Academic Writing by Vo Duy Minh PDF

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Lecturer: V Duy Minh
ACADEMIC WRITING
KINDS OF ESSAYS
KINDS OF ESSAYS
Argumentative essays
essays: to express writers point of view
towards an issue in the world
Cause & Result essays
essays: to analyze the relationship between
a cause and its results or vice versa
Classification essays
essays: to classify sub-groups in a main
group according to their characteristic.
essays to compare or to contrast
Comparison & Contrast essays:
two subjects
essays to tell readers the nature of
Example (or definition) essays:
the given topic by giving examples
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KINDS OF ESSAYS
essays to tell readers how to do something or how
Process essays:
something is operated from the beginning to the end
essays to tell reader the content of a chart, a
Chart/Graph essays:
graph, or a statistics
Satirical essays
essays: to criticize a politic or economic policy
with satirical tone of language
essays to analyze something in a
Analyzing literature essays:
short story or a novel
FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY

A paragraph is a group of sentences discussing one
idea.
Topic sentence
Supporting sentences
Concluding sentence
An essay is a group of paragraphs discussing one topic.

Introductory paragraph (introduction)
Supporting paragraphs
Concluding paragraph (conclusion)
FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY

Topic sentence
Introductory paragraph
Idea/Aspect/Example/Stage 01
Supporting paragraph 01
Introducing sentence
Expanding sentence(s)
[Proving sentence(s)]
Concluding idea/aspect/stage 01
Introducing sentence
Expanding sentence(s)
[Proving sentence(s)]
Concluding idea/aspect/stage 02

Concluding sentence
Topic sentence
Expanding sentences
[Proving sentences]
Concluding sentence
Topic sentence
Expanding sentences
[Proving sentences]
Concluding sentence
.
Concluding paragraph
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ESSAY
What is a good essay?
A good essay is a group of paragraphs discussing one
and only one topic,
topic. concisely,
concisely. logically,
logically. structurally,
structurally.
coherently,
academically,. and convincingly.
coherently. academically
one and only one topic: if not, it lacks of unity
concisely: if not, it is wordy, a lot of redundancies, boring
logically: if not, it is incredible
structurally : if not, readers get difficulties to acquire
coherently: if not, it is unsmooth, readers get difficulties to follow
academically: if not, it is just informal
convincingly: if not, writers get NO SUCCESS
COHERENCE
1. Repeat the key words or phrases (use synonyms and

antonyms; avoid repeating same words, phrases)
2. Develop from the least to the most important event,
aspect, from the nearest to the farthest item, etc.
3. Use transitions
4. Use parallel structure
5. Use appropriate pronouns
6. Apply cohesion
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
- Usually, the children spend the summer weekends playing
ball in park, swimming in the neighbour's pool, eating ice
cream under the tree, or camping in the backyard.
- Ellen likes to hike, attend the rodeo, and take afternoon
naps.
- John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they are
compulsory, government-funded, and destructive.
- John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they
require students to attend, receive money from the
government, and destroy students humanity.
Very important for writing thesis statements
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APPROPRIATE PRONOUNCE
1. The generic YOU
- When you come to the class, you can see immediately a
teacher desk right opposite to the door.
- In the class, the teacher desk is right opposite to the door.
2. Appropriate pronounce
- No one realizes when their time is up. (wrong)
No one realizes when his or her time is up. (awkward)
None realize when their time is up.
3. Ambiguity
Tom said Jim lost his wallet.
The union workers were angry with their supervisors because
of the size of their pay raise.
4. Pseudo subjects
COHESION
A sentence is a group of words expressing a complete
thought.
(1)She saw a boat sinking. (2)On the sinking boat, a boy was
crying in vain. (3)She swam immediately to the middle of the river.
(4)The boat was at the middle of the river. (5)She wanted to save the
boy. (6)She swam with her most powerful strength.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
She saw the boat sinking: introducing the action

On the sinking boat, a boy was crying in vain: prerequisite
She swam immediately to the middle of the river: time
The boat was at the middle of the river: place
She wanted to save the boy: purpose
She swam with her most powerful strength: manner
COHESION
A sentence is a group of words expressing a complete
thought.
(1)She saw a boat sinking. (2)On the sinking boat, a boy was
crying in vain. (3)She swam immediately to the middle of the river.
(4)The boat was at the middle of the river. (5)She wanted to save the
boy. (6)She swam with her most powerful strength.
Understanding that the boat was sinking, she, immediately,

swam with her most powerful strength to the middle of the river
where the boat was sinking to save a boy who was crying for help
in vain.
Understanding that the boat was sinking, she, immediately,
swam with her most powerful strength to the middle of the river to
save a boy who was crying for help in vain.
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COHESION
(1)The
(2)It
hotel is famous.
is one of the most well-known hotels
in the country. (3)The latest international dancing competition
was held at the hotel. (4)The hotel spent a lot of money to
advertise the event. (5)Because the hotel wanted to gain
international reputation. (6)But not many people attended the
event.
(1)The hotel, which is one of the most well-known hotels in this

region, wanted to promote its image around the world by
hosting the latest international dancing competition. (2)Although
the event was widely advertised, not many people participated in
the competition.
(1)The
latest international dancing competition was held at the

hotel, which is one of the most well-known hotels in this region.
hotel spent a lot of money on advertising the event since it
wanted to enhance its international reputation; however, it failed
to attract many people.
(2)The
COHESION
(1)New Zealand consists principally of two islands. (2)The
southern is the larger of these but the northern is the more highly
populated. (3)New Zealand is situated between latitudes 34S and
47S. (4)The Maoris were the dominant inhabitants of New
Zealand until the end of the eighteenth century. (5)The country
began to be colonised by the British then. (6)The Maoris resisted
them fiercely at times. (7)The Maoris' valour and physique have
been much admired. (8)The Maoris are now a peaceable people.
(9)At one time they were divided into many tribes. (10)These were
often at war with each other. (11)The tribal system scarcely exists
among them. (12)The Maoris have a tradition. (13)Their name means
'indigenous. (14)According to this tradition they originally came
from an island called Hawaiki. (15)Some people have identified it
with Hawaii.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
Faced with the companys grim financial reality, both
groups agreed that the talks about the companys efficiency
problems had achieved a very good result. Advice from
outside said the company could bring about big change by
increasing the amount of goods produced per hour. The
unions accepted this comment but suggested the gains would
be reached faster if management came up with better policies
as well as buying better equipment. Management said
spending on equipment had gone up by 15% during the 1990s
but they agreed to look into this issue. The reaction to the
talks was pretty good and has resulted in everyone getting on
better at work.
(Flesch Kincaid Grade Level 11.8)
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ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
Faced with = After considering / Upon examination
grim financial reality = the unfavorable fiscal situation
groups = negotiating parties
talks = discussions
a very good result = a mutually beneficial result
Advice from outside said = External advice
bring about = realise / achieve
big change = a significant expansion in total production
increasing the amount of goods produced per hour = becoming more efficient
comment = recommendation / assertion
reached faster = further realized
came up with = formulated / developed
better policies = developed increasingly flexible shiftwork
buying = purchasing
better equipment = more technologically advanced
said = asserted / contended / stated
spending = expenditure / the fiscal outlay
gone up = grown / increased / risen
look into = investigate / evaluate
talks = discussions / negotiations
pretty good = positive / favourable
everyone getting on better at work = improved workplace relations
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
Upon examination of the unfavorable fiscal situation,
both negotiating parties agreed that the discussions about the
company's efficiency problems had achieved a mutually
beneficial result. External advice suggested the company
could achieve a significant expansion in total production
by increasing efficiency. The unions accepted this
recommendation but suggested the gains would be further
realized if management formulated increasingly flexible
shiftwork policies as well as purchasing more technologically
advanced equipment. Management asserted the fiscal
outlay on equipment had increased by 15% during the 1990s
but they agreed to evaluate this issue. The reaction to the
negotiations was positive and has resulted in improved
workplace relations.
(Flesch Kincaid Grade Level 19.2)
Introductory paragraph
Supporting paragraphs
Concluding paragraph
One topic sentence

Supporting sentences
One concluding sentence
KINDS OF PARAGRAPHS
IN AN ESSAY
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INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
KINDS OF INTRODUCTION
According to Smalley, R. L. & Ruetten, M. K. (1982) in
Refining Composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar for ESL
Students, there are four kinds of introductory paragraphs;
consisting of
a) Turn-about,
b) Dramatic entrance,
c) Funnel, and
d) Quotation.
According to Oshima, Alice & Ann Hogue (2006) in Writing
Academic English (4th ed.), there are two kinds of introductory
paragraphs; consisting of
a) Funnel introduction, and

b) Attention-getting introduction; this kind
consists of:
- Dramatic, Interesting or Funny Story,
- Surprising, Statistics or Facts, and
- Historical Background
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In fact, the number of kinds of introductory paragraphs differs
from a course-book to one another; for example the Academic
writing course of the University of Victoria lists up to seven
kinds of introductory paragraphs
1) Funnel,
3) Survey,
5) Question,
7) Definition.
2) Anecdote,
4) Quotation,
6) Setting a Scene, and
KINDS OF INTRODUCTIONS
o
o
o
o
o
FUNNEL
TURN-ABOUT
DRAMATIC ENTRANCE
QUOTATION
MIXED
PURPOSES OF INTRODUCTIONS
introduce the theme of the essay

introduce the writers point of view towards the theme
of the essay
indicate the pattern the essay is going to develop
capture readers interest
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PARTS OF INTRODUCTIONS
General statement
o introduce the general topic of the essay,
o capture the reader's interest.
Thesis statement
o is normally the last sentence in an introductory paragraph;
o states the theme of the essay;
o mention to the writers point of view toward the topic (implicitly
or explicitly);
o may list subtopics or subdivisions of the main topic or

subtopics, in some way, indicate the pattern of the
organization of the essay.
THESIS STATEMENT
KINDS OF A THESIS STATEMENT

general thesis statement
o The thesis statement mentions to something general relating
to the points on which the essay is going to develop; for
example:
Living in a dormitory offers several advantages to first-year
students.
specific thesis statement

o The thesis statement mentions concretely to the points on
which the essay is going to focus; for example:
A college degree in international business requires a
knowledge of business procedure and a knowledge of cultural
differences.
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THESIS STATEMENT CONSTRAINS

MUST be a complete sentence
The advantages of getting Master degree before having a job.
NOT an announcement
Below, I would like to discuss the reason why I scare of the dark.
In this essay, I am going to discuss the reason why students should
wear uniform when coming to their school.
NOT mentioning to a fact (statement)

Ho Chi Minh City is a big city with ten million people.
Ho Chi Minh City is a populous one.
NOT a question or an embedded question

Why do we wear uniform when coming to our school?
To make the issue clearer, people should examine the reasons why
women should not join the army.
THESIS STATEMENT CONSTRAINS

NEVER more than one topic discussed
My vacation in San Francisco was a lot of fun, and I liked visiting
the wine country in California, too.
Going to colleges in the Midwest can be fun, and I have found that
living in a suburb of a large city is the best way to live while at
college.
Living in a big city, people not only enjoy its advantages but have to
endure its disadvantages as well.
The action of some beer looters happening on 4 December 2013
is a disgusting and blameworthy one. (a good thesis statement)
NEVER use lets structure

Lets discuss the disadvantages of living in a big city.
NEVER use imperative sentences
PURPOSES
PURPOSES
OF THESIS
OF INTRODUCTIONS
STATEMENTS

introduce the writers point of view towards the theme
of the essay
capture readers interest
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PURPOSES OF THESIS STATEMENTS

o For getting the best results for their learning, these
differences should concern students greatly before these
students make their decision. (Topic: Comparing or
contrasting learning English at universities and at language
centers.)
o In fact, crossing out these practical issues, the training
curricula and methods of domestic and abroad universities
are completely different, which impacts seriously on
students further purposes. (Topic: Comparing or
contrasting studying university training programs domestic
and abroad.)

o However, it will be unfair when mentioning to only the
negative effects that stress impacts on our body, this
phenomenon also gives us positive effects to our both
mental and physic. (Topic: Stress)

introduce the writers point of view towards the
theme of the essay
o However, when the issues relating to the environment are
concerned, this means of transportation should be banned
from moving in Ho Chi Minh City. (Topic: Should
motorbikes be banned from moving in Ho Chi Minh City?)
o However, when some of the ill effects that this state-of-theart device impact on these people mentally and physically
are concerned, this device should be kept away from
teenagers. (Topic: Should teenagers be allowed to use
cellphones?)
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o However, when some of the ill effects that this state-of-theart device impact on these people mentally and physically
are concerned, this device should be kept away from
teenagers. (Topic: Should teenagers be allowed to use
cellphones?)
o Among these advantages, the most important ones relate to
entertaining for relax, learning to improve knowledge and
finding a good job. (Topic: Advantages or disadvantages
for living in a big city.)

o In the story, uttering She will kill herself, and that it
would be the best thing for her, the narrator displays
internal conflicts that paralyze not only Miss Emily but also
the townspeople. (Topic: Analyzing the internal conflicts in
the story A Rose for Emily of William Faulkner.)
o In fact, crossing out these practical issues, the training
curricula and methods of domestic and abroad universities
are completely different, which impacts seriously on
students further purposes. (Topic: Comparing or
contrasting studying university training programs domestic
and abroad.)
Funnel
Turn-about
Dramatic entrance
Quotation
Mixed
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FUNNEL
o Most frequently used for
the short essay,
o Begins with a broad,
GENERAL STATEMENT
general statement about the
topic,
NARROW
o Follows with narrower,
DOWN
more specific statements
about the topic,
o Final sentence is thesis
THESIS STATEMENT
statement, in which the theme of the
essay is mentioned and, if possible, the body of the essay is
outlined.
TOPIC: Differences between learning English

at a university and language centers
FUNNEL
General statement When deciding to learn English, students have always
stood in front of two options, a university or a

language center. Very often, the first reason for these
students relates to their free time; they choose a
university or a language center depending on their
proper schedule. Also, students have often paid
attention to the last result they get when finishing
these courses, concretely the degree or the certificate,
rather than the teaching purposes of these courses.
Focus on the topic Actually, when the teaching purposes are considered,
given
the two courses have many differences in the way of
teaching. For getting the best results for their
Thesis statement
learning, these differences should concern students
Essay theme
greatly before these students make their decision.
Expanding
general idea
TOPIC: Analyzing the aspects of understanding,

sympathy, hatred, and envy in Roman Fever of
Edith Wharton.
FUNNEL
General statement Published in 1920, The Age of Innocence, a novel
telling about the relationship of a man, Newland

Archer, with two ladies, paved Edith Wharton a way
Focus on the topic to Pulitzer in fiction in the next year. Written later,
given
Roman Fever, a short story, is also under such alltime topic. The story, however, is a little bit different
when exposing the relationship between two ladies,
who are old friends and who both, in their
Thesis statement maidenhood, loved a man. It is in such relationship,
which is mixing up friendship with rivalry, that
Outline the body understanding, sympathy, hatred, and envy are
exposed completely.
Essay theme
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FUNNEL
TOPIC: Culture shock
General statement Moving to a new country can be an exciting, even

exhilarating experience. In a new environment, people
Expanding
general idea
somehow feel more alive. Seeing new sights, eating new
food, hearing the foreign sounds of a new language, and

feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate
your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory
bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new
experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and
Focus on the topic delights turns into discomfort. This is the phenomenon
given
known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet
lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who
enters a new cultures tourists, business travelers,
Thesis statement diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone
experiences culture shock in exactly the same way,
Essay theme
Outline
the body many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.
TOPIC: How Steinbeck show the American Dream to

be impossible to be achieved in Of Mice and Men
FUNNEL
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, thousands of

Americans lost their jobs and their homes when farms and businesses
failed and unemployment and poverty exploded. As a result, many were
set adrift to wander and to seek work in strange places. This
rootlessness created a jarring contrast to the ideal of the American Dream
that so many Americans had been led to believe that if you work hard
enough, you can create your own fortune. In his novel, Of Mice and
Men, set in the 1930s, John Steinbeck portrays several of these lonely,
drifting characters who are struggling under the difficult times of the
Great Depression. The novel illustrates the emotions, hopes, and
disappointments of these characters, who opt out of the belief in owning
property and being a member of a community because of the miseries
that they suffer every day. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses the
emptiness of the ranchers lives to show the American Dream to be
nothing more than a myth that is impossible to be achieved.
TURN-ABOUT
o Appropriate to Argumentative essay most;
o Begins with a counter-argument;
o Follows with narrower, more specific statements about the
counter argument;
o Final sentence is thesis statement
o theme of the essay
o writers point of view towards the theme
o if possible, outline the organization of the essay body
o Typical language is However, Anyway, But, Yet, etc.
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TOPIC: Should or should not let teenagers use

cell phones?
TURN-ABOUT
Counter-argument Nowadays, using cell phones is very popular in the
teenager community. Cell phones provide these

young people with a wonderful means meeting all of
their demands. The teenagers use cell phones to
contact with their friends, with their parents, to search
the materials for their learning, to make friends to
other people all over the world, to listen to music, to
watch films, to check emails, and to do hundreds of
other activities that their parents are unable to
Confirming
imagine. It seems that this multifunction device is, to
counter-argument some extent, more important than any friend or any
relative of them. However, when some of ill effects
Thesis statement
that this state-of-the-art device impact on these people
mentally and physically are concerned, this device
Theme
Ws point of view should be kept away from teenagers.
Expanding
counter-argument
TOPIC: Should or should not ban motorbikes

from moving in Ho Chi Minh City?
TURN-ABOUT
General idea
Nowadays, there is a hot debate on the issue that

motorbikes should be banned from moving in Ho Chi
Counter-argument Minh City. Many experts believe that prohibiting this
common means of transportation is unreasonable.
Expanding
They point out that the street system, which is very
counter-argument complicate and very small, is suitable for small
vehicles as motorbikes only. Moreover, the city
commuters income still has some limits for other
kinds of vehicles, while the public transportation still
gives them a lot of convenience when moving in the
city. Therefore, these experts claim that stopping this
Confirming
counter-argument kind of vehicles to move in the city is really illogical.
Thesis statement Anyway, when the issues of causing traffic accidents as
well as of polluting the environment are taken into
Outline the body
Ws point of view careful consideration, giving motorbikes a prohibition
from moving in the city is the best solution.
TOPIC: Should or should not ban motorbikes

from moving in Ho Chi Minh City?
TURN-ABOUT
Counter-argument Nowadays, many traffic experts have suggested
banning motorbikes from moving in Ho Chi Minh

City. These experts claim that this means of
transportation not only causes a lot of tragic accidents
but worsens the city environment. Furthermore, some
people believe the prohibition will encourage the city
commuters using public means of transportation as
other developed countries. To some extent, these ideas
Confirming
counter-argument prove that they are reasonably. However, taking a view
Thesis statement on the street system of the city, on the poor condition of
Outline the body our public transportation, and on the city commuters
convenience, this common means of transportation
Ws point of view should not be banned from moving in this city.
Expanding
counter-argument
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DRAMATIC ENTRANCE
o In someway, this kind of introductory paragraph is opposite to
the Funnel and forms a triangulation from the top to the
bottom,
o Appropriate to some topics asking the writers to express their
point of view towards a worldwide issue,
o Begins with an event really having happened in our real world
that the readers already knew,
o Expanding the event broader and broader,
o Final sentence is thesis statement,
in which the theme is mentioned and, in some ways, the body of the
essay is outlined.
TOPIC: Stress
(cause & effect essay)
DRAMATIC ENTRANCE
Dramatic event
On 14 December, Adam Lanza, an American veteran,

took a gun into a school and shot death 40 students in
Expand dramatic the school. After that, he killed himself also. This
event to general
traumatic incidents shocked all people in the world.
idea
No one wants such a terrible action to happen again
and hundreds of researchers swarmed to the case to
Focus on the topic study the causes for the tragic action. All of these
researchers, then, came to the consensus stating that it
was the effects of the modern phenomenon of stress,
Thesis statement
which makes our kidney secretes adrenalin. When the
hormone of adrenalin secretes too much under the
Essay theme
pressure of our current social issues, this phenomenon
happens and causes our body to lose the control.
TOPIC: Climate change
DRAMATIC ENTRANCE
Dramatic event
These days, the United States of America, the most

developed country in the world, is suffering a fierce
snow storm, which makes the climate drop down to a
utopia temperature of -50o. Thousands of Americans
Expand dramatic have died in the storm. Many scientists, unfortunately,
event to general
have predicted that this case is just the beginning for
idea
changes in the world climate and pointed out that the
Focus on the topic culprit is the very human being. They have said that
the snow storm, and other unable-to-predict climate
phenomena, comes from the greenhouse effect which
is impacted by our development. Human beings
Thesis statement
activities, under the brand of development, are,
Essay theme
therefore, the causes for such an awful climate as
well as others which will come on the day after
tomorrow.
tomorrow
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TOPIC: Climate change
DRAMATIC ENTRANCE
Dramatic event
In September 2015, the US government had to

promulgate the emergency situation of drought in
California which caused a series of forest fires.
Ironically, in the same month, India experienced its
worst flood, which induced over 600 farmers to
Expand dramatic suicide when their harvest disappeared in the flow of
water. El Nino, immediately, was blamed by all of
event to general
the researchers in the world for the different
idea
Focus on the topic situations in our planet. This phenomenon is believed
to be caused by the climate change, which raises the
temperature of our planet. More ironically, such a
Thesis statement
climate change, which are damaging our planet
seriously, has caused by the so-called development of
the human kind.
QUOTATION
o Appropriate to some topics relevant to literature, for example,
asking the writers to analyze a short story,
o Also developed in the way of a funnel introduction,
o Begins with a saying, a quotation expressing a broad, general
point of view towards the topic,
o Follows with narrower, more specific statements about the
point of view and approaching the topic,
o Final sentence is thesis statement,
in which the theme is mentioned, and, if possible, the body of the
essay is outlined.
TOPIC: Analyze Emilys situation when the

narrator think, She will kill herself. and it is
the best thing for her.
QUOTATION
Quotation
Under the laurels of the 1950 Nobel Prize, William

Faulkner said, problems that human heart in conflict
with itself alone can make a good writing
Expand quotation because only that is worth writing about. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------to general idea
----------------------------------------------------------------Focus on the topic -------------------------------------------------. A Rose
for Emily is also written under such distinctive and
recurrent theme. In the story, uttering She will kill
Thesis statement
herself, and that it would be the best thing for her,
the narrator displays internal conflicts that paralyze
Essay theme
Outline the body
not only Miss Emily but also the townspeople.
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TOPIC: Analyze the feeling of the Major in In

Another Country of Hemingway when he fails to
accomplish his desire.
QUOTATION
Quotation
It was until 1952 in The Old Man and the Sea that
Ernest Miller Hemingway wrote A man can be
destroyed but not defeated, but such attitude had
been very often exposed in his pre-1930 published
Expand quotation works. -------------------------------------------------------to general idea
----------------------------------------------------------------.
Focus on the topic Published in 1927 in the collection Men Without
Women, In Another Country, one of his best-known
short stories, also referred to such attitude. In the
story, the Major always tries to adapt to normal life to
express his belief, A man can be destroyed but not be
defeated. However, it is in such efforts that the most
Thesis statement
tragic situation occurs to the Major when he fails to
Essay theme
accomplish his desire.
MIXED
o Combine two ways to develop an introductory paragraph above
into one; for example:
o
o
o
o
Quotation and Turn-about,

Dramatic entrance and Turn-about;
Quotation and Funnel,
Funnel and Turn-about
TOPIC: Stress
(cause & effect essay)
FUNNEL & TURN-ABOUT
General statement These days, replying the increase of working and
social pressures, stress turns to be the most common

phenomenon in the 22th century people. This
Narrow down
general idea and phenomenon raises when our body reacts to the
Counter-argument pressures coming from outside and naturally secretes
the adrenalin. When the adrenalin comes to some
extent, the sufferers will lose their control mentally and
fail to control what they are going to do. Annoyance,
hot temper, or nervousness is the first sign. Violence
may come later. In some serious cases, the sufferers can
violate criminal actions or kill themselves. Clearly,
Confirming
counter-argument stress is always considered the culprit of many negative
Thesis statement effects putting on the sufferers. However, it will be
unfair when mentioning to only the negative effects that
Essay theme
stress impacts on our body, this phenomenon also gives
Outline the body us positive effects to our both mental and physic.
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Example essay (definition essay)

Argumentative essay
Cause & Result essay
Comparison - Contrast essay
Classification essay
KINDS OF ESSAYS
EXAMPLE ESSAY
General idea
Introduction
Funnel (should be)
Expanding general idea

Focusing on the given topic
Thesis statement
Topic sentence example 01
Supporting
paragraph 01
(Example 01)
Supporting
paragraphs
Expanding sentences example 01

Concluding sentence example 01
Transition (word, phrase, clause, sentence)

Topic sentence example 02
Supporting
paragraph 02
(Example 02)
Expanding sentences example 02

Concluding sentence example 02
Repeating general idea

Conclusion
Repeating main ideas in the body

Concluding sentence
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
Introduction
Supporting
paragraphs
Counter-argument
Turn-about (should Expanding counter-argument idea
Confirming the counter-argument idea
be)
Thesis statement
Topic sentence for reason 01
Supporting
Expanding reason 01
paragraph 01
Proving reason 01
(Reason 01)
Concluding reason 01
Topic sentence for reason 01
Supporting
Expanding reason 01
paragraph 02
Proving reason 01
(Reason 02)
Concluding reason 01
Repeating counter-argument
Conclusion

Concluding sentence (writers point of view)
19
12-12-2015
CAUSE & RESULT ESSAY

Introduction
Supporting
paragraphs
Funnel or
Dramatic entrance
(should be)
Supporting
paragraph 01
(Result of cause
01)
General idea (a CAUSE or a RESULT)

Focusing on the topic
Thesis statement (RESULTS or CAUSES)
Topic sentence for result or cause 01
Expanding result of cause 01
Result of cause 01
Concluding result or cause 01

Topic sentence for result or cause 02
Supporting
Expanding result of cause 02
paragraph 02
(Result of cause
02)
Result of cause 02
Concluding result or cause 02

Conclusion

Concluding sentence
COMPARISON - CONTRAST ESSAY

Introduction
Supporting
paragraphs
(have TWO
paragraphs)
Funnel (should be)
Supporting
paragraph 01
(Subject 01)
General idea
Thesis statement (characteristics)
Topic sentence for Subject 01
Characteristics 01 of Subject 01
Concluding Subject 01

Supporting
paragraph 02
(Subject 02)
Conclusion

Concluding sentence
COMPARISON - CONTRAST ESSAY

Introduction
Supporting
paragraphs
(usually have
THREE
paragraphs)
Funnel (should be)
Supporting
paragraph 01
(Characteristic 01)
General idea
Topic sentence for characteristic 01
Subject 01 with characteristic 01
Concluding characteristic 01

Supporting
paragraph 02
(Characteristic 02)
Conclusion

Concluding sentence
20
12-12-2015
CLASSIFICATION ESSAY
Introduction
Supporting
paragraphs
(have THREE
paragraphs)
Funnel (should be)
Supporting
paragraph 01
(Subject 01)
General idea

Supporting
paragraph 02
(Subject 02)
Conclusion

Concluding sentence
CLASSIFICATION ESSAY
Introduction
Supporting
paragraphs
(usually have
THREE
paragraphs)
Funnel (should be)
Supporting
paragraph 01
(characteristic 01)
General idea
Group 01 with characteristic 01

Supporting
paragraph 02
(characteristic 02)
Conclusion

Concluding sentence
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
21

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12-12-2015

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY

An essay is a group of paragraphs discussing one topic.

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

1. Repeat the key words or phrases (use synonyms and

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Very important for writing thesis statements

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

She saw the boat sinking: introducing the action

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Understanding that the boat was sinking, she, immediately,

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

(1)The hotel, which is one of the most well-known hotels in this

latest international dancing competition was held at the

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

(Flesch Kincaid Grade Level 11.8)

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

(Flesch Kincaid Grade Level 19.2)

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

One topic sentence

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

a) Funnel introduction, and

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

introduce the theme of the essay

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

o may list subtopics or subdivisions of the main topic or

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

KINDS OF A THESIS STATEMENT

specific thesis statement

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

THESIS STATEMENT CONSTRAINS

NOT mentioning to a fact (statement)

NOT a question or an embedded question

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

THESIS STATEMENT CONSTRAINS

NEVER use lets structure

NEVER use imperative sentences

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

introduce the theme of the essay

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

PURPOSES OF THESIS STATEMENTS

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

PURPOSES OF THESIS STATEMENTS

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

PURPOSES OF THESIS STATEMENTS

Lecturer: V Duy Minh

PURPOSES OF THESIS STATEMENTS