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SPE 030793
Now at U. of Tulss
Nw
at U. of Mis.souri-Rolls
LXpyright
This psper
prepared
Enginsers
for presentation
in the SPE
contained
Annual
in an abstract submitted
by the author(s).
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Petroleum
Engineers.
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ss presentsd,
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&
1SS5.
Technical
following review of
Contents
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words. Illustrations may not bs copied. The abstract should contsin conspicuous ac.knc+vhdg
ment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 2328SS,
Richardson. TX 75083-3836,
Abstract
Pressure Normalization
One advancement in decline-curve analysis presented here
inciudes pressure normalization of cumulative production.
Like pressure normalization of production rate, variations in
bottom-hole flowing pressure (BHFP) are accounted for by
dividing cumulative production by the pressure difference
between initial and bottom-hole flowing pressures. The
technique of combining pressure-normalized production rate
(PNR) and pressure-normalized
cumulative production
(PNC) is an improvement over rate normalization alone in
the analysis of reservoirs based on production data.
To apply this technique, determination of BHFP from
surface-measured flowing-tubing pressure (FTP) is required
along with determination of the original static reservoir
pressure. Data can then be presented by plotting PNR versus
PNC. This technique is then extended for use with gas
reservoirs by further incorporating changes in viscosity and
compressibility during reservoir depletion.
This technique relies heavily on either measured BHFP or
lTP. However, unlike with superposition techniques, it does
h~~~~~~ f~~ ~ Weiij
refit w~~II;r- the entire flndssu nreccnre
.~= . WY-. v . ..-- . . ... -------~. -w--- -
Introduction
947
RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
re
~cD
qD =
141.2qBp
kh(Pi-Pwf)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(1)
tD
.006328M
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
Ovc?:a
The additional terms used in this expression are t for time
l..J-....\
(uays), @ fGi pilidy
(fF~&d),
~ k tk
kjd
SySklii
Compressibility (psi-l), and rm is the apparent wellbore
radius (ft). The dimensionless external radlu~ re~ is defined
ax
(3)
wa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
qDdtD
. (5)
----
QD
Definitions
Dimensionless variables are used as they provide a general
solution to any number of specific problems. Actual rate and
time can be calculated from dimensionless rate and time for
n., .nn,.:c..
fir .a.,a*,m:.
-0.-...
-+,?...
,.,.-.m:maA In
:.. *ha
vuu pm
CUUGLGI
a wlmanl=u
LIIG
aJJy
OPVUJWC.=*
-w UI
1*OVS
dimensionless variables. The single-phase dimensionless rate,
q~, is defined (in field units) as
SPE 030793
TYPE-CURVES
0.8936QB
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
4JK?;.(R%+
And Q is the cumulative production (STB).
Tsarevich and Kuranovq (1966) are credited with being the
fk.t
,s.
0.
tn
.
nhcanw=
that
o.
.
. ..-.
~~~
hnlmAaru.dnmin~td
. . ..-.
,
.. . . . ...-.-
~~!~
~~~
exponential in the rate decline, giving credence to the semilog decline-curve plot used by industry for decades. This
discovery allowed a much simpler analytic expression for
flow rate during the boundary-dominated flow period. The
exponential decline equation using dimensionless variables
normaliid by area and geometry is:
qdD exp(-tdD)
. . ..-.
o -----------
--..0----(7)
These variables have an additional lower case dfor declinecurve and are more convenient for type-curve presentation
during boundary-dominated flow. Decline-curve dimensionless time, rate, and cumulative become:
tD
=.
. . . . . . . .OOOoo. . ...
dD
(a13)
. . (8)
QdD
QD
~
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(lo)
SPE 030793
Table
1-
Normalizing
Factors
Circular
Circular
&&!Q
Lw!M!!
(reD2 - 1)/2
reD2/2
A/(21rrw2)
ln(reD)-+
+ln 2.24?
C*r,#@
a=
factors for
eD2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
late the transition from infinite-actimz to boundary-dominated flow periods as a function of dimensionle& external
radius and also state that for all dimensionless external
radius the transition can be approximated by a dimensionless
time based on drainage area of 0.1. Were this dimensionless
time is defined ax
(11)
J3=ln(reD)-*
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(12)
~
DA =tD2jL
. .
(13)
3,
i
ma i
&ml
.-J<,
I
0$01
al
Onl
QTIIl
Fig. 2-
Rate-Cumulative
Oaotine Type-Curve
(RCDTC)
Rate-time type-curves based on decline-curve dimensionless variables are shown in Fig. 1. Fetkovich6 and Ehlig_,__ ______ ._> _,_,,__ cf______
.____ :A_- __A n-__..7 l_____
EwmJImum iinu Kdmcy
niivc iusu prfsxxrwu slmnar ngurtss.
In Fig. 1 the unbounded curves converge and at that inflection, boundary-dominated
data becomes concave to the
origin. Uraite and Raghavan2 provide expressions to calcu-
949
RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
HISTORY MATCHING
USING RATE/CUMULATIVE
!?dD(fdD)
iscomblned
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. (14)
f&)(t~D)
=1
which yields
relationship:
qdD(QdD)= 1
_ew(-fdD)
the
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(15)
boundary-dominated
10
rate-cumulative
a
t
.
_QdD
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SPE 030793
TYPE-CURVES
Mi
;;:.%%0
reD = 1128
,/
~.,
.
reD = 1000
\
W)
10,000
ii 0.,
Eq. 16 infers that thedlmensionless rate during the boundary-dominated flow period is a function of dimensionless
cumulative and is not dependent on the pressure and rate
hktory. To illustrate this point with a variable BHFP case,
the constant rate solution is presented on both the constant
pressure rate-time decline type-curve (RTDTC) and the
constant pressure rate-cumulative decline type-curve (RCDTC). In order to make this comparison, decline-curve
dimensionless pressure is defined as:
*dD=
pfi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
37,
0.01,
Mm
0,s
0.08
am1
,-. ,!!7:
10
Rate/Constant
Pressure Comparison
(17)
(1!)
an
A=
\i
00:.
O.Cal
O.vol
0,3
0.01
5.615B
(Q/A~)M
@~lc, (QdD)M
10
>fl
..................(18)
WI
Cmmnarisan
=b.
r my.n
.J -- nTnTP.
.. . PAW.*-A
. . .. . . .. ...-4a
.. .lPAne**&
. . .. . . .. Dra-nma
. --------. --r-------
= ~
(Q/A~)M
-,
.,
Jmf......
(10)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~-.,
Cr (QdD) M
950
J$fi @)
r wa =.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(21)
eD
SPE 030793
14123UJ3
11
@?/Ap)M
P* = Z &p
( pz
,md . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (22)
@dD)M
Rate-Cunmlative
data
Dimensionless
Ad
u
Olatiw
1422qOT
%)=
F%mneter
mock
of Spread-sheet
a
k#(pPi-pPwf)
feA\
(L+)
Where q is the gas production rate (MCF/d), T is temperature ~R ! and k is the permeabtity to gas (red). Declinecurve dlmenslo
1$ ess rate can be obtained by eq. 9.
By replacing pressure with pseudopressure, drawdowns of
gas reservoirs during the infinite-acting time period can be
analyzed using semilog and type-curve matchktg techniques.
During boundary-dominated flow, gas wells producing at
constant pressure do not follow the exponential decline
predicted by the liquid solution. This was demonstrated in
1985 by C~er13, who presented a family of type curves
correlated by a parameter describing the severity of the
t+mwthun
~h~ detiadra.+JdoW~;the geater tht=
- .-.
.....-., . . ..$ the
---- lar~e~
.- ~-
L
Fig. 5- Sohemetic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (23)
Matohing
Another technique, promoted here, is to obtain performance history matches in a computer spread-sheet. Incorporating the elements of Fig. 2 with the field data and a
parameter block, containing all reservoir parameters used in
the dlmensiordess variables, can be utiliied to non-dimensionalize the field data and compare it to the dimensionless
liquid solution. Fig. 5 shows the spread-sheet schematically.
External radius, permeability and skin can be adjusted until
951
RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
HISTORY MATCHING
USING RATE/CUMUb4TlVE
SPE 030793
TYPE-CURVES
fn(p -c)
OQdf
. .. .. ...
[ WI
Q.(U -c) =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25)
~s~gfn(lf
@(Pc~)i
-c)
9.WQn(U.c)T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~toaan
.(27)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I Pcl
t~~
@cf)idQ
(26)
..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (28)
Q@ =
2 (Ppl.-PPWf)a
~]~(~cl) i Wa
0
The integration in Eq. 27 can then be evaluated at intervals
of P/z as shown in Fig. 7.
A..\\i\\\%.[z
.
0.01 j
1,.
1.
4.
lquid sdutii
OdOJ& , ,
,i h ,
Ml
0.1
h
.; ~
gratity
= 0.601
Gas
\.
~
n.k
0.5
104
0.3
10
tdo
02
\\
.. ..
0.1
Fig. 6- RTDTC:
Wattenbsrger4)
j,,
,,,
0.1
0.2
,,,
41
0.4
4.6
;01
0,8
0?
08
.\,
,
+0
0.$
Q/GIP or (1-(P/z)/(P/zh)
Normalized Cumulative.
The constant rate/constant pressure identity revealed in
Fig. 4 suggest that it would be desirable to handle pressure
dependent viscosity and compressibility in the dimensionless
cumulative term. Using this technique, gas wells with
variable rate and variable flowing pressure could be plotted
as pseudopressure normalized production rate (PPNR) and
. . . ..Aa...,a.....-a
..a.-.. nA-nAcumumuvc
..-..1 -*:.... p---4..
-.:-- [r
/DmNTm\
maul
G IIUI UICIWXU
UUUCUUII
r INU~
y.=uuup,
on the RCDTC. This was investigated and found to be
effective. Viscosit y-compressibility normalization of cumula-
952
Fig. 7 - Viscosity-Compreasibiiity
Raoovery
Produet
-c)
.
Q
(30)
SPE 030793
The normalizing factor (upper curve) and the viscositycompressibdity product ratio (lower curve) are shown versus
fractional recovery for the fluid properties associated with
Case 1 - Circular reservoir. Also shown as solid triangles
along the lower curve are viscosity-compressibility product
ratio data from Fraim and Wattenbarger 14. Techniques for
calculating viscosity and compressibility are developed in
Reference 15. Normalized cumulative production of field
data can then obtained by rearrangement of eq. 30:
Qn(fl-c) =~,,(u-c)
Q---
.--
(31)
0.3
Permeability to gas
-..
UP
Height
Temperature
Porosity
4.0s
80
636
10
Rate
md
BCF
ft
R
%
0.7
Gas gravity
Gas Saturation
Initial Pressure
Year
75
2500
Cumulative
Ww
%
psia
BHFP
*
PP
JwU!2E!
10~--
1
2
Im
10C4)
365
730
3
4
800
800
600
m
400
4002044
5
6
7
8
2500
1604
1361
1022
1352
1153
1216
1071
1197
1107
1314
1533
1752
1898
.4767 + E9
.2108+E9
.1538+E9
.1519+E9
.1116+E9
.1238+E9
.9762 + E8
.1200+E9
.1032+E9
.4
UJ{!W-,
---r-,
~~lTmJ--Y
,,lr,
BHFP
Id
MOOl
Tr-
0.001
Q/(m-mn MrFhi--%
Case 1.
953
Reservoir
PERFORMANCE
HISTORY MATCHING
USINGRATE/CUMUUTIVE
SPE
- 030793
ty normalized cumulative using the rate-cumulative typecurve or semilog techniques. Boundary-dominated data,
concave to the origin, can be analyzed with the RCDTC
(Fig. 2) using viscosity-compressibility normalized cumulative. Fermeabdity and skin can be determined from a match
of the infinite-acting data and Area (or GIP) can be determined from boundary-dominated data. A flow chart for this
procedure is presented in Fig. 11.
Fn(ll-c) = a
+[%J+[&+[&
WPE-CURVES
F32
With a = 0.990
b = -0.579
C =
0.358
d = -0.238
Cimwt
Pklt Pm
iltt
Bate
and
id
rhiiti-t)
Ma
If
Bxmdarv
DOnun.9kl
->
(-
Fp
Fhsrum
w PPNC
Mennine
RR
,
Yes
No
MA from GarbsMe 1
:------~
+
c
%
\,
0.1;
Detennme
pe&eatility and dim
Ftg. 11-
0.0 :r
01
Conclusions
Use of the liquid solution constant pressure rate-cumulative decline type-curve (RCDTC) can be extended to singlephase flow of compressible gases via the use of the viscositycompressibility normalization factor and gas pseudopressure.
Like gas pseudopressure,
the viscosity-compressibility
normalization factor can be determined from fluid properties
alone.
Because of the independence in step size of time intervals
in the determination of the viscosity-compressibility normalization factor, use of the RCDTC is superior to use of the
rate-time decline type-curve (RTDTC) even for wells
producing at constant BHFP.
10
Qdn
5,
b
BHFP
Nomenclature
A= area (sq ft)
BHFP= bottom-hole flowing pressure (psi) same as P~
B= formation volume factor (rb/STB)
Bbl= barrel (5.615 ft3)
CA= Dietz shape factor
et= system total compressibility (psi-l)
FTP= flowing tubing pressure (psia)
F n(p-c) = viscosity-compressibility normalizing factor
n(m-c = mobility-compressibility normalizing factor
Gd=
gas in place (Mcf)
h= formation thickness (ft)
k= permeability (red)
kg= permeability to gas (red)
954
SPE 030793
RCDTC=
RTDTC=
rw=
rm =
re=
reD=
s=
STB =
T=
t=
*n(u-c) =
tD =
fDA =
tdD=
Vp=
z=
~~~!~~~-rllweAim
---
. - ~A...
en.innlec.c,,m,,l
...
...
w,uu
...
6
7
-.=..nti.,~p~~~~~f~~fi
.
M=
R
-----C
.Tr
-..,
. . .. Rame.v
-._--. -J, H
---- .1 Jr
Miller
C,
. .. ... . . . .F .-.,
and
----
Greek
a=
Acknowledgments
The author recognizes the Department of Energy grant
SBIR/DOE
DE-FG05-90ER80976
and the Society of
Petroleum Engineers for financial contributions.
References
1 van Everdingen, A.F.: The Skin Effect and Its Influence
955
.
10
RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
HISTORY MATCHING
USING RATE/CUMULATIVE
factor is exact,
956
TYPE-CURVES
SPE 030793