - , 2010. - .410-420.
. // . :
. - , 1998. - .16-21.
..
I //
. : . - , 2003. - .9. - .13-25.
. //
. - , 1986. - .14. - .397410.
- . ( IX
- XI .) //
( VI - XII .). - .,
1991. - .137-150.
., .
// . - ., 1991. .69-87.
. 1 2002
/ . . . - , 2002.
Gesta Hungarorum.
/ . . . .
- , 2005.
Historica ac iuridica notitia de ucrainis in Hungaria et de existentia Eparchiae
Mukaoviensis // De processibus canonicis ecclesiae catholicae Ucrainorum in
Transcarpathia ab 1771 usque 1853 / Collegit: Dr. Alexander Baran. - Romae,
1973.
Hodinka A. ,
= A krptaljai rutnek lakhelye, gazdasguk s mltjuk c.mve
(Budapest, 1923) ruszin nyelv vltozatnak hasonms kiadsa / A mvet
kiadsra elksztette, utszt rta: Udvari Istvn - Nyregyhza, 2000.
Hornad V. Dejiny grckokatolkov Podkarpatska (9.-18. storoie). - Koice,
2004.
Timk I. Keleti keresztnysg, keleti egyhzak. - Budapest, 1971.
Timkovi Gorazd A., OSBM. Sv. Cyril (+869) bol katnskym episkopom //
Krsnobrodsk zbornk. - Preov, 1996. - I (1-2). - S.53-90.
Timkovi Gorazd A. Sv. Cyril a Metod priniesli a rili na Vekej Morave
byzantsk liturgiu sv. Jna Zlatosteho // Krsnobrodsk zbornk. - Preov,
1996. - I (1-2). - S.91-135.
Ulin F. Dejiny osdlenia Uskej upy. - Preov, 1995.
Zitije Mefodija // Magnae Moraviae Fontes Histrici. Opera universitatis
Purkynianae Brunensis faculas philosophica. - Vol.5. - Praha-Brno, 1966-1977.
- Vol.2: Textus biographici, hagiographici, liturgici. - Brno, 1967.
138

. 40
.. (., )
FLAGELLUM DOMINI.


.
: ,
, , ,
. ,

,
, ,
- , .
,
, ,
. (Annales Alemaniei),
- , ,
-. -
. -
- Casus Sancti Galli, .
,
.
971 . (Gyrffy, 1975, ld.234).
,
, 20 . 906
. ,
. ,

(Gckenjan, 1996, ld.135). ,
,
.
(Annales Fuldenses, Annales
Regni Francorum) - .
680 901 .
, - .
892, 894, 896 900
, 882 . ,
,
(Gckenjan, 1996, ld.131).
139

. 40
(Res gestae Saxonicae libri tres), ,
.
. 967 .
,
.

,
1554 . ,
,
, ,
.
, .
,
(), Gesta regum et principum partins
Europae. Antapodosis - ,
,
, .
,
. , Antapodosis
898 899 - 900 .
(Chronicon Venetum)
- . ,
, , .
916 . 922 . ,
926 932 . - (Marczali, 1880, ld.112).
.
., , 887 907 . .
,
,
,
(Ntri, 2004, ld.78). ,
,
.
, (Wolfram,
2001).

. ,
, .
140

. 40
, .
, -
(Versus Waldramni..., 2000, ld.334).

Annales Sithiensis (Bertiniani), .
,
, 839 . (Thoroczkay, 1996,
ld.377). 862 . ,
(Ungari), (Annales
Sithiensis, 2000, ld.301). , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
,

(rmatta, 1996, ld.28). ,
,
, 90- . .
. 894 .
, ,
() ,
. 900 .
(Fuldai vknyvek, 1975, ld.211).
,
, ,
, ,
. et primo quidem
Pannoniorum et Avarum solitudines pererrantes .
, ,
- ,
(Olajos, 2001, ld.53). Solitudines
, ,
, .
141

. 40
eremus. ,
,
, . ,
,
(Szdeczky-Kardoss, 1996, ld.29).

, ,
(Aventinus, 1975,
ld.263). , , ,
. 899 .,
, .

, .

, .
,
, , , . .

. ,
(Gyrffy,
1975, ld.16-17).
900 . ,
, 904 .,
907 . .
,
,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
932 ., 955 .
,
.

.
.
, ,
.
- ,
. ,
Hunger - ,
142

. 40
(Levl a magyarokrl..., 2000, ld.329).
- (Annales Sanctgallenses Maiores)
- , ,
Agareni.
,
(Halmgyi, 2009, ld.9).

, ( ,
, ). ,
,
.
, :
- , , , .
,
, (Regino,
1975, ld.205).
, ,
. ,
, , ,
( ,
). ,
, ,
, (Widukind, 1975, ld.247).
,
(turci) .
949 . ,
, Antapodosis
.
.
,
, (Szovjk, 1996, ld.166).
. ,
.
. -
marcha uengeriorium.
(Res gestae Saxonicae libri tres)
Avares, quos modo Ungarios vocamus, ,
(Lszl, 1999, ld.143).

, .
: pagani, gens
143

. 40
nefandissima, ethnici. ,
: agellum Domini, pestis antiqua, gens
ferocissima, gens belli asperrima, gens crudelissima .

, .
-,
,
.,
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
- , .

, .
, ,
,
.
.
, (Kellner, 1997, s.97173).

, .
, .
, 892 .
.
.
,
, - (Liutprand, 1975,
ld.224; Widukind, 1975, ld.248). ,
, (rhing).
899 .
( ),
, .
, 900 . (Epistola Theotmari),
,
, ,
(Theotmar, 1975,
ld.220-221).
. ,
144

. 40
,
.
. , ,
.
,
. , 815 .
V
. ,
,
899 . (Gyrffy, 1975, ld.43).
.

IX, ,

(Aventinus, 1975, ld.265).
,
. 933 .
, , .
, ,
. , ,
, (Widukind, 1975,
ld.250). , ,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
(Regino, 1975, ld.208).
, ,
(Liutprand, 1975, ld.225).
,
, , ,
. 926
. - ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
145

. 40
.

, .

,
(Ekkehard, 1975, ld.235-237).

. , (Anonymus, 1977, ld.84),
, ,
. 1921 .
(Gckejan, 1996, ld.132),
(VI .) ,
.

.
- Chusal rex, ,
: -
(kende, knd) (gyula)
.
dux rex.
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
(Szabados, 2007, ld.1432-1433).
( ) ,
,
(Aventinus, 1975, ld.263-268). ,
1761 . ., ,
- .
., ,
, ,
. .
.
, (Krist, 1993, ld.7-93).

: , , ,
. ,
,
, , , (Fuldai vknyvek, 1975,
ld.213; Liutprand, ld.224, 229; Ekkehard, ld.234; Aventinus, ld.264).
146

. 40

, ,
,
.
,
, , (892 - 898 .)
.
,
- (Rna-Tas, 1996, ld.2324). 899 - 900 .
, ,
, , , .
, (Jnos Diakonus,
1975, ld.215). ,
, , .
,
, .

. ,
,
. ,
, . ,
,
. - 900 , 909
., 913 .. ,
- , (Zimonyi, 1999).

(Blcs Leo, 1975, old.108-109),

.
,
,
. , ,
(Widukind, 1975,
ld.253-255).
- ,
- .
,
.
, . ,
,
147

. 40
.
894
. , ,
. , , ,
, , (Gyrffy, 1975,
ld.35). ,
. ,
.
, .,
, .
, ,
(Marsicanus, 1975, ld.244-245).
,
(Jnos Diakonus,
1975, ld.216).
,
(Theotmr, 1975, ld.221).
,
.
, 955 .
: , () , .
(
) ,
,
.

904 . ,
(Svb vknyvek, 1995, ld.203). ,
, ,
.,
., (Aventinus, 1975, ld.269).

,
. ,
Gesta Hungarorum
: Anno Dominice incarnationis DCCCLXXXIIII, sicut in Annalibus
Cronicis continetur, egressi sunt de Scithia (Anonymus, 1977, ld.84).
: Anno Dominice incarnationis
DCCCLXXXVIIII a Scythicis regnis egressa est (Regino, 2000, ld.320).
,
, - .
148

. 40
.
913 ., .
955 . (Anonymus, 1977, ld.129),
913, 915, 917 955 . (Kzai, 2004, ld.103-107).
, ,
. ,
- ., ,
- V . (Hman, 1925).
-,
., ,
. -
, ,
(Krist, 2002, ld.46-47).

. ,
-, 863 . ,
,
Ungri Huni.
, ,

,
.
,
, , .
, ,
, ,
. ,
(Hman, 1925).
,
XIII . .
( )
(Ungern, Ungerlant),
(Hiunen), (Hiunen lant).
- (Gran), (Miesemburg), (Etzilburg).
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
. (., ., .) ,

, .
149

. 40
.

, -
.
(
),
, (
) , (Hlbling, 2010, ld.98-99).
XI .
, .
. ( 1091 .), ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, (Freisingi, 1912)
( , 1962) .


.

.
, , , .
, ,
,
.
, ?
, ,

.
: , , ,
, , .
: , , ,
, , .
Key words: written sources, motherland conquest, raids, annals, chronicles,
etymologic fairytales.

150

. 40
.. (., )
Flagellum Domini.

()
,
.
, ,
, .
,
, .
,
,

.

.. (., )
Flagellum Domini.

()
,
,
. ,
, .
,
,
.
, ,

.

Zhylenko M. (Uzhgorod, Ukraine)


Flagellum Domini. The Hungarians of the Motherland Conquest Period
in Western European Sources
(Summary)
The Western European sources play an important role in the investigation
of the events connected to the conquest of the motherland by Hungarians. They
151

. 40
consist of the chronicles and annals which appeared at the territory of Franks
Empire, diplomatic and church correspondence.
Due to daring raids into neighboring states, Hungarians have gotten the image
of ruthless barbarians who fought just for prot. The Western European authors
were less aware of social structure and political system of Hungarian society
but they reliably inform about the political situation on the eve of Hungarian
invasion and about the main stages of Motherland conquest.

. / . ... - ., 1962.
A magyarok eldeirl s a honfoglalsrl. Kortrsak s krniksok hradsai
/ Szerk. Gyrffy Gy. - Budapest, 1975.
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164

. 40
Prohnenko Igor (Ungvr, Ukrajna)
A besenyk lokalizlsa a Krpt-medencben
A Krptok s a Duna kztti terleteken nomd temetkezsek
ezrei ismertek. A szakirodalomban honfoglal magyarsg hagytkaknt
meghatrozott emlkek kln csoportot kpeznek kzttk (A honfoglal,
1996). A ktfk tudstsa szerint a magyar trzsek a IX szzad vgn hatoltak
a Krpt-medencbe, viszonylag gyorsan megtelepedtek s a XI szzad elejre
ltrehoztk feudlis llamukat - a Magyar kirlysgot. A betelepeds s politikai
alakulat ltrehozsa kztti idszak a trtnetkutatsban honfoglals nven
szerepel. Ebbl kifolylag a trsg X - XI szzadi nomd emlkei a magyarsg
hagyatkaknt lettek meghatrozva. Le kell szgeznnk, hogy az adott esetben
a magyar npnv kizrlag trtnelmi szempontbl rtelmezend. Figyelmen
kvl hagytuk a betelepl nomdok soknemzetisg sszettelt, valamint a
terleten lak, idvel az etnogenezis szerves rszv vl ksi avarokat, ms
nomd npcsoportok tovbbi invzijt.
A leletek felgylemlsvel lehetv vlt a trtnelmi magyarok megnevezs
rgszeti tartalmnak meghatrozsa. A temetkezsek ritulja s trgyi anyaga
kztti territorilis klnbsgek alapjn a korai magyar emlkeket kt
jelents csoportra osztottk. Az els csoportot a magyarok hagyatka alkotta,
melyek kezdetben a Tisza kzps folyst foglaltk el, a msodikat a hozzjuk
csatlakoz kabar trzsek kpviseltk, melyek a foly fels vidkn telepedtek
meg (, 1996, .33).
A trsg kabar npessgre utal anyagi kultra meghatrozsa a nem
magyar elemek a magyar vilgban elv szerint rvnyeslt, s megalapozta a
trk npessgre jellemz trgycsoportok klnvlasztst. Az adott nomdokkal
hoztk kapcsolatba elssorban a tarsolymezeket s arab dirhemeket (,
1972, .219). Az effle trtnelmi kvetkeztetsek a honfoglal magyarok
legkiemelkedbb emlkeinek kabar (trk) mivoltrl tanskodtak, s
termszetesen, sszetkzsbe kerltek a hivatalos elmlettel, melynek
rtelmben rpd s kzvetlen krnyezete a nnugor etnikumot kpviselte.
Viszont biztostotta a tiszavidken megteleplt nomdok trzsszvetsge
szmra a magyar gyjtnevet.
Le kell szgeznnk, hogy a Krpt-Dunai arel szakkeleti rszn
letelepedett nomdok kulturlis sajtossga ktsgtelen. Ugyanakkor a
fldrajzi megnevezsek s IX - X szzadi rgszeti leletek alapjn a magyar
trtnetkutatsban elismertt vlt a fels tiszavidki trzsek kabarokkal val
azonostsnak lehetetlensge (, 1983, .174-181).
A trsg nomd hagyatknak elemzse arrl tanskodik, hogy a teljes
leletanyag ksbbi a IX - X szzad forduljnl, s a Krptoktl keletre es
terletekrl szrmazik. E sajtossg a hegyeken tli lakossggal fenntartott
165

. 40
kereskedelmi kapcsolatokkal val magyarzata nem jrt sikerrel. A leletek
sszessge jelents nomd npcsoport beramlsrl tanskodik a X szzad
msodik felben, mely nem hozhat kapcsolatba a magyarok beteleplsvel.
Pontostva a nomdok a Tiszavidk szaki rszre val bevonulsnak
tvonalt s kronolgijt, a kzpkori szerzk tudstsait (
, 1982, 12, 36; Gesta Hungarorum, 2005, 58), az emlkek
trzsi hovatartozsa t lett tekintve. (, 2010, .30-43; 2010, .410420). Az gy szerzett informci alapjn llthatjuk, hogy az jonnan beteleplt
lakossg a Vereckei hgn keresztl hatolt be a trsgbe, s a Fekete tenger
szaki partvidkrl rkezett, ahol az rott forrsok a X szzadban a besenyket
lokalizltk.
A felstiszavidki nomd lakossg trzsi hovatartozsnak ttekintse
lehetetlenn teszi a honfoglalk kifejezs alkalmazst velk szemben annak
ellenre, hogy a besenyk mindssze nhny vszzad leforgsval beolvadtak
a Magyar kirlysg npessgbe.
A mai napra a besenyk behatolsa a Tiszavidkre ktsgtelen, br
fennmaradt egy sor megvlaszolatlan krds a kronolgia meghatrozsval,
az esemny jellegnek, okainak s mreteinek megllaptsval, a Fekete tenger
vidkrl a Krpt-medencbe betelepedett trzsek tovbbi sorsnak nyomon
kvetsvel kapcsolatban.
A ktfk adatainak szegnysge miatt csak a rgszeti leletanyag alapjn
lehet vlaszt kapni a felvetett krdsekre. A problma megoldsban az els
lpst a Krpt-Dunai trsgbl szrmaz beseny kultra tipikus trgyi
anyagnak klnvlasztsa jelenti. Feladatunkat megknnyti a leleteknek a
kiindul pontot kpez kabar hagyatkkal mutatott hasonlsga vagy eltrse.
A besenyk beteleplsrl alkotott teljes kp kialaktshoz elengedhetetlen az
arel szak-keleti rszn elhelyezked sszes temetkomplexum minden egyes
trgytpusnak elemzse.
Az adott nomd npessg behatolsval kapcsolatos trgyak a Krptoktl
keletre es fldekrl kerltek trsgnkbe az szak-keleti hgkon keresztl a
X szzad msodik felben. Szrmazsuk eltr lehet (kazr, szlv vagy normann
terletrl), de a hgkon val thaladsuk idejre a besenyk tulajdont
kpeztk.
Ugyanakkor le kell szgeznnk, hogy nem minden, a Krpt-Dunai arel
terletn fellelhet leletegyttes, mely besenykre jellemz trgyakat tartalmaz,
tulajdonthat ezeknek a nomdoknak. A Krpt-medence terletnek nagy
rszt elfoglal magyarokhoz is kerlhettek csere, ajndk, elvesztett trgyak
vagy hadi trfea, stb. formjban. Figyelembe kell vennnk a folyamat
fordtottjt is, vagyis a magyar eredet trgyak besenykhz kerlst.
A mai napra a X szzadi keleti szrmazs trgyak koncentrcija alapjn
ki kell jellnnk a beseny, a korabeli nyugati trgyak alapjn pedig a
166

. 40
magyar szllsterleteket. Csak ezek utn beszlhetnk az rintkezsi znkrl
vegyes anyagi kultrval, melyeket a kt np kzsen birtokolt. A besenyk
beteleplsnek idpontjra a Fels Tiszavidken a X szzad els felre tehet
magyar jelenlt nem kvethet nyomon, gy a terlet nem lehet rintkezsi
zna.
A temetk anyagnak elemzse arrl tanskodik, hogy a Krpt-Dunai
arel terletn a besenykkel egytt jelentek meg a nyakkknt viselt arab
dirhemek, ekimauci tpus flbevalk, kermiagyngyk, csernyigovi tpus
tarsolyveretek, bodrogvcsi tpus tarsolylemezek, nvnyi elemekkel dsztett
hajfonatkorongok, szablyk, bordzott nyak ednyek, stb. (, 2006,
.174-185; 2011, .291-299; Prohnenko, 2010, .161-170). Rszletes ttekintsk
egy publikcin bell lehetetlen, ppen ezrt csak a legdemonstrativabb
trgyakat vettk sorra (arab rmk, ekimauci tpus flbevalk, Bodrogvcs
tpus tarsolylemezek, csernyigovi tpus tarolyveretek), melyek lehetv
teszik a besenyk szllsterletnek behatrolst.
Dirhemek. A kzpkori rmk gyjtemnyben a Krptok vonulatn bell
felelhet X szzadi arab pnzek korltozott csoportot kpeznek. 23 lelhelyen
vannak jelen, elssorban a trsg szaki rszn (, 1972, .218-219; Blint,
1981; Kovcs, 1989, Abb.34) (2 bra).
A dirhemek beramlst nyugatra a kutatk (, 1969-1970, .229;
1972, .202; , 1972, .204) a kzp-eurpai vrosok s Rusz kztt
fenntartott kereskedelmi kapcsolatokkal magyarzzk. Ellenben a leletek nagy
rsze, a Krptaljai Huszt megye terletrl szrmaz kincsen (400 pldny),
s nhny teleplsek terletn fellelhet szrvnyleleten kvl, nomd
temetkezsekhez kapcsoldik. Jellemz, hogy az rmk tbbsgt nyakkknt
viseltk (t vannak frva). Ennek alapjn btran tagadhatjuk az arab dirhemek
rszvtelt a Krpt-medence pnzforgalmban, megjelensket pedig, kszer
formjban, nomd trzsekkel hozhatjuk kapcsolatba.
A trsgben fellelhet szmnida rmk tbbsge Buhara, Szamarkand, Ss,
Balkhi s Andarabad pnzverdiben kszlt a X szzad kzepn (,
1969-1970, .229; 1972, .201; Kovcs, 1989). A kutatk a meghatrozhat
pldnyok datlsakor a kibocsts s eltemets kztti hasznlati idt 3035 (Lang, 2007), st 50 vre becslik (, 1953, .104-125). Minden
esetre, a veretek kibocstsa s behozataluk tvonala arrl tanskodik, hogy
a dirhemek a Krpt-medencben a X szzad msodik felben jelentek meg
a besenykkel, s nem a IX szzad vgn a magyarokkal. Az j trzsek
beramlsnak pontosabb keltezshez a csomai temet 3 srjban tallt dirhem
szolgltat adatokat. A mai napra ez a veret a legksbbi kibocsts a trsg arab
rmi kzl. Dr. Novk V. (Prgai Nemzeti Mzeum) a veretet I al-Manszr
(961 - 976) uralkodval hozza kapcsolatba (1 bra).
A besenyk trsgbe val beramlsnak tvonalt a Fekete tenger vidkrl
167

. 40
Volinyon, Moldvn, a Krptmellki terleteken s a hgkon (valsznleg a
Vereckei hgn) t szrvnyleletek s kincsleletek jelzik a Krptok tloldaln,
tbbek kztt a hegyvonulat kzelben (Krasznoje, Cekanivka, Grabovec,
Krilosz, Nyizsnyijev, Lviv, Zvenigorod, Przemysl) (, 1969-1970,
.227-229; 1972, c.198-201).
A fggknt hasznlt dirhem-leletek trkpezse a Krptok vonulatn bell
a leletek koncentrcijra mutat a Tisza fels folysnl. Valsznleg, ppen
ez a trsg vlt a besenyk szllsterletv a X szzad vgn.
A Tisza kzps folysn s a Felvidken dirhemleletek csak elszrtan
fordulnak el, ami a nyugat-eurpai veretek elfordulsnak elemzsvel
lehetv teszi a trsg magyar s beseny kultra rintkezsi znjaknt val
meghatrozst.
A fentebb kifejtett felttelezseink altmasztsra sorra vesznk mg nhny
trgycsoportot, s elsknt a ekimeiuci tpus flbevalkat. F jellemvonsuk a
drtkarikra erstett szlfrt formj gmbcsng (2 bra).
Az kszertpus megjelense a Tiszavidk nomdjainak inhumcis
temetiben Csomn, Dgn, Tiszabercelen, Ibrnyban, stb. krlbell egy
idben trtnt, viselsk rvid idtartamra korltozdik.
A hazai szakirodalomban a szlfrts flbevalk volinyi tpusknt
szerepelnek, mivel a leletek tbbsge (Ekimauci feltrsa eltt) Voliny terletrl
szrmazott (-, 1959, .83), tbbek kztt az 1883-ban feltrt
Borscsivkai kincsleletbl (, 1954, .85), valamint a Pereszopnicai
temetbl (-, 1948, .190). A klfldi kutatk dolgozataiban
tokaji tpusknt vannak meghatrozva (Istvnovits, 2003, old.287-288), mivel
az n. tokaji kincs tartalmazott nhny pldnyt (Mesterhzy, 1994, old.193242). Mivel a tpusnak mindmig klnbz megnevezsei fordulnak el (tokaji,
volinyi, zawadai, ekimauci), a tovbbiakban az utbbit fogjuk hasznlni, mivel
az egyetlen mhely, ahol ilyen kszereket ksztettek, az Ekimauci fldvr
terletrl ismert (, 1953, .122). A flbevalk Ekimauci, mint fbb
kzpont, terletn trtn ellltst nem csak az kszerszmhely, ksz r s
szerszmok feltrsa bizonytja, hanem a fldvr terletn fellelhet flbevalk
szma is (32 pldny) (, 1953, .122; -, 1959, .83).
Kiegsztknt, bizonytkul szolglhatnak az egyes pldnyokon szrevehet
pro javts nyomai (-, 1959, .83). Az Ekimauciban szerszmokkal
egytt fellelhet, mgpedig nem kincsleletbl, hanem a fldvr terletrl
szrmaz flbevalk nagy szma alapjn G.Fjodorov arra a kvetkeztetsre
jutott, helyi kszts, a tivercek npcsoportjnak sajtos kszerrl van sz
(1953, .125).
Az Ekimauci krnyki, Prut-Dnyeszter kzi lelhelyeken hasonl pldnyok
kis szmban az Alcedari fldvr, Branesti temet, a Szeret-Prut kzn pedig a
Rducneni temet terletrl ismertek (Istoria, 2001, g.39, 5,8; 42, 12-13).
168

. 40
Lehetsges, hogy a lakossg egy rsznek Dnyeszter-mellkrl a Keleti
Krptokon val thatolsval kapcsolatos az ekimauci tpus flbevalk
megjelense a X szzadi romniai lelhelyeken (Blandiana, Gmbas, Kolozsvr)
(, , 1973, .318,320-321).
Jval nagyobb szmban fordulnak el ilyen kszerek ellltsi kzpontjuktl
szakra s szak-nyugatra. A kijevi temet kivtelvel (-, 1959, .84),
kincsleletekben vannak kpviselve (Jurkovci 1864, Gnyozdovo 1868, Borscsivka
1883, Denisz 1912, Kopijivka 1928). A jurkoveci, borscsivkai s kopijivkai
kincseket G.Korzuhina a X szzadra, esetleg a X - XI szzad forduljra keltezi
(1954, .22,38,73). Vlemnynk szerint a kopijivkai kincs fldbe kerlsnek
idejt a X szzad msodik felre tehetjk. A tbbiekkel ellenben, a kopijivkai
tartalmazta a legtbb flbevalt s a jurkoveci lelettel egytt a legkzelebb esik
az Ekimauci fldvrhoz. A kincslelet zrpnze kronolgiailag megegyezik az
ekimauciakkal, s ez lehetv teszi a kincs egyidej fldbe kerlst a fldvr
megsemmistsvel egy beseny betrs kvetkeztben.
Az egyetlen, a Dnyeper bal partjrl szrmaz lelet az 1912-ben feltrt
deniszi kincs, ksbbi eredet numizmatikai anyagval tr el a tbbi lelettl.
5400 rmbl llt (p s trtt), melyek idrendi hatrai 805/6 - 1002/26 kztt
mozognak (, 1954, .85). A lelhely a fent emltettekhez kpest
flreesik, kora a XI. szzadra tehet, magn viseli az szak-nyugati kincsek
f jellemvonsait (, 1954, .22). Nem csak keltezse klnbzteti
meg a tbbi lelettl, hanem az a tny is, hogy az sszes, itt tallt flbeval
pr nlkli, trtt. A leletek llapota arrl tanskodik, hogy nem kszerekknt,
hanem ezsttrmelkknt hasznlhatta fel valsznleg egy kszersz.
A tbbi flfgg-lelet Ekimaucitl nyugatra val terjeszkedskre utal
s kt csoportra oszlik: a Krptokig vn kvl s bell es leletekre. Az
els csoportba tartoz darabokat M.Dekwna a szlfrts flbevalk 3.
vltozatba sorolta be (Dekwna, 1979, s.149). Lengyelorszg terletn egy
sor lelhelyrl ismertek (Zawada Lanckoronska, Krakow, Lisowek, Olesnica,
Osnica, Przemysl, Tsinica), a X - XI szzad elejre datljk ket (Dekwna,
1979, p.155). Szmunkra klnsen rdekes a Przemysli lelet, mely a
Vereckei hg kzvetlen kzelben helyezkedik el. A tz srbl ll temet a
Fekete tenger szaki partvidkrl a Krpt-medencbe vonul besenyk f
tvonaltl elgaz csoportot kpviselhet. A lengyel kutatk keltezse szerint a
srok a X szzadra tehetek, megjelensket a magyarok a Krpt-medencbl
val tvonulsval magyarzzk (Koperski, 1979, s.4; Kunysz, 1981, s.72).
Az adott esetben a magyarok tvonulsnak irnyt indokolatlannak tartjuk,
elssorban az analgik feltrkpezse s keltezse alapjn. A lelet-egyttes
beseny maghatrozst a Przemysl kzelben tallt, 700, X szzad kzepi arab
dirhrmbl ll kincslelet is altmasztja (Kunysz, 1981, s.65-66), melyet a hozz
hasonl krptmellki (Halics) s krptaljai (Huszti jrs) kincsleletekkel
169

. 40
egytt kronolgiailag semmikppen nem kapcsolhatunk ssze a magyarok
beteleplsvel a IX szzad vgn.
A flbevalk feltrkpezse klns koncentrcijukrl tanskodik a Tisza
medencjben (4 bra). A Krptok vn kvl es, kincsleletekbl ismert
pldnyoktl eltren a Krpt-medence terletrl szrmaz gyakorlatilag
sszes lelet nomd temetkkel hozhat kapcsolatba. A nomd temetkben
fellelhet fegyverekhez hasonl pldnyok az Ekimauci fldvr terletrl
ismertek, amibl arra kvetkeztethetnk, hogy a Fekete tenger szaki
partvidkrl a Krpt-medencbe vonul npessg a rszt vett a fldvr
bevtelben. A besenyk betrse a sztyeppkrl a kptmellki terleteken
t a Fels Tiszavidkre az esemnyek logikus lncolatt alkotja az Ekimauci
fldvr elfoglalsa a Voliny terletn elrejtett kincsek s nomdok nyugatra s
szaknyugatra val benyomulsa kztt.
A Krpt-medencn bell a legtbb flbeval (11 pldny) a csomai
temetbl ismert. Figyelemre mlt az a tny, hogy szegny ni srokban is
elfordulnak. Ez, valsznleg azzal magyarzhat, hogy j tulajdonosukhoz
nem kereskedelem tjn kerltek, ahogy a magyar kutatk tbbsge vli (Szke
B., Mesterhzy K. Istvnovits E.) (Istvnovits, 2003, old.288), hanem mint
hadi trfea, melyet a besenyk a tivercek sztversekor szereztek Ekimaucinl
(, 2006, .174-185; 2011, .291-299).
A leletek elterjedse, akrcsak a dirhemek, a Tisza fels folysnl val
koncentrcirl tanskodik, ami megersti feltevsnket a terlet beseny
beteleptsrl a X szzad vgn. Helyesnek ltszik az a felttelezs is, hogy a
Tisza kzps folysa s a Felvidk a magyar s beseny kultra rintkezsi
znjt kpezte.
A trgyak kvetkez csoportjt a tbbsgkben nvnyi motvumokkal
dsztett tarsolylemezek alkotjk (5 bra). M. Schulze-Drrlamm vcsi tpusknt
emlti ket (Schulze-Drrlamm, 1988, s.417-421). A magyar trtnetkutatsban
a tarsolylemezek kivitelezse klasszikus honfoglals kori stlusknt szerepel.
Ellltsuk helyeknt a Krpt-Dunai trsget tartjk szmon. Kereskedelem
tjn val beramlsukat elvetettk, mivel prhuzamaik Kelet-Eurpa fbb
kereskedelmi kzpontjaiban nem lelhetek fel (Dienes, 1964; 1972).
A leletek feltrkpezse a dirhemek terleti elterjedsvel azonos eredmnyt
mutat, ami ktsgess tette a lemezes tarsolyok magyar eredett (,
1972, .219). St, az Eurpa szaki rszn tallhat korai pldnyok alapjn
felttelezhetjk a tarsolylemezek normann terleteken val gyrtst. Pldul
szolglhat Birka temetjnek 956 srja, ahol egy hasonl lemez 893 s 902
kibocsts arab dirhemekel kpez egyttest (Schulze-Drrlamm, 1988, s.420).
A tarsolylemezek lelhelyeinek elhelyezkedse s keltezse a Krptmedencben a beseny hagyatkhoz tartozsukrl tanskodik (6 bra). A
galgci s szolnoki temetkben a tarsolylemezek Nazr ibn Ahmed vereteivel
170

. 40
egytt kerltek el (918/919 valamint 920/921), Kiskunflegyhzn Burgund
Rudolf dnrjval (922 - 926), vagyis sehogy sem lehettek kapcsolatban a IX X szzad forduljn beteleped magyarokkal.
A mai napra nem csak a lemezek normann terleteken trtn ellltsrl
s ksbb a besenyk tulajdonaknt a Krpt-medencbe kerlsrl
beszlhetnk, hanem felttelezhetjk azt is, hogy a tarsolyok a Szvjatoszlav
fejedelem druzsinja felett aratott, 972. vi gyzelem utn, mint hadi trfea
kerltek a nomdokhoz. Nagy a valsznsge annak, hogy a lemezes tarsolyok
a kijevi nagyfejedelem kzvetlen krnyezetnek megklnbztet jell
szolglhattak, ami megmagyarzn szrvnyos elterjedsket a normann
vilgban s viszonylag magas koncentrcijukat a besenyk ltal benpestett
Tiszavidken.
A vcsi tpus tarsolylemezek koncentrcija a Tisza fels folysnl mg
egyszer altmasztja felttelezsnket a vidk besenyk ltal val beteleptsrl
a X szzad vgn, akrcsak azt, hogy a Tisza kzps folysa s a Felvidk a
magyar s beseny kultra rintkezsi znja volt.
A besenyk Szvjatoszlav felett Hortica szigetn aratott gyzelmvel
kapcsolatos a csernyigovi tpus tarsolyveretek (7 bra) megjelense is. A leletek
korltozott szma arra utal, hogy a veretek kijevi nagyfejedelem kzvetlen
ksretnek megklnbztet jell szolglhattak.
A tiszavidki pldnyok prhuzamai Birka, Rosta, Sesztovica X szzadi
temetiben fordulnak el. Rsta temetjben a tarsolyverettel egytt Nazr ibn
Nh korbl szrmaz arab dirhem kerlt el (943/944) (Schulze-Drrlamm,
1988, s.424), Birka 93 halomsrjban a tarsoly szjnak zrveretn a Rjurikovics
dinasztia jelvnye - a hromtag szigony (trezubec) lthat, melyet Sz.Sirinszkij
(1968, 1, 2 bra) Jaropolk tamgjaknt (973 - 978) hatrozott meg.
A veretes tarsolyok megjelenst a Krptmedencben a X szzad vgn a
csomai temet 3 srjban tallt dirhem illusztrlja. Hasonl keltezs a prsemysli
lelet, amely ekimauci tpus flbevalkkal volt egy rtegben.
A csernyigovi tpus tarsolyveretek lelhelyeinek elemzse megersti
a besenyk bevonulsnak tvonalt s idejt a Krpt-medencbe,
megtelepedsket a Fels Tiszavidken (8. bra).
A felstiszavidki besenykre jellemz leletek a Krptoktl keletre val
elterjedse megmagyarzza a klnbz trgyak birtokukba kerlsnek
mechanizmust konkrt trtnelmi esemnyek keretein bell. Ide sorolhatjuk
kapcsolataikat a Kazr knsggal annak buksa eltt, a Prut-Dnyeszter
kzi tiverec fldvrak lerombolst a X szzad 80-s veiben, Szvjatoszlav
nagyfejedelem s ksretnek lemszrlsa 972-ben (, 2010, .3043; 2010, .410-420; 2011, .291-299).
A Fels Tiszavidk a X szzad utols negyedben, a Vereckei hgn val
tkels utn a besenyk f szllsterletv vlt (9. bra). A modern rgszet adatai
171

. 40
a besenyk lokalizlst illeten a Krpt-medencben, a magyaroktl szakra,
megegyeznek Konstantin biznci csszr tudstsaival a nomdok hordinak
elhelyezkedsrl ( , 1982, 12, 36). Ugyanakkor a
Fels Tiszavidkre val tteleplsk keltezse krdses. A De administrando
Imperio mvt Konstantin 955-ben fejezte be, mg a besenyk betelepedsnek
f hullma a rgszeti leletek alapjn a X szzad 80-s veire tehet. Nem kizrt,
hogy a beseny trzsek egy rsznek Krptokon belli lokalizlsrl szl
informci a ksbbi, a prizsi kziratba kerlt be (XI szzad vge) a csszr
halla utn, amikor egyes eurpai npcsoportok elhelyezkedse megvltozott.
Nem hagyhatjuk gyelmen kvl Anonymus krnikjt sem. A szerz nagyobb
beseny csoport beteleptsrl beszl a nyugati kalandozsok befejeztvel,
amikor a magyarok vglegesen birtokukba vettk a Krpt-medenct, szakMagyarorszg terletre hatrvdelmi clokbl (Gesta Hungarorum, 2005, 58).
A rgszet s rott forrsok adatait a besenyk betelepedsrl a Krptmedencbe a X szzad msodik felben altmasztjk a jelents szmban
elfordul, besenykre utal fldrajzi nevek is, melyek szak-Magyarorszgon
a XIII szzadig jelen voltak (, 1972, .211,213-214). A nomdok e
csoportjnak jelenltrl tanskodik a rgi npkltszetnek elemzse is, mely
teltve van besenykrl szl trtnetekkel.
Figyelemre mlt, hogy a magyarorszgi beseny szllsterletek
feltrkpezse melyet Nagy rpd fldrajzi nevek alapjn ksrelt meg (Nagy,
1969, old.129-157), gyakorlatilag megegyezik a rgszeti anyag elemzsekor
levont kvetkeztetseinkkel. Viszont a magyar rgszek tbbsge tagadja
Nagy rpd feltevst a besenyk jelenltrl a Fels Tiszavidken (Plczi,
1996, old.7-36, Rvsz, 2008) mivel a felajnlott elmlet a klasszikus magyar
rgszeti emlkek etnikai hovatartozsnak ttekintst vonn maga utn. Ez
elssorban az olyan kulcsfontossg lelhelyeket illeti, mint Kenzl, Rakamaz,
Karos, Zempln, Beregszsz, Szolyva, melyek a szak- s ismeretterjeszt
irodalomban a magyarok emlkeiknt szerepelnek. A felstiszavidki magyar
klasszika beseny hagyatkknt val elismerse elssorban a Fekete tenger
szaki partvidknek nomd emlkeinek differencilsban j hozzllst
helyez kiltsba.
Nem rszletezve a beseny krds ltal kivltott ellenlls okait a magyar
trtnetkutatsban, leszgezzk, hogy a nomd trzsek betelepedse a Fels
Tiszavidkre a X szzad msodik felben ktsgtelen. Nyitott marad a besenyk
Krptok hgin t trtn beramlsnak krdse, mivel ez az tvonal a
nomdok krben nem volt npszer.
A X szzad kzepn s msodik felben Eurpban egy sor fontos
trtnelmi esemny zajlott. Ide tartozik a magyar sereg veresge, mely vget
vetett a kalandozsoknak (955), a Kazr knsg megsemmistse Szvjatoszlav
nagyfejedelem ltal (965), a biznci-bolgr s biznci-rusz hbork, melyekben
172

. 40
mind a magyarok, mind a besenyk rszt vettek, stb. A Kijevi Russzal
felmerl koniktus lehetett az egyik kivlt ok, melynek eredmnyekppen a
besenyk megjelentek a magyar szllsterletek szaki peremn. Pontosabban
a tmadsok sorozata lehetett, melyeket Vlagyimir nagyfejedelem indtott a X
szzad vgn (978 - 1015) a besenyk ellen Szvjatoszlav meggyilkolsa utn.
Ebben az esetben viszont nehz megmagyarzni a besenyk tvonalvlasztst
a Fekete tenger partvidkrl val vndorlsuk kezdetn.
Valsznbbnek ltszik, hogy a Fels Tiszavidkre a Vereckei hgn
t trtn ttelepeds kivlt okul valamilyen bels koniktus szolglt a
sztyeppn, klnsen gyelembe vve a nomdok jabb jelents csoportjnak
megjelenst a Fekete tenger partvidkn a X szzad 60-s veiben. Nem
zrhatjuk ki a kunok (polovecek) szerept sem az esemnysorozatban, melyek
a Kazr kagantus buksa utn a beseny szllsterletek kzvetlen kzelbe
kerltek. Btran felttelezhetjk, hogy a nomd trzsek cltudatosan nyomultak
a Fels Tiszavidkre. A magyarok nem gtoltk betelepedsket, mivel a
terlet egyrszt rdektelen volt szmukra nomadizls cljbl, msrszt gy
biztostottk az szaki hatrvidk vdelmt. Nem utols szerepet jtszhattak
ebben Gza fejedelem desanyjnak rokoni kapcsolatai a Fekete tenger mellki
besenykkel.
Felttelezhetjk, hogy Vlagyimir nagyfejedelem ksrete, rteslve a
nomdok vonulsi tvonalrl, rajtattt a sztszrt s legyenglt csapatokon
kzvetlenl a hgk eltt. Kronolgiailag ezeket az esemnyeket Vlagyimir
Przemysl s Cserven ellen indtott hadjratnak idejre tehetjk 981-ben
(, 1989, .49). Az egyes beseny osztagokra mrt csapsok
bizonytkul a Krptok vonulatnak kzvetlen kzelben elrejtett arab
dirhemeket tartalmaz kincsek szolglhatnak (Halics, Przemysl, Huszti
jrs).A rgszeti leletek bizonytjk, hogy a nomdok tbbsge elrte a Fels
Tiszavidket, mely a Krpt-medencben f szllsterletkk vlt.
A mai napra a legnagyobb problmt a Tisza kzps folysnak terletrl
s a Felvidkrl szrmaz beseny trgyak s temetk interpretlsa jelenti.
Arra a krdsre, hogy ezek az emlkek a besenyk magyar szllsterletekre
val beszivrgst jelentik-e, csak a leletanyag tovbbi kutatsa adhat vlaszt.
: , , , ,
, .
: , , , ,
, .
Key words: Upper Tisza region, Hungarians, Pechenigs, nomadic tribes,
necropolis, fortied settlement.

173

. 40
.. (., )

()


.
,
,
965 ., 70 - 80- . . , 972 .
.
,
-
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.

981 .
,
(, , -).

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965 ., 70 - 80- . .
- , 972 .
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981
.
174

. 40
, (,
, -).

Prohnenko I.A. (Uzhgorod, Ukraine)


The Localization of Pechenegy in Carpathian Basin
(Summary)
Modern archeological data allows dening of Upper Tisza region as the
main territory of inltration of the considerably big group of Pechenegy from
the Northern Black Sea area to Carpathian basin in X AD. These tribes were
dened by the inventory of Khazar, Slavic, and Norman origin. They have
gotten it on the eve of Khazar Khanate defeat in 965, during the devastation of
Tiver fortied settlements on Prut and Dniester rivers in 70-80s of X AD, and
homicide of the Prince Svyatoslav at the Dnieper thresholds in 972.
Likely the inltration of the nomads in the Upper Tisza region, using
unpopular among the nomadic tribes route - through the Carpathian passes,
has been caused by the internal conicts in the Steppe. During the resettlement
the units of Pechenegy suffered the assault of the Prince Volodymyr warriors at
the mountainous passes. Chronologically these events can be connected to the
raid of the prince to the towns of Peremyshl and Cherven in 981. The treasures
of Arabic dirhams, left by the nomads at Carpathians (Halych, Peremyshl, Khust
district) are the evidences of the assaults on some of Pechenegy units.

.1. (. ). 3.
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. 40
; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12.
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Illusztrcik jegyzke
1 bra. Csoma (Szipa Ht). Arab dirhem a 3 srbl.
2 bra. Ekimauci tpus flbevalk a Tisza medencjnek nomd
temetkezseibl. 1-8. Csoma; 9. Dge; 10. Tiszabercel; 11-12. Ibrny. 9-12
(Istvnovits E.).
3 bra. Az arab dirhemek elterjedse Eurpban (Blint Cs.) a besenyk
tvonulsnak megjellsvel a Fekete tenger szaki partvidkrl a Krptmedencbe a X szzad msodik felben. 1. Beregszsz (Bucs); 2. Bodrogvcs;
3. Galgc; 4. Dobra; 5. Ibrny; 6. Karos; 7. Kenzl; 8. Kecskemt; 9. Kistokaj;
10. Pap; 11. Perse; 12. Szeged; 13. Szilas; 14. Szolnok; 15. Szomod; 16. Tata;
17. Tardoskedd; 18. Tiszasly; 19. Hajddorog; 20. Huszti jrs; 21. Csoma;
22. Srospatak; 23. Eger; 24. Alcedar; 25. Ekimauci; 26. Halics; 27. Przemysl.
4 bra. Az ekimauci tpus flbevalk elterjedse Eurpban 1. Alcedar; 2.
Bszob; 3. Blandiana; 4. Borscsivka; 5. Branesti; 6. Vc-Htkpolna; 7. Gmbas;
176

. 40
8. Gnyozdovo; 9. Denisz; 10. Dge; 11. Ekimauci; 12. Zawada Lanckoronska;
13. Ibrny; 14. Kijev; 15. Kirovograd; 16. Kistokaj; 17. Kolozsvr; 18.
Kopijivka; 19. Krakow; 20. Lisowek; 21. Nyregyhza; 22. Nagykvesd; 23.
Olesnica; 24. snica; 25. Przemysl; 26. Pereszopnica; 27. Perse; 28. Redukeni;
29. Szabolcs-Vontatpart; 30. Szentes-Szentlszl; 31. Szob; 32. Trkkanizsa;
33. Tiszabercel; 34. Tsinica; 35. Ungvri jrs (?); 36. Csoma; 37. Csongrd;
38. Jurkovci.
5 bra. A vcsi tpus dsztett tarsolylemezek elterjedse a Krptmedencben. 1. Bana; 2. Brnd; 3. Bodrogvcs; 4. Dunavecse-Fehregyhz;
5/1-2. Eperjeske; 6. Galgc; 7. Karos; 8. Kiskunflegyhza; 9. Rakamaz;
10. Szolnok; 11. Szolyva; 12. Tarcal; 13. Tiszabezdd; 14. Trkeve; 15.
Rtkzberencs.
6 bra. A vcsi tpus tarsolylemezek elterjedse Eurpban. 1. Bana; 2.
Brnd; 3. Bodrogvcs; 4. Dunavecse-Fehregyhz; 5. Eperjeske; 6. Galgc; 7.
Karos; 8. Kiskunflegyhza; 9. Rakamaz; 10. Szolnok; 11. Szolyva; 12. Tarcal;
13. Tiszabezdd; 14. Trkeve 15. Birka; 16. Krjukovo-Kuznoje; 17. Panovo;
18. Veszelovo; 19. Besenytelek; 20. Izsk; 21. Kenzl; 22. Tiszaeszlr; 23.
Tiszanna; 24. Tuzsr; 25. Rtkzberencs.
7 bra. Csoma (Szipa Ht). A 3 sr veretes tarsolynak rekonstrukcija.
8 bra. A csernyigovi tpus tarsolyveretek elterjedse Eurpban. 1. Birka;
2. Borki; 3. Gnyozdovo; 4. Ivanovo; 5. Kijev; 6. Novij Belousz; 7. Przemysl; 8.
Rsta; 9. Bodrogszerdahely; 10. Szjaznega; 11. jfehrt; 12.Csemicsino; 13.
Csernyigov; 14. Csoma; 15. Sesztovica.
9 bra. A besenyk lokalizlsa a Krpt-medencben.

. //

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.
// . ., 1972. - C.203-205.
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Kovcs L. Mnzen aus der ungarischen landnahmezeit // Fontes archaeologici
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Lang P. Amit elrejt a fld A 10. szzadi magyarsg anyagi kultrjnak
rgszeti kutatsa a Krpt-medencben. - Budapest, 2007.
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(Ksrlet a magyarorszgi besenyk rgszeti hagyatknak meghatrozsra) //
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Plczi Horvth A. Nomd npek a kelet-eurpai steppn s a kzpkori
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kzpkori Alfldn s a Mezfldn. - Gyula, 1996. - 2. - Old.7-36.
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Rvsz L. Heves megye 10 - 11 szzadi temeti. - Budapest, 2008.
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179

. 40

180

. 40

181

. 40

182

. 40

183

. 40

184

. 40

185

. 40

186

. 40

187

. 40
.. (., )



.
, .,
- . ,
, , VIII - IX .
.
XIII ., XI . (
, 2002, .551). ,
.
,
( ,
, ) IX - XIV c.

, 2, 13 14 . 2.
?: , ,
, ?
,
.
, (Gesta, 2005, c.18). 13.
: ,
, .
, ,
, .
, .
- .
.
, ,
. .
.
.
(Anonymi, 1827, p.118; Anonymus, 2004, old.19;
Gesta, 2005, c.27). 14. : 903
, , ,
. ,
, ,
(Anonymus, 2004, old.19; Gesta, 2005, c.28).
188

. 40
,
25: ...... , .
- (Kzai,
2005, old.103). . :
Imperante ergo Ottone Suevo in Germania et Italia, in Francia Ludovico rege
Lotarii lio octingentesimo septuagesimo (870) anno ab incarnatione Jesu
Christi Hune sivi Hungarii denuo ingressi Pannoniam, transierunt per regna
Rossorum, alborum Comanorum et civitatem Kyo, et deinde in uvio Hung
vocato, ubi castrum fundavere resederunt (, 1924, .21-22).
. , :
XII - XIII ., IX - X .
IX - X .? XIX .
,
.
IX - X .
IX - X .
, -
. , ,
, - XII -
XIII . X . ,
,
.

-. - ,
, - - ,
,
. , , ,
X . , .
: XII - XIII .
,
( , 1971, .282).
IX - X c., .,
, , (Gyrffy,
1996, old.204-205).
.,
( .: ad castram Hung, castrum Hung) (903 .:
castrum Borsoa) (Zsoldos, 2000, old.17), 13 14
(Anonymi, 1827, .118-119; Anonymus, 2004, old.19-20;
Gesta, 2005, .27-29).
,
2005 - 2006 ., .
189

. 40
, , (castrum Borsoa)
.
903 . (, 2006, .192; 2008, .32). ,
1086 . ,
(Katona,
1779, .498-499).
, ,
castrum Hung, ()
,
.

. - .
,

() (Krist, 1999, old.153).
.
.
, . ,
- castrum Zemplin (Gesta, 2005,
.28-29; Slivka, Vallaek, 1991, s.233-234). -

() (1001 - 1038 .), : , , , ,
, , , , , (Zsoldos, 2000, old.18).
, ,
. . . ,
,
(Nmeth, 2001, old.237).
.
1250 . : parrochia castri de Vnguy,
(Nagymihlyi, 1887, old.8), : Az ungvri
vr nem is olyan rgi, mint a kzhiedelem tartja. Tudnunk kell, hogy a XIII.
szzadban kt jvr (Castrum nove) vrkerlet, emlittetik u. m. Ung-ujvr
s jvr, mely ksbb Abaujvr s Hevesujvrra szakad szt (Az ungvri
vr, 1908, old.183), (Gyrffy, 1966,
old.58-62), .
1263 . , (
Comitis Jakobi lij Gregorij de Pane)
: , , (possessions nostras castrenses
in Comitatu de Vng exhistentes, videlicet Scinnam, Rat, Magnum Cheppel et
Radich) (Wenzel, 1870, old.66-67).
190

. 40
1265 . V ,
,
: Nos St(ephanus) Dei graia junior Rex
Hungarie, Dux Transsiluanus et Dominus Comanorum tenore presencium
signiamus vniuersis, quod Myke et Zalauth jijs Michaelis delibus nostris
pro meritis seruiciorum suoruro terram Gragyssa vocatam vacuam ad duo
aratra sufcientem Castri nostri de Wngh iuxta terram hereditariam eorundem
Bees vocatam existentem contulimus perpetuo possidendam. Datum in Bel
quarto die post festum Assumpcionis Beate Virginis (Wenzel, 1862, old.122).
. ,
Castri nostri de Wngh iuxta terram hereditariam eorundem
Bees vocatam existentem ,
( ),
(C, 1936, .31-33).
1266 .
: - , - , , - , - , ,
- , - , - , : ab altera vero Iobbagionibus Castri de Vng, videlicet: Symon, lio
Horvath, Ioseph lio Corneli, Zobuzlo, lio Dubron; Feliciano, lio Feliciani,
pro se et pro Buda maiore exercitus; Edewch, lio Petri, lii Wenceslai, pro
pa-tre suo, Eswlt lio Ogrottod pro se et pro Galch, lio Witalis, Paulo, lio
Elesyg, Cheme lio Chewerini; iidem Iobbagyones Castri nobis concorditer
recitauerunt: quod quamdam terram ipsorum haereditariam, Zyrwthva vocatam,
cum vniuersis vtilitatibus suis post plagam Tartarorum, in tempore necessitatis
vendidissent, et tradidissent praedicto Phyle Bano pro decem et sex marcis sibi
et suis haeredibus plena iure pacice possidendam (Fejer, 1829, .380).
, .
1276 . ,
( ) : Ladizlaus
Dei gracia Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacye, Ranie, Seruie, Gailicie, Lodomerie,
Cumanie, Bulgarieque Rex omnibus Christi delibus presentem paginam
inspecturis salutem in omnium saluatore. Ad vniuersorum noticiam tenore
presencium volumus peruenire: quod Comes Jacobus iius Gregorij de Panky
delis noster ad nostram accedens presenciam a nobis bumiliter suplicando
postulauit, vt quandam terrain nostram ad Castrum nostrum de Vng pertinentem
Bezew uocatam in eodem Comitatu de Vng existentem de benignitate Regia
eidem dare et conferre dignaremur. Vermn quia de facto ipsius terre nobis ad
plenum non const abat, delibus nostris Capitulo Agriensi nostris dedimus
litteris in mandatis, vt cum Comite Petro lio Symonis de Kosub bomine nostro
eorum mitterent testimonium dedignum, coram quo idem bomo noster prefatam
191

. 40
terram Bezew uocatam reambularet et statueret Comiti Jacobo memorato, si non
eret contradictum; contradictores uero, si qui erent, ad Nostram euocarent
Presenciam ad terminum competentem. Qui quidem postmodum nobis
rescripserunt, quod cum prefato bomine nostro ipsorum misissent testimonium
de dignum, et quod reambulassent predictam terram, et statuissent Jacobo
memorato, nuilo contradictore existente (Wenzel, 1874, old.169).
1276 . ,
, ,
, : Ladizlans
Dei gracia Rex Hungarie delibus suis Capitulo Ecclesie Agriensis salutem
et graciam. Cum Chepano lio Kuney iobagione Castri nostri de Vng cum
Stephano lio suo ex vna parte, ab altera vevo Jacobo lio Gregovi de Pauch
coram nobis personaliter comparentibus; qui Chepanus cum lio suo Stephano
dixit conquerendo, vt propter inopiam et paupertatem suam suum seruicium
nobis exhibendum peragere deliter non posset, quia non subpetunt ei proprie
facultates, nisi vnam possessionem Chepel vocatam eum vendere permitteremus;
et hoc a nobis cum eodem Jacobo instanter postularuot. Et quia iuxta Regni
nostri consuetudinem approbatam iobagio Castri possessionem suam ausum
veudendi omnino non haberet, nisi per permissionem Regie Maiestatis: nos
igitur iustis peticionibus eiusdem Chepani et ll sui, considerantes eoiam
seruicia ipsius Jacobi ll Gregori, que nobis indefessc studebat famulari, eidem
Chepano cum lio suo Stephano veudendi, et predicto Jacobo emendi ex
speciaii nostra gracia commisimus facultatem. Vnde delitati vestre precipientes
mandamus, quatenus visis presentibus detis hominem vestrum ycloneum pro
testimonio, coram quo homo noster Kolovch de gencre Huntpaznan accedat ad
faciem ipsius possessions Chepel vocatc in Vng existentis, conuocatis uicinis
et commetaneis cum iobagionibus Castri de eadem Vng per ueteres metas et
antiquas perambulantes, ct sicut seriem tocius facti coram uobis de pretacta
rccitabunt, vestro priuilegio inseri faciendo eisdem roboretis. Datum Bude feria
quinta proxima ante dominicam Palmarum anno Domini MCCLXXVI
(Wenzel, 1874, old.172).
1276 . ,
(Wenzel, 1874,
old.172) , : Omnibus
Christi delibus tarn presentibus quam futuris presens scriptum inspecturis
Capitulum Ecclesie Agriensis salutem in omnium saluatore. Ad vniuersorum
noticiam tenore presencium volumus peruenire: quod Chepanus lius Kuney de
Vng cum lio suo Stepbano ex vna parte, ab altera vero Jacobus lius Gregori
de Panch ad nostram personaliter accedentes presenciam exhibuerunt nobis
litteras domini. nostri Regis hunc tenorem continentes:
Ladizlaus D. gr. Rex Hungarie stb. Capitulo Ecclesie: Agriensis stb.
192

. 40
Nos igitur mandatis domini nostri Regis obtemperantes vt tenemur, Ladizlaum
Canonicum Ecclesie nostre Archidiaconum de Zemlin ad hoc duximua
destinatum (igy); qui ad. nos reuersi taliter retulerunt, vt dictam possessionem
sepe dicti Che. Chepel vocatam, conuocatis commetaneis et vieinis. ipsius terre,
ac iobagionibus Castri, videlicet Chemey, Buda, Fulcian, Andream dictum
Dede, ac Nicolaum lium Kochord, qui Nicolaus in presencia iobagionum
Castri vsque uuivm Vng se commetanevm ipsius terre asseruit, et ultra dictum
uuivm separat de terra Regis Machar vocata. Quorum iobagionum Castri
tres, scilicet Chemey, Buda et Nicolaus antedictus in specie commetaneorum
comparentes, perambulando per ueteres metas et antiquas eundem Chepanum
cum lio Stephano vendere, et Jacobum sepedictum emere ipsam possessionem
commiserunt, nuo contradictore cxistente. Super quo eciam idem Che. cum
lio suo Stephano, ac cum commeteneis suis, scilicet Chemey, Buda et Nicolao
lio Kochard coram nobis presencialiter adherentibus; quorum vnus, scilicet
Nicolaus antedictus se vsque uuium Vng commetanevm ipsius terre afrmauit,
et vltra uuium prenotatum separarc de possessione Regis Mochar vocata; et
idem Che. cum lio suo Stephano possessionem suam Chepel vocatam cum
omnibus vtilitatibus suis et pertinencijs, sub antiquis metis et tcrminis, dedit
ac vendidit pro quadraginta marcis ni argenti plene persolutis et perceptis
sepe dicto Jacobo lio Gregori, et per eum heredibus suis heredumqne suorum
successoribus iure perpetuo et inreuocabiliter possidendara, tenendam pariter
et habendam. Ita tamen, vt quicunque processu temporum super predictam
possessionem causam mouere intenderet, uel presentem empcionem irritaret;
extunc idem Che. uel sua posteritas tenebuntur expedire dictum Jacobum lium
Gregori ueL heredes suos proprijs laboribus et expensis. In cuius rey testimonium
presentes concessimus sigilli munimine roboratas. Presentibus tamen Michaele
Preposito, Farkasio Cantore, Thoma Lectore, Myko Custode, Marcho de Patha,
Ladizlao de Zemlyn, Anthonio de Sumbun, Vrbano de Zabolcb, Petro de Vng,
Saulo de Borsxva, Paulo de Kemey Archidiaconis et alijs multis; anno Domini
MCCLXVI. Regnante Ladizlao illustri Rege Hungarie, Strigoniensi Sede
vacante; Stephano Colocensi Archiepiscopo; et domino nostro venerabili patre.
Andrea Dei gracia Episcopo Agriensi ezistentibus (Wenzel, 1874, old.184185).
1280 . : Johanne de Wng archidiaconis
(Nagymihlyi, 1887, old.25). 1280 . ,
(Wenzel, 1874, old.269-270),
, : , , ,
, , (Wenzel, 1874, old.294).
1282 . () : , , , ,
, , V (1272 - 1290 .),
( 1280 ., 1279 .
193

. 40
( IV (1272 - 1290 .))
. .
, ,
5 1282 .: Nos Ladislaus dei gratia
rex Hungarie, memorie commendantes signicamus quibus expedit universis,
quod Wolf, Walenth, Georgius, Stephanus, Benedictus, Donk et Simon ac
cognati eorumdem, iobagiones castri nostri de Ung, ad nostram accendentes
presentiam, nobis sunt conquesti, quod terram eorum Tyboa vocatam,
Fynta lius David potencialiter abstulisset ab eisdem et eandem niteretur
occupatam detinere; petentes cum instantia, ut terram eorum Tyboa vocatam
a iurisdictione et potentia et occupatione violenta ipsius Fynta auferendo,
eisdem reddere et restuere de benignitate regia dignaremur. Nos petitionibus
et supplicationibus iustis et modestis dictorum iobagionum castri nostri
assensum favorabilem adhibentes, sepedictam terram eorum Tyboa ab ipso
Fynta auferndo, ex certa scientia reddimus et restituimus eisdem Wolf, Walenth,
Georgio, Stephano, Benedicto, Donk et Simoni ac cognatis eorumdem et suis
heredibus heredumque suorum successoribus, iure perpetuo possidendam, eo
modo eademque plenitudine et sub metis antiquis, quemadmodum primitus
dinoscuntur possedisse, ne in possessionibus propriis extraneum et illicitum
doleant possessorem, silentium perpetuum de repetitione dicte terre ipsi Fynta
et suis fratribus ac aliis quibuslibet imponentes. Datum sub castro Potok,
in festo Dominici confessoris, anno domini m. cc. octogesimo secundo
(Nagymihlyi, 1887, old.28) 1283 .: Ladislaus dei gratia Hungarie,
Dalmatie, Croatie, Rame, Servie, Gallicie, Lodomerie, Comanie, Bulgarieque
Rex, omnibus Christi delibus tam presentibus quam futuris, presens scriptum
inspecturis, salutem in omnium salvatore. Ad universorum notitiam harum serie
volumus pervenire, quod Wolf, Walenth, Georgius, Stephanus, Benedictus,
Donk et Simon ac cognati eorum, iobagiones castri nostri de Ung, ad nostre
serenitatis accedentes presentiam, humiliter inopiam et paupertatem eorum
nobis exponenses, a nostra maiestate postularunt, ut possessionem ipsorum
hereditariam Tyba vocatam, in comitatu de Ung existentem, liberum arbitrum
alienandi et vendendi cuicunque vellent. Eisdemdare et conferre dignaremur.
Nos itaque petitionibus ipsorum iustis et legitimis aures regias favoralibiter
incliantes, de benignitate regia annuimus et permisimus predictos iobagiones
castri nostri possessionem ipsorum Tyba memoratam ut liberam habeant
vendendi et alienandi quoquomodo voluerint facultatem. In cuius rei memoriam
perpetuamque rmitatem, ad instantiam et petitionem predictorum iobagionum
castri, presentes concessimus literas duplici(s) sigilli nostri munimini roboratas.
Datum per manus discreti viri magistri Bartholomei, aule nostre vicecancellarii
dilecti et delis nostri, anno domini m. cc. octuagesimo tertio, regni autem nostri
anno decimo (Nagymihlyi, 1887, old.29).
194

. 40
, 1284 .
80 , ,
29 1284 . : Ad universorum
notitiam tenore presentium volumus pervenire, quod Endre lio Herchegh,
Valentino lio Vyluzth, Wolph lio Thome et Simone nigro iobagionibus castri
de Wng, pro se et pro Simone albo, Hothen, Hustugk, Domozlo, Tyba, Gregorio
et Donk consanguines suis ab una parte, ab altera vero magistro Feliciano lio
comitis Galli coram nobis personaliter constituis, Endre et socii sui supradicti
proposuerunt viva voce, quod teriam partem terre eorum hereditarie Tyba
vocate in comitate de Wng existentis, ab alia terra ipsorum certis metis et signis
seperatam, cum universis utilitatibus et pertinentiis suis, propter inopiam eorum
vendidissent eidem magistro Feliciano pro octuaginta marcis plene receptis ab
eodem, sibi et suis heredibus heredumque suorum successoribus, iure perpetuo
pacice possidendam (Nagymihlyi, 1887, old.30).
: Dicimus etiam quod Martinus
de Kopus, Stephanus de Vngwar, Blasius de Checher et Laurentius de Tyba
sacerdotes (Nagymihlyi, 1887, old.30).
29 1284 . (Wng),
(Vngwar), .
1289 . c .
c , ,
(Wenzel, 1873, old.298-299). 1290 . , , ,
, , , -
, (Wenzel, 1874, old.488489).
, 1250 .
(parrochia castri de Vnguy), 1263 . (possessions nostras castrenses in
Comitatu de Vng exhistentes, videlicet Scinnam, Rat, Magnum Cheppel et
Radich), 1265 . (Castri nostri de Wngh), 1266 . (Iobbagionibus Castri de
Vng), 1276 . (Castrum nostrum de Yng, 1283 . (iobagiones castri nostri de
Ung), 1284 . (castri de Wng), 1289 ., 1290 ., 1308 . (Iobaggiones Castri
de Hungh). , . , : 1.

- V . (, 2003, .3). 2. XIV
XV . (, 2001).
- .
. . ,
() , XIX .,
3,5 - 4 , .
, ?
. . . -,
195

. 40
50 .
. -,
, 1750 . ,
. .
,
(Mszros, 1861, old.1011). . ,
, ,
, . -,
, ,
,
. -,
, .
.,
, ()
(Ungo-gradus, 916 ) (, 1928,
c.169): Ungogradus (ung = gyors; grad = erssg, vr), propugnaculum validum
slavonem caravantium, nomen sortitm ab amne Ung, quod idiomate slavico
denotat celerem, Luitprandus Episcopus. Cremon. Libri sex. historiarum etc.
ab anno 891 - 916 (Az ungvri vr, 1908, old.183). .
: , ,
, ,
(., .) (, 1996, c.34).
. ,
, , ( ).
XX . ,
, . ,
, , , 1241
. .
. ,

(.
), .
, ( ),
. .
,
, ,
, , ,
(, 1928, c.167).
. ,
(
196

. 40
) .
, ()
: 1312 .
.
. 1320 .
,
(udvrhz-castellum),
(, 1928, .179).
., . ,
Ung Onegenesa,
: Castrum Hung (Anonimus), Ungo-gradus Liutpranda (916),
Vngui (1250), Vng (1271), Vuguar (1378, 1405), Vngh (1337, 1402), Vnghvar
(1375), Vnghwar (1411), Wngvar (1396, 1416, 1419, 1430), Onguar (1435),
(1852), . . .
,
, ,
(possesio Geren).
1322 (dominium Geren), 1366 (Johannes lius de Geren), 1376
(possesio Geren), 1390 (nobiles de Geren) (, 1928, .169, 175).
, ,
.
, XIV .
, () (),
().
20 - 30 . . . ,
. ,
c
., .
., , ,
, ,
- ,
. , (, )
angulus (,
1996, .34). . : , ,
, ,
.. XIV .
. . (, 2003,
.11).
. , .
. .
, (.)
197

. 40
(, 1937, .35-36).
:
500 ,
, (.) .
,
.
1947 - 1948 . (
..) , , -,
(0,7 ) ,
.
(1131 - 1141 .)
(, 1980, .74). ,
.
, ,
1241 ., .
.
. , ,
.
.
IX - XI .
, XI .,
., ,
.
1994 .
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.
,
(Kobly, 1998, old.53).
., .,
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. . :
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, .
.
,
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, .
, .

198

. 40
, .
. XIX . ,
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( XII .),
.
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. ,
, . XIII . IV
.. XIV .,
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. 30- XX .

,
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1972, .126-127).
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199

. 40
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c.237-238).
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XIV - XV . : (Castellum
Bukolcz, 1484, 1486 ., ), (Castellum
Luchka, 1443 ., ), (Castrum Neuichke, Newychke,
Neviczke, 1364 p., 1405 p., c., ), -
(Castrum Nagmigalwara in cottu Zempl. 1345 p., Castrum Nagmigalwara in cottu
200

. 40
Ung., 1419 p., ., ), (Castrum desertum Tybauara,
1337 p., Castrum Tyba, 1419 p., ), (Castellum Unghwar,
1499 p., .), () (Csnki, 1890, old.385-386).
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1998, 180 old.)
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2001, c.238). . : ,
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201

. 40
, .
, (Nmeth, 2001, c.237-238).
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XII .

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202

. 40
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Key-words: castel, settlement, fortied settlement, documents.

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. 40
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Miskov I. (Uzhgorod, Ukraine)


Concerning the Question of the Location of the Uzhgorod Castle
(Summary)
The article considers the question of the location of the Uzhgorod castle
(Ung, Hung, Ungvar) on the basis of manuscripts, written sources and
monographs. Anonyms data in the Gest Hungarorum about the location of a
castle with the same name are inaccurate and cannot be considered to be reliable.
The same concerns the other mentionings of the Ung castle in other Hungarian
chronicles as it could not exist in the times when the Hungarian tribes found
204

. 40
their native land. Legally the Uzhgorod castle is mentioned in the documents
of the years 1250, 1265, 1266, 1276, 1283, 1284, 1289, 1290, 1308, but it is
rathe hard to dene the castles location. The researchers of different epochs
saw differently the place of its location and what did they have in mind - a castle
or a town? K.Mejsarosh and I.Kontratovych considered the ancient Uzhgorod
to be located in the village Horiany. Much later I.Kontratovych and H.Strypski
hypothesized that the ancient castle Ung was situated on the territory of modern
Slovakia, near the village of Deregnio, where the rivers Uzh and Laborets join
together. P.Sova considered the castle originally to be situated on the Castle
Hill (Kapitulna street) and his statement was supported by other researchers in
the joint monograph History of Uzhgorod. F.Ulichny is more likely to think
that in the castle area (Kapitulna street) archeologists found the remnants of a
Slavonic settlement of the IX - XIII centuries. One cannot but agree with the
statements of the researchers P.Engel, P.Nejmet, O.Dzembas, J.Kobal that the
castle Ung (Hung, Ungvar) was located on the territory of the castle which since
1322 has been known as the Nevitski castle.

1.
1308 ., (Iobaggiones Castri
de Hungh)
A. Ch. 1308. Omodeus Palatinus in causa Alexandri de Tutuna quoad metas
turbatas iustitiam administrari praeclpit. s. l. et. d.
Omodeus Palatinus dilectis sibi Magistro Job, Comiti Johanni lio
Kenez, Comiti Pog, Comiti Nicolao de Bank, et Magistro Ioanni, liis Jacobi,
et aliis Nobilibus in Hungaria existentibus, omnimodam dilectionem Dicit
nobis Comes Alexander de Tutuna, quod Iobaggiones Castri de Hungh ad terram
nostra Keregen vocatam de haereditaria Possessione sua irruentes in erectione
antiquis metis quandam particulam addidissent contra iustitiam surripiendo.
Super quo mandamus vobis per praesentes, quatenusvna cum Iobaggionibus
Castri accedatis ad faciem terrae mentionatae, ac praesente Magistro Cancellario
nostro, ad hoc destinato, inspecta partium iustitia nalem sententiam faceretis;
quia nolumus, quod terra aticuius nobilis per nos occupetur: noc intendimus
nostra iura ab aliis occupari. Vnde iustitiam in ipso facto non celetis, sed quoad
arbitrium Vestrum naliter terminetis.
Ex analectis Caroli Fejrvri Tom I. nro CCCXII. Titulus: Nobilibus de
Hungaria. Ex quo mihi nihil absoni videtur Magyaros, ad Vnguar primitus
considentes, hinc Vnguaros et Hungaros per exteros fuisse copellatos. Patet vna
Palatinus etiam suos non defuisse Cancellarios.
Palatinatus honore Mathaeum de Trenchin peraeque functum fuisse, docet
205

. 40
hoc Diplomatis anno 1308. editi documentum: Vniuersis - Capitulum Lauriense
- Nobilis Domina M. possessionem T. vtilitatibus et pertientiis suisvniuersis,
nec non metis et terminis, quibus idem Vir suus reipsa tenuit, Commiti Ladislao,
lio Iwanche, similiter de genere Pech, nunc Castelano Domini Mathei Palatini
de Dragun, in lios liorum, heredumque suorum cuccessores perpetualiter
possidendam tenendam et habendam (contulit) racione proximitalis, et propter
carentiam heredum suorum, nec non pro eo, quod eandem Dominam preomnibus
aliis cognatis, et proximusmelius pauit, et honestius conseruauit, tanquam lius;
et quem etiam ipsa Domina in lium sibiadoptauit, propter grata innumera
benecia sibi incessanter creata et impensa. In cuius rei memoriam, et perpetuae
rmitatis obtentu presentes literas nostras concedimus et damus sigilli nostril
munumine roboratas. Datum per manus discreti Viri Magistri - Lectoris Ecclesie
nostre. Actum feria VI. post Dominicam Laetare. Anno Domini MCCCVIII. Et
collectione Czechiana (Fejer, 1830, p.258-259).
2.
28 1322 .,

Karolusrexad universorum noticiam.. harum serie volumus
Karolus rex... ad universorum noticiam harum serie volumus pervenire, quod
cum magnicus vir magister Mykch lius Michaelis de genere Akus iudex curie
domino regine consortis nostre carissime comes de Sarus et de Zemleyn.. sue
delitatis servicia nobis proponens.. quamdam villam castri nostri Sarus Wyfolu
vocatam pro suis meritoriis serviciis a nobis sibi dari perpetuo postulasset..
capitulo ecclesie sancti Martini de Scepus dedimus.. in mandatis, ut ipso-rum
mitterent hominem.. coram quo Kael lius Nicolai homo noster accedens super
faciem dicte ville Wyfolu ream-bulando per veteres metas et antiquas statueret
dicto magistro Mykch perpetuo possidendam.. quod quidem capitulum postmodum nobis rescripsit in hunc modum. Excellentissimo domino suo Karolo dei
gracia illustri regi Hungarie capitulum ecclesie beati Martini de Scepus).
Prima nieta incipit ex parte ville magistri Bykolphy Wrusalma vocate a plaga
occidentali iuxta uyium Tarcha ubi uvius Lythoua vocatus cadit in eundem
uvium Tarcha, et inde procedit versus aquilonem supra iuxta eundem uvium
Lythoua et pervenit ad locum qui Kopu dicitur ad terram fratrum heremitarum
ordinis sancti Augustini de Sarus et ibidem iuxta antiquum meatum uvii
Lythoua vocati est meta terrea, deinde super meatum eiusdem uvii ascendendo
tendit versus orientem, traseundo ipsum uvium et statim ibi est meta terrea,
deinde reectitur versus meridiem ad novum meatum uvii Lythoua et ibi
iuxta litus eiusdem uvii est meta terrea, deinde per novum meatum eiusdem
uvii ascendit versus orientem et pervenit ad antiquum meatum eiusdem uvii
206

. 40
et ibidem est meta terrea, deinde per antiquum meatum eiusdem uvii tendit
ascendendo versus orientem et pervenit ad novum meatum eiusdem uvii ubi
ipse uvius dupplicatur et in divisione ipsius uvii est meta, deinde super eundem
uvium tendit ad-hue versus orientem et sub quadam arbore platani iuxta viam
est meta, deinde ascendit ad montem Myhalzatety (igy) vocatum per acuciem
eiusdem montis versus aquilonem et super eundem montem sunt due mete
terree de quibus in latere eiusdem montis descendit ad vallem iterum ad duas
terreas metas in silva existentes, deinde cadit in uvium Tartoocheynpothoka
vocatum in quoquidem uvio currit supra ad eiusdem uvii caput de quo exit
et ascendit ad verticem montis Javor dicti et in eiusdem montis vertice currit
usque ad uvium Thopl vocatum versus aquilonem et ibi separantur mete a
terra comitis Langh et liorum Dechk Kyusaytou vocata et sic descendendo
per uvium Thopl pervenit ad terram liorum Ja-cobi dicti Lengen Jakorezey
vocatam ad montem qui Javor dicitur et ibi est meta terrea, deinde descendendo
versus meridiem pervenit ad quandam arborem gertyanfoa vocatam sub qua est
terrea meta, deinde descendit ad uvium Rothuvay vocatum et ibi in monticulo
est meta terrea prope viam et transeundo ipsum uvium pervenit ad montem
Kyrallesey vocatum et de ipso monte descendendo versus orientem pervenit
ad metam populorum de Zyben et ad terram liorum Jacobi dicti Lengen et ibi
sunt tres mete, una populorum de Zyben alia terre Wyfolu et tercia predictoruni
liorum Jacobi, et ab eisdem tribus metis procedit versus meridiem per magnam
viam, iuxta eandem viam est meta sub arbore kerchy et sic descendendo per
eandem viam sub quodam monticulo circa eandem viam est meta terrea et sic per
eandem viam per bonum spa-cium supra byrch pervenit ad terram populorum de
Zyben et circa viam sunt due mete una de Wyfolu et alia populorum de Zeben,
et sic eundo versus meridiem descendit ad uvium Tarcha et transeundo ipsum
uvium est meta et inde ascendit ad montem satis magnum et pervenit ad
terram liorum Andree lii Ite et in eodem monte est meta, et inde vadit versus
occidentem et directe descendendo pervenit ad metas magistri Rykolphy et sic
descendendo directe transit ipsum uvium Tarcha et pervenit ad priorem metam
et ibi termi-nantur mete; ereccioni autem metarum magister Bykolphus, frater
Nicolaus prior fratrum heremitarum ordinis sancti Au-gustini de Sarus pro se et
toto conventu suo in nostri personaliter comparens presencia, comes Langh lius
Dechk cum fratribus et proximis eorum, item lii Jacobi dicti Lengen item iudex
et populi de Zyben ac lii Andree lii Ite consensum prebuerunt et assensum.
Datum feria sexta proxima post octavas Pasce anno domini Millesimo CCC
vicesimo secun-do. Nos siquidem delitatum obsequia et obsequiosa merita
magistri Mykch prenominati, que idem a tempore quo regnum Hungarie iure
et ordine geniture nobis debitum nutu divino intravimus in secundis et adversis
nostris processibus dei constancia dubiis fortune casibus se submittens et
specialiter cum caatrum nostrum Neuichke nuncupatum quod per Ladislaum
207

. 40
lium Omodey indelem nostrum in obprobrium regimi-nis nostri detinebatur
manu potenti expugnasset et expugna-tum nostre maiestati applicasset ubi ipse
magister Mykch letale pertulit vulnus et quamplures proximi et servientes
ipsius cesi fuerunt et occisi, tunc eciam castra Petri lii Petunei indelis nostri
Purustyan Budrugzeg et Borko vocata zelo constancie et expiato delitatis
animo prearmatus ut delitatem delitati aggregaret expugnasset diucius sub
eisdem insudando et eadem obtinendo nostre serenitati assignasset, ubi similiter
idem magister Mykch letalia vulnera pro nostri honoris augmento in se receperat
et multi de suis proximis et servientibus pocioribus sunt interemti, exhibuit
et inpendit, digna regali remuneracione fore attendentes, predictam villam
seu possessionem castri nostri Sarus Wyfolu vocatam in comi-tatu de Wyuar
existentem et ex hoc quod ius erat castri nostri nostre collacioni pertinentem
cum tributo quod in eadem Wyfolu exigitur et exigi statutum est.ex consilio
baronum nostromm memorato magistro Mykch et per eum suis heredi-bus
damus donamus irrevocabiliter possidendam; Datum per manus discreti viri
magistri Ladizlai prepositi Thytuleusis Albensis ecclesie electi et aule nostre
vicecancellarii dilecti et delis nostri, anno domini Millesimo CCC vicesimo
secundo, quinto kalendas Augusti, regui autem nostri similiter anno vicesimo
secundo (, , 2005, .48-50).

.
( -) //
1923 1924. - , 1924. - .1-149.
.., ..
// . - , 1972. - .114133.
., . : . - ,
2005.
3 . - .1. - ., 1971.
/ .., .., .,
.., .. - , 1993.
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. . - , 2001 ().
. . - , 2003.
. .
XIV // , 1928. - I-II. - .72-75,
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Krist Gy. Az Anjou-kor hbori. - Budapest, 1988.
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Wenzel G. rpadkori Uj Okmanytr (1261 - 1272). - Pest, 1870. - VIII kt.
Wenzel G. rpadkori Uj Okmanytr. - Budapest, 1873. - kt.
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210

. 40

211

. 40

212

. 40
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2007 - 2011 .,
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(Hazai oklevltr, 1897, old.193).
213

. 40
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214

. 40
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215

. 40
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. 40
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. 40
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. 40
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219

. 40
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. ., XVII .,
XVIII .
(1622 .)
(1671 1672 .), 5 XVII .

II 5, .
..
(.8, 54-57).
1. . (1501 - 1506 .).
- . Ag. - 18,5 . - 0,94 . :
MONETA REGIS POLONIE. : ALEXANDER
DEI G: REX. (Kopicki, 1974, s.291) (.8, 54).
2. . (1387 - 1437 .). . Cu. - 13,5 . - 0,33 . (Huszr, 1979, 586) (.8, 55).
3. . 1447 - 1452 ., (1440
- 1444 .) (Huszr, 1979, 605) (1446 - 1453 .) (Huszr,
1979, 620, 623). Cu. - 14 - 15 . - 0,37 . (.8, 57).
4. . II (1618 - 1637 .).
- . Cu. - 14 . - 0,3 . : .
: (Huszr, 1979, 1203 (1619 - 1625 .) 1205
(1630 - 1637 .)) (.8, 56).

, XIV - XV XVII . ,
,
,
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220

. 40
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,

XVI .
,
2011 ,
2007 .
. (.9), .


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Key-words: Korolevo, castel, excavations, pottery, coin, medaillon.

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2011
()
2011
.
XIV
XVII ., .

221

. 40
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.

Prohnenko I.A., Moizhes V.V., Gomoljak O.M. (Uzhgorod, Ukraine)


The Results of Researchment of the Castel of Korolevo in 2011
(Summary)
Archeological expedition of Uzhgorod National University undertook the
excavations on the territory of the castle of Korolevo in 2011. The ndings
prove that the monument has been functioning during the period of XIV - XVII
AD, which is compliant to the written sources.


.1. (.). .
.2. (.). 3. 1 -
; 2 - .
.3. (.). 3. 1-20 - I (0 3,4 ); 21-33 - II (3,4 - 6,2 ).
.4. (.). 4. 1 - ; 2 ; 3-4 - ; 5 - ; 6 - .
.5. (.). 4. I.
0 - 1,2 .
.6. (.). 4. II.
1,2 - 2,2 .
.7. (.). 5. 1 - ;
2-3,6,8 - ; 4 - ; 5 - ; 7 - .
.8. (.). 5. 1-36 - I (0 0,5-2 ); 37-57 - II (0,5-2 - 1,1-2,5 ).
.9. (.). .

222

. 40

.. (1861-1931) // Carpatica. - , 2005. - .32. - .185-192.


.., .. XV
. // . - ., 1968. - 1. - .62-64.
., . // . - ., 2009. - 1(18). - .71-97.
.., .., ..
2007 // Carpatica-.
- , 2007. - .36. - .219-255.
.., .., ..
//
. 2006-2007. - ., 2009. - .296-301.
.. (X - XV .). ., 1981.
Hazai oklevltr 1234-1536. - Budapest, 1897.
Huszr L. Mnzkatalog Ungarn von 1000 bis Heute. - Mnchen-Battenberg,
1979.
Karcsonyi J. A magyar nemzetsgek a XIV szzad kzepig. - I kt. Budapest, 1900.
Komromy A. Nyalb vr s uradalma // Szzadok. - Budapest, 1894. - 28.
- Old.492-519.
Kopicki E. Katalog podstawowych typw monet i banknotw Polski oraz
ziem historycznie z Polsk zwizanych. - Warszawa, 1974. - T.1 (redniowiecze).
- cz 1.
Prohnenko I., Homeleak O.
2007 // Relaii romno-ucrainene. Istorie i
contemporaneitate. - . . Cluj-Napoca - Satu Mare, 2007. - .83-94.
Ulin M. Premeny vchodoslovenskej keramiky v 13. - 17. storo [na
poklade analzy keramickho fondu z hradu ari] / Dizertan prca. - Preov,
2004.

223

. 40

224

. 40

225

. 40

226

. 40

227

. 40

228

. 40

229

. 40

230

. 40

231

. 40

232

. 40

- . .
- . .
- .
.
- . .
- .
- . .
-
. .
- . .
-
. .
- .
- , .
- . .
- . .
- - .
- .
JRGZM - Jahrbuch des Rmisch-Germanischen zentralmuseums
Mainz. - Mainz.
IOSPE - Inscriptiones antiquae orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini.
PBF - Praehistorische Bronzefunde. Mnchen- Stuttgart.
SA - Slovensk archeolgia. Bratislava.
UPA - Universittsforschungen zur Prhistorischen Archologie. Bonn.

233

Marta L. (Satu-Mare, Romnia)


DEPOZITUL DE BRONZURI DE LA GIOROCUTA
(JUD. SATU-MARE).........................................................................................4
Zanoci A., B M. (Chiinu, Moldova).
SPREADING OF SITES OF XIIth/XIth - IIIrd CENTURIES B.C.
IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER BASIN ............................................................15
.. (., ).
...........40
. (., ), .. (.,
).
.......................................................49
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............................................................68
.. (., ).
-
.............................................74
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I - IV .. ..................91
.. (., ).

, .
() ? ......................................124
.. (., ).
FLAGELLUM DOMINI.
..............139
.. (., ).
............155
.. (., ).
............................188
.., .., .. (., ).

2011 ..................................................................................................213

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