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Monir Hossen*, *, *
Lifelong Members
u-City
. .
.
90% .
Key Words : Sensor Network, Latency, Beacon, Energy Consumption, MAC Protocol
ABSTRACT
When a sensor network is used for monitoring environments in large area or transmitting information in a
u-City the number of nodes becomes very large. One of the problems with this application is the increased time
delay, especially in reverse direction. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that can minimize the latency
of reverse packet in large sensor network. Analysis shows that the proposed scheme can reduce the latency by
more than 90% when compared to Zigbee, while the energy consumption is maintained.
. Introduction
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed
system composed of many battery-powered sensor
nodes and the main function of it is monitoring
environments by collecting and transmitting
information from each node. The main challenges
of WSN are coverage, latency, energy consumption
and correct information gathering. Nowadays as
the coverage of WSN becomes larger the number
of sensor nodes as well as the number of hops is
increased. With the increase of hops in ad-hoc
(2009-0083890) .
* (ypark@kookmin.ac.kr)
KICS2010-01-009, 2010 1 7, : 2010 5 10
457
a new protocol explicitly designed for beaconenabled large WSNs. The main objective of this
protocol is to reduce the time delay in delay
. Related Works
458
[5]
order to reduce this delay adaptive S-MAC is
proposed. It allows two hops transmission in a
frame by waking up the third node using a vector
Listen
Source
Listen
Sleep
Listen
Sleep
1
Data
RTS
RTS
Data
2
CTS
ACK
RTS
Data
CTS
Sleep Delay
ACK
3
CTS
ACK
Data
RTS
4
CTS
Data
ACK
RTS
Sink SYNC
CTS
SYNC
Time Frame 1
Sleep Delay
ACK
SYNC
Time Frame 2
Listen
Sleep
Source
1
Data
RTS
Data
RTS
2
CTS
ACK
RTS
CTS
Data
ACK
3
4
5
Sink SYNC
Carrier
sensing
Carrier
sensing
Carrier
sensing
CTS
ACK
RTS
Data
CTS
ACK
RTS
T-wakeup
Data
CTS
ACK
Sleep Delay
Time Frame 1
459
: Beacon
: CAP
Source
Node
Time Frame 1
Sleep Delay
Time Frame 2
Sleep Delay
Data Transfer
From 1 to 2
Data Transfer
From 2 to 3
Time Frame 3
Sleep Delay
Time Frame 1
2
3
4
Coordinator
Data Transfer
From 3 to 4
Data Transfer
From 1 to 2
Beacon
+ F data
Data
N5
RTS
CTS
RTS
Sleep period
Data
N4
CTS
RTS
Data
N3
CTS
RTS
Data
N2
Sleep delay
N1
Coordinator
460
CTS
Time Frame1
/
T Sfw
Tm argi n
S ta r t of n ew t im e
f ra m e ?
TSre v
Y es
T ra n s m is s ion of B ea co n
an d f o rw a rd d a t a
Tw [N4]
S lee p m o d e
Sleep mode
Tw[N3]
Tw [N2]
No
I s th e
w ait in g ti m e
ov er ?
Y es
R e c ei ve s R T S
a n d s en d s C T S
T w[N1]
(1)
Yes
No
R ev e rs e d a t a
tr a n s m i ss i on t o
p a re n t n od e
(2)
where , is
the average delay due to contention, the
461
Listen
Sleep
Source
Listen
Sleep
Sleep
1
Data
RTS
tq1
tsl
2
CTS
RTS
ACK
Data
tsl
3
CTS
RTS
ACK
Data
4
SYNC
SYNC
Sink SYNC
Time Frame 1
Time Frame 2
ACK
Time Frame 3
beacon time.
The total delay for N-hop typical S-MAC is:
(3)
where
includes
the
beacon
time
(6)
and
where
(4)
because a
(5)
where because a
packet can traverse up to K hops in one time
frame depending upon the CS range. In eqs.
(2)-(5) is deducted because sleep time in the
last time frame is not counted in latency as in
Fig. 8.
In the proposed LS protocol, packets can
462
(0,1)
PANC
(1,1)
(2,1)
(2,2)
(3,1)
(3,2)
(4,1)
(4,2)
(4,3)
(5,1)
(6,1)
(6,2)
(7,1)
(7,2)
(8,1)
(8,2)
(9,1)
[9]
reception or idle mode requires 13.5 mW .
The average latency is obtained for different
hop distances of the network model shown in
(7)
. Performance Evaluation
Latency and energy consumption are calculated
for various types of protocols explained in section
III. A 9-hop non-symmetrical network with 16
source nodes and one coordinator as shown in
Fig. 9 is considered for the simulation. Two
dimensional numbering is used to represent each
node: the first digit represents hop number and
the second one the node number in a particular
hop. Considering that the reverse data carries
multiple measurement data while forward data
includes only network information, all sensor
nodes are assumed to generate 100-byte reverse
463
0.64
0.63
0.62
Latency [sec]
0.61
0.60
0.59
0.58
consumption level.
0.57
0.56
. Conclusions
0.55
0.54
1
Hop distance
25
LS-MAC
LE-MAC
Adaptive S-MAC
S-MAC
Zigbee
20
[2]
[3]
15
10
5
6
Hop distance
10
464
[4]
Apr., 2004.
Tijs van Dam, Koen Langendoen, An Adaptive
Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless
Sensor Networks, in ACM Sensys Nov., 2003.
[5]
[6]
[7]
(Ki-Doo Kim)
1980
19801985
1988 7
1990 12
19971998 UCSD,
Visiting Scholar
1991
<> ,
(Youngil Park)
1987
1989
1995 Texas A&M Univ.
19951999 KT
1999
Monir Hossen
<> , ,
465